DANH PHP HU C I. tn gi hirocacbon no v cc gc hirocacbon tng ng I. 1. Tn ca hirocacbon no mch thng. * Bn hirocacbon u c tn l metan, etan, propan, butan.

* Tn cc cht tip theo gm: Phn nn ch s lng nguyn t cacbon(n) v phn ui c trng cho hirocacbon no. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon no mch h ( thng hoc nhnh) l ankan. n Tn n Tn n Tn 1 Metan 14 Tetraecan 30 Triacontan 2 Etan 15 Pentanecan 31 Hetriacontan 3 Propan 16 Hecxaecan 32 otriacontan 4 Butan 17 Heptaecan 40 Tetracontan 5 Pentan 18 Octaecan 50 Petacontan 6 Hexan 19 Nonaecan 60 Hecxacontan 7 Heptan 20 Icosan 70 Heptacontan 8 Octan 21 Henicosan 80 Octacontan 9 Nonan 22 ocosan 90 Nonacontan 10 ecan 23 Tricosan 100 Hectan 11 Unecan 24 Tetracosan 125 Pentacosahecta 12 oecan 25 Pentacosan 130 n 13 Triecan 26 Hecxacosan 132 Tricontahectan otricontahecta n I.2. Tn ca gc hirocacbon no mch thng. Tn gc ankyl = tn ankan tng ng thay ui an bng tip v ng -yl. CH3-CH2-CH2Vd: CH3-CH2-CH3 Propan propyl I.3. Tn hirocacbon mch nhnh. * Chn mch chnh: L mch cacbon di nht. Khi di mch bng nhau th ta chn mch no c nhiu nhnh hn. * nh s th t( bng s Arp) nhng nguyn t cacbon mch chnh bt u t pha no gn nhnh hn v sao cho tng ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht. * Gi tn: Trc ht gi v tr, tn bi v tn ca tng loi mch nhnh theo vn a, b, c sau gi tn mch chnh c tn cng bng ui an. Ch : + Tip u ng ch bi: i, tri, tetra khng a vo trnh t ch ci khi gi tn. + Khi vit tn th cc ch s ch v t cch nhau bi du phy , v cc ch s ch v tr cch t ch tn bi nt gch + Nu gc c nhnh ph th khi gi tn gc cng tun theo cch gi tn nh trn, nhng s th t ca cacbon ca gc c nh bt u t nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi mch chnh. + Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn cho dung tn khng h thng sau y: Isobutan CH3 - CH- CH3 Noptan CH3 CH3 CH3- C- CH3 CH3 Isopentan CH3- CH- CH2- CH3 CH3 * Tip u ng iso- biu th c 1 nhnh CH 3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh. * Tip u ng neo- biu th c 2 nhnh CH 3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh. I.4. Tn gc ca hirocacbon no mch nhnh ho tr I. * Chn mch cacbon di nht lm gc chnh v nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon ho tr t do, sau gi tn mch nhnh cng vi v tr ca chng ( nh i vi hirocacbon mch nhnh ) ri n tn gc chnh. 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3- CH - CH2- CH2- CH- CH2 2- etyl- 5- metyl hecxyl CH3 CH3- CH2 * Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn dng cc tn khng h thng CH3- CH Isopropyl CH3- CH CH2 CH2 - Isopentyl CH3 CH3

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 1

CH3 CH CH2- Isobutyl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH- Secbutyl CH3

CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH3 C -

Neopentyl

Tert Butyl CH3

CH3 CH3 CH2 C Tert- pentyl CH3 Ch : Tip u ng sec- v tert- xut pht t ting Anh secondary (bc 2) v tertiary (bc 3) II. TN CA HIROCACBON KHNG NO MCH H V GC HIROCACBON TNG ng. I.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon c mt hay nhiu ni i. * Xut pht t tn ca hirocacbon no mch h (ankan) tng ng, thay ui an bng ui en (nu c mt ni i) ien (nu c 2 ni i), atrien (nu c 3 ni i) c km theo ch s v tr ca tng ni i bt u t nguyn t cacbon ca mch chnh sao cho tng ch s v tr ca v tr l nh nht. * Mch chnh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhiu ni i nht v c nh s bt u t pha no sao cho tng ch s v tr ca lin kt l nh nht. * Theo quy nh mi ca IUPAC, s ch v tr ca ni i c t trc tip v ng (do thi quen c th t ch s v tr ca ni i sau tip v ng, nu c mch nhnh th t sau mch chnh c dng ph bin hn), CH3-CH2- CH=CH2 But-1-en hoc buten-1 hoc 1-buten CH2=CH-CH=CH2 But-1,3-ien hoc butaien-1,3 Hoc 1,3-butaien 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien hoc isopren

