B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG TRNG I HC TI NGUYN V MI TRNG TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN NGNH: H THNG THNG TIN A L LP: 04 C GIS

BO CO N 2
TM HIU V CHC NNG V NHIM V CA MT S THANH CNG C TRONG ARCTOOLBOX
GVHD:

H Thanh Vn
Thnh Vin :

Trn Quang Khi Trn Th Thu Hng Hunh Th Kim Ngn

MC LC
CHNG I. GII THIU ........................................................................................3 CHNG II. PHN MM S DNG ....................................................................3 2.1. Gii thiu cng ngh GIS ..............................................................................3
2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. Khi nim GIS .......................................................................................................... 3 Cc thnh phn ca GIS ............................................................................................ 4 Cu trc d liu GIS ................................................................................................. 4

2.2. Phn mm s dng ........................................................................................6 CHNG III : C S L THUYT .......................................................................7 3.1. 3D Analyst Tools...........................................................................................7 3.2. Analysis Tools .............................................................................................17 3.3. Conversion Tools ........................................................................................28 3.4. Geocoding Tools .........................................................................................37 3.5. Geostatistical Analyst Tools.......................................................................39 3.6. Network Analyst Tools ...............................................................................55 3.7. Spatial Analyst Tools ..................................................................................61 3.8. Spatial Statistics Tools ................................................................................91 3.9. Tracking Analyst Tools .............................................................................101 CHNG IV. NG DNG..................................................................................103 4.1. BI TP 1: Tch lp d liu t lp n v t ai ..................................103 4.2. ng dng vi Geocoding tool ...................................................................113 4.3. ng dng vi thanh cng c Geostatistical analyst tool phn loi im theo cao ..................................................................................................................115 4.4. ng dng vi thanh cng c Network analyst ..........................................123 4.5. ng dng vi cng c Spatial Analyst .....................................................131 4.6. ng dng vi cng c Spatial Statistics ...................................................134 CHNG V. KT QU .......................................................................................136

CHNG I. GII THIU

Ngy nay GIS v ang pht trin rt mnh m trn th gii v c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc lnh vc chuyn mn. Trong Gis c rt nhiu cng c thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau phc v cho nhng ng dng khc nhau. Trong phn ny ta cng tm hiu v s dng c tnh nng ca mt s cng c trong Arctoolbox trong Arcmap 10 v thc hin mt s bi ton ng dng tnh nng ca nhng cng c ny. 3D Analyst Tools Analysis Tools Conversion Tools Geocoding Tools Geostatistical Analyst Tools Network Analyst Tools Spatial Analyst Tools Spatial Statistics Tools Tracking Analyst Tools

Phng php nghin cu da trn tham kho ti liu Arcgis 10 help. V cc bi ton ng dng trong phn ny da trn d liu tnh Bnh Thun, d liu o GPS phng 8 qun Ph Nhun.

CHNG II. PHN MM S DNG

2.1. Gii thiu cng ngh GIS
2.1.1.Khi nim GIS

H Thng tin a l (GIS) l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch cc s vt, hin tng thc trn tri t. Cng ngh GIS kt hp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch a l, trong php phn tch a l v hnh nh c cung cp duy

nht t cc bn . Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi cch thng thng tin khc v khin cho GIS c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Lp bn v phn tch a l khng phi l k thut mi, nhng GIS thc thi cc cng vic ny tt hn v nhanh hn cc phng php th cng c. Trc cng ngh GIS, ch c mt s t ngi c nhng k nng cn thit s dng thng tin a l gip ch cho vic gii quyt vn v a ra cc quyt nh.
2.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca GIS

Cc m hnh h thng thng tin a l: M hnh h thng 5 thnh phn: phn cng, phn mm, d liu, quy trnh, con ngi.
2.1.3.Cu trc d liu GIS

M hnh d liu: GIS lu thng tin v th gii nh 1 tp cc lp theo ch c lin kt vi nhau bi a l. Cch tip cn nhng lp (layer) cho php chng ta t chc th gii phc tp thnh dng n gin hn, gip chng ta d dng hiu mi quan h gia cc thnh phn t nhin.

 Cc kiu d liu: D liu khng gian: m t v tr tng i v tuyt i ca 1 c tnh a l. D liu thuc tnh: m t cc tnh cht ca cc c tnh khng gian (Cc tnh cht ny c th l s lng hay cht lng trong t nhin.) M hnh d liu khng gian: C 2 kiu m hnh d liu khng gian c bn lin quan n vic lu tr s ha nhng d liu a l: vector, raster. Th gii thc thng c biu din bi s kt hp ca 2 dng .

 D liu vector: hin th di dng nhng ta nh ngha im, hay nhng im ny c ni vi nhau to thnh ng thng, a gic. D liu raster: c biu din di dng ma trn hay li m c nhng hng v ct. Mi giao im ca hng v ct to thnh 1 pixel. Mi c 1 gi tr v d nh mc mu.

2.2. Phn mm s dng

Phn mm Arcgis 10: ArcGIS gm cc ng dng chnh ArcMap,ArcCatalog,ArcToolbox. ArcGIS h tr nhiu phn m rng gi l cc Extension, mi Extension h tr mt s chc nng chuyn bit nh: phn tch khng gian (spatial analyst), phn tch 3D (3D analyst), phn tch mng (Network analyst), x l d liu, thng k khng gian... ArcGIS h tr c c nhiu nh dng d liu khc nhau (khong 300 nh dng) nh shapefile, geodatabase, AutoCad, Raster, Coverage,...

 Arctoolbox l b cng c gip thc hin cc bi ton ng dng lin quan n GIS.

CHNG III : C S L THUYT

3.1. 3D Analyst Tools:
ArcGIS 3D Analyst cho php bn hin th v phn tch hiu qu d liu b mt. Vi ArcGIS 3D Analyst, bn c th hin th mt b mt t nhiu im quan st, hi p mt b mt, xc nh ci nhn thy c t mt a im chn sn trn mt b mt, to mt nh phi cnh thc t, v ghi chp hoc biu din ch dn ba chiu. ArcGIS 3D Analyst m rng cung cp cc cng c to, hnh dung v phn tch d liu GIS trong mt bi cnh ba chiu (3D). S dng ArcGIS 3D cc cng c x l d liu phn tch to, chnh sa, v phn tch TIN, raster, v b mt a hnh sau gii nn thng tin v cc tnh nng t h. Cc b cng c 3D Analyst cho php bn chuyn i Tins tnh nng v rasters; to ra cc tnh nng 3D t cc b mt chc nng bng cch chit xut thng tin chiu cao, thng tin ni suy t rasters; ton hc thao tc rasters, phn loi li rasters v ly c chiu cao, dc, kha cnh, v cc thng tin tch t Tins v rasters. To b mt v d liu 3D c th gip bn khai thc thng tin t cc d liu GIS ca bn l khng r rng dng 2D ca n.

3D Features: (Tnh nng 3D)

Chc nng chuyn i cho php bn chuyn i gia TIN v cc nh dng raster v chuyn i Tins cc tnh nng.

 Add Z Information: Thm Z thng tin Construct Sight Lines: Xy dng ng Sight

Difference 3D: S khc bit 3D Feature To 3D By Attribute:Tnh nng 3D qua thuc tnh Inside 3D:Bn trong 3D Intersect 3D Intersect 3D line With Multipatch Is Close 3D Near 3D Skyline: ng chn tri Skyline Barrier: Lp chn ngang ng chn tri Skyline Graph: th ng chn tri Union 3D: Chng lp 3D bng union

Conversion: (Chuyn i)
From Feature Class: T lp c bit(nt ni bt) Feature Class Z to ASCII: T lp ni bt Z sang ngn ng ASCII MultiPatch Footprint(nhiu ming v du chn)

 From File: T tp tin ASCII 3D to Feature Class: T ngn ng ASCII 3D sang lp ni bt Import 3D Files: Nhp tp tin 3 D LandXML to TIN: T LandXML sang TIN LAS to Multipoint: T LAS sang nhiu im Point File Information: Tp thng tin im

From Raster Raster Domain Raster to Multipoint: T raster sang nhiu im Raster to TIN: Chuyn i mt raster TIN From Terrain: T a hnh a vt Terrain to Point:T a hnh a vt sang im Terrain to Raster: T a hnh a vt sang Raster Terrain to TIN: T a hnh a vt sang TIN From TIN TIN Domain: TIN min. Chuyn i mt TIN a gic hoc ng dy lp i tng trn c s phm vi ca n. TIN Edge: TIN cnh. Chuyn i cc cnh tam gic TIN n mt lp hc tnh nng tt. TIN Line: TIN ng. TIN Node: TIN node . Chuyn i cc nt TIN mt lp i tng im.

 TIN Polygon Tag. Chuyn i mt TIN n mt lp hc tnh nng a gic da trn gi tr th. TIN ti Raster TIN Triangle: Chuyn i hnh tam gic TIN mt lp tnh nng a gic. Layer 3D to Feature Class: Lp 3D sang lp c bit

Functional Surface: (Chc nng b mt)

Cng c b mt chc nng cho php bn trch xut thng tin cao t b mt vo cc lp hc tnh nng u ra. Add Surface Information: Thm thng tin b mt

 Interpolate Shape: Ni suy hnh dng. Ni suy gi tr z-cho cc tnh nng da trn mt b mt. Line Of Sight: To ra mt tnh nng kh nng hin th dng thng tin v lp c cha. Surface Volume: b mt khi lng. Tnh khi lng ca mt b mt trn hoc di mt my bay

Raster Interpolation: (Raster ni suy)

Raster suy chc nng to ra cc b mt raster lin tc t mt tp hp cc im mu. IDW: Ni suy b mt t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut khong cch nghch o trng. Kriging: Ni suy mt mng li t mt tp hp cc im s dng Kriging. Natural Neighbor: Ni suy b mt t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut hng xm t nhin. Spline: Cht, trc. Ni suy b mt t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut cong spline ti thiu. Spline with Barriers: Cht vi lp chn Topo to Raster: Ni suy mt b mt hydrologically ng im, ng thng, v cc d liu a gic. Topo to Raster by File: Ni suy mt b mt hydrologically ng im, ng thng, v cc d liu a gic bng cch s dng cc thng s quy nh trong mt tp tin. Trend: Phng hng. Ni suy b mt t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut xu hng.

Raster Math: (Ton Raster)

Raster chc nng ton hc p dng mt hot ng quy nh ton hc, chc nng ton hc, hm lng gic, nh iu hnh Bitwise, hoc mt lot cc hot ng hp l trn mi t bo ca mt raster u vo hay mt lot cc rasters. Divide: Chia,phn chia. Phn chia cc gi tr ca hai u vo trn c s by-cell bn trong ca s phn tch. Float: Phao. Chuyn i gi tr mi ca cc raster thnh mt i din ni im. Int: Chuyn i gi tr mi ca cc raster mt s nguyn bng cch ct ngn. Minus: Tr. Tr cc gi tr ca hai rasters trn c s -by-cell.

