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com
CH 1: DAO NG C HC
I. CON LC L XO
1. Phng trnh dao ng:
cos( ) x A t +
2. Phng trnh vn tc: '; sin( ) cos( )
2
dx
v x v A t A t
dt

+ + +
3. Phng trnh gia tc:
2
2 2
2
'; ''; cos( );
dv d x
a v a x a A t a x
dt dt
+
Hay
2
cos( ) a A t + t
4. Tn s gc, chu k, tn s v pha dao ng, pha ban u:
a. Tn s gc:
2
2 ( / );
k g
f rad s
T m l

; ( )
mg
l m
k

b. Tn s:
1 1
( );
2 2
N k
f Hz f
T t m

c. Chu k:
1 2
( ); 2
t m
T s T
f N k

d. Pha dao ng:
( ) t +
e. Pha ban u:

Ch : Tm

, ta da vo h phng trnh
0
0
cos
sin
x A
v A



'

lc
0
0 t
MT S TRNG HP THNG GP
Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr cn bng
0
0 x
theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
2

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr cn bng
0
0 x
theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
2

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua bin dng
0
x A
: Pha ban u
0
Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua bin m
0
x A
: Pha ban u

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
3

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u

2
3
Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
3

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
2
3

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
4

1
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Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u

3
4
Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
4

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
3
4

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
3
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
6

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
3
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u

5
6
Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
3
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
6

Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
3
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
5
6

cos sin( )
2

+ ; sin cos( )
2

2
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Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet (ta
nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet)
- 3
-1
- 3/3
(iemgoc)
t
t'
y
y'
x
x'
u
u'
- 3 -1 - 3/3
1
1
-1
-1
-

/2

/6
3

/4
2

/3
-

/6
-

/4
-

/3
-1/2
- 2/2
- 3/2
-1/2 - 2/2 - 3/2
3/2
2/2 1/2
3/2
2/2
1/2
A

/3

/4

/6
3/3
3
B
/2
3/3 1 3
O
5. Phng trnh c lp vi thi gian:

+
2
2 2
2

v
A x ;

+
2 2
2
4 2

a v
A
3

Goc
Hslg

0
0
30
0
45
0

60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
18
0
0
360
0
0
6

3
2
4
3
6
5 2
sin

0
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
2
2
1 0 0
cos

1
2
3
2
2
2
1 0
2
1

2
2

2
3

-1 1
tg

0
3
3
1 3 kx

3 -1
3
3

0 0
cotg

kx

3 1
3
3
0
3
3

-1 3 kx kx
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Ch :
2
: Vat qua vtr can bang

: Vat bien
M
M
M M
v A
a
v a A

'

6. Lc n hi, lc hi phc:
a. Lc n hi:
( )
( ) ( ) neu
0 neu l A
hM
h hm
hm
F k l A
F k l x F k l A l A
F
+

+ >
'

b. Lc hi phc:

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F kA
F kx
F

'

hay
2

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F m A
F ma
F

'

lc hi phc lun hng vo v

tr cn bng.
Ch : Khi h dao ng theo phng nm ngang th lc n hi v lc hi phc l nh nhau
h hp
F F
.
7. Thi gian, qung ng, tc trung bnh
a. Thi gian: Gii phng trnh
cos( )
i i
x A t +
tm
i
t
Ch :
Gi O l trung im ca qu o CD v M l trung im ca OD; thi gian i t O n M l
12
OM
T
t , thi gian i t M n D l
6
MD
T
t .
T v tr cn bng 0 x ra v tr
2
2
x A t
mt khong thi gian
8
T
t .
T v tr cn bng 0 x ra v tr
3
2
x A t
mt khong thi gian
6
T
t .
Chuyn ng t O n D l chuyn ng chm dn ( 0; av a v <
r r
), chuyn ng t D n O l
chuyn ng nhanh dn ( 0; av a v >
r r
)
Vn tc cc i khi qua v tr cn bng (li bng khng), bng khng khi bin (li cc i).
b. Qung ng:
Neu th
4
Neu th 2
2
Neu th 4
T
t s A
T
t s A
t T s A

'

suy ra
Neu th 4
Neu th 4
4
Neu th 4 2
2
t nT s n A
T
t nT s n A A
T
t nT s n A A

+ +
'

+ +

Ch :
4
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2 2
2 neu vat i t
2 2
neu vat i t
4
M
s A x A x A
T
t s A x O x A
t
t
m
( )

2 2
2 2 neu vat i t
2 2
2 2
neu vat i t 0
2 2

8 2 2
1 neu vat i t
2 2
m
M
m
s A x A x A x A
s A x x A
T
t
s A x A x A

'

t t t

t

_
t t


,

( )

3 3
neu vat i t 0
2 2
neu vat i t
6 2 2
3 3
2 3 neu vat i t
2 2
M
m
s A x x A
T A A
t s x x A
s A x A x A x A

'

t
t t
t t t


neu vat i t 0
2 2

3 3 12
1 neu vat i t
2 2
M
m
A A
s x x
T
t
s A x A x A

'