CH2=C-CH=CH2 CH3 Lu : Cc tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng: CH2=CH2 Etilen CH2=C=CH2 Anlen

II.2. Tn ca hirocacbon c 1 hay nhiu ni 3. * Tn ca hirocacbon cha mt, hai, ba ni ba cng xut phat t tn ca hiirocacbon no tng ng, ch i ui an bng ui in ( mt ni ba), aiin (hai ni ba), atriin (ba ni ba) Vic chn mch chnh, nh s v gi tn tng t cc trng hp cc hp cht cha ni i. * Tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng: CH CH Axetilen II.3. Tn gi ca hirocacbon cha ng thi ni i v ni ba. * Mch chnh l mch cha nhiu lin kt bi nht. Mch ca cacbon nh s sao cho tng cc ch s ca cc ni I v ni ba l nh nht. Khi c s la chn th u tin cho ni I c ch s thp hn. * Khi gi tn: Tn ca ni i en gi trc tn ca ni ba in , v tr ca lin kt bi vit ngay sau tn ca chng.

C H C C H = C H 2
CH 3 C H = C H C C H
5 4 3 2 1

Buten-1-in-3, Penten-3-in-1
1

CH C CH = CH C H = CH 2
CH 2 CH 3

Hecxaien-1,3-in-5

C H C C = C CH = C H 2
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 II.4. Tn ca gc khng no ho tr I

4- etyl-3-propyl hecxaien-1,2-in-5

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 2

* Mch chnh l mch cacbon khng no c nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon c ho tr t do. * Tn gi c thit lp bng cch thm ui yl v tn ca hirocacbon khng no tng ng. Do vy c tn tng qut l ankenyl ( mt ni i), ankinyl (c mt ni ba), ankanienyl (hai ni i), ankaiinyl (c hai ni i), CH CEtinyl CH3-CH=CH- Propen-1-yl CH C-CH2Propin-2-yl CH2=CH-CH=CH- Butaien-1,3-yl * Cc tn thng thng sau vn c IUPAC s dng: CH2=CHVinyl (etenyl) CH2=CH-CH2Anlyl (propen-2-yl) CH2-CIsoprpenyl (1-metylvinyl) CH3 III. TN GI CA GC HIROCACBON MCH H A HO TR III.1. Tn ca gc c hai hoc ba ho tr t do mt nguyn t cacbon c hnh thnh t tn ca gc ho tr mt tng ng bng cch ni thm ien (gc hai ho tr), iin (gc ba ho tr) vo ui yl ca gc ho tr mt CH3 CH= Etylien (CH3)2C= Isopropylien CH2=C= Vinylien CH3 C Elyliin III.2. Tn ca cc gc c hai ho tr phn b hai u mch khng nhnh: - CH2 CH2 Etylen - CH2 CH2 CH2 - Trimetylen - CH2 (CH2)2 CH2Tetrametylen - CH2 (CH2)4 CH2Hexametylen - CH2 CH=CHPropenylen - CH = CHVinylen III.3. Tn ca gc a ho tr cha t nht ba nguyn t cacbon mang ho tr t do c thit lp bng cch thm triyl, -tetrayl, - iylien . . . vo cui tn hirocacbon tng ng.

-CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH =

Propantriyl - 1,2,3 Propandiyl - 1,2,3

IV. TN GI CA HIROCACBON MCH VNG NO HOC KHNG NO V TN GC TNG ng IV.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon n vng no v khng no, cng nh tn gi ca gc ho tr 1 tng ng ca chng c gi bng cch thm tip u ng xiclo- vo tn hirocacbon mch h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon so vi vng.