 Plus: Thm cc gi tr ca hai rasters trn c s -by-cell. Times : Nhn cc gi tr ca hai rasters trn c s -by-cell.

Raster Reclass: (Lp raster)

Raster reclass chc nng cho php thay i cc gi tr di ng u vo vi cc gi tr u ra t bo mi. Lookup: Tra cu. To mt raster mi bng cch tm gi tr tm thy trong lnh vc khc trong bng ca raster u vo. Reclass by ASCII File: Lp raster bi file ngn ng ASCII. Reclassifies (hoc thay i) gi tr ca cc t bo u vo ca mt raster bng cch s dng mt tp tin remap ASCII. Reclass by Table: Bng lp Raster. Reclassifies (hoc thay i) cc gi tr ca cc t bo u vo ca mt raster bng cch s dng mt bng remap. Reclassify: Phn loi li. Reclassifies (hoc thay i) cc gi tr trong mt raster trn c s -by-cell bn trong ca s phn tch. Slice: Mieenss mng,lt mng,phn. Slices mt lot cc gi tr ca cc t bo u vo ca mt raster vng ca khong thi gian bng hoc din tch bng nhau.

Raster Surface:( Raster b mt)

Raster chc nng b mt cho php bn phn tch b mt raster u vo. Aspect: Din mo. Xut pht kha cnh t mt b mt raster. Contour: ng vin. To ng vin hoc isolines t mt b mt raster. Contour List: Mp ng vin. To ng vin hoc isolines da trn mt danh sch cc gi tr ng vin. Contour with Barrier: ng vin c chn ngang Curvature: S un cong. Tnh cong ca mt b mt raster, ty chn bao gm c h s v cong k hoch. Cut Fill: Ct ci lm y. Tnh ton khu vc ct v in vo. Hillshade: Bng i. Tnh hillshade gi tr cho mt b mt raster bng cch xem xt cc gc chiu sng v bng ti. Observer Point: im ngi theo di. Xc nh chnh xc cc im quan st c th nhn thy t mi v tr b mt raster. Slope: ng dc, ch dc. Xut pht kha cnh t mt b mt raster.. Viewshed: Nhn rng ra. Xc nh v tr b mt raster hin th cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng quan st.

Terrain and TIN Surface: Bn a hnh v b mt TIN

Decimate TIN Nodes Extrude Between: Nh ra gia Interpolate Polygon to Multipatch: Thm cc vng. Ni suy mt multipatch t mt b mt da trn mt hnh a gic. Locate Outliers: V tr nm ngoi Polygon Volume: Tp vng Surface Aspect: Din mo b mt Surface Contour: B mt ng vin Surface difference: S khc nhau b mt Surface Slope: B mt dc

Terrain Management: (S qun l bn a hnh)

a hnh cc cng c c s dng t ng ha vic to ra a hnh v chnh sa v tinh chnh cc gin lin quan vi a hnh hin c. Add Feature Class to Terrain: Thm lp ni bt a hnh. Thm mt hoc nhiu lp tnh nng a hnh. Add Terrain Pyramid Level: Thm ng chp a hnh .Thm mt hoc nhiu kim t thp a hnh. Append Terrain Point: Ni im a hnh. Thm im, bng cch ph thm hoc thay th, mt lp i tng a hnh nhng. Build Terrain: Xy dng a hnh. Xy dng mt a hnh da trn cc thit lp hin ti ca n v nh nc ca cc php o trong vic tham gia cc lp hc tnh nng.

 Change Terrain Reference Scale: Thay i lp gi ca a hnh. Lm thay i quy m mc tham kho mt kim t thp hin c. Change Terrain Resolution Bounds: Thay i phm vi a hnh Creat Terrain: To bn a hnh. To mt tp d liu a hnh mi c sn phm no. Delete Terrain Points: Xa im bn a hnh Remove Feature Class from Terrain: B lp Feature t bn a hnh. Kt thc s tham gia ca mt lp hc tnh nng trong mt a hnh. Remove Terrain Pyramid Level: B ng chp t bn a hnh. Replace Terrain points: Lp li im bn a hnh. Xa im t mt hay nhiu lp tnh nng nhng vo trong mt a hnh.

TIN Management: (Qun l TIN)

Copy TIN Creat TIN: To mt TIN trng rng, vi mt tham chiu khng gian. Delineate TIN Data Area: V din tch Data TIN Edit TIN: Bin tp TIN. Thm cc tnh nng mt TIN mi c to ra hoc hin ti.

3.2. Analysis Tools: Cng c phn tch

Extract : (Trch xut)

Cha cc cng c trch xut cc tnh nng v cc thuc tnh t mt lp i tng hoc mt bng da trn cc truy vn thuc tnh hoc khai thc khng gian v lu tr chng trong mt shapefile mi hoc lp i tng c s d liu a l. Nhng cng c ny bao gm Clip, Select, Split, v Bng Chn.

Clip: Ct.bt, xn. Cht chit xut tnh nng u vo lp ph cc tnh nng kp.

V d: Clip. Gi s ti c 2 layer, layer ranh gii hnh chnh v layer ng giao

thng. By gi ti mun ly ra cc ng giao thng trong 1 n v hnh chnh nht nh. Nh hnh bn di ti mun ly ra tt c cc ng giao thng trong khu vc c chn.

Chy cng c Clip, hp thoi sau s xut hin

Ch Input Features s khai bo layer m chng ta mun ly d liu ra (trong trng hp ny l lp giao thng). Clip Features khai bo lp s dng lm ci khun ly ra i tng khai bo trong Input Features. Output Feature Class khai bo ni lu v tn layer mi to thnh. XY Tolerance l ty chn, khai bo cng c m khng khai bo cng c. XY Tolerance c n v c khai bo pha sau (thng l theo n v ca bn ). Gi s nu bn khai bo l 0.01 th n c ngha g ? XY c th hiu l ta

x,y ca 1 i tng. 0.01 y th hin mt phm vi trn trc x cng nh trn trc y. Khi , nu bn c 2 im c ta x l 1.22 v 1.23 th hai im l khc nhau. Cn nu bn c 2 im c ta x l 1.222 v 1.223 th 2 im c ta x nh nhau. Bi s khc bit ca 2 im ny l 1.223 - 1.222 = 0.001 <0.01. Khi khai bo xong, click OK, kt qu s to thnh 1 layer cha d liu giao thng c rt ra.

Thuc tnh ca cc i tng s c gi li. Mt iu lu l Input layer c th l point, line hay polygon, cn clip layer th bt buc phi l polygon.

Select : Chn.Cng c ny gip ly ra nhng i tng theo yu cu t i tng input. V d: Chng ta mun ly ra mt phng t d liu hnh chnh ca TPHCM. Chng ta ch vic truy vn SQL tm ra phng , ri s dng cng c Select ly i tng ra thnh 1 layer mi. Chng hn chng ta mun ly ra nhng phng x c din tch ln hn hoc bng 20.000.000m2, chng ta tin hnh nh sau : Chy cng c Select, giao din xut hin

Input Features l d liu gc cn thc hin chc nng Select. Output Feature Class khai bo tn layer mi v ni lu tr n. Phn Expression l ty chn, nu chng ta khng ghi g vo trong ny th kt qu n s to ra lp mi ging ht lp gc (ci ny ging nh copy v paste lp c trn TOC (Table of content) vy. Vi yu cu chng ta a ra ban u, th biu thc nn vit l AREA>=20000000. AREA trong du ngoc kp l tn field (trng) trong bng thuc tnh s dng truy vn SQL. Mt s hm SQL c th gp y l :

Hm = < > >= <= <> LIKE

AND

M t Tm gi tr trong field bng vi gi tr cho trc. Tm gi tr trong field nh hn gi tr cho trc. Tm gi tr trong field ln hn gi tr cho trc. Tm gi tr trong field ln hn hoc bng vi gi tr cho trc. Tm gi tr trong field nh hn hoc bng vi gi tr cho trc. Tm gi tr trong field khc vi gi tr cho trc. V mt ngha n cng ging nh =. Nhng n rng hn, n c th tm gn ng. V d, kt qu ca php truy vn ny c th l ArcGIS hay ArcView : Ten Like Arc%.
Dng kt hp 2 iu kin. V d, Tui>10 AND Cao >1.30. Mt i tng tha mn iu kin khi n tha mn c 2 iu kin cn tha mn 1 iu kin tr xung th n khng phi l i tng cn tm.

OR

NOT

Cng dng kt hp 2 iu kin. V d, Tui>10 OR Cao >1.30. Mt i tng tha mn iu kin khi n

ch cn tha mn 1 trong 2 iu kin. Ngha l kt qu ca php ton AND cng nm trong ny. C ngha l ph nh li ci cn tm. V d, chng ta mun tm tt c cc phng, tr phng a Kao, th biu thc s l : NOT Phuong = a Kao.
Sau khi click OK thc thi cng c Select, chng ta c kt qu bn di :

Split: Tch,chia. Ph v cc tnh nng u vo vo cc lp hc tnh nng nhiu u ra.

 Table Select: Chn bng. Cht chit xut la chn hoc cc tnh nng ghi bn t mt u vo Chn cng c Bng c cha trong hp Phn tch cc cng c cng c.

Overlay: (Vt ph)

Cha cc cng c che ph cc lp hc tnh nng nhiu kt hp, xa, hoc cp nht cc tnh nng khng gian vo mt lp hc tnh nng mi. C mt s loi hot ng lp ph, chng hn nh Identity, Intersect, Union, v cp nht. Erase: Xa,b. To ra mt cng c ty xa c cha trong hp cng c Phn tch cc cng c.

 Indentify: Tnh ton mt ng t hnh hc v cc tnh nng u vo v tnh nng nhn dng.

Intersect:Ct ngang cho nhau,ct giao nhau. Tnh ton mt ng t hnh hc ca cc tnh nng u vo.

Spatial Join: Khng gian ni lin. To mt bng tham gia trong cc lnh vc t bng thuc tnh ca mt lp c ni thm vo bng thuc tnh ca lp khc da trn v tr tng i ca cc tnh nng trong hai lp. Symmetrcal Difference: S khc bit i xng Union: S lin kt. Tnh ton mt ng t hnh hc ca cc tnh nng u vo.

 Update: Cp nhp hin i ha. Tnh ton mt ng t hnh hc v cc tnh nng u vo v tnh nng cp nht.

Proximity: (Tim cn)

Cha cc cng c xc nh s gn gi ca cc tnh nng khng gian trong mt lp hc tnh nng hoc gia hai lp tnh nng. Nhng cng c ny bao gm Buffer, Near, v Khong cch im.

Buffer: m. To a gic m mt khong cch quy nh xung quanh cc tnh nng u vo

 Create thiessen Polygons: Chuyn i im u vo mt lp i tng u ra ca a gic gn Thiessen.

Generate Near Table: Pht sinh bng Multiple Ring Buffer: Nhiu vng trn buffer To mt lp tnh nng mi ca tnh nng b m bng cch s dng mt tp hp cc khong cch m..

 Near: Gn. Xc nh khong cch t mi im trong cc Tnh nng u vo n im gn nht hoc polyline trong cc Tnh nng gn, trong vng bn knh tm kim.

