PHN 1 - MT S KHI NIM C BN V VIN THM CU 1: Nhng hiu bit v Vin thm * Vin thm l k thut thu nhn

thng tin ca cc i tng m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi cc i tng . K thut vin thm da trn nguyn tc thu nhn v x l nng lng phn x quang ph in t hoc bc x nhit khc nhau ca cc i tng trong t nhin.

Nguyn l vin thm

* Phn bit vin thm ch ng v b ng

- Vin thm b ng: s dng quang ph ca nh sng t nhin (mt tri). V d: H thng Landsat, Spot, - Vin thm ch ng: s dng ngun nng lng do con ngi to ra v thu nhn c (nng lng t cc my pht t trn cc thit b bay). V d: H thng vin thm Radar. * Phn tch h thng mt ngi v n pin H thng mt ngi v n pin ging nh mt h thng vin thm. n pin ng vai tr l ngun nng lng. Khi n pin chiu sng vo mt vt no , nng lng s phn x vo mt ngi. T mt ngi (tng ng b cm) s thu nhn tn hiu v quan st c vt . C th ni hnh nh v vt c ghi li trong mt ngi.
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* Cc di ph c s dng trong vin thm Di ph Bc sng c im Vng tia 0,3-0,4 m cc tm chp nh Vng nhn thy Vng hng ngoi Truyn qua kh quyn, ghi nhn c vo phim v cc photodetector (con mt in t), nhng b tn x mnh trong kh quyn.

0,4-0,7m To nh vi phim v photodetector, c cc i ca nng lng phn x 0,5m 0,7-3 m Phn x li bc x mt tri, khng c thng tin v tnh cht ca i tng. Band t 0,70,9m, c nghin cu vi phim v c gi l band nh hng ngoi. 3-5 m 8-14 m Cc ca s chnh vng nhit ghi thnh nh cc bc sng ny yu cu phi c my qut c quang hc v h thng my thu c bit, gi l h Vidicon, khng phi l bng phim.

Vng hng ngoi nhit

Vng cc ngn

0,1-30 cm Cc bc sng di hn c th xuyn qua my, sng m v ma. Cc hnh nh c th ghi li trong dng ch ng hay th ng. 0,1-30 cm Dng ch ng ca vin thm sng cc ngn. Hnh nh radar c ghi li cc band sng khc nhau. > 30 cm t bc sng di nht ca quang ph in t. Mt vi sng radar c phn ra vi bc
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Vng Radar

Vng radio

Di ph Bc sng c im sng rt di c s dng trong vng sng ny.

CU 2 * nh hng ca kh quyn i vi vic thu nhn nh v tinh nh vin thm t nhin thu nhn bc x mt tri qua kh quyn trc khi c thit b thu nhn. nh vin thm do vy khng ch bao gm thng tin v b mt mt t m cn c thng tin v kh quyn. Lin quan n vic phn tch nh lng h s phn x b mt, cn loi b nh hng ca kh quyn. Nh vy kh quyn nh hng rt ln n kh nng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin. nh hng ca kh quyn ti s liu v tinh vin thm bng hai con ng tn x v hp th nng lng. * Hin tng tn x: lm i hng tia chiu, khng lm mt nng lng. Tn x (hay phn x) c c l do cc thnh phn khng kh hoc cc ion c trong kh quyn phn x tia chiu ti, hoc do lp kh quyn dy c c mt khng kh cc lp khng ng nht nn khi tia chiu truyn qua cc lp ny s gy ra hin tng khc x. Hin tng tn x tuyt i xy ra khi khng c s hp th nng lng. Trong h thng vin thm khi nng lng tia sng b tn x v cc hng, nu trng thu ca ng knh my ghi thng tin tht rng th s thu c ton b nng lng tn x, ngc li nu trng thu nh qu th s thu c mt phn nng lng.

* Hin tng hp th: din ra khi tia sng khng c tn x m nng lng c truyn qua cc nguyn t khng kh trong kh quyn v nung nng lp kh quyn. * Ca s kh quyn Ca s kh quyn l cc vng bc sng m cc nng lng in t c th truyn qua v tc ng vo cc thit b thu nhn, t cc thit b c th ghi li cc tn hiu nng lng . Cc ca s kh quyn c nghin cu v xc nh nhm phc v cho vic ch to my cm bin v l c s hnh thnh cc phng php vin thm ch ng v b ng.

