PHNG PHP NGHIN CU KHOA HC

Mc tiu ging dy
Hiu c cc khi nim v c s l thuyt v tm quan trng ca c s l thuyt di vi nghin cu. Cc cch thc tm kim ti liu lin quan n ni dung nghin cu. Mc tiu v qu trnh nghin cu ti liu. Hai phng thc v ba mc ca ngun d liu th cp. Nm kiu thng tin bn ngoi v nm yu t quan trng dng nh gi gi tr ca ngun thng tin v cc ni dung ca n. Qu trnh thc hin tm kim v nghin cu vn bn t cc ngun ti liu in v in t. Cch thc ghi ti liu tham kho

Bi 3. Xy dng tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt

70

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.1 Khi nim
L mt bn miu t chi tit ch ra rng nhng l thuyt no s c ni n v s dng trong ti nghin cu ca mnh.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.3 Mt s lu Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt khng phi l mt bn danh sch miu t. Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt phi l s nh gi c mc ch ca nhng thng tin c tnh cht tham kho. S nh gi ny c th da trn mc tiu nghin cu hoc nhng vn gy tranh ci trong ti nghin cu. Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt s th hin k nng ca ngi lm nghin cu 2 lnh vc: kh nng tm kim thng tin, d liu. kh nng nh gi vn mt cch su sc v khch quan

3.2 Mc ch ca Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt

Trnh by kin thc v s hiu bit v vn ang hoc s nghin cu. nh gi u - khuyt im ca cc l thuyt s p dng.
71

72

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Cung cp nn tng l thuyt v nh hng cho nghin cu ca mnh. Lm r ngha ca vic lin kt nhng g ta xut khi nghin cu vi nhng g c nghin cu trc , t gip ta chn lc c phng php nghin cu ph hp. Gip tp trung v lm r rng hn vn nghin cu, trnh s tn mn, lan man. Tng cng kh nng phng php lun. M rng tm hiu bit trong lnh vc ta ang nghin cu. Gim thiu cc sai lm, c bit l nhng sai lm mang tnh ngy th. L bc quan trng nh hng vic tm s liu v thit lp bng cu hi v sau.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Phi c sp xp hp l, bao qut t tng th n chi tit tng cu hi nghin cu. Phi tng hp c cc kt qu thnh mt kt lun, ng thi ch r ra nhng u im cng nh mt hn ch ca tng l thuyt, nu r ci g bit v cha bit. Nhn din c nhng tranh lun ny sinh gia cc l thuyt. Thit lp c nhng cu hi cn thit phc v cho cc nghin cu v sau.
73 74

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Thc hin tt c cc giai on nghin cu. Hu ht tp trung cc giai on u tin ca qu trnh nghin cu, nhm c c s chuyn t vn nghin cu n cc cu hi nghin cu c th.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.4 Mc tiu cn hon thnh l: M rng s hiu bit v nhn thc v vn nghin cu. Tm kim cc cch thc c s dng gii quyt vn nghin cu hoc cu hi nghin cu tng t. Tp hp cc thng tin nn v ch nghin cu tinh lc li cc cu hi nghin cu. Xc nh cc thng tin c th c tp hp hnh thnh cc cu hi iu tra. Xc nh cc dng cu hi c th s dng thu thp d liu theo cc thang o khc nhau. Xc nh ngun v cc khung sn c th ng dng c xc nh phng thc ly mu.

75

76

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.5 5 bc tm kim ti liu: Xc nh vn nghin cu hoc/v cu hi nghin cu Tham kho cc bch khoa ton th, t in, s tay, sch v cc ti liu lin quan n cc thut ng ch yu, con ngi, s kin lin quan n vn hoc cu hi nghin cu. p dng cc thut ng ch yu, con ngi, s kin vo vic tm kim cc ch mc (indexes), danh mc ti liu tham kho, v Internet xc nh cc ngun d liu th cp. nh v v tng quan cc ngun d liu th cp ph hp. nh gi gi tr cc ngun v ni dung ca d liu th cp.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Sau khi tng quan ti liu, ta c th tm thy gii php sn c tr li cho vn nghin cu, v khi , vic thc hin nghin cu l khng cn thit. Tuy nhin, c th cha c cc gii php c cc nghin cu trc ch ra, v ta quyt nh thc hin qu trnh nghin cu.

