www.PNE.edu.

vn
Dng 1: Dy s m cc s hng cch u.
Bi 1: Tnh B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 98 + 99
Nhn xt: Nu hc sinh no c s sng to s thy ngay
tng: 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 98 + 99 c th tnh hon ton tng t nh
bi 1, cp s gia vn l 51 v 50, (v tng trn ch thiu s
100) vy ta vit tng B nh sau:
B = 1 + (2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 98 + 99). Ta thy tng trong
ngoc gm 98 s hng, nu chia thnh cc cp ta c 49 cp nn
tng l: (2 + 99) + (3 + 98) + ... + (51 + 50) = 49.101 = 4949,
khi B = 1 + 4949 = 4950
Li bnh: Tng B gm 99 s hng, nu ta chia cc s hng
thnh cp (mi cp c 2 s hng th c 49 cp v d 1 s
hng, cp th 49 th gm 2 s hng no? S hng d l bao nhiu?),
n y hc sinh s b vng mc.
Ta c th tnh tng B theo cch khc nh sau:
Cch 2:
B

= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 97 +

98 + 99
+

B = 99 + 98 + ... + 3 + 2 +
1
2B = 100 + 100 + ... + 100 +
100 + 100
2B = 100.99 B = 50.99 = 4950

Bi 2: Tnh C = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 997 + 999

Li gii:
Cch 1: T 1 n 1000 c 500 s chn v 500 s l nn tng
trn c 500 s l. p dng cc bi trn ta c C = (1 + 999) + (3 +
997) + ... + (499 + 501) = 1000.250 = 250.000 (Tng trn c 250
cp s)
Cch 2: Ta thy:
1 = 2.1 -

1
-1-

www.PNE.edu.vn
3 = 2.2 - 1
5 = 2.3 - 1
...
99 = 2.50 - 1
9

Quan st v phi, tha s th 2 theo th t t trn xung di ta c

th xc nh c s cc s hng ca dy s C l 500 s hng.
p dng cch 2 ca bi trn ta c:

C = 1 + 3 + ... + 997 + 999

+

C = 999 + 997 + ... + 3 + 1

2C = 1000 + 1000 + ... + 1000
+ 1000
2C = 1000.500 C = 1000.250 = 250.000

Bi 3. Tnh D = 10 + 12 + 14 + ... + 994 + 996 + 998

Nhn xt: Cc s hng ca tng D u l cc s chn, p
dng cch lm ca bi tp 3 tm s cc s hng ca tng D nh
sau:
Ta thy:
10 =2.4 +2
12 =2.5 +2
14 =2.6 +2
...
99 = 2.49 +2
8

Tng t bi trn: t 4 n 498 c 495 s nn ta c s cc s

hng ca D l 495, mt khc ta li thy: 495 =

998 10
+ 1 hay
2

s cc s hng = (s hng u - s hng cui) : khong cch

ri cng thm 1
Khi ta c:
D = 10 + 12 + ... + 996 + 998
+

D = 998 + 996 + ... + 12 + 10

2D = 1008 + 1008 + ... + 1008
+ 1008
2D = 1008.495 D = 504.495 = 249480
-2-

Thc cht D =

(998 + 10)495
2

www.PNE.edu.vn

Qua cc v d trn , ta rt ra mt cch tng qut nh sau: Cho dy

s cch u

u 1, u2, u3, ... un (*), khong cch gia hai s

hng lin tip ca dy l d,

Khi s cc s hng ca dy (*) l: n =

un u1
+ 1 (1)
d

Sn =

n(u1 + un )
(2)
2

Tng cc s hng ca dy (*) l

c bit t cng thc (1) ta c th tnh c s hng th n ca

dy (*) l:

un = u1 + (n - 1)d

Hoc khi u1 = d = 1 th S1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =

n(n + 1)
2

Bi 4. Tnh E = 10,11 + 11,12 + 12,13 + ...+ 98,99 + 99,10

Li gii
Ta c th a cc s hng ca tng trn v dng s t nhin bng
cch nhn c hai v vi 100, khi ta c:
100E = 1011 + 1112 + 1213 + ... + 9899 + 9910 = (1011 +
1112 + 1213 + ... + 9899) + 9910 =

(1011 + 9899).98
+ 9910 = 485495 +
2

9910 = 495405
E = 4954,05
(Ghi ch: V s cc s hng ca dy l

(9899 1011)
+ 1 = 98 )
101

Bi 5. Phn tch s 8030028 thnh tng ca 2004 s t nhin

chn lin tip.
Li gii
Gi a l s t nhin chn, ta c tng ca 2004 s t nhin chn
lin tip l:
S

(a

2)

...