'

'

t t

,
c. Tc trung bnh:
tb
s
v
t

8. Nng lng trong dao ng iu ha:

t
E E E +
a. ng nng:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

E mv m A t E t + +
b. Th nng:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
cos ( ) cos ( );
2 2
t
E kx kA t E t k m + +
Ch :
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
: Vat qua vtr can bang
2 2
1
: Vat bien
2
M M
tM
E m A kA
E mv m A
E kA

'

Th nng v ng nng ca vt bin thin tun hon vi

' 2
'
2
' 2
f f
T
T

'

ca dao ng.
Trong mt chu k, cht im qua v tr

0
x x
l 4 ln, nn ( )

+ +
2
t k
9. Chu k ca h l xo ghp:
a. Ghp ni tip:
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
k k k
+ +
b. Ghp song song: 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1

T T T
k k k + +
c. Ghp khi lng:
2 2
1 2 1 2
m m m T T T + +
Ch : L xo c cng
0
k ct lm hai phn bng nhau th
1 2 0
2 k k k k
II. CON LC N
5










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1. Phng trnh li gc:
0
cos( ) t +
(rad)
2. Phng trnh li di:
0
cos( ) s s t +
3. Phng trnh vn tc di:
0
'; sin( )
ds
v s v s t
dt
+
4. Phng trnh gia tc tip tuyn:
2
2 2
0 2
'; ''; cos( );
t t t t
dv d s
a v a s a s t a s
dt dt
+
Ch :
0
0
;
s s
l l

5. Tn s gc, chu k, tn s v pha dao ng, pha ban u:
a. Tn s gc:
2
2 ( / );
g mgd
f rad s
T l I

b. Tn s:
1 1
( );
2 2
N g
f Hz f
T t l

c. Chu k:
1 2
( ); 2
t l
T s T
f N g

d. Pha dao ng:
( ) t +
e. Pha ban u:

Ch : Tm

, ta da vo h phng trnh
0
0
cos
sin
s s
v s



'

lc
0
0 t
6. Phng trnh c lp vi thi gian:

+
2
2 2
0 2
v
s s ;

+
2 2
2
0 4 2

a v
s
Ch :
0
2
0
: Vat qua vtr can bang

: Vat bien
M
M
M M
v s
a
v a s

'

7. Lc hi phc:
Lc hi phc:
0
s
s
0
hpM
hp
hpm
g
F m
g
F m l
l
F

'

lc hi phc lun hng vo v tr cn bng

8. Nng lng trong dao ng iu ha:
t
E E E +
a. ng nng:
2 2 2 2 2
0
1 1
sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

E mv m s t E t + +
b. Th nng:
2 2 2 2 2
0
1 1
(1 cos ) cos ( ) cos ( );
2 2
t
g g g
E mgl m s m s t E t
l l l
+ +
Ch :
2 2 2
0 0 0
2 2 2
0
2
0 0
1 1
(1 cos )
2 2
1 1
: Vat qua vtr can bang
2 2
1
(1 cos ): Vat bien
2
M M
tM
g
E m s m s mgl
l
E mv m s
g
E m s mgl
l

'

Th nng v ng nng ca vt dao ng iu ha vi

' 2
'
2
' 2
f f
T
T

'

6
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Vn tc:
2
0 0
2 (1 cos ) 2 (cos cos ) v v gl gl t t
Lc cng dy:
0
(3cos 2cos ) mg
9. S thay i chu k dao ng ca con lc n:
a. Theo cao (v tr a l):
2
0 h
R
g g
R h
_

+
,
nn
2
h
h
l R h
T T
g R

+

b. Theo chiu di dy treo (nhit ):
0
0
(1 ) l l t + nn

+
0
0
2 ( 1)
2
t
l t
T T
g
Thi gian con lc chy nhanh (chm trong 1s):
2 1
1 1
T T T
T T

lch trong mt ngy m:

1
86400
T
T

c. Nu
1 2
l l l +
th
2 2
1 2
T T T + ; nu
1 2
l l l
th
2 2
1 2
T T T
d. Theo lc l
l
F
ur
:
2 2
hay
hay 2
hay
cos
l hd
l hd hd
hd
l hd
F P a g g g a
l
F P a g g g a T
g
g
F P a g g g a

'

ur ur r r
ur ur r r
ur ur r r
Ch : Lc l c th l lc in, lc t, lc y Acsimet, lc qun tnh (
qt
a a
uur r
)
Gia tc php tuyn:
2
; : ban knh quyao
n
v
a l
l

