Chuyn : Gii v bin lun phng trnh bc hai :

ax2 + bx + c = 0(2)

Tm tt l thuyt
A/ Gii v bin lun: Phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0(2)
- a = 0 : phng trnh tr v phng trnh bc nht bx + c = 0.
- a 0 : t = b2 4ac
+ < 0: pt(2) v nghim.
+ = 0 : pt(2) c nghim kp x =

b
.
2a

b+
b
+ > 0 : pt(2) c 2 nghim phn bit x =
; x=
2a

2a

Kt lun: lit k tng trng hp ca tham s ng vi nghim ca phng trnh.

B/ H thc Vi-et
Hai s x1;x2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0(2) khi v ch khi
chng tha cc h thc: x1 + x2 =

b
c
va` x1.x2 = .
a
a

Mt s ng dng ca h thc Vi-t:

- Nhm nghim ca phng trnh bc hai.
- Tm hai s bit tng v tch ca chng: Nu hai s c tng bng S v tch bng P th
hai s l hai nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 SX + P = 0
( iu kin tn ti hai s trn l S2 4P 0 )
-

Phn tch mt tam thc bc hai thnh nhn t: Nu a thc f(x) = ax2 + bx + c c hai
nghim x1;x2 th n c th phn tch thnh nhn t f(x) = a(x x1)(x x2)

C/ Cc trng hp v s nghim v du cc ca phng trnh:

b
a

Cho phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0(2) . t S = x1 + x2 = ;P = x1.x2 =

c
trong x1;x2 l 2
a

nghim ca phng trnh (2)

a = 0

b = 0

1/ Pt(2) v nghim c 0
a 0

< 0

a = 0

b 0
2/ Pt(2) c ng 1 nghim
a 0

= 0

a = 0
a 0

3/ Pt(2) c 2 nghim phn bit

4/Pt(2) c VSN b = 0
2
= b 4ac > 0
c = 0

5/ Pt(2) c 2 nghim tri du x1.x2 < 0 P < 0

6/ Pt(2) c 2 nghim dng 0 < x1 x2 P > 0

S > 0

7/ Pt(2) c 2 nghim m x1 x2 < 0 P > 0

S < 0

a 0
a = 0; x>0

a = 0

= 0

x1 < 0 < x2

x = > 0 S > 0
8/ Pt(2) c ng 1 nghim dng

x =x >0
b
1 2
P = 0

x1 = 0 x2 > 0 P < 0
S > 0
a 0
a = 0; x<0

a = 0

= 0

x
<
0
<
x

c
1
2
x = < 0 S < 0
9/ Pt(2) c ng 1 nghim m

x =x <0
b
1 2
P = 0

x1 = 0 x2 < 0 P < 0

S < 0
a = 0
a 0

a = 0; x>0

x = > 0 0

0
<
x

10/ Pt(2) c t nht 1 nghim dng

2
1

S > 0
x1 x2 > 0 P 0

P > 0
S > 0

a 0

11/Pt(2) c nghim kp

= 0

x=

b
2a

a = 0
a 0

a = 0; x>0

c
x = > 0 0

b
12/ Pt(2) c t nht 1 nghim m x1 0 < x2

S > 0
x1 x2 > 0 P 0

P > 0
S > 0

Cc dng bi tp p dng:
I/ Dng : Gii phng trnh cha n mu quy v phng trnh bc 2:
Phng php:
- t iu kin: (Tm tp xc nh ca phng trnh).
- Quy ng kh mu, quy v phng trnh bc hai.

- Gii phng trnh, so vi iu kin nhn nghim.

