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PHP LUT VIT NAM V TRNG TI THNG MI TRN HNH TRNH HI NHP V PHT TRIN
Trn Th Tng Vn, H c Tho, Nguyn Th c Tm, Ng Nguyn Tho Vy Trng i hc Kinh t - Lut HQG Tp.HCM, Trng i hc Lut Tp.HCM TM TT: Tri qua nhiu giai on lch s, trng ti thng mi, vi t cch l mt c ch gii quyt tranh chp ngoi Ta n, v ang gp phn khng nh vo s n nh ca hot ng thng mi trn th gii. nc ta, ch nh ny xut hin t cui th k XIX, song cho n nay vn cha tm c v th vng chc trong i sng kinh t x hi. Nhng nm u th k XIX, Php lnh trng ti thng mi 2003 v Lut trng ti thng mi 2010 nh du bc nhy vt ca php lut Vit Nam trn hnh trnh ci cch v hi nhp vi chun mc chung ca trng ti thng mi hin i. Nhm gp phn hon thin c ch php l cho vic gii quyt tranh chp thng mi bng trng ti, cc tc gi s dng phng php lch s v phng php lut so snh i su phn tch tin trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca php lut Vit Nam v trng ti thng mi trong s tng quan vi php lut quc t thng qua ba giai on ch yu: (i) giai on s khai (trc nm 2003), (ii) giai on chuyn tip (nm 2003 2010) v (iii) giai on hi nhp (nm 2010 nay). T , bi vit a ra nhng d bo v gii php nhm thc y qu trnh tiu chun ha v quc t ha trng ti thng mi Vit Nam, ng thi lm cho m hnh ny thc s tr thnh phng thc gii quyt tranh chp d tip cn, nhanh chng, hiu qu v ng tin cy trong k nguyn mi. T kha: trng ti thng mi, xu hng pht trin, php lut Vit Nam, tiu chun ha, quc t ha So vi nhiu quc gia trong khu vc v trn th gii, th ch trng ti thng mi Vit Nam tri qua qu trnh pht trin c th. [54] Phn u tin ca bi vit ny khi qut nhng bc pht trin c bn ca php lut Vit Nam v trng ti thng mi cng mt s nt c trng ca n. 1. GIAI ON S KHAI (TRC NM 2003) 1.1. Trc nm 1954 Ch nh trng ti du nhp vo h thng php lut nc ta t cui th k XIX. Trong mt tranh chp t ai nm 1897, Ta thng thm Si Gn xt rng trng ti c tha nhn trong php lut An Nam. [13] Trong thi gian ny, cc b lut dn s ri to n thng mi ln lt ra i. [34; 48] Nh vy, cui th k XIX, u th k XX, ch nh trng ti l mt phn trong php lut t tng dn s. Tuy nhin, bi cnh x hi ng thi khng thun li cho s pht trin ca m hnh trn. Do , v c bn, trng ti khng c tc ng ng k n x hi Vit Nam trong giai on ny. [39] 1.2. Nm 1954 1994 Nhng s kin lch s din ra vo gia th k XX lm thay i vn mnh quc gia, trong c h thng php lut. Cng vi ch hp ng kinh t, cc t chc trng ti kinh t c hnh thnh tuy mang nt khc bit c bn so vi trng ti thng mi hin i. Bn cnh , cn tn ti trng ti phi chnh ph, l Hi ng trng ti ngoi thng v Hi ng trng ti hng hi Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, hai t chc trn ch thc s hot ng t nm 1989 khi quan h ngoi thng bt u pht trin. [29] Sau chng c sp nhp thnh Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam theo Quyt nh s 204/TTg ngy 28/03/1993 ca Th tng Chnh ph. 1.3. Nm 1994 2003 Bc vo thi k hi nhp, din mo php lut nc ta c s thay i. Lc ny tn ti song song hai h thng cng c chc nng gii quyt tranh chp kinh t l trung tm trng ti kinh t v Ta n kinh t. Ngoi ra, cn lu rng tn ti hai m hnh trng ti phi chnh ph khc nhau. Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam hot ng theo iu l v Quy tc t tng ring. Trong khi

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, c nm trung tm trng ti c thnh lp theo Ngh nh 116/CP ngy 05/09/1994 vi hot ng thc tin rt hn ch. [61] Do , thnh cng ca Ngh nh 116/CP kh khim tn do yu t qun l nh nc c cao m cha ch ng mc yu t thc tin. [16; 27; 39] Hn na, cc vn bn php lut trn u c hiu lc php l thp. Do vy, yu cu phi sm ban hnh vn bn thng nht, c hiu lc php l cao nhm n nh mt bng php l cho m hnh trng ti tr nn bc thit. [15] Qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t cng tc ng tch cc n vic xy dng hnh lang php l, c bit thng qua Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam 1988 v cc vn bn lut sa i, b sung sau . Nm 1995, Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c New York, nh du s ci thin ng k mi trng php l nhm to thun li trong vic thu ht u t nc ngoi. [28; 62] Trong thi k ny, khng c mt lut v trng ti thng nht iu chnh h thng trng ti trong nc v trng ti quc t. Thm vo , quyt nh gii quyt tranh chp ca trng ti khng c bo m thi hnh. [16] V th, m hnh trng ti thng mi trong giai on ny cha thc s t c nhng thnh tu ng k trn hnh trnh tip cn nhng chun mc ca trng ti thng mi hin i. [31] 2. GIAI ON CHUYN TIP (NM 2003 2010) Nhm khc phc nhng hn ch ca php lut thi k trc, sau su nm chun b, ngy 25/02/2003, y ban thng v Quc hi ban hnh Php lnh Trng ti thng mi gm 8 chng v 37 iu, th hin n lc to ln ca Vit Nam ho cng xu th hi nhp. [53; 54] 2.1. Nhng thnh cng ca Php lnh trng ti thng mi 2003 Mt l, Php lnh mang ngha quan trng v mt iu chnh php lut. l nn tng php l cho Trng ti Vit Nam tip cn, ho nhp vi xu hng chung ca nn ti phn Trng ti quc t. Thp nin u tin ca th k XXI nh du s ra i ca hng lot o lut v Trng ti nh Lut Trng ti Singapore nm 2001, Lut Trng ti Thi Lan nm 2002, Lut Trng ti Nht Bn nm 2003, Lut Trng ti thng mi Cambodia nm 2006, ...