Ca s kh quyn

th cho thy mi di sng khc nhau, nng lng bc x c mc phn x v hp th khc nhau: mt s bc sng b hp th t, mt s vng khc nng lng b hp th nhiu. Trong ca s kh quyn th di nhn thy l vng ca s kh quyn rng nht v nng lng nh sng truyn qua mnh nht. H thng chp nh v tr th ng s dng hu hiu ca s kh quyn, trong khi h thng chp nh v tr ch ng s s dng cc ca s vng sng 1mm 1m. Cc knh sng ca h thng vin thm l cc di sng ph hp, cn chn knh sao cho c th thu c cc sng nhng ca s ni trn. * Gii thch hin tng bu tri c mu xanh

Gii thch theo nguyn l tn x Rayleigh: Khi nh sng mt tri i vo bu kh quyn tri t, gp phi cc phn t nh nit v xy trn bu tri, n b tn x, hoc khc x. Cc tia sng c bc sng ngn nht (xanh v tm) b tn x mnh hn cc tia sng di ( v vng). V chnh nhng tia tn x ny i ti mt chng ta. V th, khi nhn theo mt hng trn bu tri, chng ta nhn thy nhng nh sng bc sng b tn x nhiu nht, thng l cui di mu xanh. * i khi trn nh v tinh vn nhn c hnh nh m ca cc i tng b che khut: ph thuc vo thi im chp nh v tinh v thit b chp nh v tinh. i tng b che khut th kh nng phn x nh sng l rt yu. Vi radar vin thm, do hot ng trong mt di sng rng nn c kh nng m xuyn tn cy, xuyn qua lp ph b mt. Do trn nh v tinh c th quan st thy hnh nh m ca i tng b khut. CU 3 * Phn tch c im tng tc ca cc i tng trn b mt vi nng lng sng in t v mi quan h ca n vi hnh nh ca i tng trn nh v tinh Qu trnh chp nh v tinh thc cht l qu trnh thu nhn nng lng sng in t phn x hoc pht x t vt th. Thng tin c c v i tng trong qu trnh ny chnh l nh s khc bit ca phn ng vi sng in t ca cc i tng khc nhau (phn x, hp th hay phn tch sng in t). Nng lng sng phn x t i tng bao gm hai phn: - Nng lng phn x trc tip t b mt i tng - Nng lng tn x bi cu trc b mt i tng Nng lng phn x trc tip khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca i tng m ch ph thuc vo c tnh b mt, c ngha l g gh, hng... ca i tng v to nn chi cho i tng. Nng lng tn x l kt qu ca mt qu trnh tng tc gia bc x vi b dy ca i tng m bc x c kh nng xuyn ti. Nng lng ny ph thuc vo cu trc, bn cht v trng thi ca i tng. y l ngun nng lng mang thng tin gip ta c th nhn bit c cc i tng v trng thi ca chng. * c im phn x ph ca thc vt, t v nc

c im phn x ph ca cc i tng trn b mt tri t l thng s quan trng nht trong vin thm. Cc i tng ch yu trn mt t bao gm: lp ph thc vt, nc, t trng (hay ct, cng trnh xy dng). Mi loi ny c phn x khc nhau vi sng in t ti cc bc sng khc nhau. Hnh di y biu din ng cong phn x ph ca cc loi lp ph mt t (thc vt, t v nc). y ch l cc ng cong c tnh cht khi qut vic phn x ph ca ba loi lp ph ch yu. Trn thc t, cc loi thc vt, t v nc khc nhau s c cc ng cong phn x ph khc nhau. S khc nhau ny ch yu c th hin ln ca phn trm phn x, song hnh dng tng i ca ng cong t khi c s thay i.