77

78

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.6 Cc cp ca thng tin d liu
D liu s cp (primary data):
Cc kt qu nguyn thy ca cc nghin cu hoc cc d liu th cha c gii thch hoc pht biu i din cho mt quan im hoc v tr chnh thc no . Hu ht c cn c ch xc v cha c lc hoc din gii bi mt ngi th hai. Ngun d liu s cp: thng l cc s liu ghi nhn trong nghin cu, cc s liu c nhn, cc bng s liu th c mua, cc bng, biu s liu thng k.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.6 Cc cp ca thng tin d liu
D liu th cp (secondary data): Cc thng tin din dch, gii thch ca cc d liu s cp. Hu ht cc d liu tham kho u thuc nhm ny. D liu tam cp (tertiary sources): c th l cc thng tin din dch, gii thch ca cc d liu th cp; Thng thng l cc ch mc (indexes), danh mc ti liu tham kho (bibliographies), v cc ngun tr gip tm kim thng tin khc, v d cc trang Web tm kim thng tin Internet (Internet search engine).

79

80

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.7 Cc dng ngun thng tin : 5 dng
Cc Ch mc (Indexes) v Danh mc Ti liu tham kho (Bibliographies) T in chuyn ngnh (Dictionaries) T in Bch Khoa Ton th (Encyclopedias) S tay (Handbooks) Internet

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.8 Cc bc xy dng Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt Bc 1: Tm cc ti liu c lin quan n ti ang v s nghin cu.

Tham kho cc bch khoa ton th, t in, s tay, sch v cc ti liu lin quan n cc thut ng ch yu, con ngi, s kin lin quan n vn hoc cu hi nghin cu. Cc ngun tm: Internet Sch, bo, tp ch Th vin T in kinh t Phn Index ca cc sch v gio trnh nc ngoi Hi chuyn gia hoc gio vin hng dn

81

82

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.8 Cc bc xy dng Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt Bc 2: Chn lc v gi li nhng ti liu c tin cy cao cng nh cc l thuyt ph hp. Cc cn c nh gi gi tr ca cc ngun v ni dung ca d liu th cp. 5 yu t c dng nh gi gi tr ca cc ngun v ni dung ca d liu.
Mc tiu Purpose (l g?) Gii hn phm vi - Scope (nh th no?) Tc gi - Authority (l ai?) Ngi c Audience (l ai?) nh dng - Format (nh th no?)

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Mc tiu Mc tiu ca ngun d liu l iu m tc gi mun hon thnh. S thin lch ca ngun d liu. Gii hn phm vi Gn cht vi mc tiu l gii hn phm vi. Ngy xut bn, cng b; su ca ch ; Tm bao qut ca ch (a phng, quc gia, quc t); Mc ton din; Nu chng ta khng bit gii hn phm vi ca ngun thng tin, chng ta c th mt thng tin v da trn cc ngun khng hon ho.

83

84

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Tc gi Tc gi ca ngun thng tin: quan trng. Tc gi v nh xut bn l nhng ch tiu th hin cho tc gi. Ngi c Ngi c m cc ti liu, ngun thng tin hng ti l ai. Rt quan trng; c rng buc cht ch vi mc tiu ca ngun d liu. nh dng Khc bit nhau ty theo ngun thng tin. Vn cn quan tm l cch thc trnh by thng tin v vic tm kim cc mnh thng tin c th c d dng hay khng.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.8 Cc bc xy dng Tng quan ti liu v c s l thuyt Bc 3: Tm tt v rt ra cc nhn t, cc bin cn tm v thang o ca n. Bc 4: Cht lc, tng hp v hon thnh khung l thuyt da vo tnh kh thi ca d liu. Chn ra nhng l thuyt tng qut (key concepts). Tm tt chnh ca nhng l thuyt c lin quan, trnh by u-nhc im ca nhng l thuyt . Trnh by kt qu nghin cu thc tin t sch, bo, tp ch, ... trong v ngoi nc m ng h vn ang nghin cu tng sc thuyt phc cho l thuyt m ta chn.