Xiclopropan

Xiclobutan

Xiclopentan

Xiclohexan

Xiclohexen

Xiclohexadien-1,3

* Nu c nhm th lin kt vi n vng no th s th t cacbon trong vng c nh bt u t mt cacbon nhm th sao cho tng ch s v tr l nh nht. * Nu nhm th lin kt vi n vng khng no th s th t ca cacbon ca vng phi nh bt u t ca cacbon ca lin kt i, chiu nh s phi i qua ni i v sao cho tng ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht. * S th t ca cacbon ca gc hirocacbon n vng cng nh bt u t cacbon ho tr t do.

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 3

6 5 4

1 CH3 CH3

6 5

CH3 1 2

2 3 1,1-dimetyl xiclohexan
CH3 5

3 CH3 4 1,3 -dimtyl xiclohexan

4 3 Xiclohecxyl Xiclopenten-2-yl

2 CH3 2,5-dimetyl xiclohecxadien-1,3

IV.2. Tn ca hirocacbon cha hai vng chung mt nguyn t cacbon mt vng c tn do t hp tn ca hirocacbon mch h c cng nguyn t cacbon v tip u ng spiro- cng vi cc s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon cn li ca mi vng t trong ngoc vung [ ] theo th t tng dn v cch nhau du phy ,
1 C 3 4 5 2 1 C 4 5 6 7

6 2 spiro[2,3] hexan

8 3 spiro [3,4] octan

IV.3. Tn ca hirocacbon c chung cu ni c gi bng cch thm tip u ng bixiclo cng cc ch s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon mi cu theo th t nh dn v tn ca hirocacbon mch h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon. Cc ch s c t trong du ngc vung [ ] v cch nhau bi du chm .

Bixiclo[1.1.0] butan

Bixiclo[2.2.1] heptan
CH3

Bixiclo[3.2.1]octan

* Mt s hirocacbon l nhng tecpen, thng c gi theo tn thng thng m IUPAC vn chp nhn
CH3

CH H3 C CH3 H3 C

CH CH3

- Menten 1 p- mentan V. Tn gi ca hirocacbon thm v gc tng ng. V.1. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon thm (n vng hoc a vng) l Aren. Mt s tn thng thng vn c IUPAC chp nhn Vd:

Benzen
CH3

Naphtalen
H3C
CH

Antraxen
CH3
CH2-CH3

CH3

CH3

Toluen

Cumen

o-xilen

Stiren

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 4

V.2. Cc hirocacbon thm n vng khc c gi tn nh nhng dn xut th ca benzen. Nu ch c hai nhm th v tr 1,2 hoc 1,4 hoc 1,4 c th thhay th ln lt bng o (ortho), m (meta), p (para). CH2CH3 CH=CH2 CH CH CH
2 2 3

CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH3

1-etyl-4-propyl benzen (p-etyl propyl benzen)

1,4-divinyl benzen (p-divinyl benzen)

CH=CH2

1,2-dimetyl-3-propyl benzen

V.3. Tn thng gi ca mt s gc thm ho tr 1 v ho tr 2 vn c IUPAC chp nhn:

CH2

CH3
CH CH3 CH3

Phenyl

Benzyl

o-Tolyl

m-Cumenyl

Bi tp vn dng. Hy gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php IUPAC:

1.

Cht: CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH - CH3 CH3

c tn l g ?

A. 3 isopropyl pentan C. 2 metyl 3 etyl petan

B. 3 etyl 2 metyl pentan C. 3 etyl 4 metyl petan

2.

Cht c CTCT:

CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH3

c tn l:

A. 2,2 - imetyl petan C. 2,2,3 trimetyl petan

B. 2,3 - imetyl petan D. 1,1,2 trimetyl petan

3. Cht c CTCT: CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 c tn l: CH3

A. 1,1,3 trimetyl heptan C. 2 metyl 4 propyl petan

CH3
B. 2,4 - imetyl heptan D. 4,6 - imetyl heptan

4.

Cht c CTCT:

CH3 - CH - CH - CH3 CH3 C2H5

c tn l:
B. 3,4 - imetyl petan D. 2- etyl- 3- metyl butan

A. 2,3 - imetyl petan C. 2- metyl- 3- etyl butan

C2H5 5. Cht c CTCT: CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3

A. 2- metyl- 2,4- ietylhexan C. 2,4- ietyl- 2- metylhecxan

c tn l:

C2H5
B. 5- etyl- 3,3- imetylheptan D. 3-etyl- 5,5- imetylheptan

6.