(a

4006)

a + ( a + 4006)

.2004 = ( a + 2003).2004 . Khi ta c: (a + 2003).2004 =

2

8030028 a = 2004.
-3-

www.PNE.edu.vn
Vy ta c: 8030028 = 2004 + 2006 + 2008 + ... + 6010
Nhn xt:
Sau khi gii quyt cc bi ton dng trn ta khng thy c vng
mc g ln, bi v l ton b nhng bi ton c bn m i
vi hc sinh kh cng khng gp my kh khn khi tip thu. Tuy
nhin l cc c s u tin t chng ta tip tc nghin
cu cc dng ton mc cao hn, phc tp hn mt cht.

-4-

www.PNE.edu.vn
Dng 2: Dy s m cc s hng khng cch u.
Bi 1. Tnh A = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + + n.(n + 1)
Li gii
Ta thy mi s hng ca tng trn l tch ca hai s t nhn lin
tip, khi :
Gi a1 = 1.2 3a1 = 1.2.3 3a1= 1.2.3 - 0.1.2
a2 = 2.3 3a2 = 2.3.3 3a2= 2.3.4 - 1.2.3
a3 = 3.4 3a3 = 3.3.4 3a3 = 3.4.5 - 2.3.4
..
an-1 = (n - 1)n 3an-1 =3(n - 1)n 3an-1 = (n - 1)n(n + 1) - (n
- 2)(n - 1)n
an = n(n + 1) 3an = 3n(n + 1) 3an = n(n + 1)(n + 2) - (n
- 1)n(n + 1)
Cng tng v ca cc ng thc trn ta c:
3(a1 + a2 + + an) = n(n + 1)(n + 2)
3 [ 1.2 + 2.3 + ... + n(n + 1) ] = n(n + 1)(n + 2) A =

n(n + 1)(n + 2)
3

Cch 2: Ta c
3A = 1.2.3 + 2.3.3 + + n(n + 1).3 = 1.2.(3 - 0) + 2.3.(3
- 1) + +

n(n + 1)[(n - 2) - (n - 1)] = 1.2.3 - 1.2.0 + 2.3.3 - 1.2.3

+ + n(n + 1)(n + 2) - (n - 1)n(n + 1) = n(n + 1)(n + 2) A =

n( n + 1)( n + 2)
3

* Tng qut ho ta c:
k(k + 1)(k + 2) - (k - 1)k(k + 1) = 3k(k + 1). Trong k = 1; 2; 3;

Ta d dng chng minh cng thc trn nh sau:

k(k + 1)(k + 2) - (k - 1)k(k + 1) = k(k + 1)[(k + 2) - (k - 1)] = 3k(k
+ 1)
Bi 2. Tnh B = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + + (n - 1)n(n + 1)
Li gii
p dng tnh k tha ca bi 1 ta c:

-5-

www.PNE.edu.vn
4B = 1.2.3.4 + 2.3.4.4 + + (n - 1)n(n + 1).4
= 1.2.3.4 - 0.1.2.3 + 2.3.4.5 - 1.2.3.4 + + (n - 1)n(n + 1)(n
+ 2) [(n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)] = (n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) - 0.1.2.3 = (n - 1)n(n
+ 1)(n + 2)
B=

(n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)
4

Bi 3. Tnh C = 1.4 + 2.5 + 3.6 + 4.7 + + n(n + 3)

Li gii
Ta thy: 1.4 = 1.(1 + 3)
2.5 = 2.(2 + 3)
3.6 = 3.(3 + 3)
4.7 = 4.(4 + 3)
.
n(n + 3) = n(n + 1) + 2n
Vy C = 1.2 + 2.1 + 2.3 + 2.2 + 3.4 + 2.3 + + n(n + 1) +2n
= 1.2 + 2 +2.3 + 4 + 3.4 + 6 + + n(n + 1) + 2n
= [1.2 +2.3 +3.4 + + n(n + 1)] + (2 + 4 + 6 + +
2n)
3C = 3.[1.2 +2.3 +3.4 + + n(n + 1)] + 3.(2 + 4 + 6 + +
2n) =
= 1.2.3 + 2.3.3 + 3.4.3 + + n(n + 1).3 + 3.(2 + 4 + 6 +
+ 2n) =
= n(n + 1)(n + 2) +