Hai l, v m hnh v c cu t chc, Php lnh tha nhn hai hnh thc trng ti gm Trung tm Trng ti (Trng ti thng trc hoc t chc trng ti) v Trng ti v vic (Trng ti Ad hoc). Hnh thc trng ti v vic ln u tin c tha nhn, to iu kin cho cc bn t do la chn hnh thc trng ti. Trong mt tranh chp v vic giao nhn thu xy dng din ra vo cui nm 2009, cc bn tin hnh gii quyt tranh chp thng qua mt Hi ng Trng ti v vic. y c xem l v kin bng phng thc Trng ti v vic u tin ti Vit Nam. [40] Ba l, Php lnh xc nh phm vi c th hn thm quyn ca Trng ti bng cch lit k cc loi vic Trng ti c gii quyt (iu 2). Vic a ra nh ngha khi nim thng mi l bc t ph ln th hin tnh tin phong trong cng tc lp php vo thi im . Bn l, Php lnh a ra c ch xc nh hiu lc php l ca tho thun trng ti, lm c s phn nh thm quyn gia trng ti v ta n. Ngoi ra, Php lnh gii quyt vn tho thun trng ti v hiu (iu 10) lm cn c cc bn khi kin ra ta n, m bo mi tranh chp pht sinh u c gii quyt. Nm l, Php lnh quy nh cht ch cc giai on trong quy trnh t tng [11] cng nh xc nh r nhng nguyn tc quan trng nht ca n, ph hp vi thng l trng ti trn th gii. Su l, Php lnh quy nh s h tr ca Nh nc m c th l To n i vi trng ti, lp y khong trng ca h thng php lut trc y. By l, Php lnh xc lp gi tr php l ca phn quyt trng ti, hiu lc ca phn quyt trng ti (iu 6), khc phc tnh trng phn quyt trng ti c tuyn nhng khng c bt k c ch thi hnh no khin doanh nghip mt lng tin khi la chn trng ti gii quyt tranh chp. 2.2. Mt s bt cp ca Php lnh trng ti thng mi 2003 Tuy c nh gi c nhiu im tin b, qua hn su nm p dng, cng vi s pht trin ca kinh t x hi, mt s quy nh ca Php lnh bc l bt cp v khng cn ph hp vi tnh hnh mi. Nhng bt cp di y ch yu c tng kt t hot ng thc tin ca cc trung tm trng ti ang hot ng ti Vit Nam. [22] 2.2.1. Phm vi gii quyt tranh chp ca trng ti

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Php lnh Trng ti Thng mi l vn bn php lut u tin ca php lut Vit Nam a ra khi nim tng i y v trng ti thng mi, trong thut ng thng mi c hiu theo ngha rng theo tinh thn Lut Mu UNCITRAL (iu 3). Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thi hnh, c cch hiu khc nhau v thut ng thng mi trong Php lnh. iu ny dn n tranh ci trong vic xc nh phm vi gii quyt tranh chp ca trng ti. Ngoi ra, Php lnh cha lm r c vn tranh chp pht sinh t quan h ngoi hp ng c c gii quyt bng trng ti hay khng, trong khi Lut Mu UNCITRAL v Cng c New York 1958 cng nh lut Trng ti ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii nh u quy nh c th v cc tranh chp pht sinh t quan h hp ng hoc ngoi hp ng u c gii quyt bng trng ti. [55] 2.2.2. Vn ch th c gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti Theo quy nh ca Php lnh, ch c cc ch th l t chc, c nhn kinh doanh mi c quyn c la chn hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti (iu 3) tuy nhin li khng gii thch cch hiu. Do vy, cc quy nh ca Php lnh khng cn ph hp mi tnh hnh mi. 2.2.3. Vn tho thun trng ti 2.2.3.1. Vic quy nh tha thun trng ti v hiu khi tha thun trng ti quy nh khng xc nh r t chc trng ti c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp (Khon 4 iu 10) l khng hp l. Trong thc t, khng him trng hp tha thun trng ti ca cc bn b Ta n xem l khng r rng. Chng hn, hai bn tha thun gii quyt mi tranh chp bi Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tuy nhin Ta n li cho rng tha thun ny khng r rng v t chc trng ti c thm quyn gii quyt v tranh chp v coi y l tha thun trng ti v hiu. [50] Nguyn tc gii quyt bng trng ti l phi da trn ch ca cc bn. Do vy, trong mi trng hp, khi cc bn c tha thun trng ti, php lut trng ti cc nc u u tin gii quyt bng trng ti. [13] Bn cnh , quy nh ny li t mu thun khi Php lnh cho php tn ti hai hnh thc trng ti, l trng ti quy ch v trng ti v vic Ad hoc. Trn thc t, s khng bao gi c tn t chc trng ti c th nu cc bn la chn hnh thc trng ti Ad hoc.