Phn x ph ca t, nc, thc vt

- Thc vt, phn x ph cao nht bc sng mu lc (0,5-0,6m) trong vng nhn thy, v do , c mu xanh lc. Nhng cc c trng phn x ph ca thc vt ni bt nht vng hng ngoi gn (0,7-1,4 m), l vng bc sng m thc vt c phn x cao nht. Mc phn x ca thc vt ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau, c th k n l lng clorophin (dip lc), dy tn l v cu trc tn l. Kh nng phn x ph ca mi loi thc vt l khc nhau v c tnh chung nht v kh nng phn x ph ca thc vt l: vng nh sng nhn thy, cn hng ngoi v hng ngoi, kh nng phn x ph khc bit r rt. vng nh sng nhn thy phn ln nng lng b hp th bi clorophin c trong l cy, mt phn nh thu qua l cn li b phn x. vng cn hng ngoi, cu trc l nh hng ln n kh nng phn x ph, y kh nng phn x ph tng ln r rt. vng hng ngoi, nhn t nh hng ln n kh nng phn x ph ca l l hm lng nc, vng ny khi m trong l cao, nng lng hp
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th l cc i. nh hng ca cc cu trc t bo l vng hng ngoi i vi kh nng phn x ph l khng ln bng hm lng nc trong l. - Nc c phn x ch yu nm trong vng nhn thy (0,4-0,7 m) v phn x mnh di sng lam (0,4-0,5 m) v lc (0,5-0,6 m). Kh nng phn x ph ca nc ph thuc vo thnh phn, trng thi v b mt nc. Trong iu kin t nhin, mt nc s hp th rt mnh nng lng di cn hng ngoi v hng ngoi, do nng lng phn x rt t. V kh nng phn x ph ca nc di sng di kh nh nn vic s dng cc knh sng di chp cho ta kh nng on c iu v thu vn, ao h, di sng nhn thy, kh nng phn x ph ca nc tng i phc tp. Vi lp nc mng, trong (ao, h) th kh nng thu quang cao, hp th t di sng nhn thy, nh vin thm ghi nhn c l nh nng lng phn x ca cht y (ct, ,). Gi tr phn x ca mt i tng nc ph thuc ch yu vo c ca n. Nc trong c gi tr phn x rt khc nc c, nc cng c c phn x cng cao. Hm lng clorophin trong nc cng l mt yu t nh hng n kh nng phn x ph ca nc. N lm gim kh nng phn x ph ca nc bc sng ngn v tng kh nng phn x ph ca nc bc sng mu lc. - t c phn trm phn x tng dn theo chiu tng ca chiu di bc sng. Cc yu t ch yu nh hng n phn x ph ca t l cu trc b mt ca t, m, hp cht hu c, v c. Khi m tng th kh nng phn x ph ca t gim. Vi hm lng cht hu c t 0,5 - 5% t c mu nu sm, thp hn th t c mu nu sng. Kh nng phn x ph tng khi hm lng oxit st trong t gim, nht l vng ph nhn thy. Mc d bin th kh nng phn x ph ca cc loi t khc nhau nhng nhn chung nhng khc nhau ny n nh nhiu di sng khc nhau. i vi thc vt c th on c iu v cc knh khc nhau nhng vi t khng th lm nh vy, nhiu c tnh phn x ph ca t phi on c iu v cc di sng nhn thy. Cn ch l phn x ph ca cng mt loi i tng cng c th c th hin khc nhau trn cng mt nh do c nhiu yu t nh hng khc nhau, ch yu l do cc sai bit v khng gian. Cc v tr khc nhau ca cng mt i tng c th c chiu sng khc nhau, do chng c phn x ph khc nhau, v d nh cng mt loi thc vt mc hai bn sn ni c chiu sng

khc nhau s cho phn x ph khc nhau, y c th c k l nh hng ca a hnh. CU 4: Nguyn l c bn v hot ng ca u thu nh v tinh (Sensor)