85

86

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

Vai tr:
Bc kh quan trng v khng th thiu trong ti nghin cu; Th hin s trung thc ca ngi lm nghin cu; Th hin s tn trng i vi cc tc gi khc; Tng tnh thuyt phc ca ti nghin cu.

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.9 Cc hnh thc trch dn
Trch dn nguyn vn Din t gin tip theo s hiu bit ca mnh Trch dn bng biu, hnh v minh ha

87

88

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 1. i vi sch:
Theo ISO 690
Gall, J-C. Palocologie. Paysages et environnements disparus. 2e d. Paris: Masson, 1998. 239p. ISBN 2225-83084-3

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 1. i vi sch:
Cc cch khc
Aigner, D. J: Basic Econometrics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1969. American national standard for the abbreviation of titles of periodicals. ANSI Z39.5-1969. American National Standards Institute, Inc., New York.

Theo cch tng quan khoa hc

Gall, J-C. (1998). Palocologie. Paysages et environnements disparus. 2e d. Paris: Masson

89

90

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 2. i vi bi bo ng trong tp ch khoa hc: Theo ISO 690 Deleu, M et al. Apercu des techniques danalyse conformationelle des macromolecules biologiques. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societ et Environnement, 1998, vol 2, no 4, p.234-247 Theo cch tng quan khoa hc Deleu M., Watheler B., Brasseur R., Paquot M. (1998). Apercu des techniques danalyse conformationelle des macromolecules biologiques. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 2(4), 234-247
91

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 2. i vi bi bo ng trong tp ch khoa hc: Cc cch khc
McGirr, C. J. 1973. Guidelines for abstracting. Tech. Commun. 25(2):2-5. Rosner, J. L. 1990. Reflections on science as a product. Nature 345:108. Kaplinsky, R. (1999). "Globalisation and Unequalization: What Can Be Learned from Value Chain Analysis." Journal of Development Studies 37(2): 117-146.

92

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 3. i vi bi ng trong tuyn tp bi vit khoa hc: Theo ISO 690
Troxler, W.L. Thermal desorption. In Kearney, P. and Roberts, T. (eds), Pesticide remediation in soils and water. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1998, p.105-128

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t) 3. i vi bi ng trong tuyn tp bi vit khoa hc: Cc cch khc
Hugon, P., 1985. "Le miroir sans tain. Dpendance alimentaire et urbanisation en Afrique: un essai d'analyse msodynamique en termes de filires", in Altersial, CERED & M.S.A. (eds.), Nourrir les villes, L'Harmattan, pp. 9 46. Suhariyanto, K., Lusigi, A., Thirtle, C., 2001. Productivity growth and convergence in Asian and African agriculture. In: Lawrence, P., Thirtle, C. (Eds.), Africa and Asia in Comparative Economic Perspective. Palgrave, New York.

Theo cch tng quan khoa hc

Troxler, W.L. (1998). Thermal desorption. In Kearney, P. and Roberts, T., eds. Pesticide remediation in soils and water. Chichester, UK: Wiley, p.105-128

93

94

Bi 3. TNG QUAN TI LIU V C S L THUYT

3.10 Cch ghi ti liu tham kho (theo ISO 690 v thng l quc t)
4. i vi ngun t Internet :

Theo ISO 690

Ashby J.A et al. Investing in Farmers as Researchers. Ciat publication n0 318 [online]. Cali, Colombia: CIAT, 2000 [ref. on Jan 20th 2002). Available on World Wide Web: <http://www.ciat.cigiar.org/downloads/pdf/Investing_farmers.pdf >

Theo cch tng quan khoa hc

Ashby J.A., Braun A.R., Gracia T., Del Pilar Guerrero L., Hernandez L.A., Quiros C.A., Roa J.I. (2000). Investing in Farmers as Researchers. Ciat publication n0 318 [online]. Cali, Colombia: CIAT, 2000. Available on World Wide Web: <http://www.ciat.cigiar.org/downloads/pdf/Investing_farmers.pdf >, Consulted Jan 20th 2002

95