2.2.3.2. Php lnh b st mt ch nh rt c bn l vn tha thun trng ti khng thc hin c hoc khng th thc hin c. Trong thc t, tn ti nhiu v vic khng th gii quyt c bng trng ti bi tha thun c s nhm ln, mu thun, khng ph hp vi nguyn tc gii quyt tranh chp ca trng ti. Tuy nhin, Php lnh mi ch gii quyt vn tha thun trng ti v hiu, cha gii quyt vn tha thun trng ti khng th thc hin c. Do , s c nhiu v tranh chp pht sinh nhng khng c c quan no gii quyt, cc bn phi t gnh chu ri ro php l. 2.2.3.3. Php lnh a ra mt nguyn tc quan trng, bo m tranh chp pht sinh u c gii quyt ngay c khi hp ng v hiu. Vic xc nh iu khon trng ti c lp vi hp ng c ngha quan trng, bi n l c s duy nht Hi ng Trng ti c thnh lp xem xt v quyt nh hp ng c hiu lc hay khng. Nguyn tc ny c ghi nhn trong Lut Mu UNCITRAL (Khon 1 iu 16) cng nh trong php lut trng ti ca hu ht cc quc gia. Php lut trng ti quc t gi y l nguyn tc thm quyn ca thm quyn, tc l Hi ng Trng ti c quyn xem xt, xc nh thm quyn ca chnh mnh. Mc d Php lnh bc u ghi nhn (iu 30) v p dng n vo thc t, nhng i khi nguyn tc trn vn cha c tn trng tuyt i. [51; 55] iu ny dn n tnh trng tranh chp v thm quyn gia Trng ti v Ta n trong mt s v vic c th. [6; 20; 21; 23] 2.2.4. Vai tr h tr ca Ta n 2.2.4.1. Php lnh xy dng ch nh ht sc quan trng trong t tng trng ti l quyn ca cc bn tranh chp c yu cu ta n p dng bin php khn cp tm thi (iu 33). Tuy nhin, quy nh ny vn c im cha hp l. iu ny c th gy kh khn cho c ta n v cc bn trong qu trnh p dng. 2.2.4.2. Php lnh khng xc lp c ch h tr ca ta n i vi trng ti trong vic thu thp chng c v triu tp nhn chng. Do khng c c ch h tr nu trn cc lut s v doanh nghip vn bn khon khi la chn trng ti Vit Nam gii quyt tranh chp. 2.2.5. Quy nh v hu quyt nh trng ti cn nhiu bt cp

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Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cho s lng quyt nh trng ti b yu cu hy gia tng l c ch hy quyt nh trng ti qu n gin. Xt v hnh thc th s lng cc cn c hy quyt nh trng ti nu ti iu khon v hy quyt nh trng ti (iu 54) l khng nhiu. Tuy nhin v bn cht, nhng nguyn nhn dn n vic hy quyt nh trng ti li rt rng, do c nhiu iu khon khc c dn chiu vo. [8] iu ny dn n vic bt k s sut no ca Trng ti cng t phn quyt ca h trc nguy c b hy. [14] Nu khng sm gii quyt, cc quyt nh trng ti s c nguy c tr thnh cc bn n s thm. Tuy cn mt s hn ch nht nh, Php lnh Trng ti thng mi 2003 nh du bc ngot quan trng mang tnh chuyn tip trong tin trnh pht trin ca php lut Vit Nam v trng ti thng mi. 3. GIAI ON HI NHP (NM 2010 NAY) Mc d Php lnh Trng ti thng mi th hin s thnh cng ng k trong vic iu chnh cc vn ch yu ca Trng ti, song qua su nm thc hin, Php lnh cng bc l khng t bt cp. Do , thc hin chin lc ci cch t php nhm xy dng Nh nc php quyn x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, Lut Trng ti thng mi c ban hnh vi mc tiu ghi nhn ch trng m rng cc hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp trong hot ng thng mi v mt s quan h dn s khc, p ng nhu cu v khuyn khch cc bn tranh chp s dng hnh thc Trng ti, gp phn gim ti hot ng xt x ca h thng To n hin nay. [5] Lut Trng ti thng mi 2010 c Quc hi thng qua ngy 17/06/2010 v chnh thc c hiu lc ngy 01/01/2011, gm 13 chng v 82 iu, th hin s t ph ca php lut trng ti thng mi Vit Nam. 3.1. Nhng im mi ca Lut trng ti thng mi 2010 Mt l, Lut khc phc vic phn nh khng r rng phm vi thm quyn ca Trng ti i vi cc tranh chp thng mi, trn c s bo m s tng thch gia cc vn bn php lut hin hnh thng qua vic m rng phm vi thm quyn ca Trng ti ti nhiu loi tranh chp lin quan n quyn v li ch ca cc bn (iu

02). Tuy nhin quy nh ny vn cn gy ra nhng tranh lun. Lut khng nh ngha khi nim hot ng thng mi nh Php lnh tng lm, do nhiu kin cho rng nn tip nhn khi nim ny theo Lut Thng mi 2005. [60] Tuy nhin iu ny vn cn nhng vng mc nht nh. [36] Ngoi ra, c kin cn cho rng hai vn bn ny ang c phm vi p dng khc nhau. [43] Do vy, cn sm c vn bn gii thch, hng dn c th v chi tit hn v thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp ca trng ti. Hai l, Lut gii hn li cc tnh hung lm tho thun trng ti v hiu (iu 18) ng thi quy nh hng gii quyt khi tha thun trng ti khng r rng nhm nng cao kh nng tnh kh thi trong thc t. Tuy nhin Lut vn b st mt s trng hp kh xc nh thm quyn khc c kh nng xy ra. [36] Ba l, mc d cn nhng s khc bit v lut thc nh, php lut Vit Nam ho cng xu th bo v li ch ca ngi tiu dng ca php lut trng ti quc t bng cch ln u tin quy nh iu khon bo v h trong vic la chn phng thc gii quyt tranh chp. [30] Tuy nhin, iu ny ng ngha vi vic nh cung cp khng th tn dng nhng u th ca trng ti v i khi, c th b mt s t chc, c nhn li dng thc hin hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. [36] Bn l, Lut k tha Php lnh trong quy nh v tiu chun ti thiu i vi Trng ti vin nhm hnh thnh i ng trng ti vin c nng lc, chuyn nghip v uy tn x hi. Tuy nhin, Lut khng yu cu Trng ti vin phi c quc tch Vit Nam nh Php lnh. Trn tinh thn k tha gi tr hp l ca quy nh ti iu l T chc Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 204-TTg ngy 28/04/1993 ca Th tng Chnh ph khi cho php cc chuyn gia nc ngoi c th c mi lm trng ti vin ca Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam (iu 04 iu l), quy nh mi ca Lut p ng nhu cu thc t trong giai on Vit Nam tng cng hi nhp kinh t quc t. Nm l, Lut quy nh r hn v cc hnh thc trng ti v m rng phm vi hot ng ca t chc trng ti. Lut s dng thut ng trng ti quy ch v trng ti v vic (iu 03) ch hai hnh thc trng ti thng mi, th hin ng bn cht ca cc hnh thc trng ti ny. [37] Ngoi ra, Lut cn cho php cc trung tm trng