Bc x in t phn x t b mt tri t sau khi i qua kh quyn c ghi nh b cm bin (Sensor). Nng lng in t ny i vo h thng Sensor s c o c v bin i thnh tn hiu dng ph ghi ln bng t. Hai loi Sensor: ch ng, b ng - Sensor ch ng: ch ng to ra ngun nng lng (sng radar, tia laser). - Sensor th ng: ghi li cc nng lng phn x t mt tri, mt t. CU 5 * nh s: L mt tp hp hai chiu ca cc im nh (pixel), mi mt im nh c mt gi tr cng v v tr ca im nh (hng, ct). * nh v tinh: L nh s, c thu nhn bng h thng v tinh, c kh nng chit sut thng tin. * im nh - Mi mt pixel i din cho mt n v din tch trn mt t m nh thu nhn (v d 1x1m, 5x5m, 20x20m, 30x30m th hin phn gii khng gian ca nh). - Gi tr cng th hin gi tr vt l phn x ca pht x mt tri chiu xung vt th, gi tr ny thng l gi tr phn x trung bnh ca khu vc m pixel i din. - Gi tr cng ca pixel c ghi nhn di dng s (s nh phn) 8 bit hay 11 bit, 16 bit ty tng loi nh. Gi tr cng nm trong khong 0 225
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i vi nh 8 bit (28 1 =255), hoc 0 2074 i vi nh 11 bit (211 1 = 2074). S bit ca pixel th hin phn gii pht x ph ca i tng. * Knh nh Tn hiu phn x t cc i tng trn mt t c th thu nhn theo cc di bc sng khc nhau. Mi di sng c gi l mt bng (band) hay mt knh (chanel) nh. * T hp mu Mi mu sc u c to ra t ba mu c bn: , lc, chm vi cc t l khc nhau ca ba mu c bn. Mt nh mu c th c t hp trn c s gn ba knh ph no cho ba mu c bn. C hai phng php trn mu: cng v tr. - Trn cng mu: s dng ba mu c bn l , lc, chm trn nn en. - Trn tr mu: s dng vng, cnh sen, lam trn nn trng. C hai kiu t hp mu: - T hp mu t nhin: Nu chia ton b di sng nhn thy thnh ba vng c bn l , lc, chm v sau dng nh sng trng chiu qua cc knh lc , lc, chm tng ng ta thy hu ht cc mu t nhin u c ti to li. Phng php t hp mu nh vy c gi l t hp mu t nhin (natural color composite). - T hp mu gi: cc knh ph khng c chia u trong di sng nhn thy nn khng th ti to li cc mu t nhin mc d cng s dng ba mu c bn , lc, chm. T hp mu nh vy c gi l t hp mu gi. * Cc nh dng BIL, BIP, BSQ - nh dng BIL (Band Interleaved by Line): d liu c ghi theo tng hng, mi hng c ghi tun t theo knh ph v sau t hp knh ph ca hng ny li chuyn sang hng khc. - nh dng BIP: (Band Interleaved by Pixel) l khun dng m cc knh ph c cch nhau bi cc pixel. Mi pixel c lu tun t theo cc knh, sau khi kt thc t hp ph ca pixel ny li chuyn sang t hp knh ph ca pixel khc. - nh dng BSQ (Band Sequence) l khun dng trong cc knh ph c lu tun t ht knh ny sang knh khc
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=> Mi nh dng u c u im ring: V d i vi hin th nh th BSQ chim li th hn bi l mi knh nh s c chuyn thng vo cc vng b nh dnh cho cc mu , xanh lc v xanh chm. Trong khi , vi cc bi ton phn loi v bin i ton hc th nh dng BIP c li th nht v vic c cc vector im nh l nhanh chng v thun li nht. CU 6 * c im cc loi nh v tinh Cc loi nh v tinh thng dng hin nay l: - Loi c phn gii thp (>100m) + MODIS (500m); + SPOT Vegetation; - Loi c phn gii trung bnh (15-100m) + LANDSAT TM/ETM+ (30m): bao gm 7 knh ph, thng dng lm bn hin trng s t, hiu chnh bn t l nh. + SPOT: nh en trng phn gii 5 m, nh lp th c th dng cho ng dng 3D; + ASTER (15m); - Loi c phn gii cao (<10m) + Quickbird: nh ton sc c phn gii t 0,6-1 m, nh a ph c phn gii 2,44-4m. + Corona (5m); + Ikonos: nh n knh c phn gii 1 m, nh a ph (4 knh) phn gii 4m, thng dng hiu chnh bn a chnh, t l trung bnh v ln; * Khi nim v rng di chp : l din tch ph trm khi v tinh quay xung quanh tri t. * phn gii ph: Bc x ph (bao gm c phn x, tn x v bc x ring) ca mt i tng thay i theo bc sng in t. Nh vy, nh chp i tng trn cc knh khc nhau s khc nhau. iu ny c ngha l nh c thu trn cng nhiu knh th cng c nhiu thng tin v i tng c thu thp. S lng knh nh c gi l phn gii ph. phn gii ph cng cao (cng nhiu knh nh) th thng tin thu thp t i tng cng nhiu. V ng nhin gi thnh cng ln. V vy ty theo mc
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ch s dng nn kt hp nhiu loi nh cc phn gii khc nhau nghin cu mt khu vc. Thng thng, cc v tinh a ph thng c s knh nh t khong 3 n 10 knh. Hin nay, trong vin thm a ph, cc loi v tinh vin thm c kh nng thu c rt nhiu knh nh (trn 30 knh) gi l cc v tinh siu ph (hyperspectral satellite) ang c pht trin. Khi xem xt phn gii chn nh cn tun th lut c bn: chn phn gii gp 10 ln kch c ca i tng mun nghin cu. Nhng nn nh rng khng phi lut c bn lc no cng ng, cn phi xem xt c cc c im khc ca i tng nh tnh tng phn, v tr, hnh dng. * phn gii khng gian L khong cch ti thiu gia hai i tng m chng c phn chia v tch bit vi nhau trn nh. phn gii khng gian thng c th hin bng kch thc ca pixel. phn gii khng gian ca mt nh v tinh, do c tnh ca u thu, ph thuc vo hai thng s FOV (Field of view-trng/gc nhn) v IFOV (instantaneous field of view - trng/gc nhn tc th) c thit k sn. Thng s FOV cho ta thy c phm vi khng gian m u thu c th thu nhn c sng in t t i tng. R rng l vi gc nhn cng ln (FOV cng ln) th nh thu c cng rng, v vi cng mt gc nhn, v tinh no c cao ln hn s c khong thu nh ln hn. Ngc vi FOV, IFOV ca u thu c trng cho phm vi khng gian m u thu c th nhn c sng in t trong mt thi im. Tc l u thu s khng th nhn c cc i tng nh hn trong gc nhn IFOV. Tng hp gi tr bc x ca cc i tng trong mt gc IFOV c thu nhn cng mt lc v mang mt gi tr, c ghi nhn nh mt im nh. Trong nh s, mt im nh c gi l mt pixel v gi tr kch thc pixel c trng cho kh nng phn gii khng gian ca nh. Gc IFOV cng nh th kh nng phn bit cc i tng trong khng gian cng ln, ngha l gi tr pixel cng nh v phm vi chp nh cng hp. ngha quan trng nht ca phn gii khng gian l cho ta bit cc i tng nh nht m c th phn bit c trn nh. V d, nh c phn gii khng gian l 30 x 30m s cho php phn bit c cc i tng c kch thc ln hn 30 x 30m.
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* Tn sut chp lp Phn nh chu k hot ng ca v tinh, c sau mt khong thi gian nht nh thu c nh v tr ban u. * Qu o v tinh V tinh c th c coi nh mt vt th quay xung quanh tri t trong mt mt phng qu o khng c tc ng ca lc hp dn ca mt trng v mt tri. Su thng s qu o c bn ca v tinh chuyn ng trong v tr (tun theo nh lut Kepler): Bn knh trc ln A dt qu o e Gc nghing i Gc ln bn phi h im gn nht g Thi im bay qua im gn nht Qu o chuyn ng ca v tinh c chia thnh nhiu loi da theo hnh dng qu o, gc nghing, chu k v tn xut lp. Qu o trn l dng qu o c bn. C th m t n bng h ta cc nh sau: r = r e + hs q = q 0 t Trong re: bn knh tri t 6,378,160 m hs: cao ca v tinh trn mt nc bin t: thi gian q 0: Vn tc gc Qu o ng b tri t l qu o m trn n v tinh chuyn ng cng mt vn tc gc nh tri t ngha l n quay mt vng trn qu o ca mnh mt 24 gi hay 86164.1 giy. Qu o ng b tri t vi gc nghing 0 c gi l qu o a tnh. Cc v tinh a tnh lun treo l lng ti mt im trn khng trung do vy n c s dng vo nhiu mc ch quan st kh tng hoc truyn tin... Qu o ng b mt tri c cc v tinh ti nguyn s dng nhiu v u im ca n lun to c mt iu kin chiu sng n nh.