Lc qun tnh:
F ma
ur r
, ln F = ma (
F a
ur r
)
Chuyn ng nhanh dn u
a v
r r
(
v
r
c hng chuyn ng)
Chuyn ng chm dn u
a v
r r
Lc in trng: F qE
ur ur
, ln F = qE; Nu q > 0
F E
ur ur
; cn nu q < 0
F E
ur ur
Lc y csimt: F = DgV (
F
ur
lun thng ng hng ln)
Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh.
g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh .
Khi :
hd
P P F +
uuur ur ur
gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc
P
ur
v
hd
F
g g
m
+
ur
uuur ur
gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin).
III. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Gin Fresnel: Hai dao ng iu ha cng phng, cng tn s v lch pha khng i
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos( ) va cos( ) x A t x A t + +
. Dao ng tng hp
1 2
cos( ) x x x A t + +
c bin v pha
c xc nh:
a. Bin :
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 cos( ) A A A AA + + ; iu kin
1 2 1 2
A A A A A +
b. Pha ban u

: tan
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
cos cos
A A
A A

+
; iu kin
1 2 2 1
hoac
7
x
' x O
A
ur
1
A
uur 2
A
uur

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Ch :

'
+ +

1 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
Hai dao ong cung pha 2 :
Hai dao ong ngc pha (2 1) :
Hai dao ong vuong pha (2 1) :
2
Hai dao ong coolech pha :
k A A A
k A A A
k A A A
const A A A A A
2. Phng php lng gic:
a. Cng bin :
1 1 2 2
cos( ) va cos( ) x A t x A t + +
. Dao ng tng hp
1 2
cos( ) x x x t + + A

c bin v pha c xc nh:
1 2 1 2
2 cos cos ( )
2 2
x A t

+ 1
+
1
]
; t
1 2
2 cos
2
A

A
v
1 2
2

+
nn
cos( ) x t + A
.
b. Cng pha dao ng:
1 1 0 2 2 0
sin( ) va cos( ) x A t x A t + +
. Dao ng tng hp
1 2
cos( ) x x x t + + A
c bin v pha c xc nh: [ ]
1
0
cos ( )
cos
A
x t

+ ; t
1 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
1
tan cos
1 tan
A A
A
A A

+ +
Trong :
2
cos
A

A ;
0

IV. DAO NG TT DN, DAO NG CNG BC, CNG HNG
1. Dao ng tt dn:
a. Phng trnh ng lc hc:
c
kx F ma t
b. Phng trnh vi phn: '' ( )
c
F k
x x
m k
t t
c
F
X x
k
t suy ra
2
''
k
X X X
m

c. Chu k dao ng: 2
m
T
k

d. bin thin bin :
4
c
F
A
k

e. S dao ng thc hin c:
1 1
4
c
A kA
N
A F

Do ma st nn bin gim dn theo thi gian nn nng lng dao ng cng gim
2. Dao ng cng bc:
cng bc ngoai lc
f f
. C bin ph thuc vo bin ca ngoi lc cng bc, lc
cn ca h, v s chnh lch tn s gia dao ng cng bc v dao ng ring.
3. Dao ng duy tr: C tn s bng tn s dao ng ring, c bin khng i.
4. S cng hng c:
0
0 Max
0
ieu kien lam A A lc can cua moi trng
f f
T T

'

8
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CH 2: SNG C HC
I. HIN TNG GIAO THOA SNG
1. Phng trnh dao ng sng:
cos u a t
Phng trnh dao ng sng ti im M cch ngun c to
x
:
2
cos u a t x

_
t

,
ph thuc vo khng gian v thi gian.
2. Phng trnh truyn sng:
Phng trnh dao ng sng ti ngun O:
cos u a t
Phng trnh truyn sng t O n M ( d OM ) vi vn tc
v
mt khong thi gian
OM
OM
d
t
v
l:
cos ( ) cos 2 ( ) cos(2 2 )
OM OM
M OM
d d
u a t t a f t a ft f
v v

1

1
]
So vi sng ti O th sng ti M chm pha hn gc 2
OM
d
f
v
, phng trnh sng ti M c dng:
cos( )
M
u a t
3. Giao thoa sng: Hai sng kt hp ngun pht c dng
cos u a t
Phng trnh truyn sng t O
1
n M (
1 1
d OM
):
1
1
cos(2 2 )
M
d
u a ft f
v
; pha ban u
1 1
1
2 2
d d
f
v

Phng trnh truyn sng t O
2
n M (
2 2
d O M
):
2
2
cos(2 2 )
M
d
u a ft f
v
; pha ban u
2 2
2
2 2
d d
f
v

Phng trnh sng tng hp ti M:
2 1 2 1
1 2
2 cos( ) cos(2 )
M M M
d d d d
u u u a f ft f
v v

+
+
;
t
2 1
2 cos( )
d d
a f
v

A
;
2 1
d d
f
v

+
th th cos( )
M
u t A
a. Hiu quang trnh (hiu ng i):
2 1
d d d
b. lch pha:
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 2 ; vi
d d d d v
f
v f

c. Hai dao ng cng pha:

2
Bien odao ong c tang cng
k
d k
(bin cc i)
d. Hai dao ng ngc pha:

+
+
(2 1)
Bien odao ong btriet tieu
(2 1)
2
k
d k
(bin bng khng)
Ch :
Hai d cung pha: 2 ; hai iem gan nhat 1
Hai d ngc pha: (2 1) (2 1) ; hai iem gan nhat 0
2
Hai d vuong pha: (2 1) (2 1) ; hai iem gan nhat 0
2 4
k d k k
k d k k
k d k k

