TCXDVN

TIU CHUN XY DNG VIT NAM

TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Bin son ln 1

CHNG ST CHO CNG TRNH XY DNG HNG DN THIT K, KIM TRA V BO TR H THNG
Protection of Structures Against Lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance

H Ni - 2007

Li ni u

TCXDVN 46: 2007 do B Xy dng ban hnh theo Quyt nh s : ................................. ngy......thng.......nm 2007. Tiu chun ny thay th TCXD 46:1984 "Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng - Tiu chun thit k, thi cng"

MC LC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Phm vi p dng............................................................................................................... 1 Ti liu vin dn................................................................................................................ 1 Thut ng v nh ngha................................................................................................... 1 Quy nh chung................................................................................................................. 3 Chc nng ca h thng thu v dn st........................................................................... 3 Vt liu v kch thc ....................................................................................................... 3 S cn thit ca vic phng chng st............................................................................. 7 Vng bo v .................................................................................................................... 13 Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st....................................................................... 18 Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st .......................................................... 19 B phn thu st........................................................................................................ 19 Dy xung................................................................................................................ 29 Mng ni t ............................................................................................................ 38 Cc ni t .............................................................................................................. 39 Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh....................................................................... 41 Kt cu cao trn 20 m.............................................................................................. 48 Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy ........................................................................... 52 Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy......................................... 52 Nh ....................................................................................................................... 57 Hng ro .................................................................................................................. 57 Cy v cc kt cu gn cy ..................................................................................... 59 Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh ............................ 60 Cc kt cu khc ..................................................................................................... 61 S n mn ............................................................................................................... 66 Lp dng kt cu ..................................................................................................... 67 Dy in trn cao..................................................................................................... 67 Kim tra.................................................................................................................... 68 o c...................................................................................................................... 68 Lu tr h s ........................................................................................................... 68 Bo tr ...................................................................................................................... 69

Ph lc A Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st.......................................................... 68 Ph lc B Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun ....................................................... 71 Ph lc C Hng dn chung i vi vic chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh .............................................................................................................................................. 77

Ph lc D Mt s v d tnh ton......................................................................................... 111 Ph lc E S liu v mt st Vit Nam ....................................................................... 114

TIU CHUN XY DNG VIT NAM

TCXDVN 46:2007

Chng st cho cng trnh xy dng - Hng dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng
Protection of Structures Against Lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance 1
1.1

Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny thay th tiu chun TCXD 46-1984.

1.2 Tiu chun ny a ra nhng ch dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Tiu chun ny cng a ra nhng ch dn cho vic chng st i vi cc trng hp c bit nh kho cha cht n, nhng cng trnh tm nh cn cu, khn i bng kt cu khung thp, v cc ch dn chng st cho cc h thng lu tr d liu in t. 1.3 Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho cc cng trnh khai thc du, kh trn bin, cc cng trnh c bit hay p dng cc cng ngh chng st khc.

Ti liu vin dn
t ng dy dn in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng. Tiu chun thit Thm d in trong xy dng. Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in. Code of Practice for Earthing. Guide on high-voltage testing techniques. Guide to pulse techniques and apparatus - Part 1: Pulse terms and definitions. Standard for Safety for Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors Characteristics of gas discharge tubes for the protection of telecommunications

TCXD 25:1991 k . TCXD 161:1987 TCVN 4756:1989 BS 7430:1998 BS 923-2: 1980 BS 5698-1 UL 1449:1985 ITU-T K.12 (2000) installations.

Thut ng v nh ngha

3.1 H thng chng st: Ton b h thng dy dn c s dng bo v mt cng trnh khi tc ng ca st nh. 3.2 3.3 t. B phn thu st: Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch thu ht st nh vo n. Mng ni t: Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch tiu tn dng in st xung

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3.4 Dy xung: Dy dn ni b phn thu st v mng ni t.

3.5 Cc ni t: B phn hoc nhm cc b phn dn in c tip xc vi t v c th truyn dng in st xung t. 3.6 Cc ni t mch vng: Cc ni t to ra mt vng khp kn xung quanh cng trnh di hoc trn b mt t, hoc pha di hoc ngay trong mng ca cng trnh. 3.7 Cc ni t tham chiu: Cc ni t c th tch hon ton khi mng ni t dng vo mc ch o c kim tra. 3.8 in cm t cm: c trng ca dy dn hoc mch to ra trng in t ngc khi c dng in thay i truyn qua chng. in cm t cm ca mt dy dn hoc mch to ra th in ng c tnh t cng thc:

V =L
Trong : V l trng in t ngc tnh bng vn (V); L l in cm t cm tnh bng Henri (H);

di dt

di l tc thay i dng tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s). dt

3.9 in cm tng h: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi mt dng in thay i trong mt dy dn c lp. in cm tng h ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:

V =M
Trong :

di dt

V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V); M l in cm tng h tnh bng Henri (H);

di l tc thay i dng trong mt dy dn c lp tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s). dt

3.10 in cm truyn dn: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi mt dng in thay i trong mt mch khc m mt phn ca n nm trong vng kn. in cm truyn dn ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:

V = MT
Trong :

di dt

V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V); MT l in cm truyn dn tnh bng Henri (H);

di l tc thay i dng trong mt mch khc tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s). dt
2

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3.11 Vng bo v: Th tch m trong mt dy dn st to ra kh nng chng st nh thng bng cch thu ht st nh vo n.

Quy nh chung

4.1 Cc hng dn trong tiu chun ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng vo mt h thng chng st c th cn xem xt ti cc iu kin thc t lin quan n h thng . Trong nhng trng hp c bit kh khn th cn tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia. 4.2 Trc khi tin hnh thit k chi tit mt h thng chng st, cn phi quyt nh xem cng trnh c cn chng st hay khng, nu cn th phi xem xt iu g c bit c lin quan n cng trnh (xem mc 7 v 8). 4.3 Cn kim tra cng trnh hoc nu cng trnh cha xy dng th kim tra h s bn v v thuyt minh k thut theo cc yu cu v phng chng st c quy nh tiu chun ny. 4.4 i vi nhng cng trnh khng c cc chi tit bng kim loi ph hp th cn phi c bit quan tm ti vic b tr tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st sao cho va p ng yu cu chng st va khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. 4.5 i vi cc cng trnh xy dng c a phn kt cu bng kim loi th nn s dng cc b phn bng kim loi trong h thng chng st lm tng s lng cc b phn dn st. Nh th va tit kim kinh ph cho h thng chng st li khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin cn lu rng khi st nh vo phn kim loi nh vy, c bit phn kim loi c bao ph, c th ph hu cc lp bn ngoi phn kim loi; i vi khi xy c ct thp c th gy khi xy. C th gim thiu, m khng loi tr c hon ton, ri ro trn bng gii php s dng h thng chng st c c nh trn b mt cng trnh. 4.6 Nhng kt cu kim loi thng c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st gm c khung thp, ct thp trong b tng, cc chi tit kim loi ca mi, ray v sinh ca s trong nh cao tng. 4.7 Ton b cng trnh phi c bo v bng mt h thng chng st kt ni hon chnh vi nhau, khng c b phn no ca cng trnh c tch ra bo v ring.

Chc nng ca h thng chng st

Chc nng ca h thng thu v dn st l thu ht st nh vo n ri chuyn dng in do st to ra xung t mt cch an ton, trnh st nh vo cc phn kt cu khc cn c bo v ca cng trnh. Phm vi thu st ca mt h thng thu v dn st khng c nh nhng c th coi l mt hm ca mc tiu tn dng in st. Bi vy phm vi thu st l mt i lng thng k. Mt khc, phm vi thu st t b nh hng bi cch cu to h thng thu v dn st, cho nn s sp t theo chiu ngang v chiu thng ng l tng ng nhau. Do khng nht thit phi s dng cc u thu nhn hoc chp nhn, ngoi tr vic l cn thit v mt thc tin.

6
6.1

Vt liu v kch thc

Vt liu

Tt c vt liu ch to cc b phn khc nhau ca mt h thng chng st cn tun theo tiu chun TCVN 47561.

p dng phin bn hin hnh i vi cc tiu chun trch dn khng km nm ban hnh.

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Khi la chn vt liu, cn xem xt nguy c b n mn bao gm n mn in ho. i vi vic bo v dy dn, cn ch lp bo v chng li s n mn trong mi trng khc nghit, v d: a) Ph dy dn bng ch dy t nht 2mm trn nh ng khi. Bc ch c hai u v ti cc im ni b) Nu c th th b phn thu st nn trn, nu khng c th dng lp PVC mng 1mm bc trong trng hp cn chng g (c bit i vi nhm). Cc mi ni trong c th c din tch mt ct bng khong mt na mi ni ngoi (xem 12.10.2). Cc mi ni mm do c th c s dng nhng cn tun theo tiu chun TCXD 25:1991. 6.2 Kch thc

Kch thc ca cc b phn hp thnh trong mt h thng chng st cn m bo cc yu cu nu trong Bng 1 v Bng 2. dy ca cc tm kim loi s dng trn mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca h thng chng st cn m bo yu cu trong Bng 3.

Bng 1. Vt liu, cu to v din tch tit din ti thiu ca kim thu st, dy dn st, dy xung v thanh chn di t Vt liu Cu to Dy dt c ng Dy trn ce Cp Dy trn c Dy dt c ng ph thicb Dy trn ce Cp Dy trn cf,g Nhm Dy dt c Dy trn c Cp Dy dt c Hp kim nhm Dy trn c Cp Dy trn cf Dy dt c Thp m kmc Dy trn c Cp Dy trn cf,g Thp khng g 4
d h f,g

Din tch tit Ghi ch din ti thiua 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 200 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 200 mm 70 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 200 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 200 mm 50 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm

Dy dt c

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Vt liu

Cu to Dy trn ch Cp Dy trn cf,g

Din tch tit Ghi ch din ti thiua 50 mm 70 mm 200 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm

a b

Sai s cho php: - 3 %. Nhng nng hoc ph in, chiu dy lp ph ti thiu l 1 micron. c Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns. d Chromium 16 %; Nickel 8 %; Carbon 0,07 %. e 50 mm (ng knh 8 mm) c th gim xung 28 mm (ng knh 6 mm) trong mt s trng hp khng yu cu sc bn c hc cao. Trong trng hp cn lu gim khong cch gia cc im c nh. f Ch p dng cho kim thu st. Trng hp ng sut pht sinh do ti trng nh gi gy ra khng ln th c th s dng kim thu st di ti a ti 1m ng knh 10mm g Ch p dng cho thanh cm xung t. h Nu phi quan tm c bit ti vn c v nhit th cc gi tr trn cn tng ln 78 mm (ng knh 10 mm) i vi dy trn c v 75 mm (dy ti thiu 3 mm) i vi thanh dt c.

Bng 2. Vt liu, cu to v kch thc ti thiu ca cc ni t Vt liu Cu to Cpb Dy trn cb Dy dt c ng ng Tm c Tm mt co Thp Dy trn c ng knh ng knh m kmc 16 mmd 10 mm ng m kmc Dy dt c m kmc Tm c m kmc Tm mt co m kmc ng knh 25 mmd 90 mm2 chiu dy thnh ng ti thiu 2 mm chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm 500 mm x 500 chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm mm 600 mm x 600 tit din 30 mm x 3 mm mm 5
b

Kch thc ti thiua Cc ni t Dy ni t 50 mm2 50 mm2 50 mm ng knh 15 mm ng knh 20 mm

2

Tm ni t

Ghi ch ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 8 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm

Dy trn c

chiu dy thnh ng ti thiu 2 mm 500 mm x 500 chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm mm 600 mm x 600 tit din 25 mm x 2 mm mm

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Vt liu

Cu to

Kch thc ti thiua Cc ni t Dy ni t Tm ni t

Ghi ch m ng 99,9 % ng, dy ti thiu 250 microns

Dy trn c ng knh m ngce 14 mm Dy trn c khng mf Dy dt c trn hoc m kmf,g Cp kmf,g m ng knh 10 mm 75 mm2 70 mm2

chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm

Thp ng m 50 mm x50 kmc mm x 3 mm Thp khng g

a b

Dy trn c Dy dt c

ng knh ng knh 16 mm 10 mm 100 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm

Sai s cho php: - 3 %. C th ph bng thic. c Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns i vi vt liu trn v 70 microns i vi vt liu dt. d Chn ng cn c tin trc khi m km. e ng cn c lin kt vi li thp. f Ch cho php khi hon ton chn trong b tng. g Ch cho php khi c lin kt tt ti cc im cch nhau khng qu 5m vi ct thp nhng b phn mng c tip xc vi t

Bng 3. dy ti thiu ca tm kim loi s dng lp mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca h thng chng st. Vt liu Thp m Thp khng g ng Nhm v Km Ch 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,7 2,0 dy ti thiu (mm)

GHI CH: Cc s liu trong bng ny l hp l khi mi nh l mt phn ca h thng chng st. Tuy nhin vn c nguy c tm kim loi b nh thng i vi cc c st nh thng.

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7
7.1

S cn thit ca vic phng chng st

Nguyn tc chung

Cc cng trnh c nguy c chy n cao nh nh my sn xut thuc n, kho cha nhin liu cn s bo v cao nht khi cc nguy c b st nh. Chi tit cho vic bo v cc cng trnh ny c cho trong mc 18. i vi cc cng trnh khc, tiu chun v phng chng st c cp n trong tiu chun ny l p ng v cu hi duy nht c t ra l c cn chng st hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp, s cn thit phi chng st l rt r rng, v d: a) b) c) d) e) f) Ni t hp ng ngi; Ni cn phi bo v cc dch v cng cng thit yu; Ni m quanh khu vc thng xuyn xy ra st nh; Ni c cc kt cu rt cao hoc ng n c mt mnh; Ni c cc cng trnh c gi tr vn ho hoc lch s; Ni c cha cc loi vt liu d chy hoc n.

Tuy nhin, trong rt nhiu trng hp khc th khng d quyt nh. Trong cc trng hp cn tham kho 7.2; 7.3; 7.4; 7.5; v 7.6 v nhiu yu t nh hng n xc sut st nh v cc phn tch v hu qu ca n. Tuy nhin mt s yu t khng th nh gi c v chng c th bao trm ln tt c cc yu t khc. V d nh, yu cu khng xy ra cc nguy c c th trnh c i vi cuc sng ca con ngi hoc l vic tt c mi ngi sng trong to nh lun cm thy an ton c th quyt nh cu hi theo hng cn c h thng chng st, mc d thng thng th iu ny l khng cn thit. Khng c bt c hng dn c th no cho nhng vn nh vy nhng c th tin hnh nh gi cn c vo xc sut st nh vo cng trnh v nhng yu t sau: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 7.2 Cng nng ca to nh. Tnh cht ca vic xy dng to nh . Gi tr ca vt th trong to nh hoc nhng hu qu do st nh gy ra. V tr to nh. Chiu cao cng trnh. Xc nh xc sut st nh vo cng trnh

Xc sut ca mt cng trnh hoc mt kt cu b st nh trong bt k mt nm no l tch ca mt st phng xung t v din tch thu st hu dng ca kt cu. Mt st phng xung t, Ng, l s ln st phng xung mt t trn 1km2 trong mt nm. Gi tr Ng thay i rt ln. c tnh gi tr Ng trung bnh nm c tnh ton bng quan st trong rt nhiu nm cho cc vng trn th gii c cho trong Bng 4 v Hnh 1. Bn mt st nh trung bnh trong nm Vit Nam c cho Hnh 2. S liu v mt st nh trung bnh trong nm ti cc trm kh tng Vit Nam c cho ph lc E ca tiu chun ny. Cc mc ng mc c s dng trn bn Hnh 2 dao ng t 1,4 n 13,7. Khi p dng gi tr mt st phng xung t cho mt v tr khng nm trn ng ng mc tnh ton nn ly gi tr ln hn gia cc gi tr ng ng mc ln cn n. V d v tr nm gia hai ng ng mc c gi tr l 5,7 v 8,2 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 8,2 ln/km2/nm; v tr nm gia hai ng 7

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ng mc c gi tr l 8,2 v 10,9 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 10,9 ln/km2/nm; v tr nm vng c gi tr > 13,7 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 16,7 ln/km2/nm. C th tham kho ph lc E v mt st phng xung t cho cc a danh c lp trn c s bn mt st (Hnh 2) v khuyn co mc ny. Din tch thu st hu dng ca mt kt cu l din tch mt bng ca cc cng trnh ko di trn tt c cc hng c tnh n chiu cao ca n. Cnh ca din tch thu st hu dng c m rng ra t cnh ca kt cu mt khong bng chiu cao ca kt cu ti im tnh chiu cao. Bi vy, i vi mt to nh hnh ch nht n gin c chiu di L, chiu rng W, chiu cao H (n v tnh l m), th din tch thu st hu dng c di (L+2H) m v chiu rng (W+2H) m vi 4 gc trn to bi ng trn c bn knh l H. Nh vy din tch thu st hu dng Ac (m2) s l (xem Hnh 3 v v d Ph lc D): Ac = LW+2LH+2WP+ H2 Xc sut st nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm, p c tnh nh sau: p = Ac x Ng x 10-6 (2) (1)

Bng 4. Mi quan h gia s ngy c st nh trong 1 nm v s ln st nh trn 1 km2/nm

S ngy c st nh trong nm 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 S ln st nh trn km2 trong nm Trung bnh 0,2 0,5 1,1 1,9 2,8 3,7 4,7 6,9 9,2 Khong gii hn 0,1 n 0,5 1,0 3,0 5,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 17,0 20,0

0,15 n 0,3 0,6 0,8 1,2 1,8 3,0 4,0 n n n n n n n

7.3

Xc sut st nh cho php

Xc sut st nh cho php c ly bng 10-5 trong mt nm.

7.4

Xc sut st nh tng hp

Sau khi thit lp c gi tr ca p, l s v st c kh nng nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm, tnh xc sut st nh tng hp bng cch nhn p vi cc h s iu chnh c cho cc bng t Bng 5 n Bng 9. Nu xc sut st nh tng hp ny ln hn xc sut st nh cho php p0 = 10-5 trong mt nm th cn phi b tr h thng chng st.

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Hnh 1. Bn s ngy c st nh trong nm trn ton th gii

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Hnh 2. Hnh 2 10

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7.5

Cc h s iu chnh:

Bng 5 n Bng 9 lit k cc h s iu chnh t A n E biu th mc quan trng hoc mc ri ro tng i trong mi trng hp. Bng 5. Bng tra gi tr h s A (theo dng cng trnh)
Dng cng trnh Gi tr h s A

Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng v c b phn nh cao hn xung quanh Nh my, xng sn xut, phng th nghim Cng s, khch sn, nh chung c Ni tp trung ng ngi nh hi trng, nh ht, bo tng, siu th ln, bu in, nh ga, bn xe, sn bay, sn vn ng. Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio

0,3

0,7 1,0 1,2

1,3 1,7

Bng 6. Bng tra gi tr h s B (theo dng kt cu cng trnh)

Dng kt cu cng trnh Gi tr h s B 0,1 0,2 0,4 1,0 1,4 1,7 2,0

Khung thp hoc b tng ct thp c mi kim loi Khung thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi (*) B tng ct thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi Th xy c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l Khung g c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l Th xy, khung g c mi bng kim loi Cc cng trnh c mi bng tranh tre na l

CH THCH: *) Cc kt cu c b phn kim loi trn nc mi v c tnh dn in lin tc xung t th khng cn theo bng ny

Bng 7. Bng tra gi tr h s C (theo cng nng s dng)

Dng cng nng s dng Gi tr h s C

Nh , cng s, nh my, xng sn xut khng cha cc vt qu him hoc c bit d b hu hoi (*) Khu cng nghip, nng nghip c cha cc th c bit d b hu hoi (*) Trm in, trm kh t, in thoi, i pht thanh

0,3

0,8 1,0

11

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Khu cng nghip then cht, cng trnh di tch lch s, bo tng, to nh trng by tc phm ngh thut hoc cng trnh c cha cc th c bit d b hu hoi (*)
1,3

Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio, ni tp trung ng ngi

CH THCH: *) D b hu hoi do chy hoc hu qu ca ho hon

1,7

Bng 8. Bng tra gi tr h s D (theo mc cch ly)

Mc cch ly Gi tr h s D

Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c nhiu cng trnh khc hoc c nhiu cy xanh vi chiu cao tng ng hoc ln hn Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng Cng trnh xy dng hon ton cch ly hoc cch xa t nht hai ln chiu cao ca cc cng trnh hay cy xanh hin hu trong khu vc Bng 9. Bng tra gi tr h s E (theo dng a hnh)
Dng a hnh xy dng Gi tr h s E 0,3 1,0 1,3 1,7

0,4

1,0

2,0

Vng ng bng, trung du Vng i Vng ni cao t 300 mt n 900 mt Vng ni cao trn 900 mt

Bng 7 lit k cc h s iu chnh k n thit hi v gi tr ca cc i tng bn trong cng trnh hoc hu qu dy chuyn. Thit hi v gi tr cc i tng bn trong cng trnh l kh r rng; cn thut ng hu qu dy chuyn c ng khng nhng k n thit hi vt cht i vi hng ho v ca ci m c nhng kha cnh v s ngt qung ca cc dch v thit yu, c bit l trong cc bnh vin. Ri ro i vi cuc sng thng thng l rt nh nhng nu mt to nh b st nh trng, ho hon hay s hong lon c th xy ra mt cch t pht. Bi vy nn thc hin tt c cc bin php c th c gim thiu cc tc ng ny, c bit cc tc ng i vi ngi gi, tr em v ngi m yu. i vi cc to nh s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nn p dng h s A cho trng hp nghim trng nht. 7.6 Din gii xc sut st nh tng hp

Phng php xc sut trong tiu chun ny nhm mc ch hng dn cho cc trng hp kh quyt nh. Nu kt qu tnh c nh hn 10-5 (1 trong 100.000) kh nhiu th nhiu kh nng khng cn n h thng chng st; nu nh kt qu ln hn 10-5, v d nh 10-4 (1 trong 10.000) th cn c cc l do xc ng lm c s cho vic quyt nh khng lm h thng chng st. 12

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Khi c cho l cc hu qu dy chuyn s l nh v nh hng ca mt c st nh s ch gy h hi rt nh i vi kt cu ca cng trnh, c th s l tit kim nu khng u t lm h thng chng st v chp nhn ri ro . Tuy nhin ngay c vic quyt nh nh vy cng cn phi tnh ton bit c mc ri ro . Cc kt cu cng rt a dng v d c s dng phng php nh gi no i na cng c th cho cc kt qu khng bnh thng v nhng ngi s phi quyt nh liu s bo v l cn thit hay khng c th s phi s dng kinh nghim v s phn on ca mnh. Ly v d nh, mt ngi nh kt cu khung thp c th c nhn nh l c xc sut st nh thp, tuy nhin vic thm h thng chng st v ni t s nng cao kh nng chng st rt nhiu nn chi ph lp t thm h thng ny c th c xem l hp l. i vi cc ng khi bng gch hoc b tng, kt qu tnh xc sut st nh tng hp c th thp. Tuy nhin nu chng ng mt mnh hoc vn cao hn cc kt cu xung quanh hn 4,5m th cn phi chng st cho d xc sut st nh c gi tr no i na. Nhng ng khi nh vy s khng p dng c phng php xc sut st nh tng hp. Tng t nh vy, cc kt cu cha cht n hay d chy cn c xem xt thm cc yu t khc na (xem mc 18 v 8.3 ). V d v vic tnh ton xc xut st nh tng hp quyt nh c cn b tr h thng chng st hay khng c cho ph lc D.

8
8.1

Vng bo v
Khi nim

Khi nim vng bo v c hiu mt cch n gin l th tch m trong gii hn cc b phn chng st to ra mt s bo v chng li cc c phng in trc tip bng vic thu cc tia st vo cc b phn chng st . Kch thc v hnh dng ca vng bo v thay i theo chiu cao ca ngi nh hoc chiu cao ca cc thit b thu st thng ng. Ni chung i vi cc cng trnh khng cao qu 20m, vng bo v ca cc b phn thu dn st thng ng t di mt t ln c xc nh l th tch to bi mt hnh nn vi nh ca n nm nh b phn thu st v y nm di mt t. Vng bo v ca cc b phn thu st ngang c xc nh bi khng gian to bi hnh nn c nh nm trn dy thu st ngang chy t im u n im cui. i vi nhng kt cu cao hn 20m, vic xc nh vng bo v nh trn c th khng p dng c, v cn phi c thm cc thit b chng st lp t theo cch thc nh trong Hnh 4 (xem thm mc 16) chng li cc c st nh vo pha bn cnh cng trnh. 8.2 Gc bo v

i vi cc kt cu khng vt qu 20m v chiu cao, gc gia cnh ca hnh nn vi phng thng ng ti nh ca hnh nn gi l gc bo v (Hnh 5). ln ca gc bo v khng th xc nh c mt cch chnh xc v n ph thuc vo ln ca c st nh v s hin din trong vng bo v cc vt th c kh nng dn in v chng c th to nn cc ng ni t c lp vi h thng chng st. Tt c nhng g c th khng nh l kh nng bo v ca h thng chng st s tng ln khi gc bo v gim i. i vi cc kt cu cao hn 20m, gc bo v ca bt k mt b phn dn st no cao ti 20m cng s tng t nh i vi cc b phn thu dn st ca cc kt cu thp hn 20m. Tuy nhin cng trnh cao hn 20m c kh nng b st nh vo pha bn cnh, bi vy cn xc nh th tch c bo v theo phng php hnh cu ln (xem B.5). i vi cc mc ch thc hnh nhm cung cp mt mc chng st chp nhn c cho mt kt cu thng thng cao ti 20m hoc cho phn kt cu di 20m i vi kt cu cao hn, gc bo v ca bt c mt b phn ring no ca li thu st, thu st ng hay nm ngang, c quy nh l 45o (xem Hnh 5.a v Hnh 5.b). Gia 2 hay nhiu hn b phn thu st thng ng t cch nhau khng 13

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qu 2 ln chiu cao ca chng th gc bo v tng ng c th t ti 60o so vi phng thng ng (xem Hnh 5.c). i vi mi bng, din tch gia cc dy dn song song c coi l c chng st nu b phn thu st c b tr theo 11.1 v 11.2. i vi cc kt cu c yu cu chng st cao hn th khuyn co p dng cc gc bo v khc (xem mc 18). 8.3 Cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh

i vi cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh, v d c cha cht chy n, th cn p dng tt c cc gii php chng st c th c, mc d ch l phng chng cc v st nh rt him khi xy ra trong vng bo v c nh ngha nh 8.1 v 8.2. Xem chi tit mc 18 v vic gim din tch bo v v cc bin php c bit khc cho cc cng trnh ny.