3(2n + 2)n
C=
2

n(n + 1)(n + 2) 3(2n + 2)n

+
=
3
2

n( n + 1)( n + 5)
3

Bi 4. Tnh D = 12 + 22 + 32 + + n2
Nhn xt: Cc s hng ca bi 1 l tch ca hai s t nhin
lin tip, cn bi ny l tch ca hai s t nhin ging nhau. Do
ta chuyn v dng bi tp 1:

-6-

www.PNE.edu.vn
Ta c: A = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + + n.(n + 1) = 1.(1 + 1) + 2.(1 +
2) + +
+ n.(1 + n) = 12 + 1.1 + 22 + 2.1 + 32 + 3.1 + + n2 + n.1 = (12
+ 22 + 32 + + n2 ) + (1 + 2 + 3 + + n). Mt khc theo bi tp
1 ta c:
A=

n( n + 1)( n + 2)
n(n + 1)
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 +
v 1 + 2 + 3 + + n =
3
2

+ n2 = =

n(n + 1)(n + 2) n( n + 1)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
3
2
6

Bi 5. Tnh E = 13 + 23 + 33 + + n3
Li gii
Tng t bi ton trn, xut pht t bi ton 2, ta a tng B v
tng E:

Ta c:

B = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + + (n - 1)n(n + 1) = (2 - 1).2.(2 + 1) + (3 1).3.(3 + 1)

+ + (n - 1)n(n + 1) = (23 - 2) + (33 - 3) + + (n3 - n) =
= (23 + 33 + + n3) - (2 + 3 + + n) = (1 3 + 23 + 33 + +
n3) - (1 + 2 + 3 + + n) = (13 + 23 + 33 + + n3) (13 + 23 + 33 + + n3) = B +

n( n + 1)

n(n + 1)
M ta bit B =
2

(n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)
4
E = 1 3 + 23 + 3 3 + + n 3 =
(n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 1)
n( n + 1)
=
+
=
4
2
2

Cch 2: Ta c:
A 1 = 13 = 12
A2 = 13 + 23 = 9 = (1 + 2)2
A3 = 13 + 23 + 33 = 36 = (1 + 2 + 3)2
Gi s c: Ak = 13 + 23 + 33 + + k3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + + k) 2 (1) Ta
chng minh:
-7-

Ak+1

www.PNE.edu.vn
= 1 + 2 + 33 + + (k + 1)3 = [1 + 2 + 3 + + (k
3

+ 1)]2 (2)
Tht vy, ta bit: 1 + 2 + 3 + + k =
Ak = [

k (k + 1) 2
]
2

(1') Cng vo hai v ca (1') vi (k + 1) 3 ta c:

Ak + (k + 1)3 = [
(k + 1)( k + 2)
=

k ( k + 1)

k (k + 1) 2
k (k + 1) 2
] + (k + 1)3 Ak+1 = [
] + (k + 1)3
2
2

Vy tng trn ng vi Ak+1, tc l ta lun c:

Ak+1 = 13 + 23 + 33 + + (k + 1)3 = [1 + 2 + 3 + + (k +
1)]2 =
2

(k + 1)( k + 2)
=
. Vy khi ta c:

n(n + 1)
E = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n = (1 + 2 + 3 + + n) =
2
3

Li bnh: - Vi bi tp trn ta p dng kin thc v quy np

Ton hc.
- Bi tp trn chnh l dng bi tp v tng cc s
hng ca mt cp s nhn (lp 11) nhng chng ta c th gii quyt
c trong phm vi cp THCS.
Bi 6. (Trang 23 SGK Ton 7 tp 1)
Bit rng 12 + 22 + 32 ++ 102 = 385, em tnh nhanh c
tng
S = 22 + 42 + 62 + + 202
Li gii
Ta c: S = 22 + 42 + 62 + + 202 = (2.1)2 + (2.2)2 + + (2.10)2
=
= 12.22 + 22.22 + 22.32 + + 22.102 = 22.(12 + 22 + 32 + +
102) = 4. (12 + 22 + 32 + + 102) = 4.385 = 1540.
Nhn xt: Nu t P = 12 + 22 + 32 + + 102 th ta c: S =
4.P. Do , nu cho S th ta s tnh c P v ngc li. Tng qut
ha ta c:
-8-