+ +
'
+ +

Bc sng l khong cch gn nhau nht trn cng mt phng truyn sng dao ng cng pha.
4. S im cc i, cc tiu:
a. S im cc i trn on
1 2
OO
:
9

O M
N
cos(2 2 )
M
x
u a ft f
v

cos(2 2 )
N
x
u a ft f
v
+
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Ta c:

'

1 2 1 2
1 2
d d OO
d d k
vi
1 2
1 1 2 1 2
1 1 2
2 2
0
OO
d k OO OO
k
d OO

'

b. S im cc tiu trn on
1 2
OO
:
Ta c:

'
+

1 2 1 2
1 2
(2 1)
2
d d OO
d d k
vi
1 2
1 1 2 1 2
1 1 2
(2 1) 1 1
2 4
2 2
0
OO
d k OO OO
k
d OO

+ +

'

c. S v tr ng yn do hai ngun
1 2
; O O
gy ra ti M:
Ta c:
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1

2 2
(2 1)
2
d d O O d
d d
k
d d k

<

< <
'
+

d. S gn sng do hai ngun

1 2
; O O
gy ra ti M:
Ta c:
1 2 1 2
1 2

d d O O d
d d
k d k
d d k


<

< < <

'

5. Lin h:
v
vT
f

II. SNG DNG
1. V tr bng, v tr nt:
a. V tr bng:
2 1
d d d k
b. V tr nt:
2 1
(2 1)
2
d d d k

+
2. Khong cch gia hai bng hoc hai nt:
2 1
2
d d d k

3. Khong cch t mt nt n mt bng:
2 1
(2 1)
4
d d d k

+
4. Sng dng trn dy di l (hai u l nt):
2
l k

;
+ ( ; 1) k lasomui song sobungsong k sonut song k
5. Sng trn si dy m mt u l nt u kia l bng: (2 1)
4
l k

+ ;
+ ( 1) k lasomui song sobungsong sonut song k
6. Lc cng ca si dy:
2
; ; m(kg); (m)
c
m
F v l
l
III. SNG M
1. Cng m (cng sut m):
2
( . );
P E
I Wm P
S t

P(W): Cng sut truyn sng (nng lng dao ng sng truyn sng trong 1s)
S(m
2
): Din tch
2. Mc cng m:
0 12 2
0
0
( ) lg
; 10 : cng oam chuan
( ) 10lg
I
L B
I
I Wm
I
L dB
I

'

Ch : Dao ng c hc trong cc mi trng vt cht n hi l cc dao ng cng bc (dao ng

sng, dao ng m, )
IV. C IM CA SNG M
10
c trng sinh l c trng vt l
cao f
m sc , A f
to , L f
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1. Sng m, dao ng m:
a. Dao ng m: Dao ng m l nhng dao ng c hc c tn s t 16Hz n 20KHz m tai ngi c
th cm nhn c.
Sng m c tn s nh hn 16Hz gi l sng h m; sng m c tn s ln hn 20KHz gi l sng siu
m.
b. Sng m l cc sng c hc dc lan truyn trong cc mi trng vt cht n hi: rn, lng, kh.
Khng truyn c trong chn khng.
Ch : Dao ng m l dao ng cng bc c tn s bng tn s ca ngun pht.
2. Vn tc truyn m:
Vn tc truyn m trong mi trng rn ln hn mi trng lng, mi trng lng ln hn mi trng
kh.
Vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi v mt ca mi trng.
Trong mt mi trng, vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo nhit v khi lng ring ca mi trng .
3. c trng sinh l ca m:
a. Nhc m: Nhc m l nhng m c tn s hon ton xc nh; nghe m tai nh ting n, ting ht,
b. Tp m: Tp m l nhng m khng c tn s nht nh;
nghe kh chu nh ting my n, ting chn i,
c. cao ca m: cao ca m l c trng sinh l ca
m ph thuc vo c trng vt l ca m l tn s. m
cao c tn s ln, m trm c tn s nh.
d. m sc: m sc l c trng sinh l phn bit hai m c
cng cao, n ph thuc vo bin v tn s ca m.
e. to: to l c trng sinh l ca m ph thuc vo c trng vt l l mc cng m v tn s.
Ngng nghe: m c cng b nht m tai ngi nghe c, thay i theo tn s ca m.
Ngng au: m c cng ln n mc tai ngi c cm gic au (
2
10W/m I >
ng vi
130 L dB vi mi tn s).
Min nghe c l gii hn t ngng nghe n ngng au.
Ch : Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn pha dao ng, cc phn t vt cht dao ng ti ch.
11
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CH 3: DNG IN XOAY CHIU
I. HIU IN TH DAO NG IU HA
1. T thng:
0
cos( ) cos( ) ( ) NBS t t Wb + +
2. Sut in ng tc thi: '
d
e
dt