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Mu Din tch thu st v phng php tnh A c =14 x 50 + 2(15 x 50) + 2(15 x 14) + x 15 A c = 3 327 m

B tr chung

(a)

(b)

A c =15 x 40 + 2(21 x 40) + 2(21x 15) + x 21 A c = 4 296 m

(c)

A c = x 14 + 2(14 x 30) A c = 1 456 m

(d)

A c =7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) + x 9 + 10 (xp x) cho vng t en A c = 405 m

(e)

A c = x 40 A c = 5 027 m

(f)

A c = 12 x 55 + 2(18 x 55) + 2(18 x 12) + x 18 A c = 4 090 m

(g)

A c =25 x 60 + 25 x 30 +6 x 60 + 6 x 50 + 6 x 25 + 6 x 25 + 6 x 30 + 6 x 24 +5/4 x x 6 A c = 3 675 m

(h)

A c =20 x 30 + 2(4 x 30) + 2(4 x 20) + x 4 + 20 (xp x) cho vng t en A c = 1 070 m

Tt c cc kch thc u tnh theo n v l mt

Hnh 3. Mt s dng cng trnh v din tch thu st 15

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M gang c

Ni t

K hiu:
1. Kim thu 2. Thanh kp 3. ng ni 4. Dy xung 5. Dy dn ngang

6. im o 7. Cc ni t 8. Kp ni ch A

9. ng bc cc ni t 10. Kp dy dn (a) ng khi ng knh nh nh hn 1,5m v cao di 20m

GHI CH: Khong cch im c nh xem bng A.1

11.Vng ai 12. Chp gang thay vng ai 11 13. Kp ti nt giao nhau (b) ng khi bng gch cao 60m GHI CH: Hnh ny khng p dng cho ng khi BTCT s dng ct thp lm dy xung

Hnh 4. H thng chng st cho ng khi xy gch

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a) Dy dn ng

b) Dy dn ngang

Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn

Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn

c) Bn dy dn ng vi cc gc bo v v vng bo v kt hp

K hiu: VC: Dy dn ng HC: Dy dn ngang ZP: Vng bo v GL: Ct nn Mt bng vng bo v ti c t n n

Hnh 5. Xc nh gc v phm vi bo v hiu qu ca kim thu st

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TCXDVN 46 : 2007 9
9.1

Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st

Quy nh chung

Trc v trong c qu trnh thit k, n v thit k cn trao i, tho lun v thng nht v phng n vi cc b phn lin quan, c th theo 9.2; 9.3; 9.4 v 9.5. 9.2 Kin trc

Nhng s liu sau y cn c xc nh mt cch c th: a) Cc tuyn i ca ton b dy dn st; b) Khu vc i dy v cc cc ni t; c) Chng loi vt t dn st; d) Bin php c nh cc chi tit ca h thng chng st vo cng trnh, c bit nu n nh hng ti vn chng thm cho cng trnh; e) Chng loi vt liu chnh ca cng trnh, c bit l phn kt cu kim loi lin tc nh cc ct, ct thp; f) a cht cng trnh ni xy dng v gii php x l nn mng cng trnh;

g) Cc chi tit ca ton b cc ng ng kim loi, h thng thot nc ma, h thng cu thang trong v ngoi cng trnh c th cn hn u ni vi h thng chng st; h) Cc h thng ngm khc c th lm mt n nh cho h thng ni t; i) 9.3 Cc chi tit ca ton b h thng trang thit b k thut lp t trong cng trnh c th cn hn u ni vi h thng chng st.

H thng k thut cng cng

Tho thun vi cc c quan qun l h thng k thut ngoi nh v vic u ni gia cc h thng k thut ngoi nh (cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin, tn hiu) vi h thng chng st ca cng trnh. 9.4 Lp t h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh

Cc cng trnh pht sng ca i pht thanh, truyn hnh phi c tho thun v vic u ni gia phn thp thu pht sng vi h thng chng st. 9.5 Cc nh thu xy dng

Cn tho thun, thng nht c nhng vn lin quan sau y: a) Chng loi, v tr, s lng thit b chnh do nh thu xy dng cung cp; b) Nhng ph kin no ca phn h thng chng st do nh thu xy dng lp t; c) V tr ca b phn dy dn st nm ngm di cng trnh; d) Nhng b phn no ca h thng chng st s phi c s dng ngay t trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Chng hn nh h thng ni t ca cng trnh c th c s dng ni t cho cn cu thp, vn thng, cc ng ray, dn gio v cc b phn tng t trong qu trnh xy dng; e) i vi cc kt cu khung thp, s lng v v tr ca cc ct thp v bin php x l mi ni vi h thng ni t; f) i vi cc cng trnh c s dng mi che bng kim loi nh mt b phn ca h thng chng st th phi thng nht gii php u ni vi h thng dn st v ni t;

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g) V tr v c im ca cc cng trnh k thut ni vi cng trnh trn hoc di mt t nh h thng ng st, ng ray cn cu, h thng cp treo, h thng mng dy cp in, ct thu pht sng pht thanh truyn hnh, ng khi, ng ng kim loi, v.v h) V tr, s lng cc ct c, cc phng k thut trn mi (nh: phng my ca cu thang my, thng gi, iu ho..), b nc trn mi, v cc phn nh cao khc; i) j) Gii php xy dng cho tng v mi, nhm mc ch xc nh phng php ph hp c nh dy dn st, c bit lu n vn bo v cng trnh khi tc ng ca kh hu; Vic a dy dn st xuyn qua cc lp chng thm. B tr cc l lun dy xung qua kt cu, tng mi, g trn,.v.v;

k) Cc bin php lin kt vi ct thp, kt cu thp hoc cc chi tit kim loi; l) Cc bin php bo v h thng khi b h hng do tc ng c, l, ho;

m) Cc iu kin c th o c, kim tra h thng; n) Vic cp nht h s bn v v h thng chng st cho cng trnh.

10

Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st

a) B phn thu st b) B phn dy xung c) Cc loi mi ni d) im kim tra o c e) B phn dy dn ni t f) B phn cc ni t

Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st bao gm:

Cc chi tit c nh v chi tit im o kim tra in hnh ca h thng dy dn c th hin trn Hnh 6, Hnh 7 v Hnh 8.

11
11.1

B phn thu st
Cc nguyn tc c bn

B phn thu st c th l cc kim thu st hoc li thu st hoc kt hp c hai (xem minh ho ti cc hnh t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14). Khong cch t bt k b phn no ca mi n b phn thu st nm ngang khng nn ln hn 5 mt (xem thm Ghi ch 1 v Ghi ch 2 trong Hnh 10). i vi nhng dng mi bng c din tch ln thng s dng li thu st khu 10 mt x 20 mt. i vi nhng mi c nhiu nc, nu khong cch S gia hai nc ln hn 10 + 2H, trong H l cao ca nc (tt c c tnh bng n v mt) th phi b sung thm cc dy thu st (xem Hnh 11). i vi nhng cng trnh b tng ct thp, b phn thu st c th c u ni vo h ct thp ca cng trnh ti nhng v tr thch ng vi s lng dy xung cn thit theo tnh ton. Tt c cc b phn bng kim loi nm ngay trn mi hoc cao hn b mt ca mi u c ni t nh mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem minh ho ti Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v tham kho Hnh 15). Lp ph nh tng, nh mi v lan can bng kim loi (xem mc 9), li bng kim loi sn thng nn c tn dng lm mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v Hnh 16). 19

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11.2 Cc dng cu to b phn thu st

11.2.1 Nguyn tc chung Cc dng cu to b phn thu st thng dng nht c minh ho ti cc hnh t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14. Phm vi ng dng ca tng dng thu st c ch dn ti 11.2.2; 11.2.3; 11.2.4; 11.2.5 v 11.2.6. Vic s dng b phn thu st dng no l tu thuc vo kin trc v kt cu cng nh v tr xy dng ca tng cng trnh. 11.2.2 Kim thu st n Hnh 5 (a) minh ho kim thu st n v phm vi bo v. Hnh 5(c) minh ho dng thu st kt hp 4 kim thu st gia tng phm vi bo v nh th hin ti hnh v mt bng bo v. 11.2.3 Dy thu st, li thu st cho nh mi bng Hnh 5 (b) minh ho b tr dy thu st vin theo chu vi mi ca cng trnh dng khi ch nht v mt bng, mt ct phm vi bo v. Hnh 9 minh ho cch b tr b phn chng st in hnh i vi cc cng trnh mi bng din tch ln (xem 11.1). Thng thng s dng li thu st cho cc cng trnh dng ny nhm gim tc ng ca hiu ng lan truyn st. 11.2.4 Cng trnh c mt bng rng v hnh khi phc tp i vi cc cng trnh bao gm nhiu khi trong c c phn cao tng v thp tng, nh minh ho ti Hnh 13, h thng chng st s bao gm y cc b phn: thu st, dy xung v tip a. Khi thit k h thng chng st cho phn thp tng cn b qua s hin din ca phn cao tng. Li tip a v cc mi u ni c s dng theo dng thng dng (xem Hnh 6, 12.9, 12.10, mc 13, v cc ph lc B.1; B.2; v B.5). Hnh 10 minh ho cng trnh gm nhiu khi c mi bng vi cc cao khc nhau. Bo v cc khi bng h thng li thu st vin xung quanh chu vi mi v xung quanh phn mi bn trong ti v tr c cc khi nh cao ln (xem Ghi ch 1 ti Hnh 10). Tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st phi c u ni vi nhau theo quy nh 4.7 (xem Hnh 14 v Hnh 30)
GHI CH: Trn Hnh 14 b phn dy thu st xung quanh chn phn cao tng c s dng u ni li thu st vi dy xung ca phn cao tng. Trn thc t th khu vc ny nm trong phm vi bo v, ni cch khc l bnh thng th khng cn b tr dy thu st.

Hnh 11 minh ho cc dng mi c din tch ln. Dy thu st c b tr trn mi c u ni vi nhau c hai u mp mi. Nu mi rng hn 20 mt th cn b sung thm dy thu st ngang bo m khong cch gia hai dy thu st khng ln hn 20 mt. i vi cc cng trnh c cao trn 20 mt th cn phi p dng phng php hnh cu ln - (xem Ph lc B v Hnh B.1) xc nh v tr lp t b phn thu st (tr trng hp cng trnh c kt cu khung thp). 11.2.5 i vi cc cng trnh mi ngi i vi cc cng trnh c mi khng dn in, dy dn st c th b tr di hoc tt nht l b tr trn mi ngi. Mc d vic lp t dy dn st di mi ngi c li l n gin v gim c nguy c n mn, nhng tt hn l lp t dc theo b nc ca mi ngi. Trng hp ny c u im l gim thiu nhiu hn nguy hi i vi mi ngi do dy thu st trc tip v cng tc kim tra cng d dng, thun tin hn.

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Mi ni cc kim loi
Kt cu BTCT c mi v tng mi khng dn in Mi thp m km Lin kt vi kt cu thp Lin kt vi trn treo kim loi Kt cu BTCT, mi dn in

th hin 1 thanh ct thp mang tnh minh ho

lan can thp

Chi tit s 4
K hiu: 1. lan can 2. Lin kt vi ct thp 3. Lin kt vi nh tng 4. Mi ni phi kim loi (b phn c sn)

Hnh 6. Lan can, lp ph nh tng bng kim loi v ct thp c s dng lm kim thu st v dy xung Dy dn st b tr di mi ngi ch c s dng ch yu trong trng hp mi c dy nh hoc c t ngay di lp ph bn trn mi, v khong cch gia cc dy dn khng ln hn 10m.

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i vi cng trnh dng nh th hoc dng kin trc, kt cu tng t th x l nh cng trnh c bit. Phn thp cao hon ton khng tnh n trong qu trnh thit k h thng chng st cho cc hng mc thp hn ca cng trnh. 11.2.6 i vi cc cng trnh n gin c cha cc cht d gy chy n Hnh 17 minh ho gii php b tr h thng chng st ch yu c s dng i vi cc cng trnh n gin, c cha cc cht d gy chy n. H thng bo v chnh bao gm hai kim thu st ni vi nhau bng mt dy thu st. Phm vi bo v c th hin trn mt bng, mt ct trong hnh v, ng thi th hin nh hng ca vng ca dy thu st ngang (xem 18.2.1).

Ghi ch: Ph lp chng g cho tt c cc nt v lin kt

Hnh 7. im o kim tra

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Hnh 8. Cc kiu kim thu st in hnh

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a) Mt ng th hin gc bo v

Ln nht 10m

b) Mt bng th hin vng bo v ti ct nn Ln nht 10m

K hiu:
ZP: Vng bo v HC: Dy dn ngang c) B tr tng th

Hnh 9. Thu st cho mi bng

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Hnh chiu B

Ni dy xung v dy dn ngang tng mi thp

Mt ct A-A

Chu vi = 24+24+12+12 = 72m S dy xung cn thit = 72/20 = 4

GHI CH 1: Cn b tr li thu st dc chu vi bao ngoi mi v khng c im no mi cch n qu 5m tr b phn thp cho php cch xa thm 1m trn mi chiu cao chnh mi

GHI CH 2: Khng cn li thu st ngang tng mi quanh ging tri; vng bo v c gc 600 to ra bi 2 dy thu ngang i vi kt cu di 20m. Khng p dng cho kt cu cao hn 20m

Hnh 10. Thu st cho mi bng c nhiu cao khc nhau

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GHI CH 1: Nu S>10+2H cn b sung dy thu st dc nh khong cch gia cc dy thu st khng vt qu 10m GHI CH 2: Nu chiu di mi vt qu 20m cn b sung cc dy dn ngang GHI CH 3: Cc hnh v trn khng th hin cc dy xung

Hnh 11. Thu st cho mi c din tch ln v nhiu nc

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Li thu st Gc dc Dy xung

1. Cc mi c gc dc ln t 45 tr ln 2. Cc mi c dim mi cch b nc cha n 5m ch yu cu dy thu st nc

Cc kch thc tnh theo mt GHI CH: Cc v d trn minh ho cho nhiu loi mi c kch thc khc nhau. Khi thit k li thu st mi cn tun th nguyn tc: - Khng b phn no ca mi cch dy thu st qu 5m - Cn m bo khong cch ln nht l 20x10m a) B phn thu st v dy xung

Hnh 12. Thu st v dy xung c che y cho nh mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 mt

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Dy dn hoc rim mi dn in

Kim thu st

Dy dn trn vin mi, c c nh di tm lp nh hnh bn K hiu: ----- Dy dn i chm

Dy ngang

dn

Kim thu st (kim trn khng sn bc, cao 0,3m) hoc tm kim loi b) Cc dy thu st nm di tm lp

Hnh 12.Thu st v dy xung c che y cho nh mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 mt (tip)

GHI CH: Cc dy dn ngang cn c lin kt ti cc v tr giao nhau

Hnh 13. Thu st v dy xung cho cng trnh mi bng

Li 10x20m

GHI CH: Thu st cho kt cu BTCT hay kt cu thp cao cn m bo: a) li thu nm ngang b tr theo 10m x 20m b) lin kt vi kt cu thp ti cc gc vi khong cch 20m dc chu vi v chn phn nh cao trn mi thp 1 on 0,5m

Hnh 14. Thu st cho cng trnh c thp cao dn in 28

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Ln nht 5m Thu st mi Thu st mi

Ln nht 10m

(in hnh)

* th hin lin kt vo kt cu thp mi GHI CH: Khng th hin dy xung trong hnh v ny

Hnh 15. Thu st cho cng trnh c cha cc cht d gy chy n

12
12.1

Dy xung
Khi nim chung.

Chc nng ca dy xung l to ra mt nhnh c in tr thp t b phn thu st xung cc ni t sao cho dng in st c dn xung t mt cch an ton. Tiu chun ny bao hm c vic s dng dy xung theo nhiu kiu bao gm cch s dng thp dt, thp trn, ct thp v tr kt cu thp... Bt c b phn kt cu cng trnh no dn in tt u c th lm dy xung v c kt ni mt cch thch hp vi b phn thu st v ni t. Ni chung, cng s dng nhiu dy xung cng gim c ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st v cc hin tng khng mong mun khc. Tng t, cc dy dn ln lm gim ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st, c bit nu c bc cch in. Tuy nhin, c tnh ca h thng dy xung ng trc c lp bc c s khc bit khng ng k v bt c phng din no vi cc dy dn c kch thc tng th nh nhau v c cch in nh nhau. S dng cc dy dn c lp bc khng lm gim i s lng ca cc dy xung c kin ngh tiu chun ny. Trong thc t, ty thuc vo dng ca cng trnh, thng thng cn c cc dy xung t song song, mt s hoc ton b nhng dy xung c th l mt phn ca kt cu cng trnh . V d, mt khung thp hoc kt cu b tng ct thp c th khng cn cc dy xung v bn thn ci khung to ra mt mng li gm nhiu nhnh xung t mt cch hiu qu, ngc li mt kt cu c lm

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hon ton t cc vt liu khng dn in st s cn cc dy xung b tr theo kch thc v dng ca kt cu . Tm li, h thng dy xung khi c th thc hin c th nn dn thng t b phn thu st n mng li ni t v t i xng xung quanh cc tng bao ca cng trnh bt u t cc gc. Trong mi trng hp, cn phi lu n hin tng lan truyn st (xem 12.5).

Lin kt bulng 2M8 Dy dn st

Thp X g

D m

GHI CH: Chiu dy nh nht chng st l: - Thp m km - ng - Nhm, km - Ch

khi s dng tm lp kim loi lm mt b phn ca h thng 0,5mm 0,3mm 0,7mm 2,0 mm

Hnh 16. Kp u ni b phn thu st cho mi bng trong trng hp mi kim loi c s dng lm mt b phn ca h thng chng st 12.2 B tr dy xung.

B tr dy xung cho nhiu dng cng trnh, c hoc khng c khung thp, c th hin trn Hnh 18. Trong cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, khung thp hoc ct thp trong b tng phi c lin kt vi nhau v tham gia vo s tiu tn dng in st cng vi cc ng thng ng v cc chi tit tng t, chng nn c lin kt phn trn cng v phn di cng. Thit k ca h thng chng st do s bao gm cc ct lin tc hoc cc tr thng ng c b tr ph hp vi 12.3. Vi cc cng trnh c khung thp hoc cc cng trnh btng ct thp khng cn thit phi b tr cc dy xung ring r. Hnh 18a) minh ha mt cng trnh c khung thp. Theo khng cn b tr thm cc dy xung nhng cn ni t ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Hnh 18b) th hin cch b tr dy xung trong trng hp mi ua 3 cnh. Hnh 18c) th hin cch b tr trong trng hp phng khiu v hoc b bi c khu ph tr. Hnh 18d), Hnh 18e), Hnh 18f) v Hnh 18g) th hin cc cng trnh c hnh dng m c th b tr tt c cc dy xung c nh cc bc tng bao. Cn phi thn trng khi la chn khong cch cc 30

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dy xung ph hp trnh khu vc ra vo, lu n yu cu trnh in p bc nguy him trn b mt t (tham kho thm Hnh 19). 12.3 S lng khuyn co

V tr v khong cch cc dy xung trong cng trnh ln thng ph thuc vo kin trc. Tuy nhin, nn b tr mt dy xung vi khong cch gia cc dy l 20m hoc nh hn theo chu vi cao mi hoc cao nn. Cng trnh c chiu cao trn 20m phi b tr cc dy cch nhau 10m hoc nh hn. 12.4 Nhng cng trnh cao kh thc hin vic o kim tra.

Vi cng trnh c chiu cao ln, iu kin kim tra v o c l kh, cn phi c bin php o kim tra tnh lin tc ca h thng. Cn t nht hai dy xung cho cng tc o c (xem Hnh 4). 12.5 B tr ng dn xung

Dy xung cn phi i theo li thng nht c th c gia li thu st v mng ni t. Khi s dng nhiu hn mt dy xung th cc dy xung cn c sp xp cng u cng tt xung quanh tng bao ca cng trnh, bt u t cc gc (xem Hnh 18), ty thuc vo kin trc v kh nng thi cng. Trong vic quyt nh tuyn xung, cn phi cn nhc n vic lin kt dy xung vi cc chi tit thp trong cng trnh, v d nh cc tr, ct thp v bt c chi tit kim loi lin tc v c nh ca cng trnh c kh nng lin kt c. Cc bc tng bao quanh sn chi v ging tri c th c s dng gn cc dy xung nhng khng c s dng vch lng thang my (xem 15.3.10). Cc sn c tng bao c 20m phi c trang b mt dy xung. Tuy nhin, nn c t nht hai dy xung v b tr i xng. 12.6 S dng ct thp trong kt cu btng

12.6.1 Nguyn tc chung Cc chi tit c th cn c quyt nh giai on thit k, trc khi thi cng cng trnh (xem 9.5). 12.6.2 Tnh dn in lin tc Cc thanh ct thp kim loi ca kt cu btng ct thp c ti ch i khi c hn, trng hp hin nhin l n to ra kh nng truyn in lin tc. Thng thng chng c ni buc vi nhau bi cc dy ni kim loi cc im giao nhau. Mc d vy, khng k n nhng mi lin kt tnh c t nhin ca kim loi, th mt s lng rt ln ca cc thanh v cc mi giao nhau thi cng nh vy cng l m bo tch nh cng ca dng in st ra thnh nhiu nhnh tiu tn song song. Kinh nghim ch ra rng kt cu r rng c th tn dng nh l mt b phn trong h thng chng st. Tuy nhin, cn lu cc vn sau : a) b) Phi m bo tip xc gia cc ct thp, v d bng cch c nh chng bng dy buc; Cn phi ni ct thp ng vi nhau v ct thp ng vi ct thp ngang.

12.6.3 B tng ng lc trc Cc dy dn st khng c kt ni vi cc ct, dm hay ging btng ct thp ng lc trc v thp ng lc trc khng c lin kt v do khng c tnh dn in lin tc. 12.6.4 B tng c sn Trong trng hp cc ct, dm hay tr bng b tng ct thp c sn th ct thp c th c s dng nh l dy dn nu cc on ct thp cc cu kin ring bit c gn kt vi nhau v m bo tnh dn in lin tc.

31

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Dy thu st dng treo Ti thiu 2m

Ti thiu 2m

C t

Cng trnh c bo v

Ti thiu 2m

a) Mt ng

Cc ni t

Dy thu st dng treo

Cng trnh c bo v

b) Mt bng

K hiu Vng c bo v ti v tr ct Vng c bo v ti v tr vng nht ca dy thu st

c) Vng c bo v GHI CH: trnh hin tng lan truyn st, khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v dy dn/ ct chng l 2m hoc theo 15.2 (ly khong cch ln nht)

Hnh 17. B phn thu st v vng bo v cho cng trnh n gin c cha cht d chy n .

32

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Mi ua

Phng khiu v

K hiu Ct chu lc Ct chu lc dn in s dng lm dy xung v ni t Dy xung v ni t bn ngoi

GHI CH 1: Dy xung c th l mt b phn ca kt cu hoc thanh trn, thanh dt b tr mt ngoi cng trnh GHI CH 2:i vi kt cu cao hn 20m, dy xung t cch nhau khng qu 10 m mt chic

Hnh 18. Cc cch b tr dy xung (dy b tr thm bn ngoi hay s dng b phn dn in ca cng trnh) cho cc dng cng trnh cao

33

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Chnh in th i vi trng hp khng c cc ni t vng

Chnh in th i vi trng hp c cc ni t vng

khng c bin php cn bng in th

in th Vs thp khi c cc cc tip vng gim th

Bc cch in phng ngi tip xc vi kt cu 5 vng li c lin kt vo cc ni t Na mt bng b tr cc ni t Cc ni t vng c ng knh v su chn khc nhau kim sot chnh lch in p

t 4x1.5m n 4.5m ph thuc vo v tr

Hnh 19. Chnh lch in p mt t gn ct , thp, tr c cc ni t nhiu cc n gin 12.7 Tuyn i bn trong

Khi kh nng b tr tuyn dy xung pha bn ngoi l khng kh thi hoc l khng thch hp (xem 12.8.3), cc dy xung c th c b tr vo trong mt ng rng bng vt liu phi kim loi, khng chy v c ko thng xung t (xem Hnh 20). Bt c rnh c che kn, mng thit b, ng hoc mng cp chy sut chiu cao cng trnh khng cha si dy cp no u c th c s dng cho mc ch ny. 34

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12.8

Un gc nhn v nhnh vng

12.8.1 iu kin thc t khng phi lc no cng cho php cc tuyn i theo con ng thng nht. Tuy c th chp nhn un gc nhn ti mt s v tr, v d nh ti cc g mi, nhng cn lu cc nhnh vng trong dy dn c th lm in cm cao gim xung nhanh lm cho vic tiu tn dng in st c th xy ra pha h ca nhnh vng. V c bn, ri ro c th xut hin khi chiu di ca dy dn to ra nhnh vng vt qu 8 ln chiu rng phn h ca mch (Xem Hnh 21). 12.8.2 Khi khng th trnh c nhnh vng di, v d nh trong trng hp tng lan can, tng mi, cc dy dn phi c sp t sao cho khong cch ca phn h nhnh vng p ng c nguyn tc a ra 12.8.1. Cch lm khc l to l qua cc tng lan can cc dy dn c th xuyn qua d dng. 12.8.3 Ti cc cng trnh c cc sn trn ua ra, cn xt ti nguy c lan truyn st t dy xung bn ngoi n ngi ng di phn nh ra. Cc dy xung phi theo mt tuyn bn trong, ph hp vi 12.7, nu kch thc ca phn nh ra c th gy nguy c v lan truyn st cho ngi hoc nu khong cch cc dy xung ln hn 20m. Ri ro vi ngi l khng th chp nhn nu chiu cao h ca phn nh ra nh hn 3m. Vi phn nh ra c chiu cao ln hn hoc bng 3m th chiu rng w ca phn nh ra phi nh hoc bng (tnh theo m) gi tr tnh theo biu thc: w 15(0,9h-2,5) nu cc dy xung i theo tuyn bn ngoi. Cch xc nh h v w ca phn nh ra c minh ha Hnh 21d. 12.9 Lin kt trnh hin tng lan truyn st (3)

Bt c chi tit kim loi trong hoc l mt phn ca kt cu hoc bt c thit b cng trnh c cc thnh phn kim loi c thit k hoc ngu nhin tip xc vi t nn phi c cch ly hoc lin kt vi dy xung (Xem mc 17). Tuy nhin, tr phi cc tnh ton 15.2 v cc yu cu B.2 ch ra rng cn phi lin kt th nhng th c tip xc vi h thng chng st, trc tip hoc khng trc tip, thng qua cc lin kt kim loi vi kim loi chc chn v tin cy th khng cn cc dy dn lin kt thm. Ch dn chung tng t cng p dng cho ton b cc chi tit kim loi ln h ni hoc khng ni vi t.
GHI CH: Trong phm vi vn ny, chi tit c coi l ln khi c kch thc mt cnh bt k ln hn 2m.