Cht c CTCT:

CH3

c tn l:

C2H5

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 5

A. 1- metyl- 5- etylxiclohecxan C. 1- etyl- 3- metylxiclohecxan VI. Tn gi hp cht c nhm chc. 1). Tn gi ca ancol, anehit v axit. a). Tn thng thng: Ancol ANEHIT AXIT

B. 1- metyl- 3- etylxiclohecxan C. 1- etyl- 5- metylxiclohecxan.

Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ( - ic) Anehit + tn axit (c mch cacbon tng ng) Gn vi lch s khng c quy lut

V d:

CH3 - CH - OH CH3 CH3 - COOH HOOC - COOH HOOC - CH2 - COOH

Ancol iso - propylic Axit axetic Axit oxalic Axit malonic

HOOC - (CH2)2 - COOH Axit sucxinic HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH Axit adipic
b). Tn quc t (IUPAC) : theo cc bc gi tn ging nh hirocacbon, lu thm: * nh s cacbon trn mch sao cho nhm OH gn vi C mang s nh nht. * Nguyn t C trong CHO, COOH lun mang s 1. * Thm t axit trc tn ca axit hu c. * Gi tn theo th t: ANKANOL - OL + v tr (S ch v Tn OH) Tn cc tr mch ankan(cng ANKANAL nhnh - AL nhnh cacbon) ANKANOIC - IOC V d:

CH3 - CH - CH - COOH CH3 Cl Axit 2 - clo - 3 - metylbutanoic CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - OH CH3 C2H5

CH2 = CH - CHO Propenal 2 - etyl - 3 - metylbutanol - 1

2. Tn gi ca ete n chc no, xeton. ETE R O R1 XETON R CO R 1 V d:

Tn R, R1 + ete Tn R, R1

CH3 - O - CH3 CH3 - O - C2H5 CH3 - C - CH3 O

imetyl ete etyl metyl ete imetyl xeton (axeton)

* Ch : Tn cc gc gi theo th t ch ci a, b, c . . . 3. Tn gi ca ete n chc no: RCOOR 1 RCOOR1 = tn R1 (ancol) + tn gc RCOO (ca axit i ic at. CH3COOCH(CH3)2 Isopropyl axetat. HCOOCH3 Metyl focmiat. Sau y l cch gi tn este theo yu cu ca mt s hc sinh. Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn anion gc axit (thay ui ic thnh at) V d:

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 6

- HCOOC2H5 : etyl fomat (hay etyl metanoat) - CH3COOCH=CH2 : vinyl axetat - CH2=CHCOOCH3 : metyl acrylat - CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3: metyl metacrylat - CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2 : isoamyl axetat - CH3COOCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 : hex-2-en-1-yl axetat - C6H5COOCH=CH2 : vinyl benzoat - CH3COOC6H5 : phenyl axetat - CH3COOCH2C6H5 : benzyl axetat - C2H5OOC[CH2]4COOCH(CH3)2 : etyl isopropyl aipat - (CH3COO)2C2H4 : etylenglicol iaxetat - CH2(COOC2H5)2 : ietyl malonat - (CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COO)3C3H5 : glixeryl trioleat (hay triolein hay trioleoylglixerol)

: glixeryl panmitostearooleat (hay panmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol) - CH3[CH2]14COO[CH2]15CH3 : miricyl panmitat (hay sp ong) Sau y l mt s quy tc c bn ca danh php IUPAC. Danh php ny c hi ha hc c bn v ng dng quc t (the International Union of Pure anh Applied Chemistry) thng qua nm 1957. I CU TO CA HP CHT HU C V CU TO CA TN GI Theo IUPAC, cu to mt hp cht hu c gm mt mch chnh v c th c cc nhnh, nhm th hoc cc nhm chc gn vo n. * V d 1: Nhnh

