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Ph gia trong c ph ha tan I.Cht iu chnh axit: Axit photphoric - c tnh: INS: 338, MTDI: 70, ML: 440.

. -ng dng :iu chnh acid , bo qun, chng oxi ha , to phc kim loi, chng ng vn , n nh mu, nh ha, iu v, lm rn chc , x l bt, lm m , lm dy Cc tn khc: Cng thc phn t : Phn t lng: ha tan trong nc: nht : Orthophosphoric axt H3PO4 98g/ mol 548g/100ml 147CP (100%)

Tnh cht vt l -Axit photphoric l cht rn tinh th khng mu, khi lng ring 1,87 g/cm3; nhit nng chy = 42,350C (dng H3PO4.H2O c nhit nng chy = 29,320C); phn hu 2130C. Tan trong etanol, nc (vi bt k t l no). Trong cu trc tinh th ca n gm c nhng nhm t din PO4, lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hidro. Cu trc vn cn c gi li trong dung dch m c ca axit trong nc v lm cho dung dch snh ging nh nc ng. -Axit orthophotphoric tan trong nc c gii thch bng s to thnh lin kt hidro gia nhng phn t H3PO4 v nhng phn t H2O. Tnh cht ha hc: -Trong phn t axit photphoric P mc oxi ha +5 bn nn axit photphoric kh b kh, khng c tnh oxi ha nh axit nitric. Khi un nng dn n 260C, axit orthophotphoric mt bt nc, bin thnh axit iphotphoric (H4P2O7); 3000C, bin thnh axit metaphotphoric (HPO3). Axit photphoric l axit ba nc c mnh trung bnh, hng s axit 250C c cc gi tr K1 = 7.103, K2 = 8.106, K3 = 4.1013. - Dung dch axit photphoric c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit nh i m qu tm thnh , tc dng vi oxit bazo, bazo, mui, kim loi. Khi tc dng vi oxit bazo hoc bazo, ty theo lng cht tc dng m sn phm l mui trung ha, mui axit hoc hn hp mui.

iu ch: - Trong phng th nghim, axit photphoric c iu ch bng cch dng HNO3 c oxi ha photpho nhit cao: P + 5 HNO3 H3PO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O Trong cng nghip, iu ch H3PO4 bng phng php trch li (phn hu qung photphorit hoc qung aptit bng axit sunfuric c, tuy nhin iu ch bng phng php ny thu c axit photphoric khng tinh khit, c cht lng thp). thu c H3PO4 c tinh khit cao hn v nng cao hn, ngi ta iu ch bng phng php nhit (kh qung photphorit, apatit n P, oxi ho P thnh P2O5, hp th bng nc).

II.Cht lm dy 1. Carrageenan: (INS 407) - Carrageenan l mt ch phm sinh hc c ng dng thnh cng trong vic ci thin cht lng dch ng trong qu trnh ln men bia. Carrageenan c sn xut thnh cng t loi to bin Rhodophyceae, c cu trc l mt mch thng ca polysaccharide sulphat, cha galactose v anhydrogalac tose vi cc lin kt 1 - 3 v 1 - 4. Khi nhit cao, carrageenan s lin kt thun nghch vi ion kali, ha tan nhit cao v s kt ta cc protein khi iu kin nhit thp. PHN LOI -Carrageenan c phn loi theo hm lng 3,6 - anhydrogalactose v v tr nhm ester sulfate, to nhiu sn phm c ng khc nhau. Vic thay i thnh phn 3,6 anhydrogalactose s nh hng n qu trnh hydrat ha, cu trc v bn ca cht ng, nhit ng v nng chy. Nhn chung, carrageenan c ba loi chnh sau: Kappa carrageenan: - Ho tan nhit cao. - To khi ng (gel) cng. - bn ca khi ng tng ln khi c mt ca mui kali. Lota carrageenan: C th tan mt phn nhit thp. Ch ha tan hon ton khi un nng dung dch. bn ca gel tng ln khi c mt ca mui kali. Hnh thnh khi ng do v n hi.

Lambda carrageenan: - C th tan hon ton nhit thp. - To dung dch c nht cao mc d khng to ng. - Tng tc vi protein to s n nh cho rt nhiu sn phm c ngun gc t b v pho mt, ch yu c dng lm tng c v ci tin cu trc thc phm 2. Gm Gellan: (INS 418) Gellan Gum l mt loi polysaccharide ngoi bo c tit ra bi Pseudomonas elodea ,c cu trc mch thng vi s lp li ca cc tetrasaccharide

Gellan l cht to nh ha, cht to c, cht n nh, tc nhn lm ng, mitrng nui cy, cht to mng v bi trn. Gellan c ng dng rng ri trn 20 lnh vc nh l thc phm, m phm, cht ty ra, gm S hnh thnh gel ca gellan xy ra nhanh chng khi nng v h nhit ca dung dch gellan vi s c mt ca cc cation. nhit thp, cc si kp ca gellan s hnh thnh nhng vng xon c trt t, trong khi nhit cao xut hin cc polysaccharide dng si n lm gim nht ca dung dch. Nhit chuyn tip l khong 30 - 350C. Di nhit chuyn tip, cu trc ca dch tr nn cng dn v kt qu l hnh thnh gel. Cc si xon lin kt vi nhau bng cc mi ni v hnh thnh nn mng li khng gian ba chiu bng cch to phc hp vi cc cation v lin kt hydro vi nc. S b sung cc cation ha tr mt v ha tr hai trong sut qu trnh lm lnh s lm tng s cu mui ti mi ni, v th ci thin c tnh cht to gel ca gellan. 3. Gm Arabic: (INS 414) - Tn gi khc gum Arabic (acacia Gum) - Ngun gc : Gum arabic l nha t thn v cnh ca cy acacia Senegal - Cu to: L hn hp ca nhiu polysaccharide c quan h gn gi nh L-arabinose, L-ramnose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid. Chui chnh ca n l c gc beta D-galactose lien kt vi nhau bng lien kt 1,3 - Khi lng phn t: M= 250000- 1000000 4. Gm Gua: (INS 412) - Tn gi khc Guar gum, bt guar - Ngun gc: C trong thnh phn ni nh ca ht Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, thuc h Legumisosae, c trng ch yu n , Pakistan, M. Bt guar gum cha 10-15% m, 5-6% protein, 2,5% x, 0,5-0,8% tro - Cu to: Gm 1 mch chnh do cc gc D-mannose kt hp li vi nhau bng lin kt beta 1,4, v cc gc D-galactose ni vi D-mannose ca mch chnh bng lin kt alpha 1,6 T l galactose : mannose l 2:1 Khi lng phn t M=220000 - Tnh cht: Mu trng hi vng Dng bt, khng mi Hydrate ha trong nc lnh to dung dch c nht cao

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