C th b qua cc chi tit nh nh cc bn l ca, gi mng bng kim loi hay ct thp ca cc dm nh n c. 12.10 Lin kt 12.10.1 Quy nh chung

Hu ht cc phn ca h thng chng st c thit k sao cho c th lp va vo trong mt bng chung. Tuy nhin cc lin kt c s dng kt ni cc b phn lm t kim loi c cc hnh dng v thnh phn khc nhau do khng th c mt dng chun. Do tnh a dng trong s dng ca chng v cc nguy c n mn nn cn phi ch ti cc b phn kim loi ca chng, v d nh phn kt ni v cc b phn c kt ni. 12.10.2 Cc yu cu v c v in.

Mt lin kt phi hiu qu c v c v in v c bo v trnh n mn v xm thc trong mi trng lm vic. 35

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Cc chi tit kim loi bn ngoi trn kt cu hoc l mt phn ca kt cu c th phi tiu tn ton b dng in do st nh vo n v do lin kt ca cc chi tit vi h thng chng st phi c tit din khng nh hn tit din ca dy dn chnh. Ngc li, cc chi tit kim loi bn trong khng d b h hi v lin kt ca n ngoi chc nng cn bng in p th nhiu lm cng ch ti mt phn cng dng in st. Do cc lin kt bn trong c th c tit din nh hn tit din cc dy dn chnh. 12.10.3 D tr cho vic lin kt cc thit b tng lai

i vi mi cng trnh, ti mi ct sn cn phi d tr cho vic lin kt my mc thit b trong tng lai vi h thng chng st, v d nh lin kt vi thit b kim loi cp gas, nc, h thng thot nc hoc cc thit b khc tng t. Cc kt cu li in, in thoi hoc ng dy khc trn cao khng nn lin kt vi h thng chng st m khng c s cho php ca nh chc trch c thm quyn.

GHI CH: Cn tham kho cc quy nh c lin quan v ng dn kn chng chy mi sn

Hnh 20. Dy xung trong ng dn b tr bn trong 12.10.4 Cc mi ni

Bt k mi ni khc vi mi ni hn u th hin s gin on trong h thng dn in v nhy cm vi s thay i v h hng. Cho nn, h thng chng st cng t mi ni cng tt. Cc mi ni phi hiu qu c v mt c v in, v d nh kp, vt, bu lng,cht, inh tn hoc hn. Vi mi ni chng, khong chng ln ca mi kiu dy dn phi khng nh hn 20mm. B mt tip xc trc ht phi c lm sch v sau ngn chn hin tng xy ho bng ha cht chng r thch hp. Mi ni gia hai kim loi khc nhau phi c lm sch bng cc cht khc nhau vi mi kiu vt liu. Tt c cc mi ni phi c bo v n mn v xm thc do mi trng v phi c din tip xc thch hp. Kim tra nh k s thun tin do s dng cc lp sn bo v bng: a) sn ph c gc ho du; b) sn ph cao su bng phng php phun; c) sn ph khng co nhit. Vt liu s dng lm ai c v bulng phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun hin hnh v bu lng v ai c. bt bulng thanh dt, cn t nht l 2 bulng M8 hoc mt bulng M10. Vi cc mi ni inh tn, cn phi s dng t nht 4 inh tn c ng knh 5mm. Bulng lin kt cc thanh dt vi tm kim loi c chiu dy nh hn 2mm cn phi c ming m vi din tch khng nh hn 10cm v phi s dng khng t hn 2 bulng M8. 12.10.5 Cc im o kim tra.

Mi dy xung phi b tr mt im o kim tra v tr thun tin cho vic o c nhng khng qu l liu, d b tc ng khng mong mun. Cn t cc bng ch v tr, s lng v kiu ca cc cc ni t trn mi im kim tra. 36

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Ti a 8d

Vt qu 8d

a) B tr chp nhn c

b) B tr khng chp nhn c

Dy xung bn ngoi

Dy xung bn trong

c) Phng php lun dy xung qua tng mi chp nhn c

d) ng i ca dy xung i vi nh c tng trn ua ra

Hnh 21. Cc nhnh vng

37

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13.1

Mng ni t
in tr ni t

GHI CH: Thng tin thm v mng ni t c trnh by B.1.

Cc ni t phi c kt ni vi mi dy xung. Mi cc phi c in tr (o bng ) khng vt qu 10 nhn vi s cc ni t c b tr (xem 12.3). Tt c mng ni t nn c in tr ni t tng hp khng vt qu 10 v khng k n bt k mt lin kt no vi cc thit b khc. in tr ni t trc v sau khi hon thnh cc lin kt cn c o v ghi chp li v s dng trong mi t o kim tra sau (xem 13.4 v mc 28). Nu in tr ca ton b h thng chng st vt qu 10 , c th gim gi tr bng cch ko di hoc thm vo cc in cc hoc bng cch lin kt cc cc ni t ring r ca cc dy xung vi mt dy dn c t su t nht 0,6m di mt t, i khi c gi l cc ni t mch vng (xem Hnh 22). Cc cc ni t mch vng nn c b tr bn di cc thit b u vo cng trnh. Vic chn cc cc ni t mch vng nh trn c xem nh mt phn khng tch ri ca mng ni t v phi c xt n khi nh gi gi tr in tr ni t tng th ca h thng c lp t. Trong kt cu khung thp, cc cu kin ca khung thp thng c lin kt chc chn m bo c th s dng nh cc dy xung. Phn thp nht ca kt cu nn c ni t mt cch tha ng, vi cc dy xung c b tr tun theo cc yu cu 12.3. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc mng ca cng trnh s c in tr ni t thp ph hp m khng cn cc cc ni t khc, c bit nu mng ca cng trnh bao gm c cc cc c ct thp. Vic o in tr ni t ca cc mng va mi hon thnh s quyt nh liu bn thn mng m bo cha hay c cn thm cc cc ni t (xem B.1.6). Trong cc cng trnh hin c, vic o in tr ni t ca mng i khi bt kh thi v do phi tm kim gii php ni t khc nh trnh by mc 14. Nu ch s dng mng ni t, cn c cc bin php ni tng cu kin thng ng ca kt cu thp vi nn t to bi ct thp trong mng b tng. 13.2 Tm quan trng ca vic lm gim in tr ni t

Vic lm gim gi tr in tr ni t xung di 10 to thun li cho vic gim chnh lch in th xung quanh cc cc ni t khi tiu tn dng in st. N c th lm gim nguy c lan truyn st vo kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh (xem 12.9). 13.3 Mng ni t chung cho mi thit b

Nn s dng mng ni t chung cho h thng chng st v mi thit b khc. Mng ni t cn ph hp vi nhng xut trong tiu chun ny v cng cn tun theo cc quy nh p dng cho cc thit b c lin quan. in tr ni t trong trng hp ny cn c gi tr thp nht p ng bt c thit b ring l no. 13.4 Cch ly h thng cc ni t o kim tra

Cc cc ni t cn p ng yu cu cch ly v nn b tr mt cc ni t tham chiu (xem 3.7) phc v cho mc ch o kim tra. Khi kt cu thp trong cng trnh c s dng lm dy xung, cn b tr cc im o c kim tra tnh lin tc v in tr thp ca kt cu thp. iu ny c bit quan trng vi cc thnh phn khng l ra ca kt cu. Cc ni t tham chiu l cn thit cho vic o kim tra . 13.5 Cng trnh trn nn

Cc kt cu ng trn nn nn c trang b cc ni t mch vng chy theo ng ng mc ca nn. Nn ph t ln trn nu c th. Cc ni t ny nn c lp t bn di phn mng ca cng trnh mi. Nu khng p dng c cc iu trn th nn s dng t nht 2 thanh in cc dt 38

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hoc cc ni t to ra bng cch khoan v lp h bng vt liu dn in nh bentonite hay b tng dn in hoc ximng ch to vi ct liu cacbonat ha dng ht cp phi thay cho ct hay ct liu thng thng. ng knh ca h khng nn nh hn 75mm. Bi than cc hay tro bay khng nn s dng lm vt liu lp bi tnh ph hy dn ca chng.

14
14.1

Cc ni t
Quy nh chung

GHI CH : Thng tin thm v cc ni t c cho B.1.

Trc khi bt u qu trnh thit k, cn quyt nh v kiu ca cc ni t thch hp nht vi tnh cht t nhin ca t thu c theo th nghim l khoan. Cc cc ni t gm c cc thanh kim loi trn, dt, cc ng hoc kt hp cc loi trn hoc l cc b phn ni t t nhin nh cc hay mng ca cng trnh (xem B.1.4 v B.1.6). 14.2 iu kin t

14.2.1 Quy nh chung Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, tr nn , chng nn c ng vo lp t khng phi t p, t lp hoc l loi t d b kh (theo ma hay do nhit ta ra t cc thit b, nh my). 14.2.2 Cc ni t c lp bc s dng bn trong cc kt cu dng b cha Khi cc cc ni t i qua mt kt cu dng b cha nn p dng bin php bc kn nh minh ha Hnh 23. 14.3 Thanh ni t

14.3.1 V tr Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, chng nn c ng vo t ngay bn di cng trnh v cng gn dy xung cng tt. Thi cng cc thanh ni t xa cng trnh thng l khng cn thit v khng kinh t (xem Hnh 24). Khi cc iu kin v t l thun li cho vic s dng cc thanh ng song song vi nhau, s gim bt in tr ni t l nh khi khong cch gia cc thanh nh hn chiu di ng vo t. 14.3.2 o in tr ni t trong qu trnh lp t Trong qu trnh ng cc thanh vo t, nn tin hnh o in tr ni t. Lm nh vy s bit c trng thi khng cn phi gim tip in tr na, c bit khi ng cc thanh di. 14.3.3 Kt ni vi mng ni t im kt ni vi mng ni t phi c kh nng di di v d dng tip cn c t trn mt t thun tin cho vic kim tra, o c v bo dng h thng chng st. Nu nm di mt t, im kt ni nn c t trong mt ci h hoc cng c xy dng cho mc ch kim tra. Tuy nhin, c th chp nhn cc b tr n gin trong mt s trng hp v d nh lp h thng nh, mng ni t su hn bnh thng hoc cc trng hp khc ph thuc vo iu kin hin trng (xem B.1.2). 14.4 Cc thanh dt

14.4.1 V tr v hnh dng Khi s dng cc thanh dt, li hay bn, c th chn chng bn di cng trnh hoc trong cc rnh su khng chu nh hng ca ma kh hn hoc cc hot ng nng nghip. Cc thanh dt nn c b tr hng tm t im kt ni vi dy xung, s lng v chiu di ca chng c xc nh sao cho c c in tr ni t cn thit. 39

40
Li thu st trn mi Lin kt vi anten Dy xung, (trng hp ny l ct thp hoc kt cu thp) Lin kt vi thang my, ch ti nh v y kt cu kim loi C t n n

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Li thu st mi lin kt vi ct thp hoc kt cu thp ca cng trnh

Cc ni t GHI CH: Kch thc li thu st khng qu 10m x 20m. Dy dn xung t cch nhau khng qu 10m

Hnh 22. H thng chng st cho nh cao tng (trn 20m), th hin b phn thu st, dy xung lin kt vi cc b phn nh ln trn mi

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Nu cc hn ch v khng gian i hi s dng cch b tr song song hoc dng li, nn b tr nh Hnh 24 vi khong cch gia cc thanh song song khng nn nh hn 3m. 14.4.2 n mn Khng cho php bi than cc tip xc vi cc in cc bc ng do tnh cht n mn nguy him ca chng. Khng nn nhi mui vo t xung quanh cc cc ni t.

15
15.1

Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh.

Khi nim chung

GHI CH: Cc thng tin thm v kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh c cho B.2

Khi st nh vo mng thu st, in th ca mng thu st vi t tng ln v, tr khi c bin php phng nga thch hp, s phng in c th xy ra theo cc ng khc nhau xung t thng qua hiu ng lan truyn st vo cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh. C 2 bin php phng nga hiu ng lan truyn st, l: a) b) Cch ly Lin kt

Bin php cch ly yu cu khong cch ly ln gia h thng chng st v cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh. im hn ch chnh ca bin php cch ly nm ch rt kh to ra v duy tr khong cch ly an ton cn thit v bo m rng cc chi tit kim loi c cch ly khng kt ni vi t, v d nh thng qua nc hoc cc hnh thc khc. Nhn chung, lin kt l bin php thng c s dng hn.

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B tng

B tng phan

B tng phan

B tng

Hnh 22. Hnh 23. V d v cc ni t c lp bc c s dng trong kt cu b cha

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Thp dt im kim tra dy dn st Mp nh Dy dn st bn ngoi im kim tra

Thanh ni t Mt bng b tr cho dy dt n chia i bi dy dn xung Mt ct v hnh chiu cng trnh Ko di cho thch hp Thanh ni t Mp nh Thanh ni t Dy xung

Thanh ni t Dy xung

Mt bng b tr cho cc dy song song (nt lin m) hoc dng li (nt t) (a) Cc ni t dng dy dt (b) Cc ni t n hoc a cc GHI CH 1: Khi phn mng ni t cn thit phi chy gn hoc di ng i, phn nn c chn su khng di 0,6m tnh t mt t. GHI CH 2: in th mt t c th gim bng cch chn thanh hoc dy thp su hn.

Hnh 24. Mng ni t: b tr cc cc ni t

43

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Phm vi c trng ca dng in st

Dng in st (kA)

Hnh 25. ng cong xc nh xc sut ln nht dng in trong tia st t t s p/p0

44

Xc sut chp nhn

Xc sut st nh

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Dy xung

Lin kt

a)

ng kim loi, cp in,ng thng hi hoc cc chi tit kim loi khc

re =
b)

w+t 3.5

Hnh 26. in cm truyn trong mch n gin

15.2

c lng khong cch ly chng lan truyn st

15.2.1 Khi nim chung Khong cch ly cn thit chng lan truyn st ph thuc vo in p duy tr bi h thng chng st so vi t, in p ny li ph thuc vo cng dng in st. Trnh t nh gi khong cch ly cn thit c trnh by cc phn 15.2.2, 15.2.3 v 15.2.4 di y.
GHI CH: L thuyt v thc nghim ch ra rng cc trng in t l nh nhau i vi mt dy xung c che chn v mt h thng thng c kch thc tng t. Dy dn c che chn c bt li l in th gia dy dn bn trong v dy dn bn ngoi c che chn c th ln ti hng trm kilvn n mc gy ra lan truyn st. im bt li khc na l dy dn bn trong khng tip cn c kim tra.

15.2.2 Xc nh dng in pht sinh xc nh dng in do st nh xung cn tin hnh theo cc bc sau: c lng xc sut st nh vo cng trnh p (xem 7.2). Chia xc sut c lng, p cho xc sut st nh cho php p0 (xem 7.3). S dng Hnh 26 xc nh c dng in c cng ln nht c kh nng pht sinh.

45

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15.2.3 in p duy tr bi h thng chng st in p ny c 2 thnh phn: mt l tch ca dng in v in tr ni t v thnh phn khc l tch ca bin thin dng in vi in cm t cm ca dy dn st. Trng hp nguy him nht, tng ca hai tch ny s cho gi tr in p cn s dng trong tnh ton. 15.2.4 Quan h gia in p phng in v khong cch. Hnh 27 minh ho quan h gia in p phng in trong khng kh, qua b mt th xy v qua vt nt trong khi xy gch vi khong cch. in p phng in i vi mt khong cch cho trc c xc nh t Hnh 27 so snh vi kt qu tnh ton in cm. V d tnh ton quyt nh c cn lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vo h thng chng st hay khng c th hin ph lc D. 15.2.5 Tnh ton in cm pht sinh gia mt dy dn st v cc chi tit kim loi d b nh hng bi hiu ng lan truyn st. Mc d cho n nay thut ng in cm t cm c s dng cho vic tnh ton in p cm ng, trn thc t in p cm ng c sinh ra trong mt mch kn to bi chnh dy xung v cc chi tit kim loi khc. Do ni chnh xc hn in p cm ng s t l vi hiu ca in cm t cm (L) tr i in cm tng h (M) gia dy dn st vi cc chi tit kim loi. Hiu s ny c gi l in cm truyn dn (MT) v c dng thay th cho in cm t cm trong vic tnh ton in p cm ng. in cm truyn dn c th c tnh theo phng trnh (4). Cho mt dy dn st ng c tit din trn bn knh r (m), cch cc b phn kim loi thng ng khc mt on l S (m), trong S l khong cch gia tm ca 2 dy dn nh Hnh 26a) v l l chiu cao ca mch, in cm truyn MT (o bng micro henry) c tnh theo phng trnh: MT=0,46 x l x log 10

S r

(4)

Vi nhng dy xung khng c tit din trn th phi dng bn knh hiu dng re (Xem Hnh 26b). V d vi dy c tit din ngang l 25mm x 3 mm, re (m) c tnh theo phng trnh di y: re= =

w+t 3,5

(5)

0,025 + 0,003 3,5

=0,008 Tuy nhin cch tnh MT khng b nh hng bi hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng kim loi hay cc chi tit kim loi khc. Khi tnh c MT th in cm VL (kilovol) pht sinh trong mch minh ho Hnh 26a c tnh theo phng trnh (6): VL=

MT di x n dt max

(6)

Trong A.1)

di l bin thin ln nht ca dng in (kA/s) ngha l 200 kA/s (xem ph lc dt max

n l s lng dy xung cng chu dng in do st truyn vo. Khi c nhiu dy xung th khong cch S t dy c st n dy xung gn nht cn phi c s dng tnh ton. V d khi s dng phng trnh (6) nu S=1m, l = 5m v n = 4; 46

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VL =200 x

0,46 x5 log10 (1 / 0,008) 3,5

VL=240 V T Hnh 27, khong cch t im cao nht ca mch (c th mt nhnh ngoi ca mng li) n dy xung s phi nh n 0,4m ti mt v tr nht nh to ra nguy c phng in. Mt nhnh ngoi gn n nh vy phi c lin kt vi dy dn xung cho an ton. Vi cng trnh c mt bng dng ch nht hoc hnh vung c hn 4 dy xung, dy xung gc s chu mt in p ln hn mc trung bnh ca tng dng in (i) (ngha l > i/n), do h s 30 % phi c tnh thm vo in p pht sinh gn dy dn . Ngc li, vng gia ca cng trnh c rt nhiu dy xung (cch xa dy xung nm gc) gi tr di/dt l thp hn gi tr c a ra bi s lng dy xung khong 30 % v nguy c lan truyn st l tng i t, vi gi thit rng cc thit b c lin kt sao cho in tr ca t khng to ra s chnh lch in th. 15.3 Tnh hung cn thit phi lin kt

(xem thm ph lc B.2) 15.3.1 Khi lin kt cc chi tit kim loi lin k vi h thng chng st, cn phi cn nhc k v cc tc ng c th xy ra ca cc lin kt i vi cc chi tit kim loi c bo v ca-tt. Cn lu ti cc khuyn co t 15.3.2 n 15.3.10. 15.3.2 Vi cc cng trnh c kim loi dn in lin tc (v d nh mi, tng, sn,v bc hoc tng bao kim loi) nhng chi tit kim loi ny c th c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st vi iu kin s lng v cch b tr ca chi tit kim loi to ra n ph hp vi vic s dng, nh trong khuyn co mc 11, 12, 13 v 14. 15.3.3 Vi cng trnh n gin ch l mt khung kim loi lin tc,th khng cn phi c b phn thu st hay dy xung. Khung iu kin m bo tnh lin tc v mt c hc v dn in. 15.3.4 Mt kt cu BTCT hoc mt kt cu khung BTCT c th c in tr ni t ca bn thn chng kh nh c th lm phng tin bo v st nh. Nu cc mi ni c a ra bn ngoi im cao nht ca ct thp trong lc xy dng th vic kim tra c th c tin hnh xc minh iu ny khi hon thnh cng trnh (xem Hnh 6). Nu in tr ni t ca khung thp ca cng trnh hoc ct thp trong kt cu b tng ct thp m bo th cn lp t mt b phn thu st ngang trn im cao nht v lin kt vi khung thp hoc ct thp.
GHI CH: Trong trng hp c bit ca thp lm lnh nc thng khng lp b phn thu st.

Khi khng th kim tra theo cch thng thng th nn s dng vt liu chng r lin kt vi thp hoc ct thp v nn a ra ngoi kt ni vi b phn thu st. Cn trang b b sung dy xung v b phn thu st nu khi kim tra in tr ni t ca bn thn cng trnh khng tha mn (xem 13.1). 15.3.5 Khi cng trnh c cc chi tit kim loi khng th lin kt vo mng c tnh dn in lin tc v n khng hoc khng th c trang b h thng ni t bn ngoi, th s tn ti ca n c th c b qua. Mi nguy him do cc chi tit kim loi c th gim thiu bng cch cch ly hon ton cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st, phng n x l cn tham kho cc khuyn co 15.2. 15.3.6 Khi b phn mi cng trnh c kim loi che ph hon ton hoc mt phn th cn phi thn trng khi lin kt n vi h thng chng st. 15.3.7 Trong bt c kt cu no, kim loi gn vi mt ngoi hoc nh ra khi tng hay mi m c khong cch ly n h thng chng st l khng v khng thch hp s dng nh mt phn ca 47

TCXDVN 46 : 2007
h thng th cn gn cng trc tip cng tt vi h thng chng st. Nu c chi tit kim loi no chy gn vi b phn thu st, v d nh ng ng nc chy n b cha nc trn mi, dy cp, cc ng ng, mng xi, ng dn nc ma v cu thang, v nu cc chi tit ny chy gn nh song song vi dy xung hoc lin kt vi n, n phi c lin kt cc im cui nhng khng thp hn im kim tra. Nu cc chi tit ny khng lin tc th mi phn ca n phi c lin kt vi h thng chng st, khi c cc khong khng cho php th s tn ti ca cc chi tit kim loi c th b qua.

Trong khng kh

in p phng in (kV)

Qua vt nt ca th xy

Khong cch (m) Hnh 27. ng quan h in p phng in theo khong cch

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15.3.8 Khi kim loi trong cng trnh nh khung chung trong nh th, tng bao, cc thit b my mc m n c kt ni hoc tip xc vi ng ng nc hoc cc thit b c cp in m bn thn n ni t phi c lin kt n dy xung gn nht bng ng i cng trc tip cng tt. 15.3.9 Kim loi i vo hoc i ra cng trnh dng c v bc hoc ng dn in, gas, nc, nc ma, hi nc, kh nn hoc cc thit b khc phi c lin kt cng trc tip cng tt n cc ni t. im kt ni phi c lm ti v tr m cc thit b i ra hoc vo cng trnh. Cc bc thang phi c x l tng t. Khi cc chi tit kim loi dng l mt phn ca thit b cha ra khong cch ly (xem 15.2), n phi c lin kt vi phn gn nht ca h thng chng st im cao nht ca thit b v vi cc khong cch khng vt qu 20m. Do cc thit k h thng chng st rt a dng nn khng c khuyn co chnh xc no c a ra. Tuy nhin, cn phi lu rng c th c vn khi cc ng ng hoc cp c bc cch nhit hoc cch in.Vi trng hp nh vy, mi lin kt phi c thc hin im gn nht ni m phn kim loi ca ng hoc cp c l ra. Mi lin kt sau phi c ni vi h thng ni t bn ngoi cng trnh cng thng cng tt. iu ny rt c th c p dng trong cng trnh bit lp m cc thit b c kt ni vi nhau.Tuy nhin khi cng trnh bao quanh bi cc chi tit bng thp gm mt lot cc chi tit dng ng ni vi nhau th bn thn n rt c th tr thnh mt im thch hp ni t. i vi h thng cp in, vic ng dng cp kt hp ni t (CNE) l c vn v vic ngt dy trung tnh c th gy dng ti ngc t in cc ni t. iu c th gy nguy him cho bt c ai ngt mch in cc ni t o th nghim. H thng kt ni in hnh c th hin trong Hnh 28. Quy tc chung l mi h thng cn c nh gi v u im ca n v c tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan quyt nh phng n ph hp. 15.3.10 Khi lp t thang my, kt cu kim loi lin tc bao gm c ray dn hng phi c kt ni vi h thng chng st im cao nht v im thp nht ca b phn lp. Khi ct thp hoc cc chi tit kt cu kim loi to thnh mt b phn ca h thng chng st, th vic kt ni cc chi tit kim loi ny l cn thit. Khi kh c th tn dng c ct thp hoc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh th h thng thang my cn c lin kt vi h thng an ton in ni t c im cao nht v thp nht. Trong mi trng hp, cn lin kt im ni t ca bng in gn nht.

16
16.1

Kt cu cao trn 20 m
Cc kt cu khng dn in

GHI CH: C th xem thm thng tin v cc kt cu cao trong B.2 v B.5.

Trn cc kt cu khng dn in, nn c t nht 2 dy xung t cch u nhau v m bo rng, khi s dng phng php hnh cu ln (xem B.5), b phn thu st s to ra vng bo v mong mun. Trn cc ng khi, dy xung nn ni vi chp kim loi ca ng khi hoc vi mt dy dn quanh nh ca ng khi. 16.2 Cc kt cu dn in

C th p dng cc quy nh 15.3.4 cho nhng kt cu cao dn in, nhng ti nhng v tr cn cc dy xung nn ni t nht 2 dy dn v t cch nhau khng qu 10m quanh chu vi.