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Qu o c chu k lp mt ngy (recurent) v nhiu ngy (semirecurent) l qu o m v tinh tr li im nadir trong cng mt ngy hoc sau nhiu ngy. * Gii thch trn nh v tinh SPOT mu gi chun, cy ci c mu i vi nh SPOT mu gi chun, mu c gn cho knh hng ngoi, mu lc cho knh v mu chm cho knh lc. Trn t hp mu ny cc i tng c th hin theo cc gam mu chun do thc vt lun c mu , cc mc khc nhau th hin mc dy c ca thm ph thc vt. CU 7 * nh radar m tng hp (Synthetic Aperture Radar - SAR)

SAR

phn gii ca nh radar ph thuc vo khong cch nghing t ng ten ti a vt, di ca ng ten v bc sng s dng. ci thin phn gii ca nh radar, bc sng ngn hay ng ten c chiu di ln phi c s dng. Tuy nhin, chiu di ca ng ten ph thuc vo kh nng vn ti ca my bay hay v tinh, bc sng s dng hn ch bi c tnh ca sng radar (> 1mm). Gii php cho phn gii ca nh radar l dng radar m tng hp SAR. SAR tch hp tt c cc nng lng phn x t im a vt ti ng ten khi ng ten di chuyn trn qu o to ra mt ng ten gi c di tng ng vi khong cch t im u thu ng ten thu c tn hiu n im kt thc ca vic thu tn hiu. Do vy, vi SAR phn gii theo hng bay ca nh radar tnh bng cng thc: Ra = l / 2 Trong : Ra l phn gii theo hng bay (m)
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l l di ca ng ten (m) Nh vy, phn gii theo hng bay ch cn ph thuc vo chiu di thc ca ng ten. Trong nhng nm gn y, SAR c pht trin kh mnh vi u th cho php thu nh c phn gii cao v t hai nh thu c bi k thut SAR, c th xy dng c m hnh s cao (DEM) da trn vic s dng thng tin pha ca tn hiu radar. Nu c hai nh SAR c thu nhn t 2 v tr khc nhau ca v tinh nhng cng ph mt vng din tch trn mt t, gi tr pha ca tn hiu radar cho bi nh th nht c th em tr i gi tr pha cho bi nh th hai c c lch pha ca 2 nh SAR. nh mi to ra cha lch pha c gi l nh giao thoa. Gi tr cn li ( lch pha) cho bi nh mi c th kt hp vi thng tin v qu o xc nh cao ca mi pixel trn nh. K thut da trn lch pha ca tn hiu radar tnh ton v x l nh c gi l k thut InSAR (giao thoa SAR - SAR interferometry). K thut INSAR m ra kh nng quan trng cho vic xy dng DEM. * S khc nhau c bn gia nh radar v nh quang hc nh quang hc: l loi nh c to ra bi vic thu nhn cc bc sng nh sng nhn thy (bc sng 0.4-0.76 micromet). nh radar: l loi nh c to ra bi vic thu nhn cc bc sng trong di sng siu cao tn (bc sng ln hn 2 cm). to nh radar, s dng b cm ch ng, cn i vi nh quang hc s dng b cm th ng. Vin thm radar ghi t liu trn c s ca thi gian hn l khong cch. Radar c th ghi li hnh nh bc sng di hn vi phn gii cao hn. Do bc sng radio thng di hn bc sng ca nh sng nhn thy v nh sng hng ngoi nn chng c th xuyn qua c tn cy ca lp ph thc vt nn cht lng nh radar khng ph thuc thi tit nh nh quang hc.