www.PNE.edu.vn
P = 12 + 22 + 32 ++ n2 =

n( n + 1)(2n + 1)
(theo kt qu trn)
6

Khi S = 22 + 42 + 62 + + (2n)2 c tnh tng t nh bi

trn, ta c:
S = (2.1)2 + (2.2)2 + + (2.n)2 = 4.( 12 + 22 + 32 + + n2) =
=

4n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
3

Cn: P = 13 + 23 + 33 + + n3 =

n(n + 1)
. Ta tnh S = 23 + 43 +

63 ++ (2n)3 nh sau: S = (2.1)3 + (2.2)3 + (2.3)3 + + (2.n)3 = 8.

(13 + 23 + 33 + + n3) lc ny S = 8P, Vy ta c: S = 23 + 43 + 63 +
2

+ (2n)

2
2
n(n + 1) 8.n (n + 1)
=
= 2n 2 (n + 1)2
= 8

4
2

p dng cc kt qu trn, ta c bi tp sau:

Bi 7. a) Tnh A = 12 + 32 + 52 + ...+ (2n -1)2

b) Tnh B = 13 + 33 + 53 + + (2n-1)3
Li gii
a)Theo kt qu bi trn, ta c: 12 + 22 + 32 ++ (2n)2 =
=

2n(2n + 1)(4n + 1) n(2n + 1)(4n + 1)

=
6
3

M ta thy:
12 + 32 + 52 + ...+ (2n -1)2 = 12 + 22 + 32 ++ (2n)2 - [23 + 43 +
63 ++ (2n)2] =
=

n(2n + 1)(4n + 1)
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2n 2 (2n + 1)
=
3
3
3

b) Ta c: 13 + 33 + 53 + + (2n-1)3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + + (2n)3 - [23 + 43 + 63 ++ (2n)3] . p dng kt qu bi tp trn ta

c:
13 + 23 + 33 + + (2n)3 = n2(2n + 1)2.
Vy: B = 13 + 33 + 53 + + (2n-1)3 = n2(2n + 1)2 - 2n2(n + 1)2 =
= 2n4 - n2
Ngy dy: 20/9/2009
-9-

www.PNE.edu.vn

- 10 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
Mt s bi tp dng khc
Bi 1. Tnh S1 = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 263
Li gii
Cch 1:
Ta thy: S1 = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 263

(1)

2S1 = 2 + 22 + 23 + + 263 + 264

(2)

Tr tng v ca (2) cho (1) ta c:

2S1 - S1 = 2 + 22 + 23 + + 263 + 264 - (1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 + +
263)
= 264 - 1. Hay S1 = 264 - 1
Cch 2:
Ta c: S1 = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 + + 263 = 1 + 2(1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 +
+ 262)

(1)
= 1 + 2(S1 - 263) = 1 + 2S1 - 264 S1 = 264 - 1

Bi 2. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc S = 1 +3 + 3 2 + 33 + + 32000

(1)
Li gii:
Cch 1: p dng cch lm ca bi 1:
Ta c: 3S = 3 + 32 + 33 + + 32001

(2) Tr tng v ca (2)

cho (1) ta c:
3S - 2S = (3 + 32 + 33 + + 32001) - (1 +3 + 32 + 33 +
+ 32000)
Hay:

32001 1
2S = 32001 - 1 S =
2

Cch 2: Tng t nh cch 2 ca bi trn:

Ta c: S = 1 + 3(1 +3 + 3 2 + 33 + + 31999) = 1 + 3(S - 32000) =
1 + 3S - 32001
2S = 32001 - 1 S =

32001 1
2

*) Tng qut ho ta c:
S n = 1 + q + q 2 + q3 + + q n
Khi ta c:
- 11 -

(1)

Cch 1:

www.PNE.edu.vn
qSn = q + q2 + q3 + + qn+1

(2)

Tr tng v ca (2) cho (1) ta c: (q - 1)S = q n+1 - 1 S =

q n +1 1
q 1

Cch 2:

Sn = 1 + q(1 + q + q2 + q3 + + qn-1) = 1 + q(Sn -

qn )
= 1 + qS n - qn+1 qSn - Sn = qn+1 - 1 hay: Sn(q - 1)
= qn+1 - 1
S=

q n +1 1
q 1

Bi 3. Cho A = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 29; B = 5.28. Hy so snh A v