;
0
sin( ) ( ) sin( ) e NBS t V E t + +
0 0
sin( ) cos( )
2
e E t E t

+ + ; sin cos( )
2

3. Hiu in th tc thi:
0
cos( )
u
u U t +
II. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
1. Cng dng in tc thi: +
0
cos( ) (A)
i
i I t
2. Cc gi tr hiu dng:
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
I U E
I U E
3. Tn s gc ca dng in xoay chiu:
2
2 (rad/s) f
T

Ch : Nu dng in xoay chiu dao ng vi tn s
f
th trong 1s i chiu
2f
ln.
Nam chm in c to ra bng dng in xoay chiu dao ng vi tn s
f
th n rung vi tn s
' 2 f f
. Hoc t trng ca n bin thin tun hon vi tn s
' 2 f f
4. Cc phn t tiu th in
a. in tr:
( ) R
nh lut Ohm:
0 0
;
R R
U IR U I R
cung pha vi i: 0
R
u
b. Cm khng:
2 ( )
L
Z L L f
nh lut Ohm:
0 0
;
L L L L
U IZ U I Z
nhanh pha vi i:
2
L
u


c. Dung khng:
1 1
( )
2
C
Z
C C f


nh lut Ohm:
0 0
;
C C C C
U IZ U I Z
cham pha vi i:
2
C
u


5. c im on mch thun RLC ni tip:
a. Tng tr:
2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z +
b. lch pha (u so vi i):
: u sm pha hn i
tan : u cung pha vi i
: u trepha hn i
L C
L C L C
L C
R
L C
Z Z
Z Z U U
Z Z
R U
Z Z

>


'

<

c. nh lut Ohm:
0
0
;
U U
I I
Z Z
d. Cng sut tiu th trn on mch: cos ; Hesocong suat:cos
R
U R
P UI
Z U

Ch : Vi mch hoc ch cha L, hoc ch cha C, hoc cha LC khng tiu th cng sut ( 0 P )






'

0 0
u i
0 0
Neu cos t th cos( t+ )
;
Neu cos t th cos( t- )
i u i u
i I u U
u U i I
12
R
L
C

vatlylamdong.com
e. Gin vc t: Ta c:
0 0 0 0
R L C
R L C
u u u u
U U U U
+ +

'
+ +

uur uuur uuur uuur

6. Lin h gia cc hiu in th hiu dng trong on mch thun RLC ni tip:
T
2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z + suy ra
2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U +
Tng t
2 2
RL L
Z R Z + suy ra
2 2
RL R L
U U U +
Tng t
2 2
RC C
Z R Z + suy ra
2 2
RC R C
U U U +
Tng t
LC L C
Z Z Z
suy ra
LC L C
U U U
III. BI TON CC TR
1. Hin tng cng hng:
iu kin cng hng
2
1
0
L C
u
i
Z Z
LC

th min Max
min
I
U U
Z R
Z R

.
Suy ra
2
2
min
cos 1
Max M M
U
P I R UI
R
R
Z

. Ch
0 0
0 0
R
U U
U I

uuur uur
uur uur
2. Khi , C khong oi; R thay oi L :
Cng sut
2 2
2
2
( )

( )
L C
M
L C
m
Z z U
P I R P R
Z Z R
R
R
1
+
1

]
+
2 2
2
2 2
R
( ) ( )
Ma . ( ) const, nen
2 U
suy ra ; cos khi oU =
2 2 2 2
L C L C
L C
L C M
L C
Z z Z Z
R Z Z R
R R
U U
R Z Z P
R Z Z

3. Khi , L khong oi; C thay oi R :

Hiu in th
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
C C
L C L L
C C C
U U
U IZ
R Z Z R Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
2 2 2
1
at
( ) 2 1
C
L L
x
Z
y R Z x Z x

'

+ +

. Khi
2 2
2
( )
2
( 1)
C M
L L
m
C C
U
U
R Z Z
Z Z

+
+
13
R
L
C

0
U
R
uuur
0
U
L
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
LC
uuuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
0
U
R
uuur
0
U
L
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
LC
uuuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
0
U
R
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Suy ra
+

'
+

2 2
2 2
( )
L
C
L
L
C M
R Z
Z
Z
U R Z
U
R
4. Khi , C khong oi; L thay oi R :
Hiu in th
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
L L
L C C C
L L L
U U
U IZ
R Z Z R Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
2 2 2
1
at
( ) 2 1
L
C C
x
Z
y R Z x Z x

'

+ +

. Khi
2 2
2
( )
2
( 1)
L M
C C
m
L L
U
U
R Z Z
Z Z

+
+
Suy ra
+

'
+

2 2
2 2
( )
C
L
C
C
L M
R Z
Z
Z
U R Z
U
R
5. Lin quan lch pha:
a. Trng hp 1:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2