Point Distance: Khong cch im. Xc nh khong cch gia cc im trong cc Tnh nng u vo cho tt c cc im trong cc Tnh nng gn, trong vng bn knh tm kim.

Statistics: (Thng k)
Cha cc cng c thc hin cc tiu chun phn tch thng k trn d liu thuc tnh. H thc hin phn tch lch trung bnh, ti thiu, ti a, v tiu chun v d liu thuc tnh v lu kt qu trong mt bng mi. Nhng cng c ny bao gm cc tn s v Tm tt thng tin thng k. Frequency: Tn s Summary Statistics: Thng k tm tt

3.3. Conversion Tools: Thanh cng c chuyn i

From KML
KML To Layer: T KML sang lp

From Raster
Raster to ASCII: Chp ct lp ASCII. Chuyn i rasters mt tp tin ASCII.C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS. Raster to Float.Chp ct lp ni. Chuyn i rasters vo mt tp tin floating-point. Raster to Point: Chp ct lp point. Chuyn i rasters mt lp i tng im.

 Raster to Polygon: Raster polygon. Chuyn i rasters n mt lp hc tnh nng a gic. Raster to Polyline. Chuyn i rasters n mt lp hc tnh nng polyline. Raster To Video

From WFS
WFS To Feature Class: WFS sang lp d liu

Metadata: (Siu d liu)

Cha cc cng c xc nhn ni dung siu d liu theo mt tiu chun siu d liu c th, xut khu ni dung siu d liu cho cc tp tin siu d liu c lp m c th c s dng vi phn mm siu d liu khc ESRI Metadata Translator: ESRI Metadata phin dch. Chuyn i siu d liu t mt tiu chun nh dng khc bng cch s dng cc cng c ArcGIS dch siu d liu. V d, siu d liu c th c xut khu nh dng ISO 19.139. Cng c dch thut c th c cu hnh h tr bt k tiu chun siu d liu hoc h s. Metadata Importer: Nhp siu d liu ESRI Metadata Publisher: Ngi xut bn siu d liu. Xut bn mt ti liu siu d liu XML mt ca hng siu d liu nh mt dch v siu d liu ArcIMS. Synchronize Metadata: ng b ha siu d liu

 SGS MP Metadata Translator: Xc nhn FGDC ni dung ca siu d liu CSDGM v xut khu ni dung cc tp tin c lp bng cch s dng tin ch siu d liu phn tch c php USGS, mp. XML Schema Validation:Lc XML XSLT Transformation: S thay i XSLT. S dng mt phn tch c php XML chuyn i mt ti liu siu d liu XML bng cch s dng mt XSLT style sheet v xut khu cc kt qu vo mt tp tin c lp.

To CAD
Cha cc cng c chun b v chuyn i cc tnh nng mt thit k my tnh h tr bn a (CAD) nh dng Add CAD Fields: Thm cc lnh vc c cha cc thuc tnh CAD. Cc lnh vc c cng nhn xut khu cng c CAD. Yu cu mt giy php ArcInfo. Export to CAD: To bn v CAD nh dng gc ca h (DGN, DWG, DXF). Yu cu mt giy php ArcInfo.

Kt Qu:

To Collada
Multipatch To Collada: Nhiu mnh nh sang Collada

To Coverage:
Phm vi cng c. Cha cc cng c chuyn i cc lp hc tnh nng ny nh dng bo him.

Feature Class To Coverage:

Feature Class ph sng Xy dng mt bo him ArcInfo t mt s lng khng gii hn cc lp i u vo, shapefile, v / hoc cc lp. Yu cu mt giy php ArcInfo.

To dBASE:
Cha cc cng c chuyn i bng nh dng dBASE

To Geodatabase:
Cha cc cng c chuyn i cc tnh nng v cc file CAD n cc lp hc tnh nng geodatabase. Cad to Geodatabase

 Feature Class to Feature Class:Feature Class tnh nng lp. Chuyn i mt lp i tng n mt lp hc tnh nng (shapefile, phm vi bo him, hoc lp i tng c s d liu a l). C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS.

Import CAD Annotation: Nhp ch thch cho CAD. Nhp khu cad ch thch mt lp i tng ch thch. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS. Table to Table: Chuyn i mt bng vo mt bng (dBASE, INFO, OLE, DB, hoc GDB). C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS.

To KML
Layer To KML

 Map To KML

To Raster:
Cha cc cng c chuyn i d liu rasters ASCII to Raster: Chuyn i cc tp tin ASCII sang mt nh dng raster. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS.

 DEM to Raster: Ci Kho st a cht Hoa K (USGS) M hnh k thut s cao (DEM) tp tin vo mt nh dng raster. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS Fature to Raster: Chuyn i cc lp hc tnh nng vo mt nh dng raster. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS. Float to Raster: Chuyn i cc tp tin floating-point sang mt nh dng raster. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS. Point to Raster : Chuyn i cc tnh nng im mt tp d liu raster.C sn vi mt giy php ArcInfo hoc vi Spatial Analyst hoc giy php 3D.

Polygon to Raster: Chuyn i cc tnh nng a gic mt tp d liu raster. C sn vi mt giy php ArcInfo hoc vi Spatial Analyst hoc giy php 3D.

 Polyline to raster: Chuyn i polyline tnh nng mt tp d liu raster. C sn vi mt giy php ArcInfo hoc vi Spatial Analyst hoc giy php 3D.

To Shapefile:
Cha cc cng c chuyn i tnh nng shapefiles. Feature class Shapfile: Chuyn i hoc bn sao mt lp tnh nng hoc shapefile shapefile. C sn vi bt k giy php ArcGIS.

3.4. Geocoding Tools : ( cng c m ha a l)

ngha: M ho a l l qu trnh ch nh mt v tr, thng dng cc gi tr ta

, n mt a ch bng cch so snh cc yu t m t v tr ca nhng a ch hin c trong cc ti liu tham kho. a ch th hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, sp xp theo a ch nh bi tn ng ph v thng tin ng m t v tr khc nh khu vc bu chnh hoc ng iu tra dn s. V bn cht, mt a ch bao gm bt k loi thng tin phn bit v tr vi nhau. Nhiu nhim v ph bin c lin quan n qu trnh m ha a l, chng hn nh vic to ra v duy tr nh v a ch, a ch m ha a l, v a ch nhn cho cc a ch im. Hp cng c Geocoding cha cc cng c h tr trong vic hon thnh cc nhim v ny.

Creat adress locator (to a ch nh v):

To ra mt a ch nh v. a ch nh v c th c s dng tm v tr ca mt a ch, m a l trong mt bng a ch, hoc tm a ch ca mt v tr im.

Creat adress composite locator (to a ch nh v tng hp):

To mt a ch nh v tng hp. Mt a ch nh v tng hp bao gm hai hoc nhiu a ch nh v c nhn cho php a ch c so snh vi nhiu a ch nh v.

Geocode addresses (m a ch a l):

Geocodes mt bng a ch. Qu trnh ny i hi mt bng lu tr cc a ch bn mun m a l v a ch nh v hoc mt hn hp a ch nh v. Cng c ny ph hp vi a ch nghch a ch nh v v lu kt qu cho mi bng u vo trong mt lp i tng im mi.

Rebuild address locator (xy dng a ch nh v):

Xy dng li mt a ch nh v cp nht cc nh v vi cc d liu tham chiu hin ti. a ch nh v c cha mt bn chp ca cc d liu tham kho khi n c to ra, n s khng m ho a ch chng li cc d liu cp nht khi cc hnh dng v thuc tnh ca cc d liu tham kho c thay i. m ha li a ch trong d liu tham kho hin ti, a ch nh v phi c xy dng li nu bn mun cp nht nhng thay i trong nh v.

Rematch address (ti lp a ch ):

Ti lp a ch trong m ha lp i tng

Reverse geocode (o ngc m a l):

To a ch t v tr im trong lp i tng. Qu trnh m ha a l ngc tm kim a ch gn nht hoc giao cho v tr im da vo khong cch tm kim l thuyt.

Standardize Addresses (chun ha a ch):

Chun ha cc thng tin a ch trong mt bng hoc lp i tng

3.5. Geostatistical Analyst Tools: (Cng c thng k phn tch a l)

 ngha: Vi phn tch a thng k, bn c th d dng to ra mt b mt lin tc

hoc bn t cc php o c lu tr trong mt lp tnh nng im hoc lp raster hoc bng cch s dng cc trng tm a gic. Nhng im ly mu c th c o lng nh chiu su, cao mc nc ngm, mc nhim. Khi c s dng kt hp vi ArcMap, phn tch a thng k cung cp mt tp hp ton din cc cng c to ra cc b mt c th c s dng hnh dung, phn tch, v hiu cc hin tng khng gian.

Interpolation (ni suy):

Cng c d on gi tr ti cc a im v hn. Diffusion interpolation with barriers (ni suy vi ro cn phc tp): dng 1 kernel da trn phng trnh nhit cho php ngi s dng kt hp vi b d liu raster v tnh nng hot ng nh 1 ro cn.

 Global polynomial interpolation ( a thc ni suy ton cu): Ph hp vi b mt nhn c nh ngha l mt hm ton hc (mt a thc) v nhng im mu u vo.

 Idw (thut ton ni suy): S dng cc gi tr o c xung quanh v tr d on d on mt gi tr cho bt k v tr no unsampled, da trn gi nh rng nhng th rt gn vi nhau ging nhau nhiu hn so vi nhng th xa nhau.

Hnh :V d minh ha v Inverse distance weighted (IDW)

Hnh : Tm kim im ln cn bng IDW

Kernel interpolation with barriers ( ni suy trung tm vi ro cn): Mt ca s d on di chuyn s dng khong cch ngn nht gia cc im sao cho cc im trn c bn trong nhng dng ro cn c kt ni.

Hnh :M t cch s dng ni suy trung tm vi ro cn

 Local polynomial interpolation (a thc ni suy nh v): Ph hp vi trnh t quy nh (s khng, u tin, th hai, th ba, v vv) a thc, trong mi phm vi quy nh vng ln cn chng lp, to ra mt b mt.

Moving window kriging (di chuyn ca s thut ton ni suy Kriging): tnh ton li hng, nugget, ngng cc b, v tham s trn nn ln cn nh, di chuyn qua tt c v tr im.

Hnh :M t di chuyn ca s thut ton ni suy Kriging

 Radial basis functions (thut ton chc nng trung tm): s dng 1 trong 5 thut ton c bn xy dng mi gi tr n c o. Cho vic to mt b mt ni suy chnh xc.

Hnh : M t ng dng thut ton

Hnh :Khi nim c s ca thut ton Sampling network design (mu thit k mng) :
Bao gm cc cng c c s dng h tr trong cc v tr ca v tr ly mu mi. Cng c ly mu tng mt mng cng c th c s dng xc nh v tr ly mu khng cn cn thit. Create spatially balanced points ( to im khn gian cn bng): to ra mt tp hp nn im n trn hm kt qu xc sut trong mt khng gian cn bng. Densify sampling network ( tng mt mng li): dng inter alia, c bo li ca b mt d on trn lp a thng k Kriging xc nh, xc nhvng no mi c tm hoc ci no b di chuyn.