B
Cch 1: Ta thy: B = 5.28 = (23 + 22 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
+ 1).26
= 2 9 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 26 + 26 + 26 + 26 +
26 + 26
= 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 26 + 26 + 26 + 26 + 26
+ 25 + 2 5
(V 26 = 2.25). Vy r rng ta thy B > A
Cch 2: p dng cch lm ca cc bi tp trn ta thy n
gin hn,
tht vy:
A = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 + + 2 9

(1)

2A = 2 + 22 + 23 + + 29 + 210 (2)
Tr tng v ca (2) cho (1) ta c:
2A - A = (2 + 2 2 + 23 + + 29 + 210) - (1 + 2 + 22 + 23
+ + 29)
= 210 - 1 hay A = 210 - 1
Cn: B = 5.28 = (22 + 1).28 = 210 + 28
Vy B > A

- 12 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
* Ta c th tm c gi tr ca biu thc A, t hc sinh c
th so snh c A vi B m khng gp my kh khn.
Bi 4. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc S = 1 + 2.6 + 3.6 2 + 4.63 + +
100.699

(1)
6S = 6 + 2.6 2 + 3.63 + + 99.699 +

Ta c:
100.6100 (2)

Tr tng v ca (2) cho (1) ta c:

5S = 6 - 2.6 + (2.62 - 3.62) + (3.63 - 4.63) + + (99.699 100.699) +
+ 100.6100 - 1 = 100.6100 - 1 - (6 + 62 + 63 + + 699)
(*)
t S' = 6 + 62 + 63 + + 699 6S' = 62 + 63 + + 699 + 6100

S' =

6100 6
6100 6
100
thay vo (*) ta c: 5S = 100.6
- 1 =
5
5

499.6100 + 1
5
S=

499.6100 + 1
25

Bi 5. Ngi ta vit dy s: 1; 2; 3; ... Hi ch s th 673 l ch s

no?
Li gii
Ta thy: T 1 n 99 c: 9 + 2.90 = 189 ch s, theo u bi
ta cn thiu s cc ch s ca dy l: 673 - 189 = 484 ch s, nh
vy ch s th 673 phi nm trong dy cc s c 3 ch s. Vy ta
xt tip:
T 100 n 260 c: 3.161 = 483 ch s
Nh vy t 1 n 260 c: 189 + 483 = 672 ch s, theo u
bi th ch s th 673 s l ch s 2 ca s 261.
Mt s bi tp t gii:
1. Tnh: A = 1.2.3.4 + 2.3.4.5 + + (n - 2) (n + 1)
2. Tnh: B = 1.2.4 + 2.3.5 + + n(n + 1)(n + 3)
- 13 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
3. Tnh: C = 2 + 5 + 82 + ...+ (3n - 1)2
2

4. Tnh: D = 14 + 24 + 34 + ... + n4
5. Tnh: E = 7 + 74 + 77 + 710 + + 73001
6. Tnh: F = 8 + 83 + 85 + + 8801
7. Tnh: G = 9 + 99 + 999 + + 99 9 (ch s cui gm 190
ch s 9)
8. Tnh: H = 1.1! + 2.2! + + n.n!
9. Cho dy s: 1; 2; 3; . Hi ch s th 2007 l ch s no?
*****************************************************

- 14 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
th loi ton v phn s:

Bi 1. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc A = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + (n 1).n

Li gii
1 1 1 1

sau khi b du ngoc ta c:

Ta c: A = + + ... +
1 2 2 3
n 1 n
1
n

A = 1 =

n 1
n

Nhn xt: Ta thy cc gi tr t khng thay i v chng

v ng bng hiu hai tha s mu. Mi s hng u c dng:
m
1
1
=
(Hiu hai tha s mu lun bng gi tr t th
b(b + m) b b + m

phn s lun vit c di dng hiu ca hai phn s khc vi

cc mu tng ng). Nn ta c mt tng vi cc c im: cc s
hng lin tip lun i nhau (s tr ca nhm trc bng s b tr
ca nhm sau lin tip), c nh vy cc s hng trong tng u c
kh lin tip, n khi trong tng ch cn s hng u v s hng
cui, lc ta thc hin php tnh s n gin hn.
4
4
4
4
+
+
+ ... +
3.7 7.11 11.15
95.99

Bi 2. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc B =

4

+
+ ... +
B= +
vn dng cch lm ca phn
95.99
3.7 7.11 11.15

nhn xt, ta c: 7 - 3 = 4 (ng bng t) nn ta c:

1 1

32

B = + + + ... + = =
95 99
3 99 99
3 7 7 11 11 15
Bi 3. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc C =

72
72
72
72
+
+
+ ... +
2.9 9.16 16.23
65.72

Nhn xt: Ta thy: 9 - 2 = 7 72 t nn ta khng th p

dng cch lm ca cc bi trn ( t u cha 7 2), nu gi nguyn
cc phn s th ta khng th tch c thnh hiu cc phn s

- 15 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
khc rt gn tng trn c. Mt khc ta thy:

7
1 1
= , v vy
2.9 2 9

gii quyt c vn ta phi t 7 lm tha s chung ra

ngoi du ngoc, khi thc hin bn trong ngoc s n gin.
Vy ta c th bin i:
7
7
7
1
1
7
1 1 1 1 1 1
+
+
+ ... +
= 7. + + + ... + =
65.72
65 72
2.9 9.16 16.23
2 9 9 16 16 23

C = 7.

= 7. = 7. = 3
72
72
2 72
1

35

29

Bi 4. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc D =

3
3
3
3
+
+
+ ... +
1.3 3.5 5.7
49.51

Li gii
Ta li thy: 3 - 1 = 2 3 t ca mi phn s trong tng nn
bng cch no ta a 3 ra ngoi v a 2 vo trong thay th.
Ta c: D =

2 3
3
3
3
3 2
2
2
2
+
+
+ ... +
+
+
+ ... +

2 1.3 3.5 5.7

49.51
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
49.51

3 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
3 1 1 3 50 25
+ + + ... + = = g =
2 1 3 3 5 5 7
49 51
2 1 51 2 51 17

Bi 5. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc E =

1 1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+
+
+
7 91 247 475 775 1147

Li gii
Ta thy: 7 = 1.7 ;

91 = 13.7 ;

247 = 13.19 ;

475 = 19.25
775 = 25.31 ;

1147 = 31.37

Tng t bi tp trn ta c:
E=

1 6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+

=
6 1.7 7.13 13.19 19.25 25.31 31.37

1 1 1

1 36

= + + + + + = 1 = =
6 1 7 7 13 13 19 19 25 25 31 31 37
6 37 6 37 37
Bi 6. ( thi chn HSG Ton 6 - TX H ng - H Ty - Nm hc
2002 - 2003)
So snh: A =

2
2
2
2
+
+ ... +
+
v
60.63 63.66
117.120 2003

- 16 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
B=

5
5
5
5
+
+ ... +
+
40.44 44.48
76.80 2003

Li gii
Li

dng

cch

lm

bi

trn

ta

c:

A=

2 3
3
3
2
+
+ ... +
=

+
3 60.63 63.66
117.120 2003
2 1

2 1

=
+
= + + ... +
=
=
+
+
3 60 63 63 66
117 200 2003
3 60 120 2003 3 120 2003

1
2
+
180 2003

Tng t cch lm trn ta c:

B=

5 1
1
5
5 1
5
1
5
= +
=
+
+
4 40 80 2003 4 80 2003 64 2003
1

+
+
=
+
Ta li c: 2A = 2
T y ta thy ngay
=
180 2003 180 2003 90 2003

B > 2A th hin nhin B > A

Bi 7. ( thi chn HSG Ton nm hc 1985 - 1986)
So snh hai biu thc A v B:

+
+
+ ... +
A = 124

16.2000
1.1985 2.1986 3.1987
1

B=

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
1.17 2.18 3.19
1984.2000

Li gii
Ta c: A =
=

124
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
. 1
+
+
+ ... +
=
1984 1985 2 1986 3 1987
16 2000

1 1
1 1
1
1
. 1 + + ... +
+
+ ... +

16 2
16 1985 1986
2000

Cn

1
1 1 1
1
1
. 1 + + ... +

=
16 17 2 18
1984 2000

1 1
1 1 1
1
. 1 + + ... +
+ + ... +
=
16 2
1984 17 18
2000

1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
. 1 + + ... + + + + ... +
...
+ ... +

16 2
16 17 18
1984 17 18
1984 1985
2000

- 17 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
=

1 1
1 1
1
1
+
+ ... +
1 + + ... +

16 2
16 1985 1986
2000

Vy A = B
************************************************

- 18 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
th loi ton v phn s (tip)
1

Bi 8. Chng t rng: 5 + 13 + 25 + ... + n2 + n + 1 2 < 2 vi mi n N

(
)
Li gii
Ta khng th p dng ngay cch lm ca cc bi tp trn, m ta
thy:
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
<
; <
; <
... ta phi so snh: 2
2 vi:
n + (n + 1)
2n(2n + 1)
5 2.4 13 4.6 25 6.8
1

Tht vy: n2 + (n + 1) 2 = n 2 + (n + 1) 2 = 2n2 + 2n + 1 cn 2n(2n + 2) = n(2n + 2) = 2n 2 + 2n

1

nn hin nhin n2 + (n + 1)2 < 2n(2n + 1) n N .