+
b. Trng hp 1:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2

c. Trng hp 1:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2

+ t
IV. BI TON HP KN (BI TON HP EN)
1. Mch in n gin:
a. Nu
NB
U
cng pha vi i suy ra ch cha
0
R
b. Nu
NB
U
sm pha vi i gc
2

suy ra ch cha
0
L
c. Nu
NB
U
tr pha vi i gc
2

suy ra ch cha
0
C
2. Mch in phc tp:
a. Mch 1
Nu
AB
U
cng pha vi i suy ra ch cha
0
L
Nu
AN
U
v
NB
U
to vi nhau gc
2

suy ra ch cha
0
R
Vy cha (
0 0
, L R
)
b. Mch 2
Nu
AB
U
cng pha vi i suy ra ch cha
0
C
Nu
AN
U
v
NB
U
to vi nhau gc
2

suy ra ch cha
0
R
Vy cha (
0 0
, C R
)
14
R
L
C

X
A N B
R
L

X
A N B
R
C
X
A N B
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V. SN XUT V TRUYN TI IN NNG
1. Dng in xoay chiu mt pha, my pht in xoay chiu mt pha:
a. Sut in ng tc thi: '
d
e
dt

;

+ +
0
cos( ) ( ) cos( )
2 2
e NBS t V E t
b. Tn s dao ng:
; n (vong/s)
; n (vong/phut)
60
f np
np
f

'

; p: s cp cc t
Ch : Mt my pht in c 1 cp cc t mun pht ra vi tn s 50Hz th phi quay vi tc
50 vong/s n
; c 10 cp cc t mun pht ra vi tn s 50Hz th phi quay vi tc
5 vong/s n
. S cp
cc tng ln bao nhiu ln th tc quay gim i by nhiu ln.
2. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha, my pht in xoay chiu ba pha:
a. Dng in: Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng gm ba dng in xoay chiu, c to ra bi ba sut
in ng xoay chiu c cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha nhau tng i mt mt gc
2
3

.
Cc biu thc sut in ng:

'

1 0
2 0
3 0
cos
2
cos( )
3
2
cos( )
3
e E t
e E t
e E t
b. Cch mc:
Mc sao
0
0
3
d p
d p
I I
I
U U

'

; Mc tam gic
3
d p
d p
I I
U U

'

3. My bin th, truyn ti in nng:
a. My bin th:
Bin i hiu in th
1 1
2 2
U N
k
U N


Bin i dng in
2 1
1 2
I N
k
I N


b. Hao ph khi truyn ti:
2
2 2
ma
cos
P l
P R R
S U

4. Hiu sut:
t r r
v c v
P P U
H
P P U

Ch : Cc dng mch: RL ni tip, RC ni tip, RLC ni tip m cun dy c in tr trong v cng
thc tng tr, nh lut Ohm, lch pha, h s cng sut, lin h gia cc hiu in th hiu dng,
15
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CH 4: DAO NG V SNG IN T
I. DAO NG IN T
1. S bin thin in tch trong mch dao ng:
0
cos( ) ( ) q Q t C +
2. S bin thin cng dng in trong mch dao ng: '
dq
i q
dt
;
0 0 0 0
sin( ) ( ) sin( ); i Q t A I t I Q + +
0 0 0 0 0 0
cos( ) ( ) cos( );
2 2
C
i Q t A I t I Q CU U
L

+ + + +
3. S bin thin hiu in th trong mch dao ng:
2
2
'; ''
di d q
u L Li u q
dt dt
;


+ +
+
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 0
cos( ) ( ) cos( );
1
Hoac cos( ); vi
u L Q t V U t U L Q L I
Q q
u t
C C LC
4. Tn s gc, tn s, chu k, pha dao ng v pha ban u:
a. Tn s gc:
1
LC

b. Tn s:
1
( )
2 2
f Hz
LC

c. Chu k:
2
2 ( ) T LC s

d. Pha dao ng:
( ) t +
e. Pha ban u

: Tm

bng cch gii h phng trnh

0 0
0
0 0
cos
luc 0
sin
q Q
t
i Q

'

5. Phng trnh c lp vi thi gian:

+ + +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2
; ;
i u i i
q Q Q u C Q
L
6. Nng lng dao ng in t:
C L
E E E +
a. Nng lng in trng:
2 2
2 2 0
1 1
cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
C
Q q
E t E t
C C
+ +
b. Nng lng t trng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1
sin ( ) sin ( );
2 2
L
E Li L Q t E t L
C
+ +
Ch :
2
2 2 0
0
2
0
2 2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2
1
: ien thecc ai
2
1 1
= : Cng odong ien cc ai
2 2
CM
LM
Q
E L Q const
C
Q
E
C
E L Q LI

'

Nng lng in v nng lng t ca mch bin thin tun hon vi

' 2
'
2
' 2
f f
T
T

'

ca dao ng.
16
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Mch dao ng LC l tng thc hin dao ng in t. Khong thi gian, gia hai ln lin tip, nng
lng in trng trn t in bng nng lng t
trng trong cun dy.
Khi nng lng in trng trn t bng nng lng t
trng trong cun cm, ta c:
W
2
1
W W
t

hay
2
2
Q q
C
Q
2
1
2
1
C
q
2
1
0
2
0
2
t

,
_

Vi hai v tr li
2
2
Q q
0
t trn trc Oq, tng ng
vi 4 v tr trn ng trn, cc v tr ny cch u nhau
bi cc cung
2

.
C ngha l, sau hai ln lin tip
t
W =W
, pha dao ng bin thin c mt lng l
4
T
4
2
2

: Pha dao ng bin thin c 2 sau thi gian mt chu k T.