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B phn ni t chnh Dy xung bn ngoi t trong ng i vi tng hai lp im o c

Vt cch in

Mng ni t ca h thng chng st

Cp in Nc Gas

Cc ng ng thit b

Hnh 28. S lin kt cc thit b (gas, nc v in) 16.3 Thp v chp nh th

Thc t chng minh st c th nh vo pha di im cao nht ca cc kt cu cao, do nn s dng t nht hai dy dn cho tt c cc ta thp v ngn thp nh th. i vi cc kt cu khng dn in, nn thit k mt li thu st (xem mc 14) xung quanh tng bao ca mt ta thp; v cng nn bao gm trong h thng c ct c v bt k nhng im nh ra no khc trn tng mi. Mi v tr cn li ca nh th nn c bo v theo tiu chun ny v ph hp vi nh, mi hin v cc dy xung, cc mng ni t v b phn ng p bo v st. Cc dy xung khng nn gn bn trong (xem Hnh 29). Cc mi nh bng kim loi c th c s dng nh cc li thu st (xem Bng 4 v Hnh 16).

17
17.1

Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy

Cc b phn thu st

Vi cng trnh c mi che bng rm, tranh, cy, c hoc cc vt liu c kh nng d chy cao, c th treo b phn thu st tch khi mi mt on t nht 0,3 m trn b phn khng dn in v khng chy hoc cc b phn thu st c th t trn mt thanh g cng dt c rng ti thiu l 75 mm. Vi mng dy c to ra bo v mi che bng rm r v cc mi nh c lp theo cch tng t chng li cc cn gi v by chim, mng khng nn kt ni vi h thng chng st. 17.2 Dy dn v cc ghp ni

Vi cc dy dn hoc cc ghp ni buc phi xuyn qua vt liu lm mi, nn b tr vo trong cc ng khng dn in v khng chy. 50

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Dy dn ng lin kt vi nhau bn trong tng mi

Dy dt gn vo tng mi

i vi mi kim loi c th khng cn dy dn K hiu 1. Dy thu st 5. Dy ng 9. Cc ni t 2. Dy xung 6. Dy nc mi 10. Ni t ca h thng in 3. Lin kt gi thanh ng 7. Dy vin mi 11. Lin kt vi khung chung 4.Dy thu st ngang 8. im o kim tra 12. Dy dn quanh chu vi GHI CH 1: li thu st nn c kch thc 10m x 20m. Khong cch cc dy xung xung quanh chu vi nn l 20m i vi kt cu thp hn 20m, l 10m i vi kt cu cao 20m tr ln. Dy dn ngang nn cch nhau 20m tnh t mi tr xung. GHI CH 2: Mi kim loi c th s dng lm b phn thu st

Hnh 29. Thp v chp nh th

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18.1

Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy

Quy nh chung

Nhng vn pht sinh trong quy nh v cc h thng chng st cho cc kt cu c cha vt gy n hoc rt d chy tt nht nn gii quyt bng cch hi kin cc chuyn gia thng tho v lut hoc cc quy nh ca chnh ph v cc quy phm thc hnh. C th chp nhn mt ri ro nht nh nu cc vt liu nguy him c bo qun mt cch nghim ngt, nh trong phng th nghim hoc kho cha nh, hoc ti ni kt cu c t v tr tch bit hoc c thit k c bit hn ch nhng nh hng ca thm ha c th xy ra. Trng hp cc vt liu nguy him khng b h ra m c che kn hon ton trong thng bng kim loi c dy thch hp th ngoi tr phi m bo ni t thch hp, c th khng cn b tr h thng chng st. Trong cc trng hp khc, mi nguy him ti sinh mng v ti sn c th i hi phi p dng tt c cc bin php c th c bo v tc ng ca st nh. xut cho cc trng hp ny c trnh by trong 18.2 v c th p dng cho cc kt cu cc cht rn, cht lng, gas, hi nc hoc bi d n hoc rt d chy c ch to, cha ng, s dng, hoc cc cht kh, hi hoc bi d chy n c th tch t li. 18.2 Cc phng php bo v chng st nh

18.2.1 B phn thu st dng treo Li thu st nn c treo cao thch hp trn vng cn bo v. Nu ch dng mt dy dn t nm ngang, gc bo v chp nhn c khng nn qu 30o (xem Hnh 17). Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy dn nm ngang song song nhau, gc bo v thch hp c th ln ti 45o trong khng gian c bao quanh bi cc dy dn, nhng khng vt qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian (xem Hnh 30). cao ca dy dn nm ngang nn la chn theo cc gi trong 15.2 (xem Hnh 30); trong trng hp cn cha chc chn, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia. B phn ca li thu st nn c ni t mt cch ph hp. C th dng cch khc i vi nhng ni chi ph cho phng php trn l khng hp l v khng c cc ri ro lin quan ti dng st nh vo b mt ca kt cu cn c bo v, c th chn la mt trong hai cch lp t sau y: a) B phn thu st dng treo nh th hin trn Hnh 30 nhng cc gc bo v l 45o thay v 30o, v 60o thay v 45o; b) Mt li dy dn nm ngang vi mi mt li 10 m x 5 m hoc nh hn ty theo mc ri ro, c c nh trn mi ca kt cu (xem Hnh 15).
GHI CH: Mi kt cu ring bit c bo v theo cc cch ny nn c ni vi s dy xung v cc b phn ni t gp i so vi xut 12.3.

18.2.2 Cc dy dn ng Mt kt cu hoc nhm cc kt cu c kch thc ngang nh c th c bo v bng mt hoc nhiu dy dn st ng. Nu s dng mt dy xung, gc bo v tnh ton khng nn qu 30o. Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy xung, gc bo v c th l 45o trong khng gian b gii hn bi cc dy dn, nhng khng nn qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian . Minh ha v phng php bo v ny c th hin trn Hnh 31.

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18.2.3 Cc kt cu b chn mt phn hay ton b di t 18.2.3.1 Kt cu b chn mt phn di t nn c bo v theo cch tng t nh i vi kt cu trn mt t. 18.2.3.2 Nu kt cu hon ton nm di mt t v khng c kt ni vi bt k thit b no trn mt t c th c bo v nh mt li thu st nh trong 18.2.1a), cng vi mng ni t ca n l hon chnh. Kh nng chn xung in ca t c th c tnh n khi xc nh mc ri ro ca vic pht tia la in t h thng bo v ti kt cu c bo v, bao gm cc b phn ph tr ca n. Ti ni su chn lp l thch hp, li thu st c th c thay th bng mng cc thanh ni t dt c sp xp trn b mt theo li khuyn ca chuyn gia. nhng ni chp nhn phng php ny, nn b qua cc xut ghp ni cho kim loi, hoc cc dy dn kim loi a vo kt cu (xem 18.2.4, 18.2.5 v 18.2.6). 18.2.4 Cc cc ni t mch vng Cc cc ni t ca mi h thng chng st nn c ni vi nhau bng mt cc ni t mch vng. Cc ni t mch vng ny nn c chn su t nht 0,6 m tr khi c nhng l do khc, nh cn lin kt cc vt th khc ti n, hoc l ra trong trng hp cn o kim tra. Cc cc ni t mch vng ca cc kt cu k nhau nn c ni vi nhau. 18.2.5 Kim loi trn hoc trong kt cu (xem B.2) 18.2.5.1 Tt c kim loi chnh to ra cc b phn ca kt cu, bao gm ct thp bng kim loi v cc b phn ph tr bng kim loi c tnh lin tc, nn c ghp cng nhau v ni vi h thng chng st. Cc kt ni nh vy nn c lm t nht ti 2 ni (xem Hnh 15) v bt c ni no c th, nn t cch u nhau khng qu 10 m quanh chu vi ca kt cu. 18.2.5.2 Cc chi tit kim loi bn trong kt cu nn c gn vi h thng chng st (xem 12.9).

18.2.5.3 Vic s dng kho bng thp chuyn dng ni hn cha cc cht n tr nn kh ph bin. i vi cc kho nh th, vic bo v st thch hp c thc hin bng cch ni t kt cu t nht hai im.

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Dy thu st treo ngang C t Xem ghi ch 2

Xem ghi ch 2 Xem ghi ch 2

Cng trnh c Xem ghi ch 2 bo v

Cc ni t a)Mt ng

Dy thu st treo ngang Cc ni t vng Cng trnh bo v c

Dy thu st treo ngang

Ni t vng

b) Mt bng K hiu Vng bo v v tr nh dy Vng bo v v tr dy vng nht

Cng trnh c bo v

c) Mt ng u hi th hin vng bo v GHI CH 1: Khi dng hai dy thu ngang tr ln, c th dng gc bo v 45o cho khng gian bao bi dy. Ch khc gii hn gc bo v l 30o. GHI CH 2: trnh hin tng phng in gia dy thu v cng trnh, khong cch ly ti thiu phi l 2m hoc theo 15.2 tu theo gi tr no ln hn. Khong cch ly ti thiu phi c m bo v tr vng nht trong mi iu kin.

Hnh 30. B phn thu st c hai dy thu st treo ngang v vng bo v cho kt cu c cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy

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C t

Ti thiu 2m

Cng trnh c bo v im kim tra

Cc ni t a) Mt ng

b) Mt bng

Hnh 31. Cc kim thu st ng ca nh kho cha cht n 18.2.6 Dy dn in vo cng trnh 18.2.6.1 Cc dy dn in vo cng trnh d chy n nn a vo trong ng kim loi. V bc kim loi ny cn c lin tc v in trong ton kt cu; nn c ni t ti im u vo trong kt cu bn pha h thng dch v ca ngi dng v c gn trc tip ti h thng chng st (xem Hnh 28). Nn c s tha thun gia cc bn lin quan khi u ni. 18.2.6.2 Ti ni cc dy dn in ni vi mt ng dy cung cp in trn cao, nn chn mt on cp kim loi hoc bc kim loi c chiu di 15 m c chn su vo gia ng dy trn cao v im ni vo kt cu (xem Hnh 32). Nn ch ti cc quy nh c lin quan (xem mc 24). Vic thc hin iu ny mt cch chun xc l quan trng, cn c s thng nht ca cc bn c lin quan.
GHI CH: St nh c th gy xung in ln trn cc ng dy cp in bn trn. Do , nn c b phn hm xung in ti nhng ni cc ng dy cp in bn trn ni vi cp chn di t. iu ny s cho php phn ln dng in do st gy ra c truyn vo t ti mt khong cch an ton so vi kt cu.

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18.2.7 Cc ng ng, lan can, ni vo cng trnh Cc ng dn bng kim loi, dy thp, lan can, ng ray tu ha hoc cc bin hng dn khng lin kt thng in vi t m ni vi cng trnh cha vt d chy, n, cn c gn vi h thng chng st. Cc vt ny nn c ni t ti im u vo bn ngoi kt cu v ti 2 im xa hn, mt im cch xa 75 m v im kia cch 75 m tip theo. Vic ni t cc lan can nn c thc hin ti cc im sau: - im i vo hoc i ra khi kt cu; - Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 75 m; ngha l hng vo trong nu l kt cu ngm hoc hng ra ngoi nu trn mt t; - Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 150 m hoc bn ngoi kt cu trong trng hp nm pha trn mt t; - Cc im cch nhau 75 m khi lp t di mt t; Cc yu cu ny cng p dng cho cc tuyn b mt trn c s dng cn trc hoc cu trc lu ng (xem 15.3.9).

B phn xung in

chn

Hp in tng Ni vo cc ni t mch vng

Dy ni t

Cp di 15m chn gia ng dy in trn cao v cng trnh Ni vo cc ni t mch vng

Hnh 32. Bo v c bit chng qu dng do st gy ra trong ngun in cp vo nh c cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy 56

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18.2.8 ng hoc hm vo cng trnh i vi cng trnh ngm hoc cc h o di mt t c tip cn bng ng hoc hm vo cn tun theo cc gi 18.2.7 v vic ni t b sung ti cc khong cch khng qu 75 m, cng nh bn ngoi kt cu. 18.2.9 Cc hng ro, tng chn Cc chi tit thng ng bng kim loi, cc b phn v dy kim loi ca tt c cc hng ro v tng chn trong phm vi 2m ca kt cu nn c ni theo cch to ra mt kt ni kim loi lin tc gia chng v h thng chng st (xem mc 20). 18.2.10 Cc l thng hi

gim thiu nguy c st nh thng, cc l thng hi ca bt k cc thng cha c nh no bao gm bnh gas hoc cht lng d chy, v cc l thng kh hoc ng khi t cc nh my ch bin sinh ra hi hoc bi d chy, nu c th, nn c t trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st. Do iu ny khng hon ton ngn chn s pht chy, cc l thng hi cn c bo v trnh s lan chy bng vic s dng cc vt chn la, cc thit b lc kh tr hoc cc phng tin thch hp khc. 18.2.11 Mi nguy him t cc b phn cao trn hoc gn cc kt cu d b st nh

Khng nn trang b cc b phn cao nh chp thp, ct c hoc cc dy anten v tuyn cho cc kt cu d b st nh hoc b tr chng trong phm vi 50 m quanh kt cu. Khong cch ly cng p dng i vi vic trng cy mi, nhng cc kt cu gn cy c nn c x l ph hp vi cc khuyn co mc 21. 18.2.12 o kim tra an ton

Vic o kim tra nn c thc hin ph hp vi khuyn co mc 28 v thit b o c phi thuc loi an ton i vi tng trng hp nguy him c th.

19

Nh

Cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny c th p dng cho nh . Vic chng st cho cc ta nh c cc anten v tuyn truyn hnh v truyn thanh c nu chi tit hn mc 22. Ti ni c h thng chng st, gi cch x l i vi cc ng ng thng hi bng kim loi c minh ha trn Hnh 33.

20
20.1

Hng ro
Bn cht ca mi nguy him

Nu st nh vo mt hng ro kim loi ko di, on gia im b st nh v im ni t gn nht s tng ngay lp tc n mt in th cao tng i so vi in th ca t. Con ngi hoc vt nui gn, hoc tip xc vi hng ro ti thi im st nh vo hng ro c th b nguy him. Do , cn ni hng ro ti t thng qua cc in cc t ti cc on sao cho c th tiu st mt cch hiu qu nht. V l tng, nn ngt s lin tc ca hng ro bng cch to khe h c m cht cch ly dc chiu di ca hng ro bi iu ny gip hn ch nh hng ca st nh ti cc on ring bit. Tuy nhin, cc hng ro ch yu dng cho cc l do an ninh, vic a ra cc khe cch ly s lm ny sinh cc vn khc. Khuyn co i vi hng ro dng cho cc mc ch c th c nu trong 20.2 v 20.3.

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ng thng hi ng ten tivi Kim thu st ng Lin kt vo thnh ng kim loi

a) Nh bng vt liu khng dn in c ngten tivi trn mi v b phn k thut lin kt vi dy xung

ng thng c ni t

h i

Cc ni t vng b) Cc ni t vng cho nh bng vt liu khng dn in xy trn nn

Ct ngten TV ni t v h thng mng lin kt vi dy xung

Mt bng th hin h thng chng st in hnh

c) Nh xy bng c ct ngten TV c lin kt ni t v h thng mng lin kt vi dy xung

d) Cng trnh ln bit lp

Hnh 33. Bo v st nh cho cc thit b trong nh

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20.2

Bo v vt nui trn cnh ng

20.2.1 Thng tin chung Thit hi v vt nui khi c st nh trong cc cn ma dng ch yu l do cc by n t hp di gc cy trn cc cnh ng trng hoc quanh cc hng ro bng kim loi khng c ni t nn b dng in st phng vo ln git cht chng. Do bn cht ca vic nui th vt nui trn cnh ng nn khng th loi tr hon ton mi nguy him, nhng nu mun gim mi nguy him ny th nn thc hin cc bin php phng nga trong 20.2.2 v 20.2.3. 20.2.2 Ni t Vi cc hng ro c xy dng bng cc cc kim loi thng ng v cc dy kim loi dn in lin tc, v d dy thp gai, cc dy c ko cng hoc dy xch, mi on dy lin tc cn c ni vi cc ct ng bng kim loi t ti cc khang u nhau. Trong trng hp s dng cc ct bng g hoc b tng, nn ni cc on dy vi cc cc ni t, v d cc cc ng xung t. nhng ni t thng xuyn b t, khong cch gia cc ch ni khng nn qu 150 m v nn gim xung 75 m ni t kh. 20.2.3 Cc khe h cch in Hng ro kim loi khng nn di lin tc m chia thnh cc on khng qu 300 m bng cch chn cc cng bng g hoc cc khe h c rng t 600 mm tr ln, c khp kn nh cc on vt liu khng dn in.
GHI CH: Khng nn s dng dy xch bc bng vt liu do ni kn cc khe h trn.

Ni t cho hng ro ti khe h trn nn b tr cch cc cnh ca khe h t nht l 8 m v mi pha. 20.3 Hng ro bao quanh cc kt cu c cha cht lng hoc kh d chy

20.3.1 Ni t cc hng ro hon ton bng kim loi i vi hng ro bao quanh cc v tr nguy him lm hon ton bng kim loi thng khng c vn g xy ra v cc hng ro c th c ni t nh miu t trong 20.2.2 nhng ti cc khong cch nhau khng qu 75 m. 20.3.2 Ni t cc hng ro c bc bng vt liu do Cc lp ph bng vt liu c tc dng bo v tc ng ca thi tit v vic ngt lp bc ni t cho phn kim loi s tng nguy c n mn, do khng c khuyn khch p dng. Tuy nhin, loi hng ro ny thng thng c mt li dy thp gai trn cao. Do nn ni t li thp gai ny ti cc khong khng qu 75 m to thnh b phn thu st bo v hng ro. 20.3.3 Cc khe cch in Cc hng ro ch yu dng cho mc ch an ninh nn cc khe cch in c kh nng vi phm cc yu cu an ninh, do khng c khuyn khch p dng.

21

Cy v cc kt cu gn cy

GHI CH: Cc thng tin thm v cy v kt cu gn cy c th xem trong B.3.

Ch cn bo v cy trnh tc ng ca st nh trong trng hp c bit cn gi gn ci cy v l do lch s, thc vt hc v mi trng hoc cc ngha tng t khc. Trong cc trng hp ny, nn thc hin nh sau: 59

TCXDVN 46 : 2007
a) Dy xung chnh chy t phn cao nht ca nhnh chnh ca cy ti cc ni t v dy cn c bo v khi cc ph hng c hc mt t. b) Nn cp thm cc dy dn nhnh ni ti dy dn chnh cho cc nhnh cy ln. c) Cc dy dn nn c bn v bc li. Tng din tch mt ct ngang khng nn nh hn 50 mm2 i vi ng v nhm. Cc kch thc khng c cho c th v iu s gy phin toi cho vic la chn gii php dy, nhng iu quan trng l cc dy dn phi c tnh mm do. d) Khi gn cc dy dn nn tnh n s pht trin t nhin ca cy v s ung a ca cy do cc cn gi gy ra. e) Ni t nn bao gm 2 cc c ng vo t hai pha i din v gn vi thn ca cy. Nn chn mt cc ni t mch vng bao quanh cc r cy v ni vi cc cc bng hai dy dn hng tm. Ni t v in tr ni t nn p ng cc iu mc 13. f) Khi hai hay nhiu cy gn nhau v c kh nng cc cc ni t mch vng bao quanh ca chng giao nhau, nn s dng mt cc ni t mch vng chung c ni thch hp vi cc cc chn di t bao quanh tt c cc gc cy.

g) Khi mt cy bit lp gn mt kt cu, c cao khng vt qu cao ca kt cu th khng cn chng st cho cy ny. Nu cy cao hn kt cu, khong cch ly sau y gia kt cu v phn cao nht ca cy c th c xem l m bo an ton: - i vi cc kt cu thng, khong cch ly bng mt na chiu cao ca kt cu; - i vi cc kt cu cha cc vt d n hoc kh nng chy cao, khong cch ly bng chiu cao ca kt cu; Nu cc khong cch ly ny khng c m bo, cn xem xt ti cc mc ri ro lin quan. gim ri ro ti mc ti thiu m vn gi li cy, kt cu cn c bo v ph hp vi cc khuyn co ca tiu chun ny v b phn thu st hoc dy xung nn c sp xp sao cho c th i gn ti b phn gn nht ca cy.
GH CH: Khi mt cy khng c chng st, lung in do st nh vo cy c th truyn qua khong cch hng chc mt, dc hoc di b mt t, tm mt vt dn in tt, v d ng nc hoc gas, cp in hoc b mt t bo v st ca mt ta nh.

22
22.1

Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh

Cc ng ten bn trong cng trnh c chng st

Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp thm cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh trong nh m khng cn c thm bin php phng chng khc, min l khong trng gia h thng anten, bao gm dy thu v dy dn xung, v h thng chng st bn ngoi ph hp vi cc gi tr c cho trong mc 15. 22.2 Cc anten bn ngoi cng trnh c chng st

Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh bn ngoi m khng cn c bin php chng st b sung nu mi phn ca h thng ng ten, bao gm cc b phn chu lc bng kim loi, trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st. cc v tr khng p ng iu kin ny, cn c bin php chng st m bo rng st c th truyn xung mt t m khng gy nguy him cho kt cu v ngi s dng kt cu nh sau:

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i vi h thng ng ten c lp trc tip ln kt cu c chng st, lung in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng cch ni kt cu gi ng ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten. i vi h thng ng ten lp trn kt cu chng bng kim loi nh ra khi h thng chng st, dng in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng vic kt ni kt cu chng ng ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten. 22.3 Cc ng ten trn kt cu khng c bo v

Trc khi lp t ng ten trn mt kt cu khng c bo v, cn xem xt nhu cu i vi h thng chng st nh miu t trong mc 7. 22.4 S dng cc in cc t ca h thng chng st

C th s dng in cc t ca h thng chng st cho mc ch ni t h thng anten nhng khng c mu thun vi quy nh ca TCVN 4756.

23
23.1

Cc cng trnh khc

Lu bt v rp bng vi

23.1.1 Cc lu ln nhng ni cc kt cu tm ln thuc loi ny c s dng cho cc mc ch trin lm v gii tr lin quan ti s lng ngi tp trung ln cn c bin php chng st. Ni chung, cc kt cu nh vy c ch to t cc vt liu khng phi l kim loi v dng bo v n gin nht thng bao gm mt hoc nhiu b phn thu st nm ngang treo pha trn kt cu v c ni chc chn xung t. Phn m rng phi kt cu ca cc b phn chng thng ng cho cc kt cu nh vy, nu thun tin v kh thi, c th dng h thng thu st nm ngang. Nn duy tr mt khang trng t 1,5 m tr ln gia dy dn v v bt. Cc dy xung nn c gn bn ngoi kt cu v c ni vi cc cc trn mt t, cc cc ny li c ni vi mt cc ni t mch vng sao cho khng tip xc vi ngi s dng. i vi cc kt cu c khung bng kim loi nn ni nhng phn kim loi xung t mt cch c hiu qu ti cc im c khong cch ngn hn 20 m dc theo chu vi kt cu. 23.1.2 Cc lu nh i vi cc lu nh khng c hng dn c th no c, tuy nhin c th tham kho mt s dng b tr chng st minh ha trn Hnh 34. 23.2 Khung bng kim loi v cc kt cu tng t

i vi cc kt cu nh trn c kch thc ln cn phi c chng st nu ngi c th tip cn v s dng chng, c bit vi cc kt cu c dng pha trn v trm qua mt phn ng i chung hoc c dng trong vic xy dng khu gh ngi cng cng th chng cn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. Mt phng php n gin trong vic lp ghp cc kt cu nh vy l lun mt thanh dt kim loi, khng phi nhm, c kch thc mt ct ngang l 20 mm x 2,5 mm, bn di v tip xc vi cc tm cc b phn thng ng ca khung v ni xung t ti cc khong cch khng vt qu 20 m. Vi cc khu gh ngi cng cng, ch c cc thnh phn thuc chu vi ca kt cu cn c ni t. Cc kt cu bng thp khc, nh kt cu c dng cho cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b qua cc con ng chnh, thng c b tr ti cc v tr trng tri d b st nh nn cn phi c ni t, c bit ti cc im chn cu. 61

TCXDVN 46 : 2007
23.3 Cc ct anten bng kim loi, cc cn trc thp cao v cc kt cu quay trn v di ng

Cc ct anten v cc dy thp ca chng, cc thp treo n pha v cc kt cu xy dng bng kim loi tng t khc nn c ni t ph hp vi cc iu a ra ca tiu chun ny. Cc kt cu cao nh cn trc v cc thit b nng khc c dng trong vic xy dng cc to nh, trong cc xng ng tu v trong vic xy lp cng cng nn c b tr ni t. i vi cc cn trc hoc cc kt cu quay lp trn ray, cn ni t cho ray mt cch hiu qu, tt nht l ti hai v tr tr nn. Trong cc trng hp c bit, khi c th xy ra ph hy cc tr do st nh, c th p dng cc bin php b sung v nn tham kho kin chuyn gia.
Bo v bi dy dn ng Bo v bi dy dn ngang

Dy trn bng kim loi mt t ni vi im cui dy dn ng

Lin kt vi vng kim loi

Vng c bo v mt t

Dy ni khung thp vi cc ni t Lu Cc ni t Cc ni t

a) Lu khng khung

b) Lu c khung

Hnh 34. H thng chng st cho lu

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Dy thp m km (khng nh hn 6mm)

im kim tra n mn

Mt bng

Hnh 35. H thng chng st r tin dng cho nh nng tri bit lp xy gch lp ngi

23.4

Cng trnh c gi tr thp trong vng chu nh hng ln ca st nh

Trong mt s vng c mt st nh cao, nhng ti khng s dng ng v nhm v l do kinh t hoc l do khc th c th s dng thp m km bo v cc trang tri nh hoc cc kt cu tng t. Thp m km nn bao gm mt si dy n, c ng knh t 6 mm tr ln, c lp dng ko ngang qua mi nh ni hai u ca kt cu ri i xung t su 0,6 m thm mt on 3 m (xem Hnh 35). Cc vt chng c th l cc thanh g, c sp xp to mt khong cch ly ln hn 0,9 m t mi nh. Cc mi ni o kim tra l khng cn thit, do c th khng thc hin c vic kim tra sau khi lp t v kim tra nh k. Tuy nhin, cc h hng c kh nng xy ra u tin l cc on c chn, do nn nht vo trong lng t bn cnh mi cc ni t mt thanh di c vt liu tng t nh vt liu ca dy xung cho php nh k li ra, kim tra bng mt ri nht li nhm kim sot trng thi ca dy dn ngm. Cn c bin php ngn khng cho tip xc vi dy dn b l ra v nn t trong khu vc ln cn chn dy kim loi. 23.5 Sn vn ng

Cc sn vn ng ln thng cha y khn gi trong ch mt t l phn trm nh thi gian. Tuy vy, do s lng ln ngi c mt nn c th cn ti mt vi bin php chng st. Vi cc khn i c nhiu bc cao, cc b phn thu st dng dy dn nm ngang c th c cng ngang qua sn vn ng t bn ny sang bn kia. Vic ghp tt c cc phn kim loi cn c thc hin ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Bin php khc l tn dng cc thp treo n pha, va nh cc thnh phn thit yu ca h thng chng st, va l cc gi ta cho cc dy dn nm ngang. Trong trng hp , cn c bin php bo v ngi khi b nguy him do tip xc trc tip vi thp hoc vi in p t quanh cc chn thp. C th ngn cn vic tip xc trc tip vi thp bng cch bc bn ngoi t mt t ln ti 63

TCXDVN 46 : 2007
cao 3 m bng mt vt liu cch in c kh nng bo v hoc bng vic ro chn thp v hn ch vic chm ti thp. Vic gim in tr sut ca t xung mt cp khng gy hi ti con ngi ph thuc vo in tr sut trung bnh ca t v vic lp h thng ni t. Ph lc B.4.2 a ra mt vi nhn xt chung, nhng thng thng, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia (xem Hnh 19 v Hnh 36). 23.6 Cng trnh cu

Cc nguyn l tng t cng p dng cho cng trnh cu nh i vi bt k cng trnh xy dng tng t khc (xem 9.5, mc 13 v Hnh 37). Kt cu b tng ct thp v kt cu thp cn c ni t ph hp vi mc 13. Khe gin v cc khe h khc c tnh lin tc v in nn c lin kt; cc ng dn nc, lan can, tay vn, bin bo, ct n bng kim loi v cc b phn bng kim loi lin tc khc nn c ni vi ct thp (xem 12.10.4). i vi cu nhiu nhp cn m bo tnh lin tc v in gia cc kt cu bn trn. St nh vo nh cu s gy ra dng in do st nh truyn xung t thng qua cc kt cu thp hn (xem mc 15). Vi cc b phn ch to sn, nn c thm cc bn hoc cc n ngang ti mi u dng cho mc ch lin kt. Ti chn cu thang trn cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b, nn thc hin vic bao ph cch in chng tip xc v nguy him do in p bc gy ra. Cc tnh ton n gin ch ra rng hiu ng lan truyn st nhiu kh nng xy ra khi ng di cnh ca cy cu hn l ng gia cc tr . Trong trng hp ny, nn p dng cc iu sau y: a) Kt cu chiu sng, cc lan can, nn c gn vi ct thp. Trong trng hp , khng cn ni mt dy xung tch bit bn ngoi, nhng nu c dy xung nh vy th nn ni vi ct thp ti cao cao nht c th c. b) Trong cc vng c nguy him tim tng ni con ngi c kh nng t tp, nn t cc bin cnh bo ch ra cc nguy him ca vic ng gn ra cu v cm che ging ln.