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ti c ban hnh quy tc t tng ring, cung cp dch v trng ti, ha gii v cc phng thc gii quyt khc ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut, lm nn tng cho s pht trin ca cc hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp ngoi ta n ti Vit Nam (iu 28). Su l, Lut phn bit r khi nim quyt nh trng ti v phn quyt trng ti (Khon 9 v 10 iu 3). Trong qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp, hi ng trng ti c quyn ra nhiu loi quyt nh khc nhau, trong , phn quyt trng ti l loi quyt nh c bit, gii quyt ton b ni dung tranh chp v chm dt t tng trng ti. Vic phn bit trn ph hp vi thc tin cng nh php lut v thng l quc t. [36] By l, Lut ni lut ha cc cam kt quc t v dch v trng ti, c bit l Biu cam kt dch v WTO ca Vit Nam. [3] Theo , Lut quy nh v t chc v hot ng ca trng ti nc ngoi ti Vit Nam, cho php t chc trng ti nc ngoi c m chi nhnh, vn phng i din ti Vit Nam theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin (Chng XII vi 7 iu). Tm l, Lut xc nh r nt mi quan h gia Trng ti vi To n trong ton b qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp bng vic c th ho thm quyn ca To n i vi hot ng trng ti (iu 68, 69, 70 v 71). Thm vo , Lut cng nng cao v th ca Trng ti thng qua vic m rng thm quyn ca hi ng trng ti nh cho php Hi ng Trng ti c thu thp chng c, triu tp nhn chng, p dng, thay i, b sung, hy b bin php khn cp tm thi (iu 47, 48, 49, 50 v 51). Quy nh ca Lut tip thu Lut Mu UNCITRAL c sa i nm 2006 nhm nng cao tnh hiu qu ca hot ng t tng trng ti. Chn l, Lut tip thu nguyn tc cm hnh vi mu thun trong t tng l nguyn tc rt quan trng hnh thnh lu i trong php lut t tng ca cc nc pht trin (iu 13). Quy nh ny nhm ngn chn mt cch c hiu qu cc hnh vi c hi trong t tng trng ti. [5] Mi l, nhm khuyn khch s pht trin bn vng ca trng ti thng mi, Lut quy nh v Hip hi trng ti, t chc x hi ngh nghip ca Trng ti vin v cc Trung tm trng ti. Vic thnh lp v hot ng ca Hip hi trng

ti c thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut v hi ngh nghip (iu 22). 3.2. M hnh trng ti thng mi ti Vit Nam hin nay 3.2.1. Thc trng Trong nhng nm qua, s v tranh chp thng mi c gii quyt ti Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam (VIAC) tng lin tc, t khong 18 v / nm trong giai on 1993 2003 ln 42 v / nm trong giai on 2004 2010. i ng trng ti vin cng khng ngng c m rng. Su thng u nm 2012, Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam kt np thm 37 trng ti vin, trong c 12 trng ti vin nc ngoi, nng tng s trng ti vin ca Trung tm ln 151 ngi, tng gn 30% so vi nm 2009. [22; 57] Lut trng ti thng mi cng nhn c nh gi kh tt khi 78,3% sinh vin c hi cho rng Lut c tc dng tch cc, mc d n 72,6% vn cha cm thy k vng v php lut trng ti c p ng. Tuy nhin, bc tranh v m hnh trng ti thng mi ti Vit Nam cha tht s khi sc khi m phng thc ny ch gii quyt khong 11% tng s tranh chp thng mi hng nm v cng ch tp trung ch yu ti Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam. [11; 35] Theo thng k, mi thm phn Ta kinh t H Ni phi x trn 30 v / nm v Ta kinh t Thnh ph H Ch Minh l trn 50 v / nm, trong khi mi trng ti vin ca Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam ch x 0,25 v / nm. [22] Nm 2011, nm u tin thc hin Lut Trng ti thng mi 2010, Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam th l 83 v, cao nht t trc n nay. [56] Tuy nhin con s ny cn rt khim tn nu so snh vi khong gn 8500 v n kinh t m ngnh Ta n xt x trong cng nm. [52] Nhn vo nn trng ti trong khu vc, c th thy chng ta vn cn nhiu vic phi lm theo kp s pht trin chung khi nm qua Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Singapore (SIAC) th l 188 v vi tng gi tr tranh chp l 1,32 t Dollar Singapore hay y ban trng ti Bc Kinh th l gn 1500 v v Hi ng Trng ti n l khong 600 v. [2; 25; 47] 3.2.2. Nguyn nhn 3.2.2.1. Nguyn nhn t pha cng ng a. Cng ng doanh nghip Trng ti thng mi cha nhn c s nh gi cao t gii doanh nhn. Theo kho st ca B T