Simulation (m phng):

Cng c trong b cng c ny c s dng thc hin m phng a thng k v h tr trong vic phn tch cc kt qu. Extract values to table( trch xut cc gi tr ra bng): trch gi tr ct t tp hp bng raster, nn trn 1 im ca lp i tng vng. Gaussian geostatisstical simulations (m phng a thng k thut ton Gaussian): trnh by nn m phng a thng k c iu kin v khng iu kin trn m hnh Kriging n gin. V d m phng a thng k:

Utilities (tin ch):

Cc cng c x l trc v sau khi pht trin cc m hnh ni suy bng cch s dng cc phn tch a thng k. Cross validation ( qua xc nhn): di chuyn v tr d liu v d on d liu lin kt dang dng ti v tr tnh.

 Neighborhood selection (la chn vng ln cn): to lp nn im trn define ngi dng ln cn.

Semivariogram sensitivity (thut ton Semivariogram): thc hin phn tch nhy bng s thay i cp mu vng, ngng cc b v xp hng gi tr.

 Subset features (tp hp cc tnh nng): phn chia d liu gc thnh 2 phn, mt phn c dng cho cu trc khng gian v hnh thnh mt phng. Phn cn li dng cho so snh v lm cho b mt xut ra ng.

Working with geostatistical layers (lm vic vi cc lp a thng k):

Thanh cng c ny cha cc thanh cng c dng to, thay i, xut, v iu khin tnh cht ca lp a thng k. Calculate Z-value( tnh gi tr z):s dng m hnh ni suy trong lp a thng k d on gi tr ti vng n. Creat geostatistical layer (to lp a thng k):s dng lp a thng k sn c to mt lp mi bao gm d liu i tng mi hoc ngu nhin. GA layer to contour (lp ng mc GA):to lp d liu ng ng mc t lp phn tch a thng k. Lp i tng xut ra c th l lp i tng ng ca ng ng mc hoc lp i tng vng ca ng mc y. GA layer to grid ( xut 1 lp grid): xut 1 lp a thng k sang raster.

 GA layer to points (xut 1 lp a thng k im):cng c dng d on gi tr vng bin goc d on chnh xc lm cho vng Get model parameter (m hnh tham s): B cng c ny cha cc cng c c s dng to, chnh sa, xut , v thao tc cc thuc tnh ca mt lp a thng k. Set model parameter (thit lp m hnh tham s): Thit lp gi tr tham s trong m hnh ca ngun a thng k hin c.

3.6. Network Analyst Tools: (Cng c phn tch mng)

ng nhanh nht t im A n B:

Nhng ngi nh nm trong phm vi 5 pht n ga xe la. Vng th trng no kinh doanh ng c?

Ng r no nn t ca hng nhng khch hng tim nng c th gh qua m t tn thi gian i li nht. Nhng xe cu ha, tun tra no c th p ng kip thi khi xay ra s c.

Bit c chuyn tu hoc chuyn xe khch no tn t thi gian vn chuyn nht.

Ni no nh kinh doanh c th m ca hng phn phi ti a ra th trng. Mt cng ty ang xung dc, cn phi ng ca hng no duy tr hot ng cho cng ty m.

Analysis (phn tch)

B cng c phn tch cha cc cng c c s dng thc hin phn tch khi s dng phn m rng phn tch mng. B cng c cha cc cng c to ra mt lp mng phn tch mi v thit lp cc thuc tnh phn tch ca mnh cho mi gii php c cung cp vi phn m rng phn tch mng, cng c thm cc i tng phn tch mng cho mt hoc nhiu lp phn tch mng, mt cng c gii quyt phn tch, v mt cng c to ra cc hng dn li xe. Add fiel to analysis layer (thm trng lp phn tch) thm i tng cho lp con ca lp phn tch mng. Add locations (thm a im) Thm i tng phn tch mng vo mt lp phn tch mng. Cc i tng c b sung vo cc lp con c th nh Dng v ro cn. i tng l u vo nh cc tnh nng hoc h s. Caculate locations (tnh ton a im) Thm cc trng vi cc i tng u vo c cha cc v tr mng ca cc i tng. Cng c ny c s dng lu tr cc thng tin v tr mng nh l thuc tnh i tng nhanh chng ti cc i tng u vo cho mt lp phn tch mng.

 Directions(ch dn) to thng tin ch dn t mt lp phn tch mng vi cc tuyn ng. Cc thng tin hng c ghi vo mt tp tin hoc XML hay nh dng vn bn. Make closest faciity layer (to lp c s gn nht) Lm cho mt lp phn tch mng gn nht c s v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca mnh. Mt lp phn tch gn nht c s hu ch trong vic xc nh cc c s gn nht hoc mt c s c s c v chi ph mng quy nh. Make location- Allocation layer( to v tr -phn b lp) Lm cho mt lp phn b v tr phn tch mng v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca n. Mt v tr giao phn tch lp l hu ch cho vic la chn mt s lng nht nh ca cc c s t mt tp hp cc v tr tim nng nh mt nhu cu s c phn b cho c s vt cht mt cch ti u v hiu qu. Make OD cost matrix layer (to lp ma trn chi ph) Lm cho im n ngun xut (OD) lp phn tch mng ma trn chi ph v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca mnh. OD l lp ma trn phn tch chi ph rt hu ch i din cho mt ma trn chi ph i t mt tp hp cc a im xut n mt tp hp cc a im ch. Make route layer (to lp tuyn ng) to mt lp phn tch mng tuyn ng v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca mnh. Mt lp phn tch tuyn ng hu ch cho vic xc nh tuyn tt nht gia mt tp hp cc v tr mng da trn chi ph mng quy nh. Make service area layer (Lm cho mt khu vc phn tch mng lp dch v v thit lp cc ti sn chuyn hng ca n) to mt lp phn tch mng khu vc dch v v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca n. Mt lp phn tch khu vc dch v l hu ch trong vic xc nh khu vc tip cn trong vng mt khong ct t mt a im c s. Make vehicle routing problem layer (to lp nh tuyn) .) to vn nh tuyn xe (VRP) lp phn tch mng v thit lp cc c tnh phn tch ca n. Mt lp phn tch tuyn hu ch cho vic ti u ha mt tp hp ca cc tuyn ng bng cch s dng mt i xe. Solve( gii quyt) Gii quyt vn phn tch lp mng da trn a im mng v thuc tnh ca n. Update analysis layer attibute parameter(cp nht lp thng s phn tch thuc tnh) Cp nht cc gi tr tham s thuc tnh mng cho mt lp phn tch mng. Cng c ny nn c s dng cp nht cc gi tr ca mt tham s thuc tnh cho mt lp phn tch mng trc khi gii quyt vi cng

c Gii quyt. iu ny m bo rng cc hot ng gii quyt s dng gi tr quy nh ca tham s thuc tnh to ra kt qu ph hp.

Network dataset (d liu mng) :

B cng c cha cc cng c c s dng thc hin cc nhim v bo tr mng d liu chng hn nh xy dng v gii th mng li tp hp d liu. Build network (xy dng mng) Ti cu trc kt ni mng v thng tin thuc tnh ca mt tp d liu mng. Dissolve network (hy b mng) Upgrade network( nng cp mng)

Turn feature class (lp i tng) :

Cha cc cng c c s dng xy dng v ln lt chnh sa d liu. Cc cng c trong b cng c cho php bn to ra ln lt cc lp i tng mi, chuyn i cc ArcView hoc ArcInfo Workstation ln lt bng bin cc lp hc tnh nng hin c tr v i tng v duy tr tnh ton vn ca cc tnh nng ln lt da trn hnh hc ca n hoc mt lnh vc thay th ID trong trng hp khi cc ngun ti liu tham kho tnh nng c cp nht. Creat turn feature class ( to 1 lt lp i tng mi) Increase maximum edges ( tng ti a s lng cc cnh) Populate alternate ID fields (id thay th ph bin) To v a vo trng b sung trn cc lp i tng ln lt trong mt tp d liu mng tham kho cc cnh bng ID thay th. Turn table to turn feature class(m bng m lp i tng) Chuyn i ln lt mt bng GIS ArcView hoc b tr ln lt ArcInfo Workstation bng vo mt lp i tng ArcGIS ln lt. Update by alternate id fields (cp nht i tng id thay th) Update by geometry (cp nht dng hnh hc) Cp nht tt c cc ti liu tham kho cnh trong bng ln lt bng cch s dng hnh hc ca tnh nng ny

3.7. Spatial Analyst Tools (cng c phn tch khng gian )

Phn tch khng gian c 170 cng c trong 22 b cng c thc hin phn tch v m hnh ha khng gian.

Conditional (quy nh): Cho php bn kim sot cc gi tr u ra da trn cc iu kin c t trn cc gi tr u vo. Cc iu kin c th c p dng c hai loi, nhng ngi hin hu hoc truy vn trn cc thuc tnh hoc mt iu kin da trn v tr ca cu lnh iu kin trong mt danh sch.
Con (nhin cu): Thc hin nh gi nu / khc c iu kin trn mi t bo u vo ca mt raster u vo.

Pick (lc): Gi tr t raster v tr c s dng xc nh m t

raster trong mt danh sch cc rasters u vo gi tr sn lng di ng s t c.

Set Null (thit lp khng gian ) : Set Null t a im di ng xc nh NoData da trn mt tiu ch quy nh. N tr v NoData nu nh gi

c iu kin l ng, v tr v gi tr theo quy nh ca raster khc nu n l sai.

Density (mt ): Bn c th tnh ton mt cc tnh nng u vo trong mt khu vc xung quanh mi t bo raster u ra.
Kermel Density : Tnh cng trn mt n v din tch t im hoc

polyline tnh nng bng cch s dng mt chc nng ht nhn ph hp vi mt b mt trn tru gim dn n tng im hoc polyline. Line Density (mt dng): Tnh cng trn mt n v din tch t cc tnh nng polyline thuc phm vi bn knh xung quanh mi t bo. Point Density (mt im): Tnh cng trn mt n v din tch t cc tnh nng thi im nm trong mt khu ph xung quanh mi t bo. Distance (Khong cch) :
Cc cng c Khong cch cho php bn thc hin phn tch khong cch theo cc cch sau: Corridor (hnh lang) : Tnh tng chi ph tch ly cho hai rasters chi ph u vo tch ly. Cost Allocation (gi tr phn b): Tnh ton cho mi t bo ngun ca n gn nht da trn chi ph t nht ly k trn mt b mt chi ph.

 Cost Back Link (gi tr sau lin kt) : Xc nh nhng ngi hng xm l t bo tip theo trn con ng chi ph t nht l tch ly ngun gn nht.

Cost Distance (gi tr khong cch): Tnh ton chi ph t nht khong cch tch ly cho mi t bo ngun gn nht trn mt b mt chi ph. Cost Path (gi tr ng nh): Tnh con ng chi ph thp nht t mt ngun ti mt ch n. Euclidean Allocation (phn b euclid) : Tnh ton, mi t bo, ch o, theo , vi ngun gn nht.