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K hiu 1. Mi kim loi s dng lm b phn thu st 2. Lin kt vi mi thp v ct thp ca mi ct b tng 3. Ct thp trong ct, s dng lm dy xung 4. Lin kt vi ct thp ni t 5. Cc ni t c bc b tng 6. Cc ni t mch vng lin kt cc cc ni t Ghi ch: Cc kim loi lin tc hoc ni t cn ni vi cc ni t mch vng 7. Ct chng st (xem Hnh 19)

Hnh 36. H thng chng st cho sn vn ng (sn bng )

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Ct thp Lin kt vi ct thp b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu btng ct thp

a) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu thp

Cc ni t dng thanh

c) Chi tit ca ch lin kt phi kim loi

Ct thp Lin kt vi ct thp b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu btng ct thp

Con ln

Chi tit A th hin lin kt vi lan can

Chi tit B th hin lin kt linh hot qua gi ta con ln

Hnh 37. Cng trnh cu

24
24.1

S n mn
Quy nh chung

Ti ni n mn do kh quyn, ha hc, in phn hoc cc nguyn nhn khc c kh nng tc ng ti bt k phn no ca h thng chng st, nn thc hin cc bin php ph hp ngn cn kh nng xy ra n mn. 66

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24.2

n mn in phn gia cc kim loi khc nhau

Vic tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c kh nng gy ra v lm tng nhanh s n mn, tr khi cc b mt tip xc c gi hon ton kh v c bo v trnh khng cho hi m i vo. S tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c th tn ti nhng ni dy dn c c nh, hoc ta vo cc b mt kim loi bn ngoi. S n mn cng c th tng ti ni nc chy qua mt kim loi ri i vo trong tip xc vi kim loi khc. Nc chy ra t ng, hp kim ng v ch c th n mn cc hp kim nhm v km. Kim loi ca h thng chng st nn tng thch vi cc kim loi c dng bn ngoi trn bt k kt cu no m h thng i qua hoc c tip xc. 24.3 n mn ha hc khi nhm gn xi mng Porland, hn hp va, v.v

V nhiu l do, nhm d b n mn khi tip xc vi xi mng Portland v hn hp va. Nhng gi v cc k thut lp t nh sau: a) Cc dy dn nhm nn b tr tch ra khi bt k b mt no, c bit cc b mt nm ngang. iu ny s trnh cho cc dy dn khng nm trong nc hoc tip xc vi cc vt liu n mn, nh va c, v.v. Cc cch lp t ph hp c minh ha trn Hnh A.1. b) Khng nn b tr cc dy dn ti nhng ni c th b cc mnh vn, l cy, v.v bao ph, hoc b chn di t. iu ny s trnh cho cc cht in phn tip xc lin tc vi dy dn. c) Thit k ca h thng cc u dy nn b tr cc g mc nc. iu ny s gip ngn cn cht in phn chy ra khi b mt c th chm ti v chy xung dy dn. d) Ti nhng ni khng th thc hin cc iu kin t a) ti c), dy dn nn c bo v nh gi trong mc 6 v cn xem xt vic tng din tch mt ct ngang. 24.4 n mn ha hc ca ng

Mc d ng c kh nng chu c nhiu loi tc ng ha hc, nhng nn c lp ph bng ch, ti nhng ni d b n mn mnh do cc hp cht lu hunh. c bit ti cc v tr khng th ti c; v d ti nh ca ng khi. Lp ph nn bao trm ton b vng c kh nng b n mn v trm ln cc mi ni. Khng nn dng cc lp ph khng bn vng hoc d chy. Cc chi tit lin kt nn chu c tc ng n mn hoc phi c bo v ph hp. Cc mi ni v lin kt c th c bo v bng bi tum hoc c t trong hp cht do tu iu kin ti ch (xem thm mc 6 v 12.10.4). Mi dy dn gia cc im o kim tra v cc in cc t nn c bo v chng n mn ti nhng ni dy dn i vo lng t mt khong 0,3 m trn v di mt t, vic lp ng bc ngoi PVC l bin php thch hp bo v chng n mn.

25

Lp dng kt cu

Trong qu trnh lp dng kt cu, tt c cc mng thp ln v nh ln nh cc khung thp, gin gio v cn trc thp nn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. T khi bt u tin hnh lp t h thng chng st, cn duy tr vic ni t lin tc.

26

Dy in trn cao

Trong sut qu trnh xy dng ng dy in trn cao, thit b trn cao ca h thng cp in cho phng tin chy trn ray, v.v, c th gim thiu nguy him ti con ngi bng cch lp t v kt ni mt h thng ni t hon chnh trc khi bt k dy dn no ngoi dy dn ni t c ko ra. Mt khi cc dy dn c ko ra v c cch in, khng nn th ni cc dy dn ny trong qu trnh lp t, m nn ni t theo cch ging nh khi thc hin vic bo dng sau khi a ng dy vo hot ng. 67

TCXDVN 46 : 2007 27 Kim tra

Ton b h thng chng st nn c mt ngi c trnh chuyn mn thch hp kim tra k bng mt thng trong sut qu trnh lp t, sau khi hon thnh v sau khi thay i hoc m rng, xc nhn rng chng c lm tun th theo tiu chun ny. Vic kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht l khng qu 12 thng. i vi cc khu vc c iu kin kh hu khc nghit nn tng tn sut kim tra. Thm na, trng thi c hc ca tt c cc dy dn, lin kt, mi ni v cc in cc t (bao gm cc in cc tham chiu) nn c kim tra v ghi chp li. Nu vi bt k l do no, nh do cc cng vic khc ti cng trng tm thi khng th xem xt cc phn lp t c th th cng nn ghi chp li iu . Trong sut qu trnh xem xt nh k h thng chng st, vic ghp ni bt k b phn b sung no mi nn c kim tra m bo rng n ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca tiu chun ny.

28

o c

Khi hon thnh qu trnh lp t hoc bt c chnh sa no, nn thc hin cc php o cch ly v kt hp v/hoc cc kim tra sau y. Cc kt qu c ghi trong s theo di h thng chng st. a) in tr ni t ca mi in cc t cc b vi t v b sung in tr ni t ca h thng ni t hon chnh. b) Mi in cc t cc b nn c o tch bit vi im kim tra gia dy xung v in cc t trong v tr tch ri (php o cch ly). c) Tin hnh o ti im o v tr ni (php o kt hp). Nu c bt k s khc bit ng k trong cc php o lin quan ti cc v tr khc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn ca s khc nhau ny. d) Cc kt qu ca vic kim tra tt c cc dy dn, lp ghp v mi ni hoc tnh lin tc v in o c. Vic o c chi tit c th tham kho tiu chun BS 7430 hoc cc tiu chun quc t c lin quan. Nu in tr ni t ca mt h thng chng st vt qu 10 th nn gim gi tr ny, ngoi tr cc kt cu trn nh miu t trong 13.5. Nu in tr nh hn 10 nhng cao hn ng k so vi ln kim tra trc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn v thc hin cc bin php khc phc cn thit. Vic o kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht khng qu 12 thng.
GHI CH 1: Vic chn mt chu k ngn hn 12 thng mt cht c th thun li thay i ma m php th c thc hin. GHI CH 2: Trc khi ngt vic ni t bo v st nh, nn o kim tra m bo rng kt ni b ngt, s dng mt thit b kim tra in p nhy.

29

Lu tr h s

Cc h s sau y nn c lu tr ti cng trnh hoc do ngi c trch nhim bo qun vic lp t: a) Cc bn v c t l m t bn cht, kch thc, vt liu, v v tr ca tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng chng st; b) Trng thi t nhin ca t v bt k lp rp ni t c bit no; c) Loi v v tr ca cc in cc t, bao gm cc in cc tham chiu; 68

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d) Cc iu kin kim tra v cc kt qu t c (xem mc 28); e) Cc thay i, b sung hoc sa cha h thng; f) Tn ca ngi chu trch nhim lp t hoc bo dng.

Nn dn nhn ti im gc ca ngun lp in trong ghi nh sau: "Cng trnh ny c lp t mt h thng chng st, ph hp vi TCXDVN :2007. Cc lin kt vi cc b phn khc ca cng trnh v cc lin kt ng th chnh cn c bo tr mt cch ph hp."

30

Bo tr

Cc kim tra nh k v o c khuyn co trong cc mc 27 v 28 ch ra rng vic bo tr, nu c, l cn thit. Lu c th n cc vn sau: - Ni t; - Bng chng ca s n mn hoc cc iu kin c kh nng dn ti n mn; - Cc thay i v cc b sung ti kt cu c th nh hng ti h thng chng st (v d nhng thay i trong vic s dng ngi nh, vic lp t cc rnh cn trc hoc vic dng cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh).

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PH LC A

(tham kho)

Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st

A.1 Cng dng in ca mt tia st

Cng dng in ca mt tia st thng nm trong khong t 2.000 A n 200.000 A. Thng k cc gi tr ny trong thin nhin theo phn b chun logarit nh sau: 1% 10% 50% 90% 99% cc tia st nh vt qu 200.000 A cc tia st nh vt qu 80.000 A cc tia st nh vt qu 28.000 A cc tia st nh vt qu 8.000 A cc tia st nh vt qu 3.000 A

Dng in trong hu ht cc tia st nh xung mt t l t cc phn t mang in tch m trong cc m my dng v nh vy tia st l dng cc ht tch in m t my xung mt t. Cng c cc tia st t cc phn t mang in tch dng, nhng t thng xuyn hn. V chiu dng in l dng in mt chiu tng vt trong qung thi gian khng n 10 s i vi tia st mang in tch m (i vi tia st mang in tch dng thi gian ny di hn kh nhiu), sau gim dn ti mt gi tr nh, i vi mt tia st n, trong khong thi gian 100 s hoc nh hn. tnh ton thit k h thng chng st, ngi ta s dng gi tr dng in st (i hi nht sau y: i max = 200 Ka
max)

c cho l c

di dt
A.2 in th

= 200 kA/ s

Trc khi hin tng phng in xy ra, in th ca khi cu tch in c th c tnh s b bng cch gi thit in tch Q l 100 C v bn knh ca hnh cu tng ng vo khong 1 km. Do in dung ca c khi vo khong 10-7 F. T cng thc Q = CV, in th tnh c s vo khong 109 V. iu ny c ngha in p ban u m my l trn 100 MV. A.3 Cc hiu ng v in

Khi cng dng in b tiu hao qua in tr ca phn cc ni t ca h thng chng st, n s to ra s tt in p khng v c th lm tng tc thi hiu in th vi t ca h thng chng st. N cng c th to nn xung quanh cc ni t mt vng c chnh lch in th cao c th gy nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Tng t nh vy cng cn phi lu n in cm t cm ca h thng chng st do on dc ng ca xung in do st gy ra. tt in p do hin tng trn gy ra trong h thng chng st do s l tng s hc ca hai thnh phn l in p cm ng v in p khng. A.4 Hiu ng lan truyn st

im m st nh vo h thng chng st c th c in th b tng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc vt th kim loi xung quanh. Bi vy s c nguy c lan truyn st sang cc vt kim loi trn hoc pha bn trong cng trnh. Nu s lan truyn ny xy ra, mt phn ca dng in do st gy ra s c tiu hao 70

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qua cc thit b lp t bn trong nh ng ng hoc dy dn, v nh vy s dn n ri ro cho ngi sng trong nh cng nh kt cu cng trnh. A.5 Hiu ng nhit

Vic quan tm n hiu ng nhit ch gi gn trong vic tng nhit trong h thng dn st. Mc d cng dng in cao nhng thi gian xy ra l rt ngn nn nh hng v nhit trong h thng bo v l rt nh. Ni chung, din tch ct ngang ca dy dn st c chn ch yu sao cho tho mn v bn c kh, c ngha l n ln gi cho tng nhit trong khong 1oC. V d nh, vi dy dn ng c tit din 50 mm2, mt c st nh 100kA vi thi gian l 100 s s gii phng t hn 400J trn 1m dy dn, dn n tng nhit khong 1oC, Nu dy dn l thp th tng ny cng t hn 10oC. A.6 Hiu ng c

Khi mt dng in c cng cao c tiu tn qua cc dy dn t song song gn nhau hoc dc theo mt dy dn duy nht nhng c nhiu gp khc, n s gy ra cc lc c hc c ln ng k. Do cc im gi h thng dy dn l rt cn thit (Xem Hnh A.1 v Bng A.1). Bng A.1 Khong cch cc tr h thng dn st.
Cch b tr Khong cch (mm) 1.000 500 1.000 500

Dy dn nm ngang trn cc mt phng ngang Dy dn nm ngang trn mt phng ng Dy dn thng ng t t ln cao 20m Dy dn thng ng t 20m tr ln

GHI CH 1: Bng ny khng p dng cho cc tr l cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc tr kiu c th c cc yu cu c bit . GHI CH 2: Cn kho st cc iu kin mi trng v khong cch thc t gia cc tr c th khc so vi nhng kch thc nu trn.

Mt tc ng c hc khc t st l do s tng cao t ngt nhit khng kh ln n 30.000K v s gin n t ngt khng kh xung quanh ng dn st xung t. y l do, khi dn in ca kim loi c thay th bi dn ca mt ng vng cung, nng lng s tng ln 100 ln. Mt nng lng ln nht khong 100MW/m c th c to ra trong c phng in xung mt t v sng xung kch gn c phng in ny c th lm trc ngi lp trn mi nh. Tng t nh vy, vi hiu ng lan truyn st ca st trong cc cng trnh, sng xung kch c th gy ra cc h hi cho kt cu.

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Dy dn dt

GHI CH 1: Kp cho dy dn st cn ch to ring cho ph hp vi dy dn; kch thc a Hnh e) phi bng chiu dy dy v kch thc b phi bng chiu rng dy cng thm 1,3mm ( gin n). Dy c tit din trn cn c x l tng t. GHI CH 2: Tt c cc kp cn c gn chc chn vo kt cu; khng nn dng va gn.

Hnh A.1 - Thit k in hnh kp c nh dy dn st.

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PH LC B (tham kho) Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun

B.1 Mng ni t v cc ni t (mc 13 v mc 14) B.1.1 Khi qut Thng tin y v i tng ni t c trong tiu chun TCVN 4756. B.1.2 Hiu ng lan truyn st v vng tim n in p bc ln cn v tr ni t Nguy c lan truyn st trong cng trnh c h thng chng st v chnh lch in p trong vng t xung quanh khu vc ni t ph thuc vo in tr ca t. Nguy c lan truyn st cn ph thuc vo mt s yu t khc c cp A.4. Chnh lch in p khu vc ni t l hm ca in tr sut ca t. Trong Hnh 19, c st c m phng xy ra trn mt h thng chng st. Dng st c truyn xung t qua cc cc ni t, in p khu vc ni t tng ln v s chnh in p tc dng ln cc lp t. C th lm gim s chnh lch in p ny bng cch ni vng cc cc ni t vi nhau. Chnh lch in p c th gy nguy him ti tnh mng ca con ngi nu nh n vt qua vi ngn vn, ti ng vt nu nh vt qua vi trm vn. Do s chnh lch in p ny l hm ca tch dng in st v in tr ni t ca cc ni t nn hin nhin l vic gim in tr ni t xung cng thp cng tt tr nn ht sc quan trng. Thc t nn gii hn gi tr in tr ni t ln nht l 10 bo v cho ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin gi tr ny cng nh th cng tt. Mt bin php khc khc phc chnh lch in p trn b mt t l chn su cc cc ni t vi mi cc su t nht l 1m, v bc lin kt gia dy xung v b phn ni t bng vt liu cch in chu in p nh thng ti thiu 500kV nh polyethylene dy 5mm. Mi nguy c i vi con ngi trong cng trnh gim i ng k nu nh c sn thay v nn bng t hay . B.1.3 S dng cc ng ng k thut lm mng ni t Khng c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu vo cng trnh lm mng ni t. Cc ng ng k thut khc c th c s dng cho h thng chng st bn trong cng trnh vi iu kin cc im ni phi kim sot d dng.
GHI CH: ng ng gas khng c s dng lm cc ni t (Hnh 28).

B.1.4 Mng ni t V d v kch thc cc ni t trong t c in tr sut 100m nhit 10C thng thng to ra in tr ni t ca mng ni t khong 10 nh sau: Cc ni t dng vng khp kn c chiu di khng nh hn 20m chn su t nht l 0,6m di mt t; hoc ng ng hoc thanh ng c chiu di mi thanh khng di 1,5m, tng cng chiu di cc thanh khng di 9m; cc thanh b tr hng tm c chiu di khng nh hn 20m chn su t nht 0,6m di mt t; hoc b tng ct thp (xem B.1.6).

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Cc cc ni t cn c chn su trong mt s trng hp nh c lp st nm di lp cui si. Khng nn tin cy vo su mc nc ngm. Nc ngm, c bit trong lp si, c th b rt sch v s khng c tc dng m bo cho in tr ni t thp cho h thng ni t. in tr ni t gim khng ng k khi gim tit din ca cc m kch thc ln ca cc ni t cn lm tng gi thnh h thng v gy kh cho thi cng. V d v quan h gia ng knh cc ni t vi trng lng ca cc di 1,2m c k bng B.1 Bng B.1 Quan h ng knh v trng lng ca cc ni t
ng knh d (mm) 13 16 19 25 Trng lng m(kg) 1,4 2,3 3,2 5,4

Bng B.1 ch ra rng trng lng ca cc 1,2m, ng knh 25mm th nng hn cc 1,2m ng knh 13mm ti 4 ln i vi cng loi vt liu trong cng mt loi t th mt thanh cc 4,8m d=13mm hoc 4 cc 1,2m d=13mm cho mt gi tr in tr vo khong 1/3 ca thanh 1,2m d=25mm B.1.5 Trng hp c bit Cn c s cn nhc c bit i vi cc trng hp sau: Hng ro c s dng kim loi (xem 20.3.1); Cy ci (xem mc 23); Nh nng thn (xem 24.4) Cng trnh trn (xem 13.5) Nu cng trnh trn c chng st theo phng n c cp trong 13.5 v kim loi trong v trn cng trnh c ni vi h thng chng st nh gii thiu 15.3 th s c c mc bo v st thch hp cho ngi trong cng trnh. Tuy nhin c th nguy him cho con ngi ra vo cng trnh khi c st v s chnh lch in p bn ngoi khi st truyn xung h thng chng st ca cng trnh. Nu b mt ca t hoc c tnh cht dn in cao trong phm vi khong 30-50m ti cng trnh th ni t c m t mc 14 c th c s dng v n c th c ni vi mng ni t mch vng. Nguy c i vi ngi ra vo gim i mc d khng hon ton b loi b. B.1.6 S dng mng b tng ct thp lm b phn ni t Khi mng b tng ct thp c s dng lm b phn ni t th c th p dng cng thc tnh gn ng nh sau:

R=

.1,57. V

Trong : R in tr ni t, ; in tr sut ca t, .m; V khi tch b tng, m3; in tr sut ca t c ly theo tiu chun TCXD 161:1987.

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V d ng dng ca cng thc: 5m3 b tng ct thp trong t 100 .m th in tr ni t xp x 10 . Cc chn mng trong t 100 .m c gi tr in tr sau: 0,2m3 (quy i bng bn cu ng knh 0,9m) c gi tr in tr R=30 . Ngha l cn 3 ci th s t c gi tr yu cu 10 0,6m3 (tng ng 1,4m bn cu) c R=20 . Ngha l cn 2 ci th t gi tr 10 . B.2 Kim loi trong v trn cng trnh cao hn 20m

(mc 15, 16) B.2.1 Mng dn nc kim loi c hoc khng ni t Bt c b phn kim loi no trong hoc trn cng trnh khng ni vi h thng chng st nhng li ni vi t nh cc ng ng cp nc, cp gas, tm kim loi, h thng in u c nguy c nhim st. Thm ch nhng b phn khng tip xc vi t cng c chnh lch in th gia chng vi h thng chng st mc d s chnh lch in th ny nh hn so vi trng hp b phn kim loi c ni t. Nu s chnh lch in th gy ra trong mt thi gian ngn nh vy gia bt k b phn no ca h thng chng st v cc b phn kim loi gn k vt qu kh nng chng in p nh thng ca vt liu nm gia chng (c th l khng kh, tng gch, hoc bt c vt liu no khc) th c th xy ra hin tng lan truyn st. iu ny c th gy h hng trang thit b, gy chy hoc sc in i vi ngi v vt. B.2.2 Lin kt ti hai u mng nc kim loi Lin kt ny phi c thc hin c hai u ca bt c chi tit kim loi no cha ra. Khi kim loi c th tham gia vo vic tiu tn dng in st nhng phi trnh cc nguy c h hi vt l hoc thng tn con ngi. B.2.3 La chn b phn kim loi lin kt Rt kh la chn b phn kim loi no th lin kt, b phn no th b qua. i vi cc b phn kim loi di nh ng ng nc, thang my, thang st di th c th d dng quyt nh chng cn c ni vi h thng bo v chng st ca cng trnh m khng phi tn km nhiu. Tuy nhin cc b phn kim loi ngn cch ly nh khung ca s ch c th tip t ngu nhin qua mn nc ma trn b mt kt cu th c th b qua. Cc cng trnh c ct thp hoc vch bao che kim loi to thnh li kim loi khp kn lin tc to ra mt trng thi m cc kim loi bn trong khng c lin kt c th c gi thit rng chng c cng in th vi bn thn kt cu. i vi cc cng trnh nguy c lan truyn st c gim nhiu v yu cu i vi vic lin kt cng gim i. B.2.4 Nguy c ca lp ph kim loi mng Nu bt c mt phn b mt ngoi ca cng trnh no c bao ph bi mt lp kim loi mng, lp kim loi ny c th c thit k hay ngu nhin to thnh mt b phn dn dng in st xung t. Dng st c th tch ra khi lp kim loi do cc nguyn nhn nh lp kim loi khng lin tc hoc tit din lp kim loi qu nh nn n s b chy ra khi dng in st i qua. C hai trng hp u dn ti hin tng h quang in v d gy chy nu c vt liu d chy gn. Khuyn ngh l nn trnh cc nguy c nh tia la in ghi trong 15.2. B.2.5 Dng t cm trong dy xung trong mi lin quan vi chiu cao cng trnh Khi chiu cao cng trnh tng ln th in p cm khng ti cc ni t c cho l tng bc km quan trng hn so vi in p t cm ri trn ng dn st. 75

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B.3 Cy v cng trnh gn cy

(Mc 21) Mc 21 cp ti gii php chng st cho cy. H thng chng st c thit k bo v an ton cho cy v gim in p bc nm trong vng chn ng dy dn st, cc ni t. ng di tn cy khi c ging st l rt nguy him. Khi b st nh, dng st lan truyn theo nhnh, cnh ti thn cy v c th gy hiu ng lan truyn st sang cc hng mc cng trnh lin k. Cng phng in ca cy c th ly bng 250kV/m so vi kh nng khng dng ca khng kh l 500V/m. Cc s liu ny l c s ca mc 21 quy nh khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v cy. Khi cng trnh qu gn cy, c nguy c lan truyn st t cy sang cng trnh khi c st th h thng chng st ca cng trnh cn phi ph vng bo v ln c cy . Nu cy nm trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st ca cng trnh th cng trnh c coi l an ton. B.4 Cc cng trnh khc

(Mc 23) B.4.1 Lu tri nh i vi lu tri nh tun th theo 23.1.1 c th s tn km. Mc d vy, trong vng nhiu st th nn c bin php chng st. C th l: a) chng st cho lu tri nh c th s dng mt hoc hai cn kim loi (dng ng lng n ten) pha bn ngoi lu, b tr sao cho lu nm trong phm vi c bo v nh 9.2. Chn ca cc cn kim loi cn c ni vi cc chng ni t t xa lu v cm vo t m. Thm na c th s dng mt dy kim loi trn t trn mt t xung quanh lu v ni ti chn ca mi cn kim loi. b) Trong trng hp lu trong khung kim loi th khung lm vic nh l mt dy dn st. Khung phi c ni xung t nh hng dn phn a) hai u ca lu. c) Khi c ging st, i vi lu khng c chng st, th cn phi tm cch loi b in p bc tc dng ln c th ngi. C th thc hin iu bng cch nm ln trn mt vt kim loi t trc tip trn t. Nu khng c iu kin nh vy th c th ngi b gi trn mt t v trnh tip xc vi lu v vi ngi khc. B.4.2 Sn vn ng Khi ct n cao b st nh, dng in st truyn xung nn qua chn ct v c th c lng chnh in p ca t nn t gi thit rng cc lp ng th di nn phn b dng cc bn cu. Do vi dng trung bnh khong 30kA v in tr sut ca t 103 .m, chnh in p ca t nn s vo khong 50 kV/m trong khong 10m t chn ct v n thay i t l nghch vi khong cch v din tch (Hnh 19, Hnh 36). Vi gi thit , i vi ngi gradient in p khng c vt qu 10kV/m tng ng vi khong cch 22m t chn ct. S dng mt cc ni t thch hp di hnh thc mt li trn bn knh 10m c th lm gim ng sut in p xung quanh ct. Thm na c th chng li in p bc bng cch bc tm cch in bng PVC di lp asphan. trnh tip xc trc tip vi chn ct c th sn ph keo epoxy dy 5mm t chn ct ti cao 3m. Lu trnh vic tng nhit qu mc gii hn di tc dng ca bc x mt tri s lm gim gi tr ca lp bo v.