Mch chnh Nhnh Nhm chc Do tn ca mt hp cht hu c phi phn nh c cc hp phn cu to ni trn. Tn theo danh php IUPAC gm 3 phn: u, thn v ui: - Cc nhnh, nhm th v nhm chc ph to nn phn u - Mch chnh hay vng chnh to nn phn thn - Tn nhm chc chnh to nn phn ui Trong v d trn: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on u Thn ui - u: hai mch nhnh metyl C s 5, c l 5,5 imetyl - Thn: mch chnh c 7C (nh s t 1 n 7) khng c lin kt bi, c l heptan - ui: nhm chc xeton C s 2, c l 2 on V vy hp cht c tn l: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on * V d 2: Nhnh

Vng chnh 2 amino 1 metyl u V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 amino 1 metyl benzen * V d 3:

Nhm th benzen Thn

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 7

Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph 2 hiroxi benzen 1 - cacboxylic V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 hiroxi benzen 1 cacboxylic II CCH CHN MCH CHNH V NH S 1. Vi hirocacbon no - Mch chnh l mch c nhiu nhnh nht v di nht, s 1 phi dnh cho C u gn mch nhnh nht * V d 4:

Vng chnh

Mch chnh Mch nhnh 2 metyl butan - Khi mch chnh cha hai nhnh v tr cn i th s 1 u gn nhnh n gin hn * V d 5:

Mch chnh Cc mch nhnh 4 etyl 3 metyl hexan - Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi nh s sao cho tng ca chng trong tn gi l nh nht. * V d 6:

Mch chnh Cc mch nhnh 5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10) - Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14. Theo th t ch ci th etyl phi c c trc metyl. 2. Vi hirocacbon khng no - Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt bi * V d 7:

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 8

Mch chnh Mch nhnh 3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien - Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i * V d 8:

Pen 1 en 4 in 3. Vi hp cht mch vng - Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht, cc s tip theo c nh theo quy tc s nh nht. V d 9 V d 10 V d 11

3 etyl 1 metyl xyclohexan 1 metyl 3 propyl benzen 2 etyl 1 metyl naphtalen - Khi hp cht c nhiu vng ri rc th mch chnh l mch thng. * V d 12:

1,1,1 triclo 2,2 bis(4 clophenyl) etan (DDT) (bis thay cho i nu nhm th phc tp) - Khi c nhm th hoc nhm chc gn vi vng, s 1 t C trong mch vng gn trc tip vi nguyn t nhnh hoc nhm chc c khi lng nguyn t nh nht. Cc s tip theo cng c nh theo qui tc s nh nht. * V d 13:

4 amino 1,2 imetyl benzen Trong cng thc trn, s 1 dnh cho C gn vi CH3 m khng phi C gn vi NH2 v khi lng nguyn t ca C nh hn ca N - i vi mch nhiu vng ghp, nhiu cu. * V d 14:

Spiro [2,3] hexan

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 9

Trong : hexan l tn gi mch chnh 6C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng c s C theo th t tng dn l 2 v 3 c t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du phy. Hai vng c chung 1 nguyn t C nn c tip u ng spiro. * V d 15:

1,7,7 trimetyl bixiclo [2.2.1] heptan 2 on Trong : heptan l tn gi mch chnh 7C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng v c 3 cu ni: cu 1234 c s nhp l 2C (C2, C3); cu 1564 c s nhp l 2C (C5, C6); cu 174 c s nhp l 1C (C7). Ch s ch s nguyn t C mi cu c vit theo th t nh dn, t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du chm. Thm tip u ng bixiclo khi c chung cu ni. 4. Vi hp cht c nhm th, nhm chc - Khi mch chnh c nhm th, nhm chc th s 1 t u gn nhm chc * V d 16:

Mch chnh Nhm th

Nhm chc

3 clo pentan 1 ol - Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp cao nht) v nhm chc ph. Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO > >C=O > OH > NH2. S 1 t u gn nhm chc chnh. * V d 17:

Nhm chc chnh Nhm chc ph 2,3 ihiroxi butanioic * V d 18:

Nhm chc chnh Nhm chc ph Axit 3 oxopentanoic * V d 19: Nhm chc chnh

DANH PHP HO HC HU C 10

Nhm chc ph Axit formylbutanioic * V d 20:

Axit 4 hiroxi xiclohexan cacboxylic

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