Euclidean Direction (iu khiu Euclid): Tnh ton, cho mi t bo, khong cch Euclide ngun gn nht.

 Euclidean Distance: Tnh ton cho mi t bo, chi ph tch ly t nht l khong cch n ngun gn nht, trong khi k ton cho khong cch b mt v cc yu t chi ph theo chiu ngang v chiu dc.

Path Distance Allocation (khong cch ng phn b): Tnh ton ngun gn nht cho mi t bo da trn chi ph t nht ly k trn mt b mt chi ph, trong khi k ton cho khong cch b mt v cc yu t chi ph theo chiu ngang v chiu dc. Path Distance Back Link : Xc nh nhng ngi hng xm l t bo tip theo trn con ng chi ph t nht l tch ly ngun gn nht, trong khi k ton cho khong cch b mt v cc yu t chi ph theo chiu ngang v chiu dc.

Extration (xut)

Khai thc cc cng c cho php bn trch xut mt tp hp con ca cc t bo t raster bng cch thuc tnh ca cc t bo hoc v tr khng gian ca h. Bn cng c th c c cc gi tr di ng cho cc a im c th nh mt thuc tnh trong mt lp cc tnh nng im hoc nh mt bng. Extract by Attributes (xut bi thuc tnh): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster da trn mt truy vn hp l.

Extract by Circle (xut bi hnh trn): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster da trn mt vng trn. Extract by Mask(xut bi mt n): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster tng ng vi cc khu vc c xc nh bi mt chic mt n.

Extract by Points(xut bi im): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster da trn mt tp hp cc im to .

 Extract by Polygon(xut bi vng): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster da trn mt hnh a gic. Extract by Rectangle(xut bi hnh ch nht): Cht chit xut t cc t bo ca mt raster da trn mt hnh ch nht. Extract by Multi Values to Points(xut bi nhiu gi tr im): Trch xut cc gi tr di ng ti cc a im quy nh trong mt lp hc tnh nng im t mt hoc nhiu rasters, v h s ca cc gi tr vo bng thuc tnh ca lp i tng im. Extract by Values to points(xut bi gi tr im): Trch xut cc gi tr di ng ti cc a im quy nh trong mt lp hc tnh nng im t mt hoc nhiu rasters, v h s ca cc gi tr vo bng thuc tnh ca lp i tng im. Sample(xut bi hnh mu): To ra mt bng cho thy rng cc gi tr ca cc t bo t mt raster, hoc tp hp cc rasters, cho cc a im c xc nh. Cc a im c xc nh bi cc t bo raster hoc mt tp cc im.

Generalization(Tng qut)
Cc cng c phn tch tng qut c s dng hoc lm sch d liu nh trong raster hoc khi qut cc d liu c c loi b chi tit khng cn thit cho mt phn tch tng qut hn. C rt nhiu ngun khc nhau ph bin cho cc d liu c sai st, chng hn nh sau: Phn loi nh v tinh c th cha nhiu khu vc nh ca cc t bo b phn loi nhm. Hnh nh c qut bn giy c th cha ng nhng dng khng cn thit hoc vn bn. Vn chuyn i t rasters trong cc nh dng khc nhau, phn gii, hoc d on c th tn ti.Cc cng c tng qut c chia thnh ba loi chnh: Nhng vng m khi qut v khu vc.(Nibble, Shrink, Expand, Tp on khu vc, v Thin). Nhng vng cnh trn tru. (Ranh gii sch v a s b lc). Nhng thay i phn gii ca d liu. (Tng hp)

 Aggregate ( tng hp): To ra mt phin bn gim phn gii ca cc raster. Mi phn t u ra cha tng, ti thiu, ti a, trung bnh, hoc trung bnh ca cc phn t u vo c bao ph bi mc ca cc phn t .

Boundary Clean (qut bin) : Nhn hn ranh gii gia cc vng bng cch m rng v thu hp n.

Expand (m rng): M rng cc khu vc quy nh ca cc raster mt s quy nh ca phn t.

 Majority Filter (lc nhiu): Thay th cc t bo trong mt raster da trn phn ln cc t bo ln cn tip gip lnh hi ca h.

Nibble (nhm): Thay th cc t bo ca mt raster tng ng vi mt mt n vi cc gi tr ca nhng ngi hng xm gn nht.

 Region Group (nhm vng): i vi mi t bo u ra, bn sc ca khu vc kt ni vi t bo thuc c ghi li. Mt s duy nht c gn cho tng khu vc.

Shrink(rt ngn): Thu nh cc khu vc c la chn bi mt s quy nh c th ca cc t bo bng cch thay th chng bng gi tr ca cc t bo l thng xuyn nht trong cc vng ln cn.

Thin (mng): Mng rasterized tnh nng tuyn tnh bng cch gim s lng ca cc t bo i din cho chiu rng ca cc tnh nng.

Groundwater (Nc ngm)

Cc cng c ngm c th c s dng thc hin m hnh phn tn advection th s ca cc thnh phn trong dng chy nc ngm. Cc ch sau y cung cp thng

tin c bn v cc kha cnh l thuyt ca cc cng c cng nh mt s v d ca vic thc hin ca h. Darcy Flow (lu lng Darcy) : Tnh ton cc kt qu u ra cn bng nc ngm khi lng cn li v cc dng chy n nh trong mt tng ngm nc. Darcy Velocity (tc Darcy): Tnh vector vn tc thm nc ngm (hng v ln) cho dng chy n nh trong mt tng ngm nc. Particle Track (ht theo di): Tnh con ng ca mt ht thng qua mt lnh vc vn tc, tr li mt tp tin ASCII d liu theo di ht v, ty chn, phm vi bo him theo di thng tin. Porous Puff: Tnh ph thuc vo thi gian, hai chiu tp trung phn phi khi lng cho mi khi lng ca cht tan gii thiu ngay lp tc v ti mt im ri rc thnh mt tng ngm nc hn hp theo chiu dc.

Hydrology (thu vn)

Cc cng c Thy vn c s dng m hnh dng chy ca nc trn b mt. Cc cng c Thy vn c th c p dng ring l hoc c s dng theo th t to ra mt mng li dng hoc khoanh nh cc lu vc sng. Cng c: Basin (lu vc sng): To mt raster khoanh nh cc din tch c tt c cc lu vc thot. Fill : in vo cc chm trong mt raster b mt loi b cc khim khuyt nh trong d liu. Flow Accumulation (lu lng tch tr): To mt raster lu lng tch ly vo mi t bo. Mt yu t trng lng ty chn c th c p dng.

 Flow Direction (hng dng chy): To mt raster hng dng chy t mi d liu k cn downslope mnh nht ca n.

Flow Lengthy (dng chy di): Tnh khong cch pha thng lu, h lu, hoc khong cch trng, dc theo con ng dng chy cho mi t bo. Sink (m ly): To mt raster xc nh tt c cc bn ra hoc cc khu vc thot nc ni b. Snap Pour Point (bt dnh im ): Snaps im cc t bo tch t lu lng cao nht trong mt khong cch nht nh. Stream Link (sui lien kt) : Gn gi tr duy nht cho cc phn ca mt mng li raster tuyn tnh gia nt giao thng.

 Stream Order (th t sui) Gn mt th t s phn on ca mt raster i din cho chi nhnh ca mt mng li tuyn tnh. Stream to Feature (sui t nh): Chuyn i mt raster i din cho mt mng li tuyn tnh tnh nng i din cho mng tuyn tnh. Watershed (u ngun) : Xc nh khu vc ng gp trn mt tp hp cc t bo trong mt raster.

Interpolation (php ni suy)

Cng c ni suy to ra mt b mt (hoc d on) lin tc t cc gi tr im ly mu. Cc cng c ni suy thng c chia thnh cc phng php xc nh v thng k a. Cc phng php ni suy xc nh gn gi tr cho cc a im da trn cc gi tr o c xung quanh v xc nh cng thc ton hc xc nh mn ca b mt kt qu. Cc phng php xc nh bao gm IDW (nghch o khong cch trng), hng xm t nhin, Trend, v Spline. Cc phng php a thng k da trn cc m hnh thng k bao gm tng quan t ng (mi quan h thng k gia cc im o). Bi v iu ny, cc k thut a thng k khng ch c kh nng sn xut mt b mt d on m cn cung cp mt s bin php ca s chc chn v chnh xc ca cc d on. Kriging l mt phng php a thng k ni suy. Cc cng c suy cn li, Topo Raster v Topo chp ct lp File, s dng mt phng php ni suy c thit k c bit to ra cc b mt lin tc t cc ng cong, v cc phng php ny cng c tnh cht thun li cho vic to ra cc b mt phn tch thy vn. Cng c: IDW: Ni suy mt b mt raster t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut khong cch nghch o trng s (IDW). Kriging : Ni suy mt b mt raster t cc im s dng Kriging.

 Natural Naighbor ( lin k t nhin) : Ni suy mt b mt raster t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut hng xm t nhin. Spline (ng): Ni suy mt b mt raster t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut ti thiu spline cong hai chiu. Spline with Barriers (ng c ro chn): Ni suy mt b mt raster, bng cch s dng cc ro cn, t im bng cch s dng mt k thut cong spline ti thiu. Cc ro cn c nhp vo nh l mt trong hai tnh nng a gic hoc polyline. Topo to Raster (lin kt ct lp) : Ni suy b mt raster hydrologically chnh xc t im, ng thng, v cc d liu a gic. Topo to Raster by File (lin kt chp ct lp t file): Ni suy b mt raster hydrologically chnh xc t im, ng thng, v d liu a gic bng cch s dng cc thng s quy nh trong mt tp tin. Trend (phng hng): Ni suy mt b mt raster t cc im bng cch s dng mt k thut xu hng

Local (a phng)
Cc cng c a phng l nhng cng c m gi tr ti mi v tr di ng trn raster u ra l mt chc nng ca cc gi tr t tt c cc yu t u vo ti a im . thc hin tnh ton, mt cng c a phng ch cn cho mi ca rasters u vo, gi tr ti v tr , cng nh (trong mt s trng hp) gi tr so snh. Sau khi kt qu c to ra, tnh ton c thc hin cho cc v tr di ng tip theo, v qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi tt c cc t bo c x l. Vi cc cng c a phng, bn c th kt hp cc rasters u vo, tnh ton thng k trn chng, hoc nh gi mt tiu ch cho mi t bo trn raster u ra da trn cc gi tr ca mi t bo t cc rasters u vo nhiu. Cng c: Cell statistic(s liu thng k di ng): Cc s liu thng k c sn l a s, ti a, trung bnh, trung bnh, ti thiu, thiu s, Range, lch chun, Sum, v a dng.

 Combine(kt hp): Kt hp nhiu rasters cho mt gi tr u ra duy nht c gn cho mi s kt hp c o ca cc gi tr u vo.

Equal To Frequency(bng tn s): nh gi trn c s t bo-by-cell s ln cc gi tr trong mt tp hp cc rasters bng raster khc.