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B.5

Cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp

(11.2.4) Phng php hnh cu ln c m t mc ny c th c s dng nhn bit cc phn khng c bo v st nh ca cng trnh cao nhiu m un phc tp. Phng php ny da trn nguyn l qu trnh tip xc ca u tch in st ti cng trnh. Trc khi xy ra st, u tch in st hng xung t (hnh thnh trn cc m my dng) v cch nhnh tch in ca n h thp dn. Khi u tch in st h xung th xy ra qu trnh tch in ngc du trn mt t (cng hnh thnh u tch in st hng ln trn) v to ra trng in gia hai mng tch in tri du. Cng ca trng in ny tng dn ti khi ln th u tch in hng ln pha di phng ln trn gp u tch in st hng xung phng xung di v to thnh tia st. Do tia st s nh trn mt t hoc trn cng trnh ti ni m u tch in hng ln c phng i v do cc u tch in hng ln c phng ln ti cc im c cng in trng cao nht v c th phng thng ln trn tri m khng b cn nn chng c th phng theo bt c hng no gp u tch in st t my phng xung. Mt v d cho hnh nh ny l st vn nh vo mt bn ca cng trnh cao mc d thng thng n khng nh vo phn cng trnh nm di gc 45 ca hnh cn t im bo v cao nht ca cng trnh. Cc im c cng in trng mnh nht trn t hoc cng trnh thng l khu vc gn nht vi u tch in hng ln trc khi n phng ln. Cc im c khong cch bng nhau t im cui ca cc u tch in u c cng nguy c b st nh cn cc im xa hn s t b nguy c st nh hn. Do cc im trn b mt ca hnh cu tng tng c tm nm u tch in hng ln trc khi xy ra st l cc v tr m u tch in hng ln c th phng in ln (xem Hnh B.1). Do u tch in ca my dng c th phng xung bt c hng no nn tt c cc v tr m u tch in ca my dng c th tip cn c c th m phng bng cch ln mt hnh cu tng tng c bn knh bng chiu di ca bc cui (last step length), xung quanh cng trnh v thng xung mt t. Khi n tip xc vi cng trnh c th to ra c st nh v nhng v tr hay b mt nh vy cn phi c b phn thu st nh m t mc 11. Tuy nhin nu cc b phn ca cng trnh khng c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th b phn thu st hin hu c th chp nhn c. Nu c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th cn xem xt b sung thm b phn thu st. Cng trnh cao c hnh dng n gin c th c chng st nh m t Hnh 22 nhng i vi cng trnh phc tp cn p dng phng php hnh cu ln ny. Phng php ny cng c th p dng cho cc cng trnh c b phn thu st t trn cng trnh hoc c cc b phn thu st treo pha trn. Phng php ny cng c th s dng xc nh vng c bo v st ca bt c mt thit k h thng chng st no. Nhn chung kch thc cu cng nh th kh nng bo v chng st cng tt hn nhng s tn km khi xy lp h thng. C cu c khuyn ngh c bn knh t 20-60m. Thng thng nn s dng cu c bn knh 60m. Cn cu c bn knh 20m ch nn dng cho cc cng trnh c nguy c chy cao.

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Cc vng gch cho v cc nhn cn c nh gi xem c cn b phn thu st hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp dy xung m bo thu st trn cc cnh cng trnh

Cc nhn

Mt bng

Hnh chiu cnh

Hnh B.1 - V d s dng phng php "hnh cu ln" nh gi s cn thit phi b tr b phn thu st cho mt cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp.

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PH LC C

(tham kho)

Hng dn chung i vi vic chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh
C.1 Thng tin chung

Mc ny a ra nhng hng dn nh gi cc nguy c lm h hi hoc vn hnh sai h thng thit b in trong hoc trn cng trnh khi b st v hng dn thit k h thng chng st cho thit b. Vic thc hin cc hng dn trong tiu chun cng c th cung cp mc no chng li cc e da c ngun gc khc (nh vic ng ngt mch). H thng chng st thng thng ch c thit k v lp t cho cng trnh. Mc du vy, h thng thit b cn c tin cy cao hn v n cng i hi mt h thng chng st ring bo v cho thit b in cng nh cc h thng thng tin d liu. S phc tp ca st nh vo cng trnh, dng st tng cao trong thi gian ngn km theo cc hin tng khc l nguyn nhn gy ph hoi thit b, xa d liu. Nguy c ca st c cp C.4, song cn c nhiu yu t tc ng n vic cn n h thng chng st nh nhu cu: - gim thiu cc nguy c chy v sc in; - trnh ngng tr hot ng sn xut v thng mi c nh hng n vn kinh t; - ngn nga cc tc hi v an ton, sc khe; - bo v cc dch v thit yu v an ton, bo chy, thng tin, qun tr cng trnh; - trnh phi sa cha tn km cc trang thit b vi tnh. Cc hng dn ph lc ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng cho h thng chng st cn tnh n cc iu kin thc t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit th cn phi tm kim nhng li khuyn ca chuyn gia. Xin nhn mnh rng ngay c khi c h thng chng st th cng khng bao gi hon ton c th chc chn l an ton cho h thng thit b hay an ton v d liu. Hnh C.1 minh ha dng st nh vo nh my cng nghip, truyn qua cc b phn ca nh v i xung t.
GHI CH: Xin nhn mnh rng ph lc ny ch dng tham kho, vic tun th ph lc ny khng c ngha l tun th ni dung tiu chun ny.

C.2

ng dng ca ph lc ny

Khi p dng nhng hng dn ca ph lc ny cn tun theo quy trnh sau: - Quyt nh xem c cn h thng chng st khng (xem mc 7) - Nu cu tr li l c th xem xt thit k chng st ri chuyn sang c), nu cu tr li l khng th chuyn ngay sang c). - Quyt nh liu c cn phi chng st cho cc thit b in, in t trong hay trn cng trnh khng (xem C.4, C.5) - Nu cu tr li cho cu hi c) l c th xem cc ni dung C.3, C.7, C.13; nu cu tr li l khng th khng xem xt thm.
GHI CH: 1: Thng tin c bn lin quan ti cc kha cnh chng st c cho C.8, C.9

GHI CH: 2: cc v d tnh ton c cho C.6, C.10, C.11, C.12.

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Mt phn nh dng st nh s truyn xung cc ng hoc dy cp bn cnh nh xung t

Ct nh cao

ng khi

ng truyn d liu, in thoi

St nh s truyn dng in ti cc cng trnh khc hoc xung t

Hnh C.1. Cc im st nh vo cng trnh cng nghip c th nh hng n h thng in t

C.3

Cc yu t c bn v chng st cho h thng in

C.3.1 Mc ri ro Trc khi thit k h thng chng st cho thit b, cn lu ti h thng chng st c bn cho cng trnh. Thng tin C.4, C.5 gip cho vic quyt nh c cn phi bo v thit b in hay khng. C.3.2 Chng st ca bn thn cng trnh Khi cn nhc cc phng n phng chng st cho thit b in ca cng trnh th cn xem liu cng trnh c chng st hoc s c chng st theo tiu chun ny cha. Loi cng trnh c kh nng chng st l tng l cng trnh c vch bao che bng kim loi cho tt c cc bc tng v mi, n to ra mi trng dng "phng c che chn" cho cc thit b in. Nu nh tt c cc vch bao che v lp ph mi lin kt vi nhau mt cch tha ng th dng st nh t bt c ch no ca cng trnh s c truyn xung t dng "tm truyn in" trn b mt cng trnh v xung b phn ni t. Cc cng trnh kt cu thp hoc b tng ct thp c vch bao che kim loi l cc cng trnh thuc dng ny v nh vy ch cn ch n vic bo v cc ng cp ngun cp vo cng trnh (Hnh C.2).Cn lu t c khng tr thp t lin kt gia b phn ni t ca h thng chng st vi cc h thng ng ng khc. Nn p dng phng php i ng cp in vo nh minh ha Hnh 28 c km theo cc b phn chn xung nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy cn phi c cc b phn ny. Cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hoc bng khung thp khng c vch bao che kim loi th dng st c th truyn bn trong cc ct. Hng dn i vi ni lp t my tnh v h thng dy dn c cho C.7.2. Nu nh vt liu xy dng cng trnh ch yu l kim loi th c th xp cng trnh c nguy c cao (xem mc 18) v b tr h thng chng st tng cng (xem C.7.1). Nhn chung cn lp t cc thit b chng qu p cng gn ti cc im kt ni ra/ vo cng trnh cng tt. 80

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Thit in

Bo v bn trong l

Ngun

Thit in

Thit in

ng kt ni d liu

Nn bo v qu dng c hai u trong trng hp phi m bo tht tt vic truyn d liu Ngun

Ngun

Hnh C.2- Cc dng chng st c lin quan ti thit b in t

St nh

Mt ct A-A

Hnh C.3- Phn b dng in do st nh vo cng trnh c 15 ng ni t

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Chiu cao mch 2m

GHI CH 1. ng ng mc in cm truyn dn (MT) nh sau: 1) 0,015 H/m 2) 0,02 H/m 3) 0,03 H/m 4) 0,04 H/m 5) 0,05 H/m 6) 0,07 H/m 7) 0,08 H/m GHI CH 2. Cc ng ni t bn trong (A, B v C) ch ti tng ng 3,1%, 2,3% v 3,1% tng cng st GHI CH 3. in cm tng h i vi mch trn mt phng ng c c bng cch tr gi tr in cm truyn dn ti v tr ca mt chn t gi tr ti v tr khc (b qua cc du m trong kt qu). in cm truyn ti dy trn ct tnh bng 0. V d: i vi vng cao 2m nh trn hnh v v tng dng st nh in cm tng h (M) = (0,03 - 0,015) = 0,015 H/m Do in p = M (cao).

di l 50 kA/s: dt

di = (0,015 x 10-6) x (2,0) x (5x1010) = 1 500 V dt

Hnh C.4- Mt bng nh c 15 ng ni t th hin trng phn b in cm truyn dn C.3.3 Hnh trnh dng trong cng trnh Dng in st truyn trong cng trnh dng "phng c che chn" nh c cp trong C.3.2 theo kiu "mng dng in" trn b mt ca mi, tng ri xung t. S thay i in tr nh trong cc phn khc nhau ca b mt nh hng rt t ti qu trnh truyn in ny bi v ng dn dng c xc nh bng cm ng ch khng bng in tr do bn cht hin tng st nh xy ra rt nhanh. Xu hng tng t cng din ra i vi dy xung ngoi nh i vi cng trnh c kt cu khung thp hoc b tng ct thp c dng nh Hnh C.3 v C.4, ni dng in c phn ra bi 15 ng ring r. Cn lu l cc ng xung bn trong mang k hiu A, B v C Hnh C.4 mang mt lng phn 82

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trm rt nh ca dng v do c trng in t nh. H thng chng st cho h thng thit b in trong nh c pht trin bi cc ng dn st c b tr ngoi bin ca nh. Mt s ng dn gii quyt trong trng hp c dng gia thit b vi nhau. l cc dy n l c lp t trong nh v c chp nhn cho vic truyn st cng nh chng li pht sinh tia la in. C.3.4 nh hng ca quy m st ti nh dng h thng khc nhau Cch b tr l tng cho cng trnh v h thng in bn trong c th lm gim cc nguy c dng in st lm h hi hoc tc ng khng tt ti chng c th hin Hnh C.2a. Trong cc trng hp nh vy, c cc bin php bo v tc ng ca st gy ra trong h thng in chnh ca nh. y l s sp t c m t C.3.2 i vi mt cng trnh c chng st tt. H thng in trong cc cng trnh phi kim loi khng c h thng chng st c nguy c b st tc ng nhiu nht. Cn phi xem xt cn thn phng php chng st cho cng trnh v cc b phn ca n. Mt s nguy c c gii thch di y v cc hng dn chng st c th c trnh by C.7.1 v C.7.2. Mt trong cc v d v tnh hung ni m c cc nguy c c th xem xt l cng trnh cha cc thit b in v c th c cc thit b lin hp nh i, raa hoc cc thit b d bo thi tit, trong dy chuyn, cc sensor c t pha ngoi. Cc thit b lin hp ny c th c treo bn cnh hoc nh mi hoc trn cc ct thu, thp truyn thanh hoc cng trnh thng thng nh minh ha Hnh C.2b. Mi hoc ct thu nm ngoi phm vi bo v ca h thng chng st cho cng trnh, nhng cp dn t ct thu vo cng trnh c th a st vo trong cng trnh trong khi h thng chng st ca cng trnh khng pht huy tc dng. Hn th cc b phn thit b treo trn mi hoc ct c th d b nh hng khi b st trc tip, hoc b h hi v di in p cao lan vo. V d tip theo ch ra kh nng dnh st ti thit b in ph thuc khng ch vo h thng chng st m cn ph thuc vo cc chi tit lp t nh dy, cc u c, thu trn thp cng nh ph thuc vo mch dn vo cng trnh. Hng dn o c bo v khi cc nguy c ny cho C.7. V d tip theo v vn thng gp c th gy ra s tng in p mi trng ln cao c ch ra Hnh C.2c. C xu hng dng in st tiu tn theo cc ng dn in c hnh thnh bng cc ng cp ni cc cng trnh, do dng in st c th truyn t cng trnh b st nh sang cng trnh khc khng b st nh trc tip. Dng ln ti hng chc kilampe c th truyn qua cc ng cp ny nn vic chng li hin tng ny l rt cn thit. Phng php bo v c m t C.7. y l mt trong nhng nguy c m st truyn i gia cc cng trnh. C.4 nh gi mc ri ro

C.4.1 Quyt nh lp t h thng chng st Quyt nh lp t mt h thng chng st cho h thng in v in t chng li st th cp ph thuc vo: Lng st nh d kin trn khu vc (xem C.4.2); S d b tn thng h hi ca h thng; C.4.2 S v st nh d kin C.4.2.1 Din tch thu st hu dng S v st nh d kin c th nh vo mt din tch thu st hu dng trong mt nm c cho bi tch ca mt st v din tch thu st hu dng. Din tch thu st hu dng, Ae tnh theo mt vung c xc nh bi:

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Ae = din tch cng trnh + din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh + din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k + din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp + din tch thu st hu dng ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan. C.4.2.2 Din tch cng trnh L din tch mt bng ca cng trnh. C.4.2.3 Din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh St nh xung t hoc cng trnh gy ra ti khu vc t cng trnh mt in p cao. Bt c ng trc hay ng d liu i vo khu vc in p cao u l i tng ca hin tng qu in p. nh hng ca mt c st nh xung t b tt dn khi khong cch gia chu vi ca cng trnh v im nh tng ln. Vt qu mt khong cch nht nh th nh hng ca c st nh ti cng trnh c coi l khng ng k. y l khong cch la chn D, m. Vi loi t c in tr sut 100.m khong cch D c th ly bng 100m. Vi loi t c gi tr in tr sut khc th gi tr D c th ly ng bng gi tr in tr sut cho ti gi tr maximum l 500m cho t c gi tr 500.m hoc hn na. Din tch thu st ca t xung quanh l din tch c ng c s l vin chu vi cng trnh v khong cch D. Khi m chiu cao cng trnh vt qu gi tr D th ly chiu cao cng trnh lm gi tr tnh. C.4.2.4 Din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k Din tch thu st ca cng trnh lin hp lin k l ni c s kt ni in trc tip hoc khng trc tip ti thit b in hoc in t t cng trnh chnh th c tnh vo. Ly v d cy ct chiu sng t ngoi nh c cp in t nh chnh. Nh khc c trm my tnh u cui, thit b iu khin v thp truyn. Ti cng trng c mt vi ngi nh c h thng dy ni v khong cch khng ln hn 2D, din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k l din tch gia chu vi ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k v ng nh dng bng khong cch D t chng. Bt c vng no nm trong din tch thu st ca cng trnh chnh th u khng tnh (xem v d 1 trong C.6). C.4.2.5 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti cc ng ngun cp k trong bng C.1. Tt c cc ng cp vo ra (ti cc cng trnh khc, cc thp chiu sng, thit b xa, ..) c xem xt mt cch ring bit v din tch thu st c cng t cc phn ring . Bng C.1 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp
Loi ngun cp Cp thp p chy pha trn Cp cao p chy pha trn (ti bin p ca cng trnh) Cp thp p i ngm Cp cao p i ngm (ti bin p ca cng trnh) Din tch thu st hu dng 10 x D x L 4xDxL 2xDxL 0,1 x D x L

GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3 khng p dng GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.

C.4.2.6 Din tch thu st ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan 84

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Din tch thu st lin quan vi cc loi cp d liu c k trong bng C.2. Nu c nhiu hn 1 ng cp th c th coi l tnh n l ri cng li. Trong trng hp cp a li th tng cp c th c coi l n v khng ging nh l tng vng.

Bng C.2 din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng d liu

Loi ng d liu ng tn hiu i pha trn cao ng tn hiu i ngm ng cp quang khng c ng dn hoc li kim loi Din tch thu st hu dng 10xDxL 2xDxL 0

GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3 khng p dng GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.

C.4.2.7 nh gi kh nng st nh S lng st c th nh trn mt din tch thu st c nh ngha mi nm, , theo cng thc sau:

p = Ae * N g * 10 6
trong Ae tng s din tch thu st hu dng, m2; Ng mt st trn mt cy s vung mi nm. C.4.3 S d h hi ca cc dng h thng Nguy c tng th ca mt c st xung thit b in hoc in t s ph thuc vo xc sut st nh v cc tiu ch di y: - loi cng trnh; - mc bao bc; - loi a hnh Trong bng C.3, bng C.4 v C.5 cc h s hiu chnh F ti H c phn chia cho tng tiu ch ch mi lin quan ca cc nguy c trong tng trng hp. Bng C.3 H s hiu chnh F (h s cng trnh)
Loi cng trnh Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th n gin Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th phc hp Cng trnh c h thng ni ng th kh khn (nh di hn 100m) Gi tr F 1 1,2 2

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Bng C.4 H s hiu chnh G (h s mc cch ly)
Loi bao bc Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c cy v nh ca cao gn nh nhau, v d nh trong th trn hoc rng. Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c t cy v nh ca cao gn tng ng. Cng trnh cao hn hn cc cng trnh v cy ci xung quanh t nht 2 ln. GHI CH: bng C.4 c h s ging Bng 9, lp li y tin s dng Gi tr G 0,4 1,0 2

Bng C.5 H s hiu chnh H (h s a hnh)

Loi a hnh ng bng i Ni t 300 n 900m Ni trn 900m GHI CH: bng C.5 c h s ging bng 8, lp li y tin s dng Gi tr H 0,3 1,0 1,3 1,7

C.4.4 Nguy c st nh vo mt h thng c th Nguy c st nh v kh nng d b h hng ca mt h thng (cc h s hiu chnh) c th c kt hp li nh gi cc nguy c st nh nh hng ti cc h thng in v in t thng qua cc b phn dn in ra/ vo hoc cc h thng d liu ra/ vo. Nguy c xy ra (R) ca vic tng th tc th do st c tnh theo cng thc: R=F*G*H*p
GHI CH: Gi tr 1/R th hin, theo n v nm, chu k trung bnh gia cc ln xy ra tng th tc th do st. N nhn mnh rng gi tr trung bnh c da trn d liu thu thp qua nhiu nm.

C.5

Quyt nh lm h thng chng st

Quyt nh lm h thng chng st cn tnh n cc tc ng mang tnh hu qu h hi ca cc thit b in v in t quan trng. Cn xem xt ti cc mi nguy him ti sc khe v an ton do mt kh nng iu khin nh my hoc cc dch v thit yu. Cn so snh chi ph ngng hot ng ca h thng my tnh hoc ca nh my vi chi ph lm h thng chng st. S phn loi cng trnh v cc ni dung c th c cho bng C.6.

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Bng C.6 Phn loi cng trnh v vt cha

S dng cng trnh v hu qu ca cc h hi ti cc i tng bn trong Nh dn dng v cng trnh c trang thit b gi thp v c gi tr khu hao thp Ta nh thng mi v cng nghip c cc h thng my tnh, ni m cc h hi h thng c th ph hoi sn xut Cc ng dng thng mi v cng nghip, ni m khi mt d liu my tnh c th gy tn hi ti chnh ln Cc cng trnh m khi mt iu khin my tnh hoc h thng c th dn ti hy hoi mi trng v sc khe con ngi Ch s hu qu 1 2 3 4

i vi vic lp t thit b in t gi tr R c xc nh (xem C.4.4) v ch s tiu hao c thnh lp theo bng C.6. bng vic s dng cc gi tr trong bng C.7, c th xc nh mc thit k (xem C.13). Ni m mc phi trn khng ng k th s bo v l s cn thit khng bnh thng. Bng C.7 Phn loi mc phi trn
Mc h hao R<0,005 1 2 3 4 Khng ng k Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh Mc phi trn R=0,005 0,0499 Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh Cao R=0,05 0,499 Thp Trung bnh Cao Cao R>0,5 Trung bnh Cao Cao Cao

GHI CH: tiu ch mc phi trn trong bng C.7 c da trn nh gi nguy c st.

C.6

V d tnh ton

V d 1 Mt tr s my tnh ca cng ty thng mi vng Thanh Tr H Ni cao 15m, di 100m, rng 60m. Ta lc vng ng bng, xung quanh bao bc bi cc cng trnh v cy ci c cao tng t. ng cp chnh di 250m i di t v tt c cc ng cp vi tnh l bng cp quang khng bc kim. Mt ng cp cp in t ta nh chnh ra ct n cao 7m, cch cng trnh 100m. xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau: a) lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm: Trn c s bn mt st cho Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co ti 7.2, i vi vng Thanh Tr H Ni mt st trn 1 km2 mi nm c ly bng 10,9 (Ng=10,9). b) din tch thu st - din tch cng trnh: 87

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=100*60 = 6000 m2 - din tch thu st ca t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1)) = 2(100*100)+1(100*60)+(*1002) = 63416 m2
GHI CH: Gi thit khong cch D ca din tch thu st bng 100m.

- din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5) = (+1002)/2 = 15708 m2
GHI CH: n gin ha din tch ny c ly bng hnh bn nguyt

- din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp (bng C.1) + cc ngun cp vo cng trnh = 2*100*250 = 50000 m2 + cc ngun cp ti cc ct n = 2*100*100 = 20000 m2 + tng din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp = 50000+20000 = 70000 m2 - din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu i ra =0
GHI CH: din tch thu st bng khng c p dng i vi ng truyn d liu bng cp quang.

Tng din tch thu st hiu dng l: Ae = 6000+63416+15708+70000+0 = 155000 m2 c) xc sut xy ra st nh - xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh: p = Ae*Ng*10-6 = 155000*10,9*10-6 = 1,69 d) Ri ro Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau: i vi ton b din tch R=F*G*H*p = 1*1*0,3*1,69 88

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= 0,507 gi tr R=0,507 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra hai nm mt ln. i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp vo cng trnh Ng = 10,9 din tch thu st = 6000+63416+15708+50000 = 135000 m2 xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc = 135000*10,9*10-6 = 1,47 ri ro = 1*1*0,3*1,47 = 0,44 theo bng C.6 cng trnh c ch s hu qu bng 2. Cn c theo bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh. i vi din tch lin quan ti cc ng cp ti ct n chiu sng Ng = 10,9 din tch thu st = 6000+63416+15708+20000 = 105000 m2 xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc = 135000*10,9*10-6 = 1,47 ri ro = 1*1*0,3*1,47 = 0,44 theo bng C.6 v bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh. V d 2 Mt nh iu khin h thng x l nc thi ti vng Khnh Ho gn b bin c cc thng s hnh hc cao di rng ln lt l 6m*10m*10m. Ta lc trn vng i, cng trnh c bo v theo tiu chun ny. ng cp in chnh di 250m i pha trn cao, ng dy in thoi i trn cao, khng r chiu di. xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau: a) lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm:

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i vi vng Khnh Ho gn b bin mt st trn km2 mi nm c ly trn bn Hnh 2 v khuyn co 7.2 l 3,4 (Ng=3,4). b) din tch thu st - din tch cng trnh =10*10 = 100 m2 - din tch thu st t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1)) = 2(100*10)+2(100*10)+( = 35 416 m2
GHI CH: tng khong cch D c gi thit l 100m.

*1002)

- din tch trm ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5) =0

GHI CH: n gin ha din tch c ly bng hnh bn nguyt

- din tch thu st cc ngun cp (bng C.1) = 2*100*250 = 250 000 m2 - din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu (bng C.2) = 10*100*100 = 1 000 000 m2
GHI CH: chiu di ng in thoi c gi thit l 1000m do chiu di khng xc nh.