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php i vi 237 c nhn v t chc kinh doanh, phng thc gii quyt tranh chp m h u tin theo th t l thng lng (57,8%), Ta n (46,8%), ha gii (22,8%) v cui cng mi l trng ti (16,9%). Thm ch, 84% s doanh nghip c hi cha bao gi gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti. [22] iu ny tri ngc vi t l 68% doanh nghip c chnh sch gii quyt tranh chp ring, m phn ln la chn trng ti thng mi, theo mt kho st ton cu ca trng i hc Lun n kt hp vi cng ty lut White & Case. [46] c bit, trong hp ng thng mi ni a, Ta n thng l c quan gii quyt tranh chp. iu ny c gii thch l do hiu lc thi hnh phn quyt trng ti cn thp (61,4%), doanh nghip cha tin tng trng ti (68,6%), thm ch cha bit n phng thc ny (74,3%). Ngc li, khi k kt vi i tc nc ngoi, trng ti thng xuyn c la chn. Tuy nhin, do s bt bnh ng trong kinh doanh, bn nc ngoi thng nm li th v h li u chung s dng dch v trng ti nc ngoi. Bn cnh , do cha nm vng cc quy nh ca php lut nn mt s iu khon trng ti khng c hiu lc php l, lm mt i kh nng gii quyt bng trng ti ca cc bn. [22] b. Cng ng hc thut Mc d gi vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ca nn khoa hc php l nhng dng nh cng ng hc thut, c bit l gii sinh vin, cha thc s ng hnh cng trng ti thng mi. Trong cuc kho st 300 sinh vin trng i hc Kinh t Lut v trng i hc Lut Thnh ph H Ch Minh c cc tc gi thc hin vo thng 7 v thng 8 nm 2012, c n 22,7% sinh vin lut tr li rng h khng bit n m hnh ny. i vi nhm cn li, hiu bit chung v trng ti thng mi cng cha tht su sc khi trung bnh mi sinh vin ch tr li ng 2,24 trong tng s 4 cu hi t ra. Cht lng ging dy m hnh trng ti thng mi ti cc c s o to lut, theo nh gi ca chnh sinh vin, cng cn kh hn ch khi ch t 2,63 im trn 5. y s l kh khn cn khc phc trn chng ng hng n mt nn trng ti Vit Nam tin tin v bn vng. 3.2.2.2. Nguyn nhn t pha cc t chc trng ti thng mi

Bn cnh nhng hn ch trong tm l v nhn thc ca cc doanh nghip, h thng t chc trng ti thng mi hin nay cn kh tha tht vi cha n mi trung tm trng ti. Thm vo , khng phi trung tm no cng hot ng thc s hiu qu. Trong mt cuc kho st ca B T php, mc d 75% kin cho rng cn thnh lp thm trung tm trng ti, cht lng ca cc trung tm vn l iu ng bn khi 21% cha c tr s v 56% c tr s nhng cha p ng yu cu cng nh k nng tip nhn h s v qun l hnh chnh ni b ca cc trung tm cn nhiu khuyt im. [22] i ng trng ti vin nc ta vi hn 200 ngi cng cha thc s pht trin. Theo kho st, 72,6% kin cho rng trng ti vin thiu k nng gii quyt tranh chp, 65% cho rng thiu s lng trng ti vin, 51,1% cho rng trng ti vin thiu kinh nghim ngh nghip, 44,7% cho rng trng ti vin thiu trnh chuyn mn, thm ch 44,3% cho rng trng ti vin thiu kin thc php lut. iu ny ph hp vi vic 30% trng ti vin cha tng tham gia gii quyt mt v tranh chp thng mi no, 67,1% tng gii quyt t 10 v tr xung v ch 2,9% l gii quyt trn 10 v tranh chp.[22] S chnh lch trong kh nng gii quyt tranh chp ny s l ro cn i vi s pht trin chung ca i ng trng ti vin nc ta. 3.2.2.3. Nguyn nhn t pha cc c quan tin hnh t tng Theo quy nh ca php lut, Ta n v c quan thi hnh n c nhim v h tr cho hot ng ca trng ti thng mi, tuy nhin s h tr ny trn thc t cn kh khim tn. Nhng nguyn nhn c nu ra bao gm: cc hot ng trng ti qu t (84,3%), Ta n khng c thi gian cho hot ng lin quan n trng ti (43,1%), trng ti vin cha yu cu Ta n h tr (43,1%) v quy nh ca php lut cha ph hp (35,3%), V c ch thi hnh n, phn ln cho rng quy nh php lut cha ph hp v vic cha c quyt nh trng ti c yu cu thi hnh l hai nguyn nhn c bn gii thch vic c quan thi hnh n cha c hot ng h tr trng ti. [22] Nh vy, Vit Nam xy dng thnh cng o lut ring v trng ti thng mi vi s ra i ca Lut Trng ti thng mi 2010. Mc d vy, y ch l bc khi u. [39] Chuyn ti thnh cng php lut trng ti vo cuc sng, c bit l

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nhng nc c nn kinh t chuyn i nh Vit Nam, l mt nhim v khng h d dng. iu ph thuc rt ln vo n lc v quyt tm ca ton x hi. 4. MT S D BO V GII PHP THC Y QU TRNH TIU CHUN HA V QUC T HA TRNG TI THNG MI TI VIT NAM Phn tip theo ca bi vit s xem xt nhng tc nhn ch yu chi phi qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca trng ti thng mi. Thng qua vic nghin cu s vn ng ca cc yu t ny, bi vit a ra mt s d bo cng nh xut nhng gii php cn thit nhm thc y m hnh trng ti thng mi ti Vit Nam. 4.1. Tnh cht v trnh pht trin ca nn kinh t Hot ng thng mi lun n cha mu thun trong qu trnh mua bn hng ha v cung ng dch v. [33] m bo cho s n nh v pht trin lnh mnh ca mi trng kinh doanh, cn kin to mt phng thc gii quyt tranh chp ngoi Ta n thch hp, l trng ti thng mi. Nhng m hnh ny ch c th pht trin trong nn kinh t th trng. Ni cch khc, kinh t th trng l gc r trng ti thng mi. [19] Ngc li, s khng th c nn kinh t th trng ng ngha nu khng c h thng trng ti c lp. [12] Hn na, hot ng trng ti thng mi ph thuc cht ch vo trnh pht trin ca nn kinh t. l l do trng ti cc nc c quy m nn kinh t khc nhau l khc nhau, thm ch trong cc giai on pht trin khc nhau ca cng mt nn kinh t th hot ng trng ti cng khng ging nhau. [33] Vit Nam, m hnh Trng ti Thng mi ch tn ti t khi thc hin cng cuc i mi. [33] Qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t l ng lc quan trng Vit Nam thc hin nhng ci cch v hnh lang php l, trong c qu trnh hi ha ha v quc t ha php lut trng ti thng qua vic tip nhn Lut Mu UNCITRAL. [33; 39] i hi ln th X Hip hi Lut ng Nam din ra ti H Ni nm 2009 cng dnh s quan tm ln n trng ti thng mi quc t v tng ca Vit Nam v vic thnh lp trung tm trng ti ring ca ASEAN nhn c kh nhiu s ng h. [49] M hnh ny c th tham kho kinh nghim ca Trung tm trng ti chu u (Centre Europen dArbitrage et de