 Greater Than Frequency (ln hn tng s): nh gi trn c s -by-cell s ln mt tp hp cc rasters ln hn raster khc.

Hightest Position (v tr cao nht): Xc nh trn c s -by-cell v tr ca raster vi gi tr ti a trong mt tp hp cc rasters.

Less Than Frequency (thp hn tn s): nh gi trn c s -by-cell s ln mt tp hp cc rasters t hn raster khc.

Lowest Position (v tr thp hn) : Xc nh trn c s -by-cell v tr ca raster vi gi tr ti thiu trong mt tp hp cc rasters.

 Popularity(ph bin): Xc nh gi tr trong mt danh sch i s l

mt mc ph bin trn mt c s -by-cell. Mc c th ca s ni ting (s ln xut hin ca mi gi tr) c xc nh bi tham s u tin.

Rank (xp hng): Cc gi tr t b rasters u vo c xp hng trn c s -by-cell, v trong s ny c tr li c xc nh bi gi tr ca cc raster u vo cp bc.

Map Algebra (bn i s)

i s bn l mt cch thc hin phn tch khng gian bng cch to ra cc biu thc trong mt ngn ng i s. Vi cng c Raster Calculator, bn c th d dng to ra v chy biu thc i s rng sn lng mt tp d liu raster. Cng c: Algebra: Xy dng v thc hin mt biu i s bng cch s dng c php Python trong mt giao din ging nh my tnh.

Math (i s)
Bitwise (phn theo bit ): Cc cng c ton bitwise tnh ton trn biu din nh phn ca cc gi tr u vo. Nhng cng c ny c d nh lm vic trn cc d liu u vo s nguyn. Nu gi tr ny l im

ni u vo, cc gi tr d liu s t ng c rt ngn v chuyn i cc gi tr s nguyn. Kt qu l, cc kiu d liu u ra lun lun l s nguyn.
Bitwise And : Thc hin mt Bitwise v hot ng trn cc gi tr nh phn ca hai rasters u vo. Bitwise Left Shift: Thc hin mt hot ng Shift Bitwise cn li trn cc gi tr nh phn ca hai rasters u vo.

 Bitwise Not: Thc hin mt Khng hot ng (b sung) Bitwise trn gi tr nh phn ca mt raster u vo. Bitwise Or: Thc hin mt bitwise OR hot ng trn cc gi tr nh phn ca hai rasters u vo. Bitwise Right Shift: Thc hin mt hot ng Shift Bitwise phi trn cc gi tr nh phn ca hai rasters u vo. Bitwise XOr: Thc hin mt hot ng Bitwise c quyn Hoc trn cc gi tr nh phn ca hai rasters u vo. Logical (lgic): Cc cng c Ton logic nh gi gi tr ca cc yu t u vo v xc nh gi tr u ra da trn logic Boolean. Cc cng c c nhm li thnh bn loi chnh: Boolean, t hp, hp l, v quan h . Sau y l mt danh sch ca tt c cc cng c bn trong mi nhm: Boolean: Boolean, Boolean XOR, Boolean No T hp: t hp, t hp XOR Quan h:Bnh ng, khng bnh ng, ln hn, ln hn bnh ng, t hn, t hn bnh ng Hp l:Diff, inList, Null, Over, Test Trigonometric: Abs Divide Exp Exp 10 Exp 2 Float Lnt Ln Log 10 Log2 Minus Mod

Negate Plus Power Round Down Round Up Square Square Root Times

Mutivariate (a chiu)
Band Collection Statistics (tp hp s liu thng k) Class Probability ( lp xc sut) Create Signatures (to k hiu) Dendrogram ( Edit Sigatures (bien tp k hiu ) Iso Cluster (tiu chun nhm) Iso Cluster Unsupervised Classification (tiu chun gim st phn loi nhm) Maximum Likelihood Classification (gi tr phn loi tht) Principal Components (cu thnh ch yu )

Neighborhood (vng k)
Cng c to ra gi tr sn lng cho mi v tr di ng da trn cc gi tr a im v cc gi tr c xc nh trong mt khu vc quy nh. Cc khu vc c th c hai loi: di chuyn hoc bn knh tm kim. Khu dn c di chuyn c th c chng cho hoc khng chng cho. Tnh ton cc s liu thng k cho chng cho, khng chng cho cc khu ph. Cc cng c tm kim bn knh thc hin cc tnh ton khc nhau da trn nhng g l trong mt khong cch quy nh t im hoc cc tnh nng tuyn tnh. y l nhng cng c thng k Thng k ch v Line, tng ng. Cng c: Block Statistic ( d kin thng k): Phn vng u vo khng chng cho khi v tnh ton cc s liu thng k ca cc gi tr trong mi khi. Gi tr c ch nh cho tt c cc t bo trong mi khi u ra.

 Filter (lc): Thc hin mt lm mn (Low pass) hoc cnh nng cao (High pass) b lc trn mt raster. Focal Flow ( trung tm dng chy): Xc nh dng chy ca cc gi tr trong cc raster u vo trong khu vc gn nht ca mi t bo. Focal Statistics (trung tm thng k): Tnh ton cho tng v tr di ng nhp vo mt s liu thng k ca cc gi tr trong mt khu ph quy nh xung quanh n.

Line Statistics (ng thng k): Tnh mt thng k v cc thuc tnh ca ng trong mt khu ph trn xung quanh mi t bo u ra.

 Point Statistic (im thng k): Tnh mt thng k v cc im trong mt khu ph xung quanh mi t bo u ra.

Overlay (thc ph)

Cc cng c phn tch Overlay cho php bn p dng trng lng cho mt s u vo v kt hp chng thnh mt u ra duy nht. Cc ng dng ph bin nht cho cc cng c Overlay l m hnh ph hp. C mt s phng php tip cn thc hin phn tch lp ph. Mc d cc phng php khc nhau, tt c u thc hin theo cc bc chung gii quyt mt vn multicriteria. Cng c: Fuzzy Membership : Bin i raster u vo thnh mt quy m 0 n 1, cho thy sc mnh ca mt thnh vin trong mt tp hp, da trn mt thut ton fuzzification quy nh.

Fuzzy Overlay: Kt hp d liu rasters thnh vin m vi nhau, da vo loi lp ph chn. Fuzzy Weighted Overlay : Lp ph nhiu rasters s dng thang o lng thng thng v trng lng ty theo tm quan trng ca n.

 Weighted Sum (tng trng lng): Ph ln rasters mt s nhn mi tnh theo trng lng v tng hp chng li vi nhau.

Raster Creation (to nh ct lp)

Cc cng c to Raster to ra rasters mi, trong cc gi tr u ra c da trn mt hng s hoc phn phi mt thng k. Nhng cng c ny rt hu ch trong vic xc nh s phn b ca mt hin tng. Thit lp kch thc t bo v mc trong cng c ny s ghi ln cc gi tr ca cc thit lp c ly t mi trng phn tch. Cng c: Create Constant Raster (to h s nh ct lp): To mt raster ca mt gi tr khng i trong mc v kch thc t bo ca ca s phn tch. Create Normal Raster (to nh ct lp bnh thng): To mt raster ca cc gi tr ngu nhin vi mt phn phi (gaussian) bnh thng trong mc v kch thc t bo ca ca s phn tch. Create Random Raster (to nh ct lp ngu nhin): To mt raster ca cc gi tr im ngu nhin ni gia 0,0 v 1,0 trong mc v kch thc t bo ca ca s phn tch.

Reclass (phn loi)

Cng c Reclass cung cp mt lot cc phng php cho php bn phn loi li hoc thay i gi tr ca u vo cc gi tr thay th. Cc l do ph bin nht cho phn loi li d liu c thc hin nh sau: Thay th cc gi tr da trn cc thng tin mi. Nhm gi tr nht nh vi nhau. Phn loi li gi tr cho mt quy m thng thng (v d, s dng trong mt phn tch ph hp to ra mt raster chi ph cho vic s dng trong cc chc nng Khang cch Chi ph). Thit lp gi tr c th n NoData hay thit lp cc t bo NoData n mt gi tr. Cng c: Lookup( tra cu): To mt raster mi bng cch tm gi tr tm thy trong lnh vc khc trong bng ca raster u vo. Reclass by ASCII File (phn loi bi ASCII File): Reclassifies hoc thay i cc gi tr ca cc t bo u vo ca mt raster bng cch s dng mt tp tin remap ASCII. Reclass by Table (phn loi bi bng): Reclassifies hoc thay i cc gi tr ca cc t bo u vo ca mt raster bng cch s dng mt bng remap. Reclassify (phn loi li): Reclassifies (hoc thay i) cc gi tr trong mt raster. Slice (phn mng): Slices hoc reclassifies phm vi ca cc gi tr ca cc t bo u vo thnh cc vng ca khong thi gian bng nhau, din tch bng nhau, hoc bng cch ph v t nhin.

Solar Radiation (bc x mt tri)

Cng c phn tch bc x mt tri cho php bn phn tch cc tc ng ca nh nng mt tri trn mt khu vc a l cho cc khong thi gian c th. Khu vc bc

x nng lng mt tri cng c c s dng tnh ton nh nng qua mt ton b cnh quan. Cc tnh ton c lp i lp li cho mi v tr trn b mt a hnh u vo, sn xut bn nh nng cho ton b mt khu vc a l. Cc im bc x nng lng mt tri cng c c s dng tnh ton s lng nng lng bc x cho mt v tr nht nh. a im c th c lu tr nh cc tnh nng im hoc

l x, y ta trong mt bng v tr. Tnh ton bc x mt tri c th c thc hin ch cho cc a im quy nh.
Cng c: Area Solar Radiation (din tch bc x): Xut pht bc x mt tri n t mt b mt raster. Points Solar Rdiation (im bc x): Xut pht bc x mt tri n cho cc a im c th trong mt lp i tng im hoc bng v tr. Solar Radiation Graphics (biu bc x): Xut pht quan i din raster mt viewshed bn cu, sunmap, v skymap, c s dng trong vic tnh ton khuch tn, trc tip v bc x mt tri ton cu.

Surface (b mt)
Vi cng c ny bn c th xc nh s lng v hnh dung mt a hnh a hnh. Bt u vi mt b mt cao raster nh l u vo, vi nhng cng c ny, bn c th thu thp thng tin bng cch sn xut mt tp d liu mi xc nh mt m hnh c th trong mt tp d liu ban u. Bn c th ly mu m khng r rng trong cc b mt ban u, chng hn nh ng nt, gc dc, dc downslope hng (Aspect), t bng cu tr (Hillshade), v Viewshed. Mi cng c b mt cung cp ci nhn su sc vo mt b mt c th c s dng nh l mt kt thc trong chnh n hoc nh l u vo vo phn tch thm. Cng c: Aspect (cnh): Xut pht kha cnh t mt b mt raster. Kha cnh xc

nh hng downslope t l ti a ca s thay i trong gi tr t mi t bo cc nc lng ging.