Tng din tch thu st hu dng l: Ae = 100+35416+0+250000+1000000 = 1,2855*106 m2 Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng cp chnh: Aem = 100+35416+0+250000 = 285,5*103 m2 Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng in thoi: Aet = 100+35416+0+1000000 = 1,0355*106 m2 c) xc sut xy ra st nh Xc sut xy ra st nh trn tng din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh: ps = Ae*Ng*10-6 = 1,2855.106*3,4*10-6 = 4,37 Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hiu qu lin quan ng cp chnh c cho bi phng trnh: 90

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pm = Aem*Ng*10-6 = 0,2855 *106 * 3,4 * 10-6 = 0,97 Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ng in thoi c cho bi phng trnh: p = Aet*Ng*10-6 = 1,0355 * 106 * 3,4 * 10-6 = 3,52 d) Ri ro Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau: i vi ton b din tch R=F*G*H*p = 1*2*1*4,37 = 8,74 gi tr R=8,74 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra chu k trung bnh c mi 1,4 thng mt ln. i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp chnh i vo R=F*G*H*pm = 1*2*1*0,97 = 1,94 Theo bng C.6 cng trnh c th c cn nhc p dng ch s tn hi bng 3 khi m xy ra s ph hy h thng cp nc ca th trn. Theo bng C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao. i vi din tch lin quan ti ng in thoi R=F*G*H*pt = 1*2*1*3,52 = 7,04 Theo bng C.6 v C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao.

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ng cp in chnh di 250m

Din tch thu st trn mt t

Trung tm my tnh

ng cp in chnh di 100m

Din tch thu st ca kt cu ln c n Thp nh sng

Hnh C.5 Din tch thu st cho cng trnh v cc hng mc lin k C.7 Phng php bo v khi lp t chng st

C.7.1 Ni t, lin kt v bnh th Cc yu cu ni t c cp mc 13 v 14. Cc ni dung di y b sung cc yu cu nhm mc ch san bng chnh lch in th cho cc thit b. H thng k thut cung cp cho cc cng trnh c cc h thng thng tin m rng, v d nh my cng nghip, cn lin kt vi mt thanh lin kt ng th thng cc dng tm kim loi, dy dn mch vng bn trong, hay dy dn mch vng ring phn pha trong ca bc tng ngoi hoc theo chu vi khu vc bo v gn mt t. Thanh lin kt ng th ny c ni vi cc ni t mch vng ca h thng ni t. Mt v d c minh ha Hnh C.6. Tt c cc ng ng kim loi bn ngoi, ng cp in, d liu ra v vo cng trnh ti mt im c bc bo v, c th c ni ti mng ni t ti im lin kt n ny (xem Hnh 28). iu ny lm gim thiu dng st xuyn vo trong cng trnh (xem Hnh C.7). Ni cc ng cp thng tin v cp in i qua cc cng trnh nm cnh nhau, h thng ni t cn c ni vi nhau v s c li 92

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nu c nhiu ng dn song song lm gim dng in trong tng cp. H ni t dng li p ng c mc ch ny. nh hng ca dng in st c th c gim thiu hn na bng cch i cc dy dn vo trong cc ng ng k thut v kt hp cc ng ng vo h ni t dng li v lin kt vi im ra vo chung ca h thng ni t to mi u. Hnh C.6 minh ho mt v d v h thng ni t dng li dnh cho mt ct thp v cng trnh c thit b gn k. Nguyn tc tng t nh p dng cho thp minh ho Hnh C.6 cng p dng cho cc u cm ng hoc iu khin cc thit b ging khoan (du, nc, ..) ni kt ni c th bao gm c cc ng thp ca ging lm gim khc bit in p gia ging v dy dn in. S kt ni nn c thc hin a phng vi bt c t nn ca cng trnh khc c cp thng tin d liu chy qua. Cng trnh lin quan ti cc ct thu c th c s bo v c bit bi n lin quan ti c ngun cp in.

Thp pht tn hiu

Dn sng

Bn kim loi hoc dy dn c in dung thp

ng dn kim loi hay BTCT c ct thp ni t Rnh cp Mng li ni t ca cng trnh

ng nc

Mng li ni t ca thp Dy cp truyn hnh (nu cn thit th b tr trong ng dn kim loi) Cp in (nu cn thit th b tr trong ng dn kim loi)

Hnh C.6-Cc dy cp i vo cng trnh tch bit vi ng ten pht sng 93

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Cc ni t mch vng

Cc thanh thp

Cc thanh thp

Cc mi hn

ng kim loi

Hn

Cp trc

ng Lin kt vi v st ng kim loi

B cp bc v st

Hnh C.7 - Lin kt cc ng ng v dy ti im ra vo cng trnh C.7.2 V tr thit b in t v cp C.7.2.1 V tr thit b in t trong cng trnh La chn v tr thit b in t trong cng trnh ph thuc vo xy dng cng trnh. i vi cng trnh ging nh phng mn chn, ngha l ni mi ph kim loi vi tng, v tr khng quan trng. Trong 94

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cng trnh khung kim loi thng thng cc thit b in t c th lp gia cng trnh, khng nn tng nc, nhng cng c th lp st tng ngoi v gc nh. i vi cng trnh bng vt liu khng dn in vi mt h thng chng st th cng l tng t. Trong cng trnh xy bng cc vt liu khng dn in nh trong nh c lp t h thng in t th cng cn lu v nh trnh lp t nhng v tr cc kt cu cao nh ng khi, hoc ni st vi ng truyn st xung. C.7.2.2 V tr cp gia cc hng mc ca h thng in t trong nh Hnh C.8 v Hnh C.9 minh ha xut nguyn tc i dy bn trong. Trong trng hp khu vc t my tnh, h thng i dy nm trong cng trnh c kim sot chng st th khng phi l vn nghim trng nhng d sao th vn tt hn nu tun theo cc yu cu cho nh c khung kim loi. Nn trnh cc vng kn rng gia cc ngun cp chnh v dy lp t in t. Nn i dy cp ngun v cp ca thit b in t cnh nhau gim thiu cc khu vc to ra vng kn. N c th thc hin d dng bng cch s dng cc ng bao dy cho mi loi. Hnh C.9 ni t li c s dng cc b trn cc sn v im ni t chung cho ton b. y l h thng ni t hn hp. H thng i dy cho thit b in t khng c lp cng h vi ng ni chng st. i dy c th trn sn v nn trnh cc vng trn tng ng. i dy trc ng nn theo nh Hnh C.9. B tr nh Hnh C.9 c th s dng cho thit b t theo chiu ngang trong nh di. i vi cng trnh xy dng bng vt liu khng dn in, b tr dy c m t mc ph ny l cn thit gim thiu cc nguy c lm h hi thit b, hng cc d liu. Ni no m vic i dy khng th p dng nguyn tc nh mc ph ny th nn tm kim li khuyn ca chuyn gia. C.7.3 Bo v ng cp i t ngi nh ny sang ngi nh khc Ni m ng cp i gia cc ngi nh tch bit hoc gia cc n nguyn ca chng m khng c cc hnh lang ni th cn c bit ch bo v. Nu c th, ng cp quang c th c s dng cch ly hon ton cc mch in t t nh ny ti nh khc. y l gii php hu hiu nht cho ng truyn a knh hon ton c lp khi cc vn nhim t, khng ch c st. Mc du vy khng nn s dng ng cp quang vi lp bc kim loi hoc dy dn bn trong. Ni m khng chn dy cp quang truyn m s dng cc loi dy khc nh l dy ng trc, dy i li th cn ch pht hin nhng h hi dc theo tuyn. h thng ni t ca cng trnh c th ni s dng ng bc cp, ng i dy i cng nhiu loi cp. Ni m c nhiu ng dy i song song th tt nht l in p gia chng cng chnh t cng tt. thm na ng ni t c th ni gia cng trnh vi cng trnh. Ni cp ng trc c lp t gia cc cng trnh th lp v ca n c th c ni vi h thng ni t ca cng trnh ti v tr vo/ra ca ngi nh. Trong mt s loi cp ng trc hoc h thng chn, c th ch cn ni cp xung t ti mt im. Nu cn thit cn b tr cc thit b bo v qu p thch hp. Ni ch c mt hoc mt s lng nh cp i t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc, nh trng hp ng d liu, ng in thoi, v ni khng dng ng cp quang, cn lp thit b chn qu p tiu dng in st xung t, v d dng thit b dng ng kh hoc kp bn dn ch cho dng c in p thch hp tng ng vi in p lm vic ca thit b i qua. Mt h thng c trng cho vic ni t thit b chng qu p c minh ha trn Hnh C.10. C th kt hp gia cc phng php trnh by mc ny, v d dng thit b bo v i vi cc ng tn hiu v thit b kt hp vi vic bc ni cc ng cp gi mi trng ngng in p cho php. Tr trng hp ng cp quang qu di, bn thn thit b khng tr cao khng m bo 95

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tr phi chng c th chu c in p trn 100kV do s chnh lch in th ln gia cc cng trnh khng c bo v do dng st truyn di t t mt trong cc cng trnh .

ng in
Thit b 1

V kim loi

Tt c mi v vch bao che kim loi c lin kt

Thit b 1

Thit b 2

Thit b 2

Vng kn t cm (a) H thng cha c bo v (b)Gim in p t cm bng cng trnh bc kim loi Dy dn kim loi, ng dn cp, tm chn cp

Thit b 1

ng d liu ng in

Thit b 1

Thit b 2

Thit b 2

c) Gim in p t cm bng cch gim din tch vng kn

d) Gim in p t cm bng cc thit b lc nh ng dn, ng dy Ghi ch: Cc thit b lc cn lin kt hai u v lin tc v in

Hnh C8.- Cc phng php gim thiu in p cm ng

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ng dn cp kim loi kt ni vi t :Lin kt ni b gia im ni t h thng v mng cp Sn Gi ca h thng lin kt vi mt ng th ca Mt ng th ca h thng

Khuyn co ni li cp vo gi

Cch ly gia mt ng th ca h thng v kt cu

Ghi ch 1: C th p dng nguyn tc gim din tch mch vng i vi thit b nm bn ngoi. Tt c cc lin kt nm trong mt mng cp gim din tch mch vng nh c) ca Hnh C.8 Ghi ch 2: XXXX minh ho ct thp hoc cc b phn xy dng bng kim loi trong sn

Hnh C.9- H thng ni t phc hp c p dng cho thit b trong nh nhiu tng

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Chn qu dng

u vo

Thit b in im in p 0

T cm

a) Lp t chn qu dng khng chun gy ra xung ln Ghi ch: Cc xung ny c th tng t t cm ca ng ni t n im ni t B' Chn qu dng

Thit b in u vo

im in p 0 b) Khuyn ngh cho vic lp chn qu dng Ghi ch: Xung c gim thiu bng cch ni dy trung tnh xung im ni t B' bng ng thng

Hnh C.10- Ni t t im ni khng thit b ti im ni t ca thit b chng qu dng C.7.4 Bo v thit b c phn bn ngoi cng trnh ni vo thp, ct thu Cm thit b treo ngoi cng trnh hoc ni vo thp, ct thu st th hin hu cc nguy c sau: a) Dng vo trc tip t cc c st. b) Dng cm ng v khng. C.8 c tnh v hiu ng ca st

C.8.1 c tnh b sung ca st lin quan ti thit b in t

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Ch s cc i ca tc tng di/dt theo bng sau:

Ch s cc i ca di/dt (kA/s) 200 30 10 Mc vt % 1 50 99

Cc thng s khc ca xung st l rt quan trng trong vic nh gi cc kha cnh gy nguy hi ca st song gi tr cc tr ca dng st di/dt l mt trong cc nguyn tc nh gi in p khng v trong khong thi gian xung l du hiu ch s nng lng sm. minh ha dng st m nh xung t xem Hnh C.15. Cm ng st c th gy ra hai hiu ng ln thit b in t. Ph bin l thit b b ph hoi bi 1 c st n. Hiu ng th hai l cc phn mm b ph hy bi cc xung ng ca st. T hp ca cc c st t c u ti cc c nh lp li xy ra trong vng 1-2 giy l vn ng phi cn nhc i vi s hot ng ca my tnh tr phi cc php kim sot c s dng loi b cc kt qu ca my tnh trong thi gian vi giy . C.8.2 im st nh

im b st nh trn cng trnh l rt ngu nhin, mc d cng trnh, cy ci cao to th nguy c b st c th nhiu hn cc cng trnh hay cy ci nh thp. Tuy vy st nh xung mt t phng nm gia hai ngi nh cao cch nhau hn hai ln chiu cao ca chng l bnh thng. Trong cc nh my sn xut theo dy chuyn, v tr d b st c xu hng l cc ct cao ng thi t khi nh vo xng thp. tuy vy cc b phn nm ngoi gc 45o k t im cao th d b st (Hnh C.16).
u cm bin

Cp

nh bnh cha s l (nhn ngang) nh ln trn cc cng trnh khc

a) Cm bin v cp h trn l s l Cp h trn nh mi

b) Cp h trn mi

Hnh C.11 Lp trc tip ln h thng in trn ngoi nh 99

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u cm bin

Cp trong ng dn kim loi

B phn thu st (v d tay vn) pha trn u cm bin

Kim loi bo v cp c ni t Dy cp

a) Cm bin v cp h trn l x l

b) Cp h trn mi

Hnh C.12-Bo v cho h thng trn trc tip

S = cm bin T.B= T in ng kim loi gn vi kt cu bn cnh v t in

Lin kt ct mi Mi

Bnh cha

Dn n h thng iu khin

Hnh C.13- Bo v cp i dc theo cc bnh cha cao v lin kt trn mi

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Dng in cao truyn qua cp khng c bo

Dng in thp truyn trong cp do c s bo v ca mng cp v ng ng Cc ng

Cp bn trong c dng in khng ng k Dng in trung bnh truyn trong cp do c s bo v ca mng cp Mt ct A-A

Mng cp

Mng cp

Thang ngoi

Hnh C.14- V tr cc dng st cao, trung bnh, thp c th truyn xung qua cc ng cp ca l phn ng
dc ln nht =

di dt

Thi gian Ghi ch: Sau c st nh ban u c th c nhiu xung in cng thp hn v thi gian ngn hn gi l cc xung th cp hoc xung lp

Dng in st

Hnh C.15- ng c tnh dng st m

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Vng st c th nh xung t, ngoi vng nt t v ti cc gch cho

Mt bng

Mt ng

Hnh C.16- im st nh trn cng trnh Trong cc cng trnh cao th cc thit b in t thng c nguy c ri ro cao c bit, khng hn n l im ri ro trc tip bt st m cn c cc l do khc nh l chng thng c ni vi cc h thng dy ti cc thit b khc. V th m chng cn phi c bo v cn thn. Cc phn, i tng d b st nh trn cng trnh c minh ha Hnh C.16. i vi nh cao hn 20m gc cn 45o ca h thng chng st c cho l quy tc bo v chng st tt. Tuy nhin i vi nh, cng trnh cao trn 20m phng php hnh cu ln l tt hn i vi cc khu vc tng t, c bit l n hn ch vic st nh vo cnh bn ca cng trnh. Bn knh hnh cu ln c khuyn ngh l 20m. Trong Hnh C.16 gi thit l cc thit b hai nh A v B c ni vi nhau qua cc ng cp. Tuy nhin c th thy st nh vo nh A v mt s phn ca nh B cng nh phn mt t gia chng. Do trong tng trng hp dng in trong t gn vi im b st nh c th c ni t hoc khng u phi c tnh n v m rng phm vi bo v. C.9 St cm ng v nguyn tc chng

GHI CH: mc ny cp ti c ch sinh dng in p cm ng, cng ca n v cung cp hng dn vic thit lp an ton bng cc mc khng ch xung v gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (TCL/ETDL).

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C.9.1 in p cm khng Khi cng trnh b st nh th dng in i xung t pht trin di in p rng gia cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc cu kin kim loi v h thng chng st v phn t pha ln cn cng trnh. Di in p ny chnh l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in chy trong cc ng cp dn bn ngoi cng trnh ti vng t lin k. in p c sinh ra l in p cm khng s cp nhng phn tng ln nhanh chng dng sng st hiu ng truyn dn xy ra mt phm vi hp hn. Bt c dng in no chy trong ng cp v phn bc u l kt qu ca in p cm khng c xng qua dy ni ti thit b in t vi in p chung v lin mch. Trong di xung st th phn cha nhiu nng lng nht l phn xung vi tn ti 100kHz, in tr ca t v li cp, phn bao bc nh l cc in tr sinh ra cc in p cm khng dng sng. C.9.2 in p cm ng Dng st chy trong dy dn st hoc trong cc knh dn vng cung sinh ra mt t trng thay i theo thi gian vi khong cch n 100m ty thuc vo cng dng st. Trng in t ny sinh ra hai hiu ng: a) mt dng t cm in t L trong ng dy (v d dy loi ng knh 2mm L=1H/m); b) mt vng tng h ngc chiu trong dy dn (cm dn = MT) hoc vng kn ring bit (cm tng h); Trong trng hp in p sinh ra t l thun vi di/dt ring phn bi L, MT, M (hnh C.17). i vi dy dn n th mnh ca trng l t l nghch vi khong cch ca vt dn. i vi trng hp phc tp th tnh cc gi tr L, MT hay M. V d dng st i qua dy dn xung cc chn ni t nh minh ha hnh C.4. iu ny rt quan trng i vi vic tnh n dng t cm ca t ti thit b v cc thit b ngn nga qu in p v mn li ni t kiu ui ln.

in cm truyn trong mch: MT

in cm tng h trong mch: M

Hnh C.17- in cm C.9.3 Xng dng t st nh trc tip Cc c st nh trc tip ti ng dy in hoc h thng in cng nh cc u sensor hoc tip khng (hnh C.11) c th xng dng gy ph hy. y l nguy c cn phi c tnh n vi vic dy dn i bn ngoi c chiu di ln. Vic i dy trong cc ng bo h s lm hn ch ng k tc hi. in p rt cao ca s xng in gy ph hoi cc b phn khc ca h thng, nh tia la in. l 103

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mt phn lin quan ti cc b phn nh ra ngoi cng trnh. B tr chng hp l th trnh c tc hi (xem C.7.4). C.9.4 Ni trng in mnh ca trng phi c tnh n trn ton b din tch st nh trc khi hnh thnh c nh khi m gi tr ca chng t ti ngng ngn c ca khng kh (xp x 500kV/m). S hnh thnh gii thot im thay i trng xp x 500kV/m.s c th xy ra. Hiu ng ca mi s thay i trng l khng n gin khi bo v chng chng li hiu ng dn v cm st. C.9.5 in p do xung in t t st (LEMP) gy ra Xung in t t st (LEMP) c sinh ra lin quan ti hin tng in t khc gi l xung in t nguyn t (NEMP). C hai im khc nhau quan trng trong di v cng ca hai hiu ng sinh ra, t NEMP sinh ra xung tng nhanh hn nhiu (thi gian tng khong 10ns) vi bin t qung v NEMP ch nh hng ti vi h thng xung phng x. So vi st th xung ny v cng nh. St nh xung cng trnh hay t gn thc ra khng sinh ra xung in t t st nhng to ra v nguyn tc mt cp t trng t gn nhau v sinh ra in p t cm (v in p cm khng) nh m t C.9.1 v C.9.2 Cc xung trng in cm ng st trong cng trnh c cha thit b in t thng l khng ng k. Trong trng hp hn hu cc ng dy bn ngoi c th b h hi tr phi chng c ni lin mch hoc c che chn st. Ni chung tc dng xu nht ca xung in t t st c phng nga bng cch p dng cc bin php chng st nh trc tip. St nh trc tip sinh ra xung sc mnh hn l xung in t t st v bo v chng st nh trc tip vn l quan trng nht, bo v chng xung in t t st ch l th yu. C.9.6 Mc khng ch xung (TCL)/ nguyn tc gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (ETDL) i vi s hot ng ca thit b in t th mi trng xung quanh lu di hay tm thi u c thit k h thng bo v va an ton v kinh t, ng thi c ni t. Tiu ch ngn xung dng hay xung in p c a vo khi th h thng. y l mc xung ln nht cho php h thng vn hot ng, khng b h hi (gi l gii hn xung thit k ca thit b ETDL). Trng hp st gi tr ny l N vn ca xung m khng gy ph hy thit b. gii hn xung thit k ca thit b bng N vn. Khi lp t thit b th cn chc chn rng xung trong h thng ti thit b l P vn khng cao hn gi tr N vn ca thit b. (cho php s dng h s iu chnh trong tnh ton). P vn gi l mc khng ch xung, cn hiu N-P vn gi l phn l an ton. xc nh mt thit b bo v chng xung qu in p cn kim sot in p xung trong vng mc khng ch n l in p cho i qua vi mc xp x mc thit lp. Khi lp thit b th phi m bo mc khng ch xung ca thit b phi ph hp, thit b c an ton trong h thng, ng thi lu ni ni t cho thit b. Mt khc cn lu ngn nga in p cm khng, t cm ng k trong bn thn thit b. C.9.7 Cc nguyn tc bo v Cc ni dung C.9.1, C.9.2, C.9.3, C.9.4 v C.9.5 cp c ch pht sinh dng in t st. Ngoi tr trng hpanten, thit b c bo v chng li in p cm khng, t cm ca st hoc tc dng ti cng trnh s c bo v khi trng in v xung st. Vic dng st xng vo thit b phi c ngn nga bi n l nguyn nhn s ph hoi nghim trng (C.7.4).

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Yu t chnh trong tm quan trng ca in p cm khng, t cm l c hai u c xng vi in tr khng ngn thp t nng lng xng cao hn nhiu ln so vi xung in t ca st. V th cng hay in p cm khng, cm ng cung cp cc thng s c bn cho vic nh gi v ch dn cho thit b bo v. H thng chng st c th bo v chng li in p cao t st nh. thit b chng st t c thnh cng th cc iu kin sau phi c tha mn. a) s tn ti. thit b bo v c th cu c ton b h thng khi xung in p cao thuc phm vi ca n. b) mc khng ch xung. S bo v phi c tc dng mc khng ch xung, thp hn mc xung thit k ca thit b. Thit b bo v chng qu in p ni ti ng dn ni t c th tng ng k mc khng ch xung tc dng. c) tng thch h thng. Bt c dng bo v no c thm vo phi khng ph v s hot ng chung ca h thng ang c bo v. S quan tm quan tm bo v phi c lu i vi h thng truyn d liu tc cao.

C.10 V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong thit b V d tnh ton in p cm ng bao gm c vic s dng lp bc nh l b phn ni t ca ng cp nhiu si ri ti cng trnh. Ly v d ng cp 100 ng cp bc nhm, mi ng cp gm 65 si ng knh 1mm vi in tr sut 3*10-8m, cp di 100m. in tr ca mi ng cp s l: = *l/A = (3,0*10-8*100)/(65*0,0012*/4) = 59m trong : in tr sut l chiu di cp A din tch tit din ca lp bc i vi 100 cp chy song song mi cp chu 1 phn trm dng tng l 100kA t phng my tnh ti thit b, dng trong mi cp l 1kA. Bi th in p chung c tnh: V = R*I = 59*10-3*1*103 = 59V Trong thc t, dng phn b trong cc cp l khng u nhng vi s c mt ca cp tip a chy song song, cng nh l cp ngun cng c bc th dng trong cp ca thit b s khng vt qu 1kA vi bin ln.

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C.11 V d tnh ton vic bo v li trong ca cp ng trc Ly v d vi 20m cp bc c ni hai u. 10% cng dng st i qua cp v bc cp c in tr l 5/km. i vi c st 200kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R*I = 0,1*200*103*0,1 = 2000V i vi c st 20kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R*I = 0,1*20*103*0,1 = 200V in p cm khng ny c dn hon ton ti dy bn trong. Nu nh cp c t trong mng cp th dng in s chy trong mng cp. Trong trng hp ring ch c 10% cng chy trong cp m thi. i vi c st 200kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R*I = 0,1*200*103*0,1*0,1 = 200V i vi c st 20kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R*I = 0,1*200*103*0,1*0,1 = 20V S ph hy ng cp c th xy ra hoc khng theo cc v d sau: nu nh ng cp l ng dn ca radio n anten th in p ln hn 2000V cng kh c th gy ph hy; nu nh ng cp l mt phn ca ng truyn mng my tnh, in p 2000V c th gy h hi, in p 200V hoc 20V c th khng; nu ng cp l ng ni RS232 th ch chu c 20V, in p 200V hay 2000V u c th gy h hi.

C.12 V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong dy dn Hnh 13 cho thy cc gi tr tng i ca dng trong cc cp ring l dc theo hoc bn trong ng (bnh) hoc cc ng dn thng thng. Nh thy, dng l hm ca v tr tng i ti thp hoc cc b phn kim loi khc. Gi tr ca in p cm ng xp x cc v tr thay i c th c tnh bng cng thc sau: i vi cp c bo v bi mng, tng dng l 400A, thp cao 30m v in tr sut ca cp l 10m/m: Tng in tr = 30*10*10-3 106

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= 0,3 in p cm ng chung: V = R*I = 0,3*400 = 120V i vi cp c bo v trong mng cp v trong ng v tng dng bng 100A in p cm ng chung: V = R*I = 0,3*100 = 30V i vi cp i trong bnh hoc trong xi lanh kim loi th in p cm ng l khng ng k

C.13 Thit b bo v chng xung, v tr lp t v th C.13.1 V tr lp t C.13.1.1 Gii thiu chung Nh xung chnh c m t l dao ng in p 1,2/50s sinh ra trong cng trnh, sc mnh ca dng c th c gim bt. N c m t bi ba loi v tr C, B, v A. Loi C l t bng in cp vo, loi B l t mng phn phi chnh, loi A l t pha ph ti tiu th. Trong cc v tr a ra trn, mc nghim trng ca xung c tnh n l s tng dn theo nguy c ri ro tng cao. iu ny c m t bi i lng mc ph hy h thng xut pht t vic nh gi ri ro. C.13.1.2 Cp truyn tn hiu d liu Tt c cc thit b chng xung ng truyn d liu u thuc loi v tr C nh l mt ci lm gim thp xung in p 10/700s c dng tng ng vi xung ca ng d liu khng c lm gim nh bi ng cp vng tng t nh xung chnh. C.13.1.3 Ngun chnh C.13.1.3.1 Loi v tr C Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi C: trn u cp ca ngun vo bng phn phi; trn u ti i ra; pha ngoi cng trnh.