Mdiation hay European Center for Arbitration and Mediation) thnh lp nm 1959 nhm hng n mt c ch gii quyt tranh chp linh hot v hiu qu cho ASEAN. [17] Nh vy, c th thy rng, xu th hi nhp gp phn nng cao cht lng hot ng ca trng ti thng qua qu trnh dn ch ha v nht th ha khung php lut, hng n mt h thng hon thin, hp l v cnh tranh hn, p ng nhu cu ca x hi. [33] Php lut l yu t thuc kin trc thng tng, do vy n phi da trn nhng quy lut khch quan ca cc quan h x hi m chng hng n iu chnh. [10] Quy lut v s chi phi ca trnh t chc nn kinh t i vi s pht trin ca php lut ni chung v php lut trng ti ni ring l cha kha gip chng ta ra nhng gii php ng n trong vic pht trin m hnh trng ti thng mi ti Vit Nam. 4.2. Mc hon thin ca khung php l v trng ti v s h tr ca Nh nc Mc hon thin ca php lut c nh hng rt ln n hiu qu hot ng ca trng ti thng mi. Trong gn hai thp k qua, nc ta ban hnh mt lot cc vn bn php lut nhm iu chnh v khuyn khch s pht trin ca m hnh ny ti Vit Nam. Nh , hot ng trng ti thu c nhiu thnh tu ni bt. Bn cnh , Nh nc cng cn c hnh ng c th nhm h tr c ch ti phn ny. Tiu biu nh Trung Quc, cc y ban trng ti c cung cp tr s cng phng tin lm vic trong thi gian u trc khi t hot ng. [33] Nhiu nc chu khc nh Hn Quc, Singapore, Thi Lan, Philippines cng h tr hot ng trng ti kh hiu qu. [32] Ngoi ra, Nh nc cng c th gip cc trung tm trng ti gim nh gnh nng ti chnh bng cch min thu cho h. [43] Trong qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp, trng ti cng rt cn n c ch phi hp t cc c quan nh nc, m trc tip l h thng Ta n, c bit trong vic cng ch thi hnh phn quyt cng nh cng nhn v cho thi hnh phn quyt ca trng ti nc ngoi. [9; 21; 33] Tm li, mc h tr ca Nh nc i vi hot ng trng ti l tc nhn quan trng thc y s pht trin ca m hnh ny. V vy, mun nng cao hiu qu ca c ch ti phn trn, ngoi vic xy dng h thng php lut ph hp, cn c nhng chnh sch c th nhm khuyn khch v thc y qu trnh hot ng ca trng ti.

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4.3. Nhn thc v ng gp ca cng ng 4.3.1. Cng ng doanh nghip Hiu qu hot ng ca trng ti cn ph thuc vo thi ca gii doanh nhn i vi m hnh ny. V vy, nng cao nhn thc ca gii doanh nhn l vic lm thit thc, c bit trong bi cnh cc doanh nghip ni chung vn cha c thi quen trong vic s dng dch v trng ti nh mt phng thc gii quyt tranh chp u vit. [26; 35; 44; 45; 59] Kinh nghim ca Hoa K trong n lc khc phc hin tng ny c th l bi hc qu bu dnh cho Vit Nam. Nhng bui tic danh d, mt lot xut bn phm v c bit l Tun trng ti c t chc vo nm 1923 kt ni trng ti vi gii doanh nhn vo mt mi quan h khng kht hn. [18] Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn, ph bin php lut v trng ti cng nh nng cao cht lng dch v chc chn s khin doanh nghip am hiu su sc hn bn cht v u th ca trng ti thng mi, t to iu kin cho c ch ngy mt pht trin trong thi gian ti. 4.3.2. Cng ng hc thut Cng tc nghin cu v ging dy php lut trng ti l nhn t bo m cho s pht trin bn vng ca m hnh ny m Hoa K l mt in hnh. T thp k 20 ca th k trc, quc gia ny ra hng lot bin php nhm thc y phng thc trng ti, trong xy dng nn tng kin thc v trng ti thng mi lun l chin lc xuyn sut. Khng ch ging dy l thuyt, trng ti cn l ch tho lun nng hi v c th c nghe thy khp ni. T nm 1922 n na u nm 1923, Cng ng Trng ti M xut bn hn 158.000 vn bn v trng ti cng 1.200 bui hp v hi tho chuyn . [18] V th, cn bi dng nng lc cng nh nh hng cho sinh vin, c bit l sinh vin lut, v nhng vn c bn trong php lut trng ti. Theo kho st ca cc tc gi, y cng l nhu cu thc t khi 87,4% sinh vin c hi cho rng vic ging dy m hnh trng ti thng mi l cn thit hoc rt cn thit v 73,3% sn sng b ra chi ph theo hc nhng kha hun luyn ngn hn v m hnh ny. Bn cnh , nhng gii php c a ra nhm nng cao nhn thc v thi ca sinh vin lut v trng ti thng mi bao gm ging dy nh