PHN 2 - X L NH CU 1: Nn chnh hnh hc

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* Mc ch ca nn chnh nh v tinh nh th c rt nhiu bin dng, cc bin dng do: - cao bay chp - Gc chp - Sai s xc nh v tr v tinh - nh hng kh quyn - Chnh cao a hnh - => Gy ra cc sai s trn nh: - sai s v tr, bin dng hnh hc - nh khng trng kht trn bn - khng th dng trc tip nh th o c nh trn bn => Nn nh khc phc cc sai s trn. * Cc mc x l nh v tinh SPOT - Mc 1A: nh th, cha x l hnh hc v ph (hnh hc nh c x l h thng). - Mc 1B: Hnh hc ca nh tng ng mc 1A, ph c loi tr yu t nhiu. - Mc 2A: X l hnh hc bng m hnh vt l khng c im khng ch, ph mc 1B. - Mc 2B: X l hnh hc bng m hnh vt l, dng im khng ch mt t, c x l ph bng cc thut ton tng cng cht lng nh, s dng php lc nh. - Mc 3: X l hnh hc bng m hnh vt l, dng im khng ch mt t, s dng m hnh s a hnh (DEM) loi b bin dng do chnh cao a hnh. C (hoc khng) x l ph bng cc thut ton tng cng cht lng nh. * Cc bc thc hin nn nh v tinh - Nhp nh - La chn m hnh - Chn im khng ch - Tnh ton m hnh - Kim tra sai s m hnh, chn li im (nu cn thit) - Nn nh

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* Phn bit s khc nhau gia nn nh s dng m hnh a thc v m hnh vt l - M hnh vt l (Physical Model) Xy dng mi quan h ton hc gia: Ta cc b ca thit b chp V tr v tinh H ta qu o iu khin v tinh H ta tham chiu H ta trc a Li chiu bn im khng ch mt t - M hnh a thc (Polynomial Model) Coi cc bin dng nh bng mt phng trnh a thc Dng im khng ch xc nh cc tham s ca a thc Phng php m hnh vt l s dng phng trnh s hiu chnh, phng trnh ny c xc nh trn c s phng trnh to nh hnh hc ca h thng Sensor. Trong khi phng php m hnh a thc b qua vn to nh hnh hc, ch m t s mo hnh ca chnh bn thn nh hm s no . Nh vy, nn nh theo a thc s dng khi b mt tri t tng i bng phng v cc yu t nh hng ngoi ca Sensor l khng xc nh chnh xc. * Nguyn tc chn im khng ch nh Cc im khng ch nn: - D nhn dng trn nh cng nh trn bn - Phn b ng u trn ton nh, c bit ch phn b trn bin - s lng cn thit Do cc im chn thng l: - Ranh gii gia t vi nc, - Gc ca cc cng trnh xy dng, con p, con mng, hi cng, - Mi t, ngn hi ng, cc o nh, - Nh my, cao c, ng chy ca sn bay, - Tm ca cc h nh, im giao thy, giao l, * Khi nn nh theo m hnh a thc, nu chn a thc bc cng cao th chnh xc ln cn cc im khng ch cng ln, nhng c th to ra mo hnh hc phm vi ln ca nh. Do trong m hnh a thc, bc a thc ti a l 3.
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* Nguyn l ca vic ly mu theo phng php ngi lng ging gn nht (nearest neighbour) v song tuyn (bilinear resampling) Bn c chia li tng ng vi kch thc pixel ca nh. nh ca mt im li (x,y) khi c xc nh bi im (u,v) trn nh. Thc t l mt im li (x,y) khng c nh x vo ng mt im li ca nh. Vic ly mu gip tm ra sng gn nht t cc im trn nh xp x cho sng ti im cn tnh (u,v). - Phng php ni suy song tuyn : s dng lin tip cc ni suy tuyn tnh trn 4 im li ca nh bao quanh im (u,v). u tin ni suy tuyn tnh trn 2 cp im theo hng nm ngang, sau ni suy tip trn 2 im kt qu. Tun theo hm s tam gic: W(x) = (1-x) vi 0 |x| 1 Vic ti chia mu cho bt k im no theo hm s ny l tng t vi vic s dng hm s sin mt mc no . - Phng php pixel ln cn gn nht (nearest neighbour): n gin chn im gn nht, theo khong cch Euclide hoc Manhattan.