Tm li, c sau thi gian
4
T
nng lng in li bng nng lng t.
II. IN T TRNG, SNG IN T
1. Bc sng:
; ; : Chiet suat cua moi trng
c c
cT v n
f n

2. in t trng: in trng v t trng c th chuyn ha cho nhau, lin h mt thit vi nhau. Chng l
hai mt ca mt trng thng nht gi l in t trng.
3. Gi thuyt Maxwell:
a. Gi thuyt 1: T trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt in trng xoy.
b. Gi thuyt 2: in trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt t trng xoy.
c. Dng in dch: in trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt t trng xoy. in trng ny
tng ng nh mt dng in gi l dng in dch.
4. Sng in t: Sng in t l qu trnh truyn i trong khng gian ca in t trng bin thin tun hon
theo thi gian.
a. Tnh cht:
Sng in t truyn i vi vn tc rt ln (
v c
).
Sng in t mang nng lng (
4
E f : ).
Sng in t truyn c trong mi trng vt cht v trong chn khng.
Sng in t tun theo nh lut phn x, nh lut khc x, giao thoa, nhiu x,
Sng in t l sng ngang.
Sng in t truyn trong cc mi trng vt cht khc nhau c vn tc khc nhau.
b. Phn loi v c tnh ca sng in t:
Loi sng Tn s Bc sng c tnh
Sng di 3 - 300 KHz
5 3
10 - 10 m
Nng lng nh, t b nc hp th
Sng trung 0,3 - 3 MHz
3 2
10 - 10 m
Ban ngy tng in li hp th mnh, ban m
tng in li phn x
Sng ngn 3 - 30 MHz
2
10 - 10 m
Nng lng ln, b tng in li v mt t
phn x nhiu ln
Sng cc ngn 30 - 30000 MHz
-2
10 - 10 m
C nng lng rt ln, khng b tng in li
hp th, truyn theo ng thng
5. Mch chn sng:
a. Bc sng in t m mch cn chn:
8
2 ; 3.10 (m/s) c LC c
b. Mt s c tnh ring ca mch dao ng:
17
q
-Q
0
Q
0
O
2
2
Q
0
2
2
Q
0

4
3
4
3

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+
+
+ +
2
1 2 2 2 2
1
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
|| :
2 2 ( )
1 1 1 1 1
: ( )
2
2
C C f
f f f
LC L C C
C ntC f f f f
L C C
LC
18
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CH 5: SNG NH SNG
I. GIAO THOA VI NH SNG N SC
1. Khong vn:
1
;
k k
D
i x x i
a

+

2. V tr vn
( 1)
sang:
; vi 0; 1; 2; 3;...
1 1
toi: ( ) ( )
2 2
ks
k t
D
x ki k
a
k
D
x k i k
a

t t t
'

+ +

3. Hiu quang trnh:

2 1
;
ax
d d
D

4. Khong cch gia n vn sng lin tip nhau l l :
( 1) l n i
5. Khong cch gia m khong vn lin tip nhau l l : l mi
6. Ti v tr M m
: Van sang th
1
: Van toi th( 1)
2
x
k k
i
x
k k
i

'

+ +

7. S vn sng (vn ti) c trong b rng trng giao thoa L : +

2
L
N phanthapphan
i
;
hoc

+
2
La
N phanthapphan
D
a. S vn sng:
2 1
s
N N +
b. S vn ti:
+

'
<

2 2; neu: 0,50
2 ; neu: 0,50
t
t
N N phanthapphan
N N phanthapphan
8. Dch chuyn h vn giao thoa:
a. t bn mt song song trn mt ng truyn ca tia sng:
Trc khi c bn mt song song; vn sng trung tm l:
2 1
0 SO SO .
Khi c bn mt song song c chit sut
n
, b dy
e
:
ng i t
1
S n M:
'
1 1
( 1) d d n e +
ng i t
2
S n M:
'
2 2
d d
Hiu quang trnh:
'
2 1 2 1 2 1
( 1) ;
e
ax
d d d d n e d d
D

Khi c bn mt song song; vn sng trung tm di mt on:
( 1) n eD
x
a

Ch : Vn sng trung tm dch v pha khe b chn bi bn mt song song.

b. Ngun sng dch chuyn mt on
y
:
Hiu quang trnh:
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
( ' ') ( ' ') ( ' ' ) ( ' ')
ay ax
S S SO S S SO S S S S SO SO
d D
+ + + +
V tr vn sng:
ay ax
k
d D
+
V tr vn ti: (2 1)
2
ay ax
k
d D