mt mn hc t chn (47,7%), gii thiu ngh trng ti vin (49,0%), t chc cc cuc thi lin quan n m hnh ny (56,3%), t chc hi tho, giao lu chuyn (57,3%) v cho sinh vin thc tp ti cc trung tm trng ti (65,3%). Con s trn mt ln na khng nh tm quan trng ca vic gio dc kin thc v trng ti thng mi cng nh p dng chng vo thc t. Trong tng lai, nhng sinh vin lut ny s hnh thnh nn i ng thm phn, kim st vin, lut s, chuyn gia, trng ti vin, Chnh h l ngun nhn lc quan trng ng gp cho nn t php ca nc nh. 4.4. N lc t cc Trung tm trng ti Mun khng nh nng lc ca mnh v to nim tin cho gii doanh nhn, cc Trung tm Trng ti cn khng ngng bi dng i ng trng ti vin, khng ch ch trng m rng danh sch trng ti vin, thu ht cc chuyn gia uy tn trong cc lnh vc m cn phi nng cao trnh v k nng ca cc trng ti vin hin c nhm nng cao cht lng dch v trng ti. [58] V vic ny, Hi Lut gia cng c nh thnh lp Vin Trng ti cung cp chng trnh o to chuyn su dnh cho trng ti vin. Bn cnh , mi trung tm cn tng cng hp tc vi cc t chc trng ti trong v ngoi nc nhm trao i chuyn mn, hc hi kinh nghim cng nh gii thiu v t chc v hot ng ca trung tm mnh. [24] Ngoi ra, da trn kinh nghim t chc v hot ng ca Hip hi trng ti Hoa K, c s php l ca Lut Trng ti thng mi 2010 v php lut v hi ngh nghip, Hip hi Trng ti Thng mi Vit Nam s sm c thnh lp, h tr c lc vo s pht trin bn vng ca trng ti thng mi ti Vit Nam. [18; 24] 5. KT LUN Trong sut hn mt th k hnh thnh v pht trin, m hnh trng ti thng mi Vit Nam c nhng bc thng trm cng dng chy lch s nc nh. Bc sang th k XXI, vi s pht trin ca th ch kinh t, php lut v x hi, chng ta c c s tin rng trng ti thng mi s thc hin thnh cng qu trnh tiu chun ha v quc t ha nhm vn ln nhng tm cao mi, gp phn xng ng vo s nghip ci cch t php c a nc nh.

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VIETNAMESE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION ON THE JOURNEY TOWARDS INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Tran Thi Tuong Van, Ho Duc Thao, Nguyen The Duc Tam, Ngo Nguyen Thao Vy HCMC Univeristy of Economics and Law VNU HCM, HCMC University of Law ABSTRACT: Over a long history, commercial arbitration, as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, has been significantly contributing to the stability of commercial activities throughout the world. In our country, this model has been introduced into the legal system since the late 19th century but has not yet played a well established role in the socio economy. In the early years of the 21st century, the ratifications of the Ordinance on Commercial Arbitration in 2003 and the Law on Commercial Arbitration in 2010 marked a leap forward of Vietnamese legislation on the journey of reforming and approaching general standards of modern commercial arbitration. In assistance with improving the legal framework for settling commercial disputes by means of arbitration, the authors use the legal historical and comparative law methods to profoundly analyse the formation and development process of Vietnamese commercial arbitration law in relation to international law through three major stages: (i) initial period (before 2003), (ii) transitional period (2003 2010) and (iii) integrating period (2010 present). In the light of these analyses, the paper forecasts and proposes solutions to promote the standardisation and internationalisation process of Vietnamese commercial arbitration, as well as to help transform this model into a feasible, fast, efficient and reliable method of disputes settlement in the new era. Keywords: commercial arbitration, development trend, Vietnamese legal framework, standardisation, internationalisation TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. An Huy, Doanh nghip Vit vn ch quan vi tranh chp thng mi, (2012) [2]. Beijing Arbitration Commission, Beijing Arbitration Commission 2011 Annual Review, (2011) [3]. Biu cam kt dch v ca Vit Nam gia nhp WTO [4]. B T php, cng gii thiu Lut trng ti thng mi 2010, (2010) [5]. B T php, Nhng im mi c bn ca Lut Trng ti thng mi, (2010) [6]. Chnh Dng, Gii quyt tranh chp ti Cng ty lin doanh Nh Qun: Ta n hay Trng ti?, (2008) [7]. ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Ngh quyt ca B Chnh tr v chin lc ci cch t php n nm 2020 [8]. ng Hong Oanh, Hy quyt nh trng ti: Ch nh cn nhiu bt cp trong php lut Vit Nam, (2009) [9]. ng Trung H, Cng nhn v cho thi hnh ti Vit Nam bn n, quyt nh dn s ca Ta n nc ngoi, quyt nh ca trng ti v nhng vn t ra trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t quc t, (2009) [10]. o Ngc Bu, Nhng nguyn l c bn ca c ch gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti v p dng xy dng Lut Trng ti Vit Nam, Tp ch Nghin cu lp php, (2009) [11]. o Tr c, Nhng vn c bn ca Lut Trng ti, Tp ch Nh nc v php lut, (2010) [12]. Democratic Movement United Georgia, Mr. Ramaz Klimiashvili: There is no market economy without independent arbitration [13]. Vn i, Gii quyt tranh chp bng phng thc trng ti Vit Nam, Tp ch Khoa hc php l, (2007) [14]. Vn i, Lm th no trng ti Vit Nam l ch da ca doanh nghip?, Tp ch Nghin cu lp php, (2008)