 Contour (ng vin): To mt lp tnh nng dng ca ng nt (isolines) t mt b mt raster. Contour List (ng vin xung quanh mt nghin): To mt lp tnh nng ca cc gi tr ng vin c la chn t mt b mt raster. Contour with Barriers (ng quanh ro chn): To ng vin t mt b mt raster. Bao gm cc tnh nng hng ro s cho php mt c lp to ra cc ng nt trn hai bn ca hng ro. Curvature (ng cong): Tnh cong ca mt b mt raster, ty chn bao gm c h s v cong k hoch. Cut fill: Tnh lng thay i gia hai b mt. iu ny thng c s dng cho hot ng ct v in vo.

Hillshade (sn i): To ra mt o bng m t mt raster b mt bng cch xem xt ngun gc chiu sng v bng ti.

 Observer points : Xc nh im quan st c th nhn thy t mi v tr b mt raster. Slope (dc): Xc nh dc (gradient, hoc t l ca s thay i ti a trong z-gi tr) t mi t bo ca mt b mt raster.

Viewshed (tm nhn): Xc nh v tr b mt raster hin th cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng quan st.

Zona (vng)
Cc cng c Zona cho php bn thc hin phn tch u ra l mt kt qu ca vic tnh ton c thc hin trn tt c cc t bo thuc tng khu vc u vo. Khu A c th c nh ngha nh l mt khu vc ca mt gi tr c th, nhng n cng c th bao gm nhiu yu t ngt kt ni, hoc khu vc, tt c u c cng gi tr. Khu vc c th

c xc nh bi b d liu raster hoc tnh nng. Rasters phi c kiu s nguyn, v cc tnh nng phi c mt s nguyn hoc chui trng thuc tnh. Cc cng c khc s dng u vo khu vc xc nh cc a im m cc thng s khc s c tnh ton, chng hn nh s liu thng k, khu vc, hoc tn s gi tr. Ngoi ra cn c mt cng c i c s dng in vo cc khu vc quy nh vi gi tr ti thiu c tm thy dc theo ranh gii khu vc. Cc cng c vng c chia thnh cc loi sau: Nhng ngi lm vic trn nhng hnh dng khu vc.(i i, Hnh hc Hnh hc Nh Bng) Nhng ngi lm vic trn cc thuc tnh khu vc.(i Thng k, Thng k i nh Bng) Nhng xc nh din tch ca cc tng lp trong khu.(Khu vc lp bng) Nhng ngi xc nh s phn b tn s ca cc gi tr ca mt raster u vo trong cc vng khc.(Histogram vng ) Nhng ngi in vo cc khu vc quy nh.(Fill vng) Cng c: Tabulate Area (din tch mt phng): Tnh cross-lp bng khu vc gia hai b d liu v u ra mt bng.

 Zonal fill (khu vc fill): in vo cc vng bng cch s dng cc gi tr t bo t mt raster trng lng ti thiu dc theo ranh gii khu vc. Zonal Geometry (khu vc hnh hc): Tnh ton cho tng khu vc trong mt tp d liu quy nh cc bin php hnh hc (din tch, chu vi, dy, hoc cc c im ca hnh elip)

Zonal Geometry as table (khu vc hnh hc nh table): Tnh ton cho tng khu vc trong mt tp d liu cc bin php hnh hc (din tch, chu vi, dy, v cc c im ca hnh elip) v bo co kt qu nh mt bng.

 Zonal histogram (khu vc biu th tn s): To mt bng v th mt biu cho thy s phn b tn s ca cc gi tr di ng trn u vo Gi tr cho mi Zone duy nht.

Zonal Statistics (khu vc dn c): Tnh ton s liu thng k v gi tr ca mt raster trong cc khu vc ca tp d liu khc.

 Zonal Statistics as Table (khu vc dn c nh table): Tnh ton s liu thng k v gi tr ca mt raster trong cc khu vc ca tp d liu khc.

3.8. Spatial Statistics Tools (cng c thng k khng gian)

ngha: Cng c cha cc cng c thng k phn tch phn b khng gian, m hnh, quy trnh, v
cc mi quan h. Trong khi c th l tng ng gia khng gian v phi khng gian (truyn thng) s liu thng k v cc khi nim v mc tiu, s liu thng k khng gian mi ch chng c pht trin c bit s dng vi cc d liu a l. Khng ging nh cc phng php thng k phi khng gian truyn thng, kt hp khng gian (khong cch, din tch, kt ni, v / hoc cc mi quan h khng gian khc) trc tip vo ton hc ca h.

Cc cng c trong hp cng c thng k khng gian cho php bn tm tt nhng c im ni bt ca mt phn b khng gian (xc nh trung tm trung bnh hoc xu hng hng bao qut, v d), xc nh cc cm khng gian c ngha thng k (im nng / im lnh) hoc Bn ngoi khng gian, nh gi tng th m hnh ca vic phn nhm hoc phn tn, v cc mi quan h m hnh khng gian. Ngoi ra, i vi nhng cng c bng vn bn vi Python, m ngun c sn khuyn khch cc bn tm hiu, sa i, gia hn, v / hoc chia s nhng iu ny v cc cng c phn tch khc vi nhng ngi khc.

Analyzing Patterns (mu phn tch)

Cc cng c trong b cng c Patterns Phn tch s liu thng k suy lun, h bt u vi gi thuyt rng cc c tnh ca bn, hoc cc gi tr kt hp vi cc tnh nng ca bn, th hin mt m hnh khng gian ngu nhin. Sau , h tnh ton mt p-gi tr i din cho xc sut m gi thuyt l ng (rng cc m hnh quan st ch n gin l mt trong nhiu phin bn c th ngu nhin khng gian y ). Tnh ton mt xc sut c th l quan trng nu bn cn phi c mt mc cao ca s t tin trong mt quyt nh c th. Nu c an ton cng cng hoc ngha php l lin quan n quyt nh ca bn, v d, bn c th cn bin minh cho quyt nh ca bn bng cch s dng bng chng thng k. Cc cng c cung cp s liu thng k xc nh s lng cc m hnh khng gian rng. Nhng cng c ny tr li cc cu hi chng hn nh, "cc tnh nng trong b d liu, hoc cc gi tr kt hp vi cc tnh nng trong b d liu, khng gian nhm". Cng c.

 Average Nearest Neingbor (trung bnh vng k cn): Tnh ton mt ch s gn nht da trn khong cch trung bnh t mi tnh nng tnh nng lng ging gn nht. Kt qu c th truy cp t ca s Kt qu.

High/Low Clustering (Getis-Ord General G) (xp nhm cao/thp): o lng mc ca vic phn nhm cho mt trong hai gi tr cao hoc gi tr thp bng cch s dng Getis Ord Tng G Thng k. Kt qu c th truy cp t ca s Kt qu.

Muti-Distance Spatial Cluster Analysis (Ripleys K Function): Cc bin php t tng quan khng gian da trn a im tnh nng v gi tr thuc tnh bng cch s dng ton cu Moran ca ti Thng k. Kt qu c th truy cp t ca s Kt qu.

 Spatial Autocorreltion (Morans I) (s tng quan khng gian): Khong cch khng gian cm Multi-Phn tch (Ripley k chc nng) Xc nh xem tnh nng, hoc cc gi tr kt hp vi cc tnh nng, biu hin c ngha thng k phn nhm hoc phn tn trn mt phm vi khong cch.

Mapping Clusters (nhm v bn )

Cng c thc hin phn tch cm xc nh v tr ca cc im nng c ngha thng k, cc im lnh, v s chnh khng gian. B cng c bn Clusters c bit hu ch khi mt hnh ng cn thit da trn v tr ca mt hoc nhiu cm. Mt v d l s phn cng ca cc nhn vin cnh st b sung i ph vi mt cm trm cp. Xc nh v tr ca cm khng gian cng rt quan trng khi tm kim nguyn nhn tim nng ca vic phn nhm, ni bng pht dch bnh xy ra thng c th cung cp manh mi v nhng g c th gy ra n. Khng ging nh cc phng php trong b cng c Patterns Phn tch, tr li cu hi, "khng gian phn nhm" C hoc Khng, Mapping Cm cng c ny cho php trc quan ca cc a im cluster v mc . Nhng cng c ny tr li cc cu hi, cc cm (im nng / im lnh) "v "l Bn ngoi khng gian". Cng c: Cluster and Outier Analysis (Anselin local morans I): Cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng trng, xc nh cc im nng c ngha thng k, cc im

lnh, v s chnh khng gian bng cch s dng s liu thng k I Anselin a phng Moran.

Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*): Cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng trng,

xc nh ngha thng k cc im nng v im lnh bng cch s dng cc s liu thng k Getis Ord * Gi.

Measuring Geographic Distributions (s phn b v tr o lng)

o s phn b ca mt tp hp cc tnh nng cho php bn tnh ton mt gi tr

i din cho mt c tnh ca phn phi, chng hn nh trung tm, cht, hoc nh hng. Bn c th s dng gi tr ny theo di nhng thay i trong phn phi theo thi gian hoc so snh phn phi ca cc tnh nng khc nhau.
Cng c:

Central Feature (gia bc nh): Xc nh cc tnh nng tp

trung hu ht nm mt im, ng thng, hoc lp i tng a gic.

elip tiu chun deviational tm tt cc c im khng gian ca cc c im a l: trung tm xu hng, phn tn, v xu hng hng.

Directional Distribution (Standard Deviational Ellipse) (iu kin s phn b): To hnh

Linear Directional Mean (tuyn tnh trung bnh ): Xc nh hng trung bnh, chiu

di, v

trung tm a l i vi mt tp cc dng.

 Mean Center: Xc nh trung tm a l (hoc Trung tm tp trung) cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng. Median Center: Xc nh v tr tng th gim thiu khong cch Euclide cc tnh nng trong mt tp d liu. Standard Distance: o lng mc m cc tnh nng tp trung hoc phn tn xung quanh trung tm ngha l hnh hc.

Modeling Spatial Relationships

Cng c c th xy dng ma trn trng lng khng gian v cc file bin php lm th no tnh nng trong mt tp d liu lin quan vi nhau trong khng gian. Thng k ng khng gian tch hp thng tin v khng gian v mi quan h khng gian vo ton hc ca h. Mt s trong nhng cng c trong hp cng c thng k khng gian m chp nhn mt tp tin khng gian ma trn trng lng l khng gian t tng quan (ton cu Moran ca ti), Cluster v Phn tch outlier (Moran Anselin a phng ca ti), v phn tch im nng (Getis-Ord Gi *). Cng c: Generate Network Spatial Weights: Xy dng mt ma trn trng lng tp tin khng gian (Qun l cht thi rn) bng cch s dng mt tp d liu mng, xc nh cc mi quan h tnh nng v khng gian ca cu trc mng c bn.

 Generate Spatial Weight Matrix: Xy dng mt ma trn trng lng tp tin (Qun l cht thi rn) khng gian i din cho mi quan h khng gian gia cc tnh nng trong mt tp d liu.

Geographically Weighted Regression: V mt a l Thc hin hi quy Weighted (GWR), mt hnh thc a phng ca hi quy tuyn tnh c s dng m hnh khng gian khc nhau cc mi quan h.