Gi tr xm ca pixel I(p) c nhn trc tip t gi tr xm pixel I(N) gn nht, tc l: I(p) = I (N) Phng php ny ni chung n gin, nhanh v bo m khng c cc gi tr ngoi lai. Tuy vy hnh nh c to thnh khng c trn, t nhin v c xu th tng phn mnh. * Phn tch nh hng ca chnh cao a hnh vi v tr im nh

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nh hng ca chnh cao a hnh v gc nghing trc quang ti v tr im vt ca php chiu xuyn tm so vi php chiu trc giao c m t nh hnh v:

i lng x dch hng tm X do chnh cao a hnh h v gc nghing trc quang c tnh nh sau: X = h.tg T cng thc trn, xy dng biu biu din s bin thin sai s v tr im do chnh cao a hnh h v gc nghing trc quang ca nh .

CU 2: t chnh xc cao khi nn nh: chnh xc nn nh ph thuc cc yu t: - chnh xc (ta , cao) ca cc im khng ch mt t. - chnh xc ca vic xc nh v tr cc im khng ch mt t trn nh. - s lng, hnh b tr im khng ch mt t trong cnh nh, trong khi (trong mt s trng hp, chnh xc cng ph thuc vo s lng, v tr phn b, chnh xc o cc im lin kt nh). - m hnh ton hc c s dng. - cht lng, chnh xc ca m hnh s cao. CU 3: X l ph tng cng cht lng hnh nh
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* Phi tng cng tng phn ca nh v : Tng cng cht lng nh l thao tc chuyn i nhm tng tnh d c, d hiu cho ngi lm cng tc gii on nh. Trong khi chit tch c tnh l mt thao tc nhm phn loi, sp xp cc thng tin c sn trong nh theo cc yu cu hoc ch tiu a ra di dng hm s. * Khi nim Histogram: Histogram m t s phn b ca cp sng ca mt nh theo s lng pixel mang cng mt gi tr xm.

Histogram v tnh cht ca nh:

* Cc php gin nh tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh - Gin tuyn tnh: c thc hin vi vic a gi tr mc xm ca knh gc gin rng theo tuyn tnh ph kn khong 0-255.

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- Gin phi tuyn tnh: thc hin khi tng khong ca mc xm nh gc c gin ring bit.

Gin nh phi tuyn (2 ng cong Logarithmic v Inverse log)

CU 4: Cc loi phin lc Php lc s dng nhn mnh mt cu trc thng tin no trn nh thng qua vic p dng cc hm lc hoc cc ton t lc. Cc ton t lc c t chc di dng ma trn n x n phn t. * Nguyn l c bn ca phin lc tn s thp (low pass filtering) B lc tn s thp cho php cc tn hiu c tn s thp qua lm ni r cc chi tit c tn s thp. B lc ny c c tnh kh nhiu cao, lm mm cc yu t ng v bin trn nh.

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Ton t lc tn s thp

* Nguyn l c bn ca phin lc tn s cao (high pass filtering) B lc tn s cao cho php cc tn hiu c tn s cao qua lm ni r cc chi tit c tn s cao. nh s dng b lc ny ni bt tnh gc cnh v chi tit ca hnh nh, c sc hn.