V d 1: Gii phng trnh

2x + 5 3x 2
+
=5
x+ 3
x

Gii

iu kin: x 3 x 0

Pt (2x + 5)x + (3x 2)(x + 3) = 4x(x + 3)

x = 6(nhan)
x2 6
x = 6(nhan)

Nghim phng trnh x = 6

Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh
2x + 1 x + 1
3x 7

=
2
x 2 x 3 x 5x + 6
2x + 1 x + 1
5x + 1

=
2/
2
x 4 x 1 x 5x + 4

1/

II/ Dng: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:

V d: Gii v bin lun phng trnh (m 2)x2 2(m+ 1)x + m 5 = 0
Gii
* m 2 = 0 m = 2: Pt 6x 3 = 0 x =

1
2

* m 2 0 m 2: ' = (m+ 1)2 (m 2)(m 5) = 9m 9 = 9(m 1)

+ ' < 0 9(m 1) < 0 m < 1: Phng trnh v nghim.
m+ 1
= 2 .
+ ' = 0 9(m 1) = 0 m = 1: Phng trnh c nghim kp x =
m 2

+ ' > 0 9(m 1) > 0 m > 1: Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit

m+ 1+ 3 m 1
x =
m 2

m+ 1 3 m 1
x =

m 2

Kt lun:
+ m < 1: Phng trnh v nghim
+ m = 1: phng trnh c nghim x = -2
+ m = 2: phng trnh c nghim x =

1
2

m+ 1+ 3 m 1
x =
m 2
+ 1< m 2: phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit

m+ 1 3 m 1
x =

m 2

Bi tp p dng:
1/ (m 1)x2 + (2m 3)x + m+ 2 = 0
2/ (m+ 1)x2 2(m+ 2)x + m+ 4 = 0
3/ (m 1)x2 2(m+ 1)x 3m 1= 0
4/ (m 1)x2 + (2 m)x 1= 0
III/ Dng : Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh a.x 2 + bx + c = 0 c hai nghim phn
bit, chng minh phng trnh lun c nghim:
Phng php: tnh = b 2 4ac nu 0 th phng trnh lun c hai nghim
phn bit
V d 1: Tm m phng trnh x2 + 5x + ( m - 4 ) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
Gii
phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit th
= 25 4 ( m 4 ) > 0
41 4m > 0
41
m<
4
V d 2: cho phng trnh x2 -2( m + 1 )x +4m = 0
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi gi tr ca m
x1 x2 5
+ =
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim x1 v x2 tho mn iu kin
x2 x1 2
Gii
a) Ta c
2
= ( m + 1) 4m = m 2 2m + 1
= ( m 1) 0
b) Theo vi t ta c x1.x 2 = 2( m + 1); x1 + x 2 = 4m
2

x1 x2 5
( x + x ) 2 x1x2 = 5
+ = 1 2
x2 x1 2
x1 x2
2
2

4m 2 2.2(m + 1) 5

=
2(m + 1)
2
4m 2 2.2(m + 1) = 5( m + 1); m 1
4m 2 9m 9 = 0; = 81 + 144 = 225, = 15

9 + 15 24
9 15 3
=
= 3;
m2 =
=
8
8
8
4
Bi tp p dng:
Bi tp 1: Cho phng trnh x2 + ( 2m 1 )x m = 0
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m
2
2
b) Tm m A = x1 + x2 6 x1 x2 t gi tr nh nht
Bi tp 2:Cho phng trnh bac hai x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 + 3 = 0
a)Tm m e phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet
b) Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem la 2, tm nghiem
con lai
c) Tm m e phng trnh co hai nghiem x1 va x2 thoa
man x12 +x 22 = 8
m1 =

Bi tp 3: Tm cac gia tr cua m e cac nghiem cua phng

trnh
2
a) x + ( m 2 ) x + m + 5 = 0 Thoa man x12 + x22 = 10
b) x 2 mx + (m 1) = 0 Thoa man x1 x2 + 2 ( x1 + x2 ) 19 = 0

2
Bi tp 4: Cho phng trnh x ( m + 3) x + 2(m + 2) = 0
a) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co hai nghiem
phan biet
b) Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thoa man x1 = 2 x2

c) Chng to rang A = 2 ( x1 + x2 ) x1 x2 oc lap vi m

Bi tp 5: Cho phng trnh bc hai (m 4)x2 2( m 2)x + m 1 = 0
a ) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 1
b) Tm m + = 5
x1 x2
c) Tm h thc gia x1 v x2 c lp vi m
gii
2m 4
2m 4
4
S 2=
2=
(1)
m4
m4
m4
m 1
m 1
3
(2)
P=
P 1 =
1 =
m4
m4
m4
S 2 4
= 3 ( S 2 ) = 4 ( P 1)
Ly (1) chia cho (2) ta c:
P 1 3
HD: c) S =