 Ordinary Least Squares: Thc hin ton cu Squares thng thng ti thiu (OLS) hi quy tuyn tnh to ra cc d on hay m hnh mt bin ph thuc v cc mi quan h ca n vi mt tp hp cc bin gii thch. Kt qu c th truy cp t ca s Kt qu.

Rendering
B su tp cc cng c v tm thi m bo rng cc m hnh ty chnh v cc kch bn c to ra trc khi ArcGIS 9.3 s tip tc hot ng. Chc nng

ny l li thi do kh nng mi trong ArcGIS cho php u ra t kch bn v cc

cng c m hnh c lin quan vi rendering mc nh. Xem Thit lp u ra tng trng trong kch bn v thit lp u ra tng trng trong cc m hnh.
Cng c Cluster/Outlier Analysis with Rendering : Thay th bng Cluster v Phn tch outlier, rendering l t ng. Collect Events with Rendering: Thay th bng Thu thp s kin, v by gi l t ng. Count Rendering: p dng v vng trn tt nghip vi mt s lnh vc trong mt lp hc tnh nng.

Hot Spot Analysis with Rendering: Thay th bng Phn tch im nng, rendering l t ng. ZScore Rendering: p dng (mu xanh) lnh nng (mu ) chng trnh v mu sc cho mt lnh vc z.

Utilities
Nhng kch bn tin ch thc hin mt lot cc nhim v chuyn i d liu. Chng c thit k c s dng kt hp vi cc cng c khc trong hp cng c thng k khng gian. Cng c:

Calculate Areas: Tnh gi tr khu vc cho mi tnh nng trong mt lp hc tnh nng a gic.

Calculate Distance Band from Neighbor Count: Tr v ti thiu, ti a, v khong cch trung bnh th N quy nh ln cn gn nht (N l mt tham s u vo) cho mt tp hp cc tnh nng. Kt qu c th truy cp t ca s Kt qu.

Collect Events: Chuyn i d liu s kin, chng hn nh ti phm, s c bnh, cho d liu im trng. Convert Spatial Weights Matrix to Table: Ma trn chuyn i mt tp tin nh phn khng gian trng lng (SWM) cho mt bng.

 Export Feature Attribute to ASCII: Xut khu u c ta lp hc v cc gi tr thuc tnh mt du phy, khng gian, hoc gii hn du chm phy ASCII tp tin vn bn.

3.9. Tracking Analyst Tools

Hp cng c phn tch theo di cha cc cng c c s dng chun b d liu tm thi s dng vi phn m rng phn tch theo di. Cng c:

Concatenate Date And Time Fields

ngha: Ni hai ngy v thi gian cc lnh vc ring bit trong mt lp hc tnh nng hoc lp vo mt lnh vc duy nht c cha c ngy v thi gian. Phn tch theo di c thit k lm vic vi cc d liu tm thi c cha thng tin ngy thng v thi gian trong mt lnh vc duy nht. Nu d liu ca bn c cha ngy v thi gian trong hai lnh vc ring bit, cng c ny c th c s dng kt hp cc thng tin vi nhau vo mt lnh vc mi m phn tch theo di s hiu. Cch s dng cc u vo ngy v thi gian cc trng u c mt kiu d liu lnh vc ca vn bn. Cc lnh vc mi c thm vo tnh nng lp bi cng c ny cng s c mt kiu d liu lnh vc ca vn bn. Nu bn ang lm vic vi mt shapefile c cha mt lnh vc ngy vi thng tin v ngy duy nht (v d, 2006/03/09), bn phi chuyn cc gi tr ngy

vo mt lnh vc vn bn trc khi s dng cng c ny ni n vi mt lnh vc thi gian. C php ConcatenateDateAndTimeFields_TA (Feature_Class, DateField, TimeField, OutputField) Loi d liu tham s Gii thch Feature_Class lp i tng u vo hoc lp. Tnh nng lp DateField Cc lnh vc vn bn trong lp tnh nng u vo c cha cc gi tr ngy. lnh vc TimeField Cc lnh vc vn bn trong lp tnh nng u vo c gi tr thi gian. lnh vc OutputField tn ca trng mi ngy / gi ni c to ra v thm vo lp tnh nng u vo. Make Tracking Layer
ngha: Cng c ny to ra mt lp theo di t mt lp tnh nng hoc lp c cha d liu tm thi. i vi cng c ny lm vic, cc lp i tng u vo hoc lp phi c thng tin ngy thng v thi gian trong mt lnh vc duy nht ca vn bn kiu d liu, ngn, di, float, double, hoc ngy. Nu trng d liu kiu thi gian l ngy, cng c s t ng pht hin nh dng. Nu trng d liu kiu thi gian l bt c iu g khc hn ngy, mt lnh vc thi gian nh dng (v cc thng tin khc c th mt thi gian cho cc loi d liu lnh vc vn bn) l cn thit phn tch cc gi tr d liu mt cch chnh xc. Nu lnh vc thi gian c la chn l vn bn, ngn, di, float, hoc gp i, nh dng thi gian lnh vc c th c la chn t mt danh sch cc nh dng lnh vc h tr thi gian, hoc bn c th nh ngha mt lnh vc ty chnh nh dng thi gian gii thch ngy tu chnh v / hoc thi gian gi tr trong mt trng vn bn. bit thm thng tin v cc nh dng ty chnh cho cc lnh vc vn bn, tham kho chuyn i cc gi tr thi gian chui thnh nh dng ngy. Nu c th, n

c khuyn khch s dng mt trng ngy kiu d liu vi cng c ny. Chuyn i trng cng c x l d liu c th c s dng to ra mt lnh vc ngy trong lp hc tnh nng u vo ca bn hoc lp trc khi s dng cng c ny. Nu lp i tng ca bn hoc lp cha thng tin ngy thng v thi gian trong hai lnh vc vn bn ring bit, Ngy CONCATENATE v thi gian cng c Fields c th c s dng kt hp cc thng tin vo mt lnh vc vn bn duy nht trc khi s dng cng c ny. Ch nh mt lnh vc nhn dng bi ht cho lp theo di u ra l ty chn. Cng c ny cho php bn ch nh mt chnh sch lu tr cho cc lp theo di u ra. Ci t mc nh l lu tr cc lp theo di u ra trong b nh, nhng vic

la chn cc ty chn lu tr cc lp u ra theo di trn a cho php bn to ra cc lp theo di t cc tp hp d liu ln hn. Nu bn chn lu tr cc lp u ra trn a v lnh vc thi gian ca bn l mt vn bn hoc kiu d liu s, ch c h tr nh dng thi gian trng c th c s dng.

CHNG IV. NG DNG

4.1. BI TP 1: Tch lp d liu t lp n v t ai Tch lp x t n v t ai
B1: M lp n v t ai mi cc lp thuc tnh cn tch lp.

B2: Vo Editor Start Editor chn lp d liu t ai.

B3: Trong cng c Conversion tool To geodatabase Feature class to feature class.

Kt qu: Sau khi tch lp ta c lp x nh sau .

B4: Tip theo chn Selection Select by attributes Chn cc x.

B5: Vo Editor merge chn nh hnh di.

B6: Ta c kt qu.

Tch lp loi t t lp d liu t ai

Cc bc thc hin nh trn Ta c kt qu:

Tch lp dc t lp d liu t ai
Cc bc thc hin nh trn Ta c kt qu

Tch lp TPCG t lp d liu t ai

Cc bc thc hin nh trn Kt qu

Tch lp tng dy t lp d liu t ai

Cc bc thc hin nh trn Kt qu

Tch lp Kntuoi t lp d liu t ai

Cc bc thc hin nh trn Kt qu

Bi tp ng dng chng lp va mi tch trn

Bc 1: M cc lp d liu cn chng xp

Bc 2: Vo Analyst tool -> Overlay -> intersect. Chn tt c cc lp cn chng

Bc 3: Kt qu chng xp lp nh sau

Bi tp buffer x HTN HamCuong cch 500m.

Khu vc c chn c vin mu xanh l x HTN Ham Cuong . Vo Analyst tool -> proximity -> buffer

Kt qu: Sau khi buffer

4.2. ng dng vi Geocoding tool: Bi ton hin th a ch trn d liu GPS phng 8 qun Ph Nhun: Chn loi a ch: arctoolbox ->creat adress locator->chn trng Alias Name cho Field Map v chn lu->ok

Kt qu:

4.3. ng dng vi thanh cng c Geostatistical analyst tool phn loi im theo cao: Geostatistical analyst tool -> diffusion Interpolation With Barriers ->

Geostatistical analyst tool -> Global Polynomial Interpolation ->

Geostatistical analyst tool -> IDW ->

Geostatistical analyst tool -> Kernel Interpolation With Barries ->

4.4. ng dng vi thanh cng c Network analyst: Bi ton tm ng nhanh i qua tt c 4 v tr cho trc: Network analyst-> new route->

->solve

Bi ton vi cc v tr im cho trc tm vng ln cn thch hp nht p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng. Network analyst-> New Service Area

-> solve

Bi ton tm ng nhanh nht t nh n trng hc:

Network analyst-> New closest Faccilily

->solve

Bi ton tm cc trm y t gn nh nht: Network analyst-> New closest Faccilily->

->solve

Bi ton tnh khong cch ngn nht t nh n cc ca hng qun o. Network analyst-> OD Cots Matrix->

->solve

Vi cc im n c cho trc tm v tr thch hp xy trm cu ha sao cho khong cch t trm cu ha n cc im dn c l ngn nht. Network analyst-> Location-Allocation->

->solve

4.5. ng dng vi cng c Spatial Analyst Bi ton ng dng cng c Spatial Analyst Tools trong vic nh gi mt im. Spatial Analyst Tools Density Point Density Kt qu.

Bi ton thng k cc vng gn UBND x nht trong khu vc xc nh v phn loi theo mu sc. Spatial Analyst Tools Distance Const Distance Kt qu.

Thng k v phn loi lp DVDD theo din tch. Spatial Analyst Tools Zonal Zonal Geomatry Kt qu.

4.6. ng dng vi cng c Spatial Statistics o lng phm vi khu vc c cha nhiu im dn c nht. Spatial Statistics Tools Measuring Geographic Distributions Standard Distance Kt qu.

Tnh ton din tch, chu vi, di ca khu vc cn xc nh. Spatial Statistics Tools Utilities Calculate Areas Kt qu.

CHNG V. KT QU
Gip cho ngi s dng hiu r hn v ngha v chc nng ca cc cng c trong Arc Toolbox D dng hn trong vic s dng cc thanh cng c v ng dng n vo cc bi ton phn tch a lp, truy xut d liu, thng k, lp biu vv Cung cp gii php cho lu tr, tra cu, cp nht, phn tch, x l v phn phi tch hp cc dng d liu a l vi cc dng d liu thuc tnh. Chun ha ngn hng d liu c th a vo cc h thng x l khc nhau. Vi nhng tnh nng a dng phong ph ca n s gip pht huy c vai tr quan trng ca mnh trong cc hot ng ca i sng x hi v thc tin.