Ton t lc tn s cao

* V d phin lc khc Phin lc lm ni bt ng bin: c kh nng lm ni r cc ng ranh gii gia cc n v bn -> thch hp p dng cho cc lnh vc nh s dng t, lm nghip, th nhng,

CU 5: Bin i nh * Php chia knh c th loi tr nh hng ca gc ti ca nng lng mt tri: Gc ti ca nng lng mt tri tc ng n hin th nh, c bit i vi chp nh vng c a hnh phc tp. Php chia knh l mt php bin i s
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hc ca nh rt hu ch cho vic tng cng cht lng v chit tch cc thng tin trn nh. Do s hn ch c nh hng ca gc ti ca nng lng mt tri n cht lng nh. * nh ch s thc vt (NDVI - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) NDVI = (NIR-R) / (NIR+R) Trong IR l gi tr phn x di sng cn hng ngoi (Near Infrared) R l gi tr phn x di sng (Red) NDVI cng ln i vi nhng vng c che ph thc vt cng cao v cng nh i vi cc vng thc vt tha tht. Ch s thc vt c dng rt rng ri xc nh mt phn b ca thm thc vt, nh gi trng thi sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng, lm c s s liu d bo su bnh, hn hn, din tch, nng sut v sn lng cy trng * Knh thnh phn chnh (Principal Components Analysis - PCA) PCA c s dng gim s lng cc knh ph m vn m bo lng thng tin khng b thay i nhiu. Nguyn l ca PCA da trn c s: cc knh ph gn nhau c tng phn rt cao, do thng tin lp li ln. Gi s c cc s liu o {xi} i = 1, p cc thnh phn chnh {zk} k = 1, m Chng c th m t nh mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc s liu gc sau: zk = a1kx1 + a2kx2 ++ apkxp Trong cc h s a1k,,apk c xc nh nh sau: aik = 1 Gi tr zk phi cc i. Cc i lng zk, zk+1 khng ph thuc tuyn tnh vi nhau.

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PCA

* Trn nh - Khi nim: L k thut kt hp cc loi nh tng cng kh nng phn tch, nhn bit cc i tng trn nh. Kt hp nh ton sc v nh a ph (nh cng loi) to ra nh c phn gii cao v ph v c phn gii cao v khng gian. Kt hp nh khc loi: nh nh quang hc v nh radar cc thng tin phn nh c im v mt ha hc ca i tng c kt hp vi cc thng tin phn nh tnh cht vt l ca i tng. - Mc ch: tng cng phn gii ca nh. - Cc phng php trn nh Phng php bin i h mu RGB-HIS-RGB: gm cc bc: + Chuyn i nh a ph t h mu RGB sang h mu HIS + Thay th thnh phn cng I (Intensity) bng nh phn gii cao (nh ton sc) + Chuyn i ngc tr li HIS-RGB Phng php tnh ton cc knh nh (bin i BROVEY) + S dng thut ton kt hp mu sc nh vi d liu phn gii cao c th hin theo cng thc:

+ DNb1 DNbn : Gi tr xm nh a ph knh 1,2,,n. + DNPAN : Gi tr xm nh ton sc. Phng php ng dng PCA

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CU 6: Phn loi nh s (image classfication) * Khi nim: Phn loi nh s l gn cc khong cp xm nht nh thuc mt nhm i tng no c cc tnh cht tng i ng nht nhm phn bit cc nhm vi nhau trong nh. Qu trnh phn loi c th thc hin theo phng php gii on bng mt hoc nh s tr gip ca my tnh. * Mc ch: Phn loi t ng tt c pixel trn mt tm nh thnh cc lp thng tin lp ph hoc cc chuyn . * Cc kiu phn loi: C s thc hin phn loi nh da vo c trng ph v c trng v cu trc ca nh. - Phn loi gi nh: Cc i tng c c im tng t nhau th c gi tr ph tng t. Gi tr ny l yu t duy nht phn bit vi tt c cc i tng khc trong khu vc. - Phn loi c kim nh (Supervised classification): l mt hnh thc phn loi m cc ch tiu phn loi c xc lp da trn cc vng mu. Cc vng mu l khu vc trn nh ngi gii on bit chc chn thuc vo mt trong cc lp cn tm. Da trn vng mu, cc tham s thng k c xc nh v chnh l cc ch tiu thng k s dng trong qu trnh phn loi v sau. - Phn loi phi kim nh (Unsupervised classification): Ti nhng khu vc khng c mt cht thng tin no v i tng cn phn loi, ngi ta s dng k thut phn loi phi kim nh. Phn loi phi kim nh ch s dng thun ty thng tin nh. Trnh t thc hin c th tm tt nh sau: Cc pixel trn nh u tin c gp thnh cc nhm c cc c trng ph tng i ng nht bng k thut ghp lp (clustering).

Cc nhm lp nh vy c s dng tnh cc tham s thng k cho qu trnh phn loi tip theo.

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- Phn loi theo cy quyt nh (decision tree classifier): thuc vo nhm phn loi c cu trc. Trong thc t khng c thut ton tng qut no cho phng php phn loi ny v n thng c ng dng cng vi t duy chuyn gia. Ngi phn loi s phi xut pht t vic nh gi kh nng phn tch cc i tng da trn tri thc chuyn gia v c tnh ph ca chng v t mnh to dng ra s phn loi.

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