1

Vy ta c: 5 + 13 + 25 + ... + n2 + n + 1 2 < 2.4 + 4.6 + 6.8 + ... + 2n(2n + 2)

(
)
2

1 2

1 1

M: 2.4 = 2 4 ; 4.6 = 4 6 ; 6.8 = 6 8 ... 2n(2n + 2) = 2n 2n + 2 nn:

2
2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
= + + ... +

<
=
2.4 4.6 6.8
2n(2n + 2) 2 4 4 6 6 8
2 n 2 n + 2 2 2n + 2 2

l hin nhin vi mi s t nhin n

1

1 1

Vy: 5 + 13 + 25 + ... + n2 + (n + 1)2 < 2 4 + 4 6 + 6 8 ... + 2n 2n + 2 hay

1 1 1
1
1
+ + + ... + 2
<
2
5 13 25
n + (n + 1)
2
3

2n + 1

Bi 9. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M = (1.2)2 + (2.3) 2 + ... + n(n + 1) 2

[
]
Li gii
1

Ta c ngay: M = 12 22 + 22 32 + ... + (n 1) 2 n 2 + n2 ( n + 1) 2
= 1

1
(n + 1) 2 1
(n + 1)(n + 1) 1 n 2 + 2n + 1 1 n 2 + 2n n(n + 2)
=
=
=
=
=
(n + 1) 2
(n + 1) 2
(n + 1) 2
(n + 1) 2
(n + 1) 2 ( n + 1) 2
1

Bi 10. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc N = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2)
Li gii
Ta c: N =
=

1 2
2
2
2
+
+
+ ... +

2 1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5

n.( n + 1)(n + 2)

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ... +

2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 3.4 4.5

n.( n + 1) ( n + 1)( n + 2)

- 19 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
=

11
1

2 2 (n + 1)(n + 2)

Bi 11. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc: H =

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5
(n 1).n(n + 1)( n + 2)

Li gii
Ta c: H =
=
=

1 3
3
3

+
+ ... +

3 1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5
(n 1).n.(n + 1).(n + 2)

1 1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ... +

3 1.2.3 2.3.4 2.3.4 3.4.5

( n 1).n.( n + 1) n.( n + 1).( n + 2)

11
1

3 6 n(n + 1)(n + 2)

Bi 12. Chng minh rng P =

12
12
12
12
1
+
+
+ ... +
<
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.12
54.57.60 2

Li gii

+
+
+ ... +
Ta c: P = 2.

54.57.60
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.13
6

= 2.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ... +

=
54.57 57.60
1.4 4.7 4.7 7.10 7.10 10.13
1
854 427 427 1
1
1
=
<
= . Vy P <
= 2
= 2
3420 855 854 2
2
4 57.60
1 1 1
1
Bi 13. Chng minh rng S = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 < 2
2 3 4
100

Li gii
Ta thy:

1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
<
; 2<
; 2<
...
<
p dng cch lm bi
2
2
2 1.2 3
2.3 4
3.4 100
99.100

tp trn ta c:
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
< 1+1
< 2 hay S < 2
1.2 2.3 3.4
99.100
100
1
1
1
Bi 14. t A = + + ... +
1.2 3.4
2005.2006
1
1
1
A
B=
+
+ ... +
. Chng minh rng Z
1004.2006 1005.2006
2006.1004
B

S < 1+

Li gii

p dng cc bi trn, ta c:
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
A= +
+ ... +

= 1 + + ... +
=
1.2 3.4
2005.2006
2 3 4
2005 2006
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
= 1 + + + ... +
+ + + ... +
=
2005 2 4 6
2006
3 5
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
= 1 + + + + ... +
- 2 + + ... +
=
2006
2006
2 3 4
2 4