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[15]. on Nng, Mt s kin v thc trng v phng hng hon thin php lut trng ti kinh t nc ta hin nay, Tp ch Lut hc, (1998) [16]. Dng ng Hu, Trng ti kinh t phi chnh ph Vit Nam Thc trng v nhng gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca n, Thng tin khoa hc php l, (1999) [17]. European Court of Arbitration, What is the European Court of Arbitration? [18]. Frank D. Emerson, History Of Arbitration Practice And Law, (1970) [19]. Gu Xuan, The Combination of Arbitration and Mediation in China, (2008) [20]. Hong Yn, n thng mi, ta hay trng ti x?, Tp ch Php lut, (2010) [21]. Hong Yn, Ta n v trng ti kinh t: Ginh nhau x kin, Bo Php lut, (2008) [22]. Hi Lut gia Vit Nam, Bo co tng kt thi hnh Php lnh Trng ti thng mi 2003, (2009) [23]. Hu Vinh, VIAC khng c thm quyn th l v kin, Bo Tin phong, (2008) [24]. Huy Anh, D tho Lut Trng ti thng mi: Cht lng mi gi khch hng!, (2010) [25]. Indian Council of Arbitration, Annual Report 2010 2011, (2011) [26]. Lan Ngc, Tranh chp thng mi: Gii quyt bng trng ti nhiu li ch thit thc, Bo Kinh t Vit Nam, (2012) [27]. L Kim Nguyt, D n Lut Trng ti thng mi v s tip cn cc chun mc quc t, Tp ch Nghin cu lp php, (2009) [28]. Mark Lockwood, Nguyen Tan Hai, Arbitration in Vietnam, International Financial Law Review, (1994) [29]. Michael J Moser, Arbitration in Asia - 2nd Edition, (2011) [30]. Minh Trang, Tm l ngi va chm ca ngi tiu dng ang b li dng, (2012) [31]. Nguyen Bao Huy, Arbitration in Vietnam: a journey to international standards, Asian Counsel, Special Report Dispute Resolution, (2009) [32]. Nguyn nh Th, Nhng im khc bit v php lut trng ti thng mi ca Vit Nam

so vi mt s nc trn th gii, Tp ch Nh nc v php lut, (2008) [33]. Nguyn nh Th, Nhng yu t nh hng n s ra i v pht trin ca trng ti thng mi, Tp ch Dn ch v Php lut, (2006) [34]. Nguyn Hng Hi, Mt s vn v cu trc ca B lut dn s v vic cu trc li B lut dn s nm 2005, (2011) [35]. Nguyn Tho, Doanh nghip v Trng ti thng mi, (2010) [36]. Nguyn Th Dung, L Hng Giang, Bnh lun mt s ni dung mi trong Lut Trng ti thng mi nm 2010, Tp ch Lut hc, (2011) [37]. Nguyn Th Yn, S h tr ca c quan t php i vi hot ng ca trng ti thng mi theo Php lnh trng ti thng mi nm 2003, Tp ch Lut hc, (2005) [38]. Nh Php lut Vit Php, K yu hi tho v D tho Lut Trng ti thng mi, (2009) [39]. Phm Duy Ngha, Php Lut Trng Ti Vit Nam - Qu Trnh Pht Trin V Cc Vn t Ra, (2008) [40]. Phan Thng Anh, Gii quyt bng Trng ti thng mi Adhoc Vit Nam - Thc trng v gii php, (2011) [41]. Phan Thng Anh, Ti sao cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khng mn m vi vic gii quyt tranh chp hp ng thng mi bng trng ti?, (2009) [42]. Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Bo co nh gi tc ng ca lut trng ti, (2009) [43]. Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, R sot php lut kinh doanh, (2011) [44]. Phc H, Doanh nghip Vit Nam cha quen dng trng ti thng mi, (2009) [45]. Qunh Ngc, Doanh nghip cha mn m vi trng ti thng mi, (2007) [46]. School of International Arbitration at Queen Mary, University of London and White & Case LLP, 2010 International Arbitration Survey: Choices in International Arbitration, (2010) [47]. Singapore International Arbitration Center, CEOs Annual Report 2011, (2011) [48]. Thi Vnh Thng, Vn ha php lut Php v nhng nh hng ti php lut Vit Nam, Tp ch Nghin cu lp php, (2009)

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[49]. Thy Vn, Thc y Lut Trng ti thng mi quc t gia cc nc ASEAN, (2009) [50]. Ta n nhn dn thnh ph H Ni, Bn n s 01/QKT ngy 14/07/2004 [51]. Ta n nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni, Quyt nh s 02/QKT ngy 31/08/2004 [52]. Ta n Nhn dn Ti cao, Thng k s lng n, (2012) [53]. Trn Hu Hunh, Php lnh trng ti thng mi nhng th thch pha trc, Tp ch Nghin cu lp php, (2003) [54]. Trn Thi Dng, Th ch trng ti kinh t, thng mi Vit Nam Qu trnh pht trin v hi nhp quc t, Tp ch Nh nc v php lut, (2005) [55]. Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam, Bnh lun v Php lut trng ti: Bn v ch nh tha thun trng ti, (2011)

[56]. Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam, S v tranh chp ti VIAC trong 17 nm t 1993 n 2011, (2012) [57]. Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam, VIAC kt np Trng ti vin t I/2012, (2012) [58]. Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam, VIAC kt np trng ti vin nc ngoi, (2008) [59]. Tu Minh, Doanh nghip vn ngi trng ti, (2008) [60]. Vn Long, Nhng ni dung c bn ca Lut Trng ti thng mi, Bo Nhn dn, (2010) [61]. V nh Dng, Thc tin p dng Php lnh Trng ti thng mi ti Trung tm trng ti thng mi quc t Vit Nam, Tp ch Khoa hc php l, (2008) [62]. William Laurence Craig, Michael Polkinghorne, Dispute resolution in Vietnam, International Financial Law Review, (1995)