 3S 4 P 2 = 0 3( x1 + x2 ) 4 x1 x2 2 = 0
II/ Dng 2: Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim kp
Phng php tnh ri xt = 0 th phng trnh c nghim kp
V d 1:Tm m phng trnh x 2 3mx + (2m 2 m 1) = 0 c nghim kp tm n kp

Gii
2
2
2
= 9m 4 ( 2m m 1) = 9m 8m 2 + 4m + 4 = (m + 2) 2
Phng trnh c nghim kp khi = (m + 2) 2 = 0 m = 2
3m 6
=
= 3
Nghim kp l x1 = x2 =
2
2
Bi tp: Tm cc gi tr ca m mi phng trnh sau c nghim kp tm nghim
kp
a)mx 2 + 2(m + 2) + 9 = 0
b)(m 4) x 2 2mx + m 2 = 0
c)(m + 1) x 2 m3 x + m 2 (m 1) = 0
d )(m + 3) x 2 mx + m = 0
IV/ Dng : Tm iu kin hai phng trnh c nghim chung
V d 1: Tm m hai phng trnh sau x 2 + mx + 1 = 0 v x 2 + x + m = 0 c nghim
chung tm nghim chung
Gii
Gi s x0 l nghim chung ca hai phng trnh ta c x02 + mx0 + 1 = 0 v
x02 + x0 + m = 0
Tr v vi v ca mi phng trnh ta c ( m 1)(x0 1) = 0
a) Nu m = 1 th hai phng trnh cho tr thnh x2 + x +1 = 0
Phng trnh ny v nghim do = 3 < 0
Vy m 1 do x0 = 1
Thay x0 = 1 vo phng trnh (1)ta c m = -2
-Vi m = -2 th phng trnh x2 2x + 1 = 0 c nghim kp x1= x2 = 1
Phng trnh x2 +x 2 = 0 c nghim x3 = 1; x4 = -2
Vy nghim chung x0 = 1
Bi tp 1: vi gi tr no ca m th hai phng trnh sau
2 x 2 + (3m + 1) x 9 = 0 v 6 x 2 + (7 m 1) x 19 = 0 c t nht mt nghim
chung tm nhim chung .
Bi tp 2: Tm m hai phng trnh sau c nghim chung

x 2 + x + (m 2) = 0 v x 2 + ( m 2) x + 8 = 0
V/ Dng : Tm iu kin m phng trnh c nghim tha iu kin.
V d: nh m phng trnh x2 2(m 1)x + 2m+ 1= 0 c 2 nghim bng nhau v tm
nghim .
Gii: phng trnh cho c nghim kp ' = (m 1)2 (2m+ 1) = 0
m = 0
m2 4m = 0
m = 4
Vi m = 0 x = m 1= 1
Vi m = 4 x = 4 1= 3

Vy m = 0 th nghim x = -1
m = 4 th nghim x = 3
Bi tp 1: Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim kp v tm nghim kp .
1/ mx2 2(m+ 3)x + m+ 1= 0
2/ (1+ 4m)x2 4mx + m 3 = 0
3/ (m 2)x2 mx + 2m 3 = 0
Bi tp 2: Chng t phng trnh sau c nghim vi mi m thuc R
1/ x2 2(m+ 1)x + 4m 3 = 0
2/ 2x2 + 2(m+ 1)x + m2 m = 0
3/ (2m2 + 1)x2 2(m2 + 4)x + 1= 0
4/ x2 + (2m 7)x 2m = 0
Bi tp 3: Chng t phng trnh sau v nghim vi mi m thuc R
1/ 2x2 + 2(m+ 3)x + m2 + 3m+ 5 = 0
2/ 3x2 2(3m+ 2)x + 3m2 + 4m+ 3 = 0
3/ (m2 + 1)x2 + (m4 + 2m2 + 1)x + 1= 0