- 20 -

www.PNE.edu.vn

= 1 + + + + ... +

1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
- 1 + + + + ... +
=
2006 2 3 4
1003
1004 1005
2006
2 3 4
2 1
1
1
A 3010
+
+ ... +
= 1505 Z
Cn B=

=
3010 1004 1005
2006
B
2

Nh vy, phn ny ta gii quyt c mt lng ln cc bi tp

v dy s dng phn s. Tuy nhin l cc bi tp nhn chung
khng h n gin. V vy p dng c hiu qu th chng ta
cn linh hot trong vic bin i theo cc hng sau:
1 - Nu mu l mt tch th bng mi cch bin i thnh hiu
cc phn s, t ta rt gn c biu thc ri tnh c gi tr.
2 - i vi cc bi tp chng minh ta cng c th p dng cch lm
v tnh gi tr ca dy s, t ta c th bin i biu thc cn
chng minh v dng quen thuc

- 21 -

www.PNE.edu.vn

Mt s bi ton khc

n2 + n + 1
.
n!

Bi 1. Vi n N * , k hiu an = (1) n

Hy tnh tng a1 + a2 + a3 + + a2007

Li gii
Ta

thy:

n2 + n + 1
an = (1) n
=
n!

th:

n N *

n2 n + 1
n
n +1
n
(1) n +
+
= (1)

n!
( n 1)
n! n!

Do

a1

a2

a3

a2007

a1 +

2 3 3 4
2006 2007
+
+ + + ... +
1! 2! 2! 3!
2005! 2006!
2006

2007

2007

2007

+
= 1
-
= 3 +
1! 2006!
2006!
2005! 2006!
1 2 3
1992
+ 1 + 2 + ... + 1991 Chng minh rng S < 4
0
2 2 2
2

Bi 2. Xt biu thc: S =

Li gii
Ta c: 2S =

2 4 3 4
1992
1
2 1 3 1
1991
+ 1 + 1 + 2 ... + 1990 = 4 + + + 2 + 2 + ... + 990 + 1990 =
0
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2

= 3 + 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + 1990 + 1991 1991 + 2 + 3 + ... + 1990 =

2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
1

1991 1992

1992

1989

1
1
1
2
= 3 1 + S 1992
+ 2
1991
1
2
2
2 1
2

1990

1
1992 1 1
= 3 + S 1991 +
2
2
2 2

1990

1992
1
S = 4 - 1991
2
2

< 4 hay S < 4

Bi 3. Ta vit ln lt cc phn s sau:

1 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
1990
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;... S
ng v tr no trong cc phn
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
1930

s trn?
Li gii
S th nht ca dy s c tng ca t s v mu s bng 2, hai
s tip theo c tng ca t s v mu s bng 3, ba s tip theo
c tng ca t v mu s bng 4
- 22 -

www.PNE.edu.vn
Li quan st tip ta thy: K t phn s u, cch 1 phn s
n mu s l 2, cch 2 phn s n mu s 3, vy phn s
1990
ng v tr th 1930 v ca nhm cc s c tng ca t v
1930

mu s bng 1990 + 1930 = 3920. S cc s ng trc ca nhm

ny bng 1 + 2 + 3 + + 3918 = 1959.3919. V nhm c tng
ca t v mu s bng 3920 th gm 3919 s nn nhm ng trc
nhm ny gm 3918 s.
Vy s

1990
ng v tr n = 1959.3919 + 1930 = 7679251
1930

Bi tp t gii
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
5.6 6.7 7.8
24.25
2
2
2
5
5
5
52
+
+
+ ... +
2. Tnh: B =
1.6 6.11 11.16
26.31
1 1
1
1
1
=
+ ... +
3. Chng minh rng: 1 + ...
2 3
1990 996
1990

1. Tnh: A =

1 2 3
n 1
+ + + ... +
2! 3! 4!
n!
2! 2! 2!
2!
5 Chng t rng: D = + + + ... + < 1
3! 4! 5!
n!
1 1 1
1
1

6. Cho biu thc P = 1 + + ... +

2 3 4
199 200
1
1
1
+
...
a) Chng minh rng: P =
101 102 200

4. Tnh: C =

b) Gi bi ton trn trong trng hp tng qut.

1

7. Chng minh rng: n Z (n 0, n 1) th Q = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + n(n + 1)

khng phi l s nguyn.
8. Chng minh rng: S =

1 1 1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + ... +
<
2
2
2 4 6
200
2

- 23 -