C.13.1.3.2 Loi v tr B Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi B: trn h thng phn phi, gia bn ph ti t bng phn phi chnh ti v pha cp ti cc u ni, cm; trong thit b pha ph ti ca cm, cu ch khng qu 20m so vi loi v tr C. 107

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C.13.1.3.3 Loi v tr A Thit b bo v c lp pha ph ti t cu ch, cm vi khong cch ni trn 20m so vi loi C. C.13.2 mnh xoay chiu i din cho thit b qu in p th nghim Mc xp x ca php th c cho trong cc bng C.8, C.9, C.10 cho cc loi v tr khc nhau v mc th ca thit b bo v chng qu p trong php th. Bng C.8 Loi v tr A (trc)
Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao in p (kV) 2 4 6 Dng (A) 166,7 333,3 500

Bng C.9 Loi v tr B (trc)

Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao in p (kV) 2 4 6 Dng (kA) 1 2 3

Bng C.10 Loi v tr C (trc)

Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao in p (kV) 6 10 20 Dng (A) 3 5 10

C.13.3 Th thit b bo v qu in p My pht th cho loi v tr B v C l my pht xoay chiu lin hp, c th pht c in p 1,2/50s v dng xoay chiu 8/20s. i vi loi v tr A, mt b ngn khng cm ng u ra c lp gii hn dng gi tr hp l. Dng ngn s khng nh hn 8/20s. Phng php th i vi thit b chng qu p c cp mc 23 ca UL 1449 : 1985. C.13.4 Cng xoay chiu i din cho ngng th ng d liu Mc th hp l c la chn theo bng C.11 cho th v thit b c chn.

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Bng C.11 Loi v tr C (ng d liu)

Mc th Dng th xung cao kA Thp Trung bnh Cao 2,5 5 10 Th xng qua in p in p (kV) 1,5 3 5 Dng (A) 37,5 75 125

C.13.5 Th nghim thit b chng qu in p ng truyn d liu C.13.5.1 Php th sng xung dng cao My pht sng hn hp m t C.13.3 l ph hp cho cc php th ny. Phng php th cho trong phn 5.6 ca tiu chun ITU-T K.12 (2000) "Characteristics of gas discharge tubes for the protection of telecommunications installations." C.13.5.2 Th xng qua in p Phng php th tham kho trong phn 23.3 ca UL 1449:1985. C.13.6 Thng tin c cung cp bi nh sn xut cho sn phm thit b chng qu in p C.13.6.1 Thng tin v dng xung Nh sn xut thit b c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v dng xung nh sau: in p xng, nh l 850V, tt c cc ch , th 6kV, 1,2/50s, 3kA 8/20s. Ch bo v, v d nh ng ni t, ng ni trung tnh, trung tnh ti t i vi trc hay ng ti ng hay ng ti t i vi cp d liu Dng xung cc i, v d nh 20000A, 8/20s.
GHI CH: gi tr th i vi thit b l thc ch khng dng gi tr l thuyt.

Lm yu h thng. nu nh thit b ny lm yu s hot ng ca h thng sau khi b xung i qua th tt c cc hiu ng ca n phi c ghi r. ng ng gas c s dng nh thit b chng qu in p c ni tt vi ngun chnh th n b ngn mch khi hot ng. Dng in cng ln s i qua c th gy ph hy ng cp in cng nh ng gas. C.13.6.2 Thng tin trng thi tnh Nh sn xut thit b chng qu in p c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin dng tnh nh sau: - in p lm vic; - in p lm vic ti a; - dng h; - ch s dng - cc yu t lm yu h thng. - bt c yu t no c th gy nh hng, v d nh: 109

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- tr khng trn mch; - in dung phn nhnh; - rng di tn; - t s sng in p; - h s phn x; C.13.7 My pht sng hn hp C.13.7.1 Gii thiu chung S n gin ca my pht minh ha hnh C.18 Gi tr cc thnh phn vi phn Rs1, Rs2, Rm, Lr, v Cc c xc nh khi my pht mang mt xung in p 1,2/50 s, v mt xung dng 8/20s ti mch ngn, ngha l my c tr khng hiu qu l 2. thun tin th mt tr khng u ra hiu qu c nh ngha cho my pht xung da trn vic tnh ton t s ca in p cc tr mch m v dng cc tr ngn mch. Mt my pht nh th c in p m l 1,2/50 s v dng ngn mch l 8/20 s c coi l my pht xoay chiu lin hp.

Bng C.12 nh ngha thng s xoay chiu 1,2/50s

nh ngha Theo BS 923-2 Thi gian trc Thi gian ca gi tr bn phn s 50 20 Theo BS 5698-1 Thi gian tng t 10% ln 90% s 1 6,4 Khong thi gian 50% n 50% s 50 16

s in p vng m Dng ngn mch 12 8

GHI CH: Cc dng sng 1,2/50s v 8/20 s c nh ngha trong BS 923-2 v minh ha Hnh C.19 v C.20. Nhiu khuyn co gn y li da trn nh ngha v dng sng theo BS 5698-1 nh th hin trn bng C.12. C hai nh ngha trn u p dng c i vi tiu chun ny v u tham chiu n my pht sng n.

C.13.7.2 c tnh v nh dng ca my pht sng hn hp in p ra mch m: t 0,5kV n 6kV th cho loi B, 20kV th cho loi C Biu : Dng ngn: Biu dng: Cc: Pha chuyn: Ch s lp: xem hnh C.19, bng C.12 t 0,25 n 3,0kA th cho loi B, 10kA th cho loi C xem hnh C.20 v bng C.12 dng/m trong di t 0o n 360o t nht 1 ln mi pht

110

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Ghi ch: U l ngun cao p

RC l in tr thay i cC l t in tch in Rs l in tr nh dng di xung

Rm l in tr phi hp tr khng Lr l cun cm nh dng thi gian nng

Hnh C.18 - S mch in n gin ca my pht in trn sng in t

Hnh C.19 - Dng sng ca in p mch h

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Hnh C.20 - Dng sng ca dng ngn mch

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PH LC D (tham kho) Mt s v d tnh ton

D.1 V d tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp Mt bnh vin thuc tnh Nam nh cao 10m v chim mt din tch l 10x12 (m2). Bnh vin xy dng vng ng bng, khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng. Kt cu cng trnh bng b tng ct thp vi mi khng phi bng kim loi. xc nh rng liu c cn n h thng chng st hay khng, tnh h s ri ro tng hp nh sau: a) S v st nh trn 1km2 trong 1 nm: Trn c s bn mt st nh cho Hnh 2 v hng dn 7.2 xc nh c gi tr Ng l 8,2 ln st nh xung t trn 1 km2 trong mt nm. b) Din tch thu st: S dng cng thc (1) 7.2, din tch thu st Ac (m2) c tnh nh sau: Ac = LW+2LH+2WH+ H2 = (70x12) + 2(10x10) + 2(12x10) + ( x 100) = 840 + 1400 + 240 + 314 = 2794 m2 c) Xc sut st nh: S dng cng thc (2) trong 7.2 xc sut st nh trong mt nm, p l: p = Ac x Ng x 10-6 = 2794 x 8,2 x 10-6 = 22,9 x 10-3 d) S dng cc h s iu chnh: Cc h s sau ln lt c p dng: - H s A = 1,7 - H s B = 0,4 - H s C = 1,7 - H s D = 1,0 - H s E = 0,3 Tch cc h s =AxBxCxDxE = 1,7 x 1,0 x 1,7 x 2,0 x 0,3 = 0,35 Xc sut st nh tng hp l: 22,9 x 0,35 x 10-3 = 8,0 x 10-3 Kt lun: Cn lp t h thng chng st.

D.2 V d tnh ton v lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st
Di y l v d tnh ton quyt nh c hay khng lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st. 113

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Tnh hung: mt ng thp c thng ng c b tr cch dy xung ca h thng chng st 2m c lp t chung c cao 15m ti th x Bc Ninh, trong 1 nm c 8,2 ln st nh xung/km. Din tch ca ta nh l 40m x 20m (xem Hnh D.1).

ng ng bao vng thu st

Hnh D.1 - Mt bng vng thu st Gi thit: gi thit rng mc ri ro chp nhn p0=10-5, in tr ca cc ni t l 10 , v s lng dy xung l 6. Vn t ra: Hy quyt nh c hay khng nn lin kt ci ng thp c chiu cao ln nht l 12m vi h thng chng st. Trnh t: Mt bng vng c chn cho l: L=40m, W= 20m, H=15m. Din tch thu st: Xc nh theo phng trnh (1): Ae =LW + 2LH + 2WH + H =(40*20)+2(40*15)+2(20*15)+( *225) =800+1200+600+707 Ae =3307m (lm trn 3300m) Xc sut b st nh. Xc nh theo phng trnh (2): p=Ae * Ng * 10 p=27,06 * 10
6 6

= 3300 * 8,2 * 10
3

ln b st nh trong 1 nm
3

( lm trn 27*10

hoc 1 ln trong 37 nm)

Xc nh dng in trong tia st

p ( 4 x10 = 105 p0
= 2700

= 27x10

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V p ln hn 100po nn gi thit dng in st ln nht l 200kA (xem Hnh 25).

GHI CH: Vi gi tr

p p nh hn 100, cng dng in s l 100 log10 nh th hin trong Hnh 25. p0 p0

in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t chiu cao 12m. C 2 trng hp xy ra, vi ng kim loi c lin kt v vi ng kim loi khng lin kt vi cc ni t, nh sau: a) ng lin kt vi cc ni t. in p khng c th c b qua v in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t bng in p t cm (V=VL). Gi thit c 6 dy xung (n=6), mi dy xung c kch thc 25mm x 3 mm, bn knh hiu dng re=0,008m, chiu di mch l = 12m v S=2m, nu cc gi tr ny c a vo phng trnh (4) v (6) th VL c tnh nh sau: V L = 200x10 x12x

0.46 log10 ( 2 / 0.008 ) 6

= 440 kV

Theo Hnh 27, khong cch 0,85m l cn thit, cng vi 30 % khi tnh n v tr gc s ra tng l 1,1m. Khong cch thc t l 2m, do vic lin kt l khng cn thit im cao nht ca ng. b) ng ni t nhng khng lin kt ng v cc ni t. Tng in p duy tr bi h thng chng st (V) c tnh nh sau: V=VR+VL Trong VR l in p khng pht sinh trong h thng mng ni t. VL c ly gi tr nh trong trng hp a) m VR c tnh thm vo nh sau: VR =

200 x103 x10 x6 [do mi cc ni t c th c mt in tr tnh bng () l nx10] 6

VR=2 MV V =2+0,44 =2,44 MV T Hnh 27, khong cch 6m l cn thit vi in p nh trn v do ng cn c lin kt vi h thng chng st im cao nht hoc thp nht kh in p khng. Phn tnh ton trn chng t rng in p to bi hiu ng lan truyn st ph thuc ch yu vo s lng dy xung v ln in tr t. Khi khong cch 2m (bng khong cch ly S) c s dng nh gi in p phng in t Hnh 27, n c ngha l c ly gn nht ca chi tit kim loi kt ni vi ng n cc chi tit kim loi kt ni vi dy xung l 2m. Nu ng c khong cch ly 2m vi dy xung nh trong trng hp ny nhng thm vo n c nhnh i gn vi im cao nht ca dy xung trong phm vi 1m, th khong cch 1m phi c kim tra theo Hnh 27 vi in p do st to ra bo m rng c khong cch ly thch hp.

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PH LC E (tham kho) S liu v mt st nh ti cc a danh ca Vit Nam

TT Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn 1 An Giang Tp. Long Xuyn, Tx. Chu c, An Ph ,Chu Ph,Chu Thnh, Ch Mi, Ph Tn, Tn Chu, Tnh Bin, Thoi Sn, Tri Tn Tp. Vng Tu, Tx. B Ra, Chu c,Cn o, Long im, t , Xuyn Mc Tn Thnh, Chu c 3 Bc Cn Tx. Bc Kn, Bch Thng, Ch n, Ch Mi, Na R, Ngn Sn, Pc Nm Ch n 4 Bc Giang Tx. Bc Giang, Hip Ho, Lng Giang, Lc Nam, Lc Ngn, Sn ng, Tn Yn, Vit Yn, Yn Dng, Yn Th Tx. Bc Ninh, Gia Bnh, Lng Ti, Qu V, Yn Phong T Sn, Tin Du, Thun Thnh 6 Bc Liu Tx Bc Liu Gi Rai, ng Hi, Hng Dn, Phc Long, Vnh L i 7 Bn Tre Tx. Bn Tre, Chu Thnh, Ch Lch, Ging Trm, M Cy Thnh Ph, Ba Tri, Bnh i 8 Bnh nh Tp.Quy Nhn, Tuy Phc An Lo, An Nhn, Hoi n, Hoi Nhn, Ph Ct, Ph M, Ty Sn, Vn Canh, Vnh Thnh 9 Bnh Dng Tx. Th Du Mt, D An, Tn Uyn, Thun An Bn Ct, Du Ting, Ph Gio 10 Bnh Phc Tx. ng Xoi, Bnh Long, Chn Thnh, ng Ph B p, B ng, Lc Ninh, Phc Long 11 Bnh Thun Tp. Phan Thit, Hm Tn, Hm Thun Bc, Hm Thun Nam, Tnh Linh c Linh 116 Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 13,7

B Ra Vng Tu

8,2 10,9 8,2 10,9 8,2

Bc Ninh

8,2 10,9 10,9 13,7 13,7 10,9 5,7 8,2 13,7 14,9 14,9 13,7 8,2 10,9

TCXDVN 46 : 2007

TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn Ph Qu Bc Bnh Tuy Phong

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 7,0 5,7 3,4 13,7 9,2

12 13

C Mau Cao Bng

Tx. C Mau, U Minh, Thi Bnh, Trn Vn Thi, Ci Nc, m Di, Ph Tn, Nm Cn, Ngc Hin Tx. Cao Bng, Bo Lc, Bo Lm, H Qung, H Lang, H An, Nguyn Bnh, Phc Ho, Qung Uyn, Thch An, Thng Nng, Tr Lnh, Trng Khnh Q. Bnh Thy, Q. Ci Rng, Q. Ninh Kiu, Q. Mn, C , Phong in,Tht Nt, Vnh Thnh Q. Hi Chu, Q. Lin Chiu, Q. Ng Hnh Sn, Q. Sn Tr, Thanh Kh, Ha Vang Hong Sa

14 15

Cn Th Nng

13,7 8,2 7,0 13,7 10,9 8,2 8,2 10,9 10,9 13,7 13,7 10,9 8,2 13,7

16

c Lk

Tp. Bun Ma Thut, Bun n, Ea Sp, C M'Gar, Ea H'Leo, Krng Buk, Krng Nng Krng Pk, Krng Ana, Lk, Krng Bng, Ea Kar M'rk

17

in bin

Tp. in Bin Ph, in Bin, in Bin ng Tx. Mng Lay, Mng ch, Mng Nh, Ta Cha, Tun Gio

18

c Nng

k Nng, Krng N k Mil, k R' Lp, k Song

19

ng Nai

Tp. Bin Ha, Long Thnh, Nhn Trch, Vnh Cu, Trng Bom Tx. Long Khnh, Tn Ph, nh Qun, Thng Nht Xun Lc, Cm M

20

ng Thp

Tx. Cao Lnh, Lp V, Sa c, Tn Hng, Tam Nng, Thp Mi, Hng Ng, Cao Lnh, Thanh Bnh, Lai Vung, Chu Thnh Tx. An Kh, Ch Pah, Ia Grai, Mang Yang, c oa, c P Tp. Pleiku, KBang, Ia Pa, c C, Krng Pa Ch Prng, Ch S, A Yun Pa

21

Gia Lai

8,2 10,9 13,7 10,9 117

22

H Giang

Tx H Giang, Bc M, Bc Quang, Mo Vc, Qun

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TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn B, V Xuyn, Hong Su Ph, Quang Bnh, Xn Mn, ng Vn, Mo Vc, Yn Minh

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 8,2 10,9 8,2 10,9

23

H Nam

Tx. Ph L, Kim Bng, Thanh Lim, Duy Tin Bnh Lc, L Nhn

24

H Ni

Q. Ba nh, Q. Cu Giy, Q. ng a, Q. Hai B Trng, Q. Hong Mai, Q. Hon Kim, Q. Long Bin, Q. Ty H, Q. Thanh Xun, Gia Lm, Thanh Tr, T Lim, ng Anh Sc Sn

8,2 10,9

25

H Ty

Tx. H ng, Tx. Sn Ty , Ba V, Chng M, an Phng, Hoi c, M c, Ph Xuyn, Phc Th, Quc Oai, Thch Tht, Thanh Oai, Thng Tn, ng Ha Phc Th, an Phng, Thch Tht, Quc Oi, Hoi c

8,2 8,2

26

H Tnh

Tx. H Tnh, Cm Xuyn, Can Lc, c Th, Hng Sn, K Anh, Nghi Xun, Thch H, V Quang Hng Kh

10,9 10,9 13,7 8,2 10,9 10,9

27

Hu giang

Chu Thnh, Phng Hip Tx. V Thanh, V Thu, Long M, Chu Thnh A

28

Hi Dng

Tp. Hi Dng, Bnh Giang, Cm Ging, Ch Linh, Gia Lc, Nam Sch, Ninh Giang, Thanh Min Kinh Mn, Kim Thnh, Thanh H, T K

29

Hi Phng

Q. Hng Bng, Q. Kin An, Q. L Chn, Q. Ng Quyn, An Dng, An Lo, Kin An, Bch Long V, Thy Nguyn, Q. Hi An , Tx. Sn, Tin Lng, Vnh Bo, Kin Thy, Ct Hi

8,2 10,9 13,7 8,2 10,9 3,4

30

Ho Bnh

Tx Ha Bnh, Bc, Kim Bi, K Sn, Lc Thy, Lng Sn, Mai Chu Cao Phong, Tn Lc, Lc Sn, Yn Thy

31

Hng Yn

Tx. Hng Yn, Ph C , Tin L n Thi , Khoi Chu, Kim ng, M Ho, Vn Giang, Vn Lm, Yn M

32 118

Khnh Ho

Tp. Nha Trang

TCXDVN 46 : 2007

TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn Tx. Cam Ranh, Din Khnh, Vn Ninh, Ninh Ha Khnh Sn, Khnh Vnh Trng Sa

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 5,7 8,2 7,0 13,7

33

Kin Giang

Tx. Rch Gi, Tx. H Tin, An Bin, An Minh, Chu Thnh, Ging Ring, G Quao, Hn t, Kin Hi, Kin Lng, Tn Hip, Vnh Thun Ph Quc

7,0 8,2 5,7 10,9 8,2 5,7 13,7 8,2 10,9 8,2

34

Kon Tum

Tx. Kom Tum, Kon Plng, Kon Ry, k Glei, k H, Sa Thy k T, Ngc Hi

35

Lm ng

Tp. Lt , am Rng, n Dng, c Trng, Lm H Tx. Bo Lc, Bo Lm, Ct Tin, Di Linh Huoai, Th Lc Dng

36

Lo Cai

Tp Lo Cai, Sa Pa, Bc H, Bt Xt, Mng Khng, Si Ma Cai Bo Thng, Bo Yn, Vn Bn

37

Lng Sn

Tx. Lng Sn, Bc Sn, Bnh Gia, Cao Lc, Chi Lng, nh Lp, Hu Lng, Lc Bnh, Trng nh, Vn Lng, Vn Quan Tx Lai Chu, Tx Lai Chu, Mng T, Phong Th, Sn H, Tam ng, Than Uyn Tx. Tn An, Bn Lc, Cn c, Cn Guc, Chu Thnh, c Ha, Tn Tr, Tn Hng, Tn Thnh, Th Tha c Hu, Mc Ha, Thnh Ha, Vnh Hng

38 39

Lai Chu Long An

8,2 13,7

14,9 8,2

41

Nam nh

Tp. Nam nh, Giao Thy, Hi Hu, M Lc, Nam Trc, Ngha Hng, Trc Ninh, V Bn, Xun Trng, Yn Tp. Vinh, Tx. Ca L, Hng Nguyn, Nam n, Thanh Chng, Lng, Yn Thnh, Qunh Lu, Din Chu Anh Sn, Con Cung, Ngha n, Tn K, Tng Dng, K Sn, Qu Phong Qu Chu, Qu Hp

42

Ngh An

8,2

10,9 13,7 119

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TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 8,2 10,9 1,4 5,7 3,4 10,9

43

Ninh Bnh

Tx. Ninh Bnh Tx. Tam ip, Hoa L, Kim Sn, Yn Khnh, Yn M Gia Vin, Nho Quan

44

Ninh Thun

Tx. Phan Rang, Ninh Phc Bc i, Ninh Sn Ninh Hi

45

Ph Th

Tp. Vit Tr, Tx. Ph Th, oan Hng, H Ho, Lm Thao, Ph Ninh, Cm Kh, Tam Nng, Thanh Ba, Thanh Sn, Thanh Thu, Yn Lp Tp. Tuy Ha ng Xun, Sng Hinh, Sn Ha Ph Ha, Sng Cu, Tuy An, Tuy Ha

46

Ph Yn

3,4 8,2 5,7 8,2 10,9 8,2

47

Qung Bnh

Tp. ng Hi, B Trch, L Thy, Minh Ha, Qung Ninh, Qung Trch Tuyn Ha

48

Qung Nam

Tx. Tam K, Tx. Hi An, Bc Tr My, Duy Xuyn, i Lc, in Bn, Nam Tr My, Ph Ninh, Ni Thnh, Qu Sn, Thng Bnh, Tin Phc, Hip c ng Giang, Nam Giang, Phc Sn, Ty Giang, Nam Tr My

10,9 8,2 10,9 8,2 10,9 8,2 10,9 10,9

49

Qung Ngi

Tx. Qung Ngi, Bnh Sn, c Ph, L Sn, M c, Ngha Hnh, T Ngha, Sn Tnh Ba T, Minh Long, Sn H, Sn Ty, Ty Tr, Tr Bng

50

Qung Ninh

Tp. H Long, Tx. Ung B, ng Triu, Yu Hng, Honh B, Bnh Liu Tx. Mng Ci, Ba Ch, C T, m H, Hi H, Honh B, Tin Yn, Vn , Cm Ph

51

Qung Tr

Tx. ng H, Cam L, Cn C, a Krng, Gio Linh, Hi Lng, Hng Ha, Vnh Linh Tx. Qung Tr, a Krng, Hi Lng, Triu Phong

52

Sn La

Tx Sn La, Bc Yn, Mai Sn, Mc Chu , Mng La, Ph Yn, Qunh Nhai, Sng M, Sp Cp, Thun Chu, Yn Chu Tx. Sc Trng, C Lao Dung, K Sch, Long Ph,

53 120

Sc Trng

10,9

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TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn M Xuyn, Vnh Chu M T, Ng Nm, Thnh Tr

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm)

13,7 13,7 14,9 8,2 8,2

54

Ty Ninh

Tx. Ty Ninh, Chu Thnh, Ha Thnh, Tn Bin, Tn Chu G Du, Trng Bng, Bn cu, Dng Minh Chu

55 56

Thi Bnh Thi Nguyn

Tp. Thi Bnh, ng Hng, Hng H, Kin Xng, Qunh Ph, Thi Thy, Tin Hi, V Th Tp. Thi Nguyn, nh Ha, ng H, Ph Yn, Ph Bnh, Ph Lng,V Nhai, Tx.Sng Cng, i T Tp. Thanh Ha, Tx. Bm Sn, Tx. Sm Sn, ng Sn, H Trung, Hu Lc, Hong Ha, Nh Thanh, Nh Xun, Nng Cng, Nga Sn, Thiu Ha, Th Xun,Qung Xng, Tnh Gia, Triu Sn, Vnh Lc, Yn nh B Thc, Thch Thnh, Cm Thy Lang Chnh, Mng Lt, Quan Ha, Quan Sn, Thng Xun, Ngc Lc, Cm Thy

57

Thanh Ho

8,2

13,7 10,9 10,9 13,7 13,7

58

Tha Thin Hu

Tp. Hu, Phong in, Ph Lc, Ph Vang, Qung in A Li, Hng Tr, Hng Thy, Nam ng

59

Tin Giang

Tp. M Tho, Tx. G Cng, Ci B, Cai Ly, Chu Thnh, Tn Phc, Ch Go, G Cng ng, G Cng Ty Qun 2,Qun 3, Qun 4, Qun 5, Qun 6, Qun 7, Qun 8,Qun 9, Qun 10, Qun 11, Q. Tn Ph, Q. Bnh Tn, Q. Bnh Thnh, Q. G Vp, Q. Ph Nhun, Q. Tn Bnh, Q. Th c, Bnh Chnh, Nh B, Hc Mn Cn Gi C Chi

60

Tp. H Ch Minh

13,7

10,9 14,9 13,7 10,9 10,9 8,2 121

61

Tr Vinh

Tx. Tr Vinh, Cng Long Cu K, Cu Ngang, Chu Thnh, Duyn Hi, Tiu Cn, Tr C

62

Tuyn Quang

Tx. Tuyn Quang, Chim Ha, Hm Yn, Na Hang, Sn Dng Sn Dng

TCXDVN 46 : 2007

TT

Tnh, Thnh ph Huyn

Mt st nh (s ln/km2/nm) 13,7 10,9 10,9 8,2 10,9

63

Vnh Long

Tx. Vnh Long, Long H, Mang Tht Tam Bnh, Tr n, Vng Lim, Bnh Minh

64

Vnh Phc

Tp. Vnh Yn, Tx. Phc Yn, Bnh Xuyn, Lp Thch, Tam Dng, Vnh Tng, Yn Lc Tam o, M Linh

65

Yn Bi

Tp. Yn Bi, Tx. Ngha L, Lc Yn, M Cang Chi, Trm Tu, Trn Yn, Vn Chn, Vn Yn, Yn Bnh

GHI CH: 1. S liu tham kho bng E.1 c tra theo bn Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co 7.2. 2. i vi huyn c ng ng mc ct qua, mt st ly theo gi tr ng ng mc ln cn cao nht m cc vng trong huyn c th b nh hng. 3. Mt st cc hi o c Vin Vt l a cu khuyn co ly t 2,5 n 7,0 ln/km2/nm.

122