+ +
Vn sng trung tm: 0
yD
k x
d

Ch : Vn sng trung tm s dch chuyn ngc chiu vi chiu dch chuyn ca ngun.
II. GIAO THOA VI NH SNG PHC TP (HN HP)
19
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1. Mt nhn thy nh sng c bc sng :
0,76
vi
0,40

T
T
m
m





'

2. B rng quang ph bc k: ( ) ( )
k T T
D
x k i i k
a

3. V tr vn sng bc
1
k
ca bc x
1

trng vi v tr vn sng bc
2
k
ca bc x
2

:
1 1 2 2
k k
4. V tr vn sng bc
1
k
ca bc x
1

trng vi v tr vn ti bc
2
k
ca bc x
2

:
1 1 2 2
1
( )
2
k k +
Ch : Trong khng kh (chn khng):
c
f

; trong mi trng c chit sut n:
c
v
n
v c
f nf

'

Ch : Khong vn trong khng kh l i ; trong mi trng c chit sut

n
khong vn
mt
i
i
n
III. QUANG PH
1. My quang ph:
a. nh ngha: My quang ph l dng c dng phn tch chm sng c nhiu thnh phn thnh nhng
thnh phn n sc khc nhau.
b. Cu to:
ng chun trc l to ra chm tia song song.
Lng knh phn tch song song thnh nhng thnh phn n sc song song khc nhau.
Bung nh l knh nh t ti tiu im nh ca thu knh
2
L quan st quang ph.
c. Nguyn tc hot ng:
Chm tia qua ng chun trc l chm tia song song n lng knh.
Qua lng knh chm sng b phn tch thnh cc thnh phn n sc song song.
Cc chm tia n sc qua bung nh c hi t trn knh nh.
2. Quang ph lin tc:
a. nh ngha: Quang ph lin tc l di mu bin thin lin tc, quang ph lin tc ca nh sng l di mu
bin thin lin tc t ti tm.
b. Ngun pht: Cc cht rn, cht lng, cht kh c t khi ln nng sng pht ra quang ph lin tc.
c. c im, tnh cht:
Quang ph lin tc khng ph thuc thnh phn ha hc ca ngun pht m ch ph thuc vo nhit ca ngun
pht.
nhit
0
500 C
, cc vt bt u pht ra nh sng mu ; nhit 2500K n 3000K cc vt pht ra
quang ph lin tc c mu bin thin t n tm. Nhit ca b Mt Tri khong 6000K , nh sng ca
Mt Tri l nh sng trng.
3. Quang ph vch pht x:
a. nh ngha: Quang ph vch pht x l loi quang ph gm nhng vch mu n sc nm trn mt nn ti.
b. Cc cht kh hay hi c p sut thp b kch thch pht ra.
c. c im:
Cc cht kh hay hi p sut thp khc nhau cho nhng quang ph vch khc nhau c v s lng vch, v
tr, mu sc ca cc vch v sng t i ca cc vch.
Mi cht kh hay hi p sut thp c mt quang ph vch c trng.
4. Quang ph vch hp th:
a. nh ngha: Quang ph vch hp th l mt h thng cc vch ti nm trn mt nn mt quang ph lin tc.
b. Cch to:
Chiu vo khe ca my quang ph mt nh sng trng ta nhn c mt quang ph lin tc.
t mt n hi Natri trn ng truyn tia sng trc khi n khe ca my quang ph, trn nn quang ph
xut hin cc vch ti ng v tr cc vch vng trong quang ph vch pht x ca Natri.
d. iu kin: Nhit ca m kh hay hi hp th phi thp hn nhit ca ngun sng pht ra quang ph
lin tc.
e. Hin tng o sc: mt nhit nht nh, mt m kh hay hi c kh nng pht ra nhng nh sng n
sc no th n cng c kh nng hp th nhng nh sng n sc .
20
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Ch : Quang ph ca Mt Tri m ta thu c trn Tri t l quang ph hp th, B mt ca Mt Tri pht
ra quang ph lin tc.
IV. SNG IN T
Loi sng Bc sng
Ch
c
f

Vng : 0,640 0, 760 m m
Tia gamma
12
Di 10 m

Vng cam : 0,590 0,650 m m

Tia Roengent
12 9
10 en 10 m m

Vng vng : 0,570 0,600 m m
Tia t ngoi
9 7
10 en 3,8.10 m m

Vng lc : 0,500 0,575 m m
nh sng nhn thy
7 7
3,8.10 en 7,6.10 m m

Vng lam : 0, 450 0,510 m m
Tia hng ngoi
7 3
7,6.10 en 10 m m

Vng chm : 0, 440 0, 460 m m
Sng v tuyn
3
10 trlen m

Vng tm : 0,38 0, 440 m m

1. Tia hng ngoi:
a. nh ngha: Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy, c bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh sng
(
0,76 m >
).
b. Ngun pht sinh:
Cc vt b nung nng di
0
500 C
pht ra tia hng ngoi.
C 50% nng lng Mt Tri thuc v vng hng ngoi.
Ngun pht tia hng ngoi l cc n dy tc bng Vonfram nng sng c cng sut t 250 1000 W W .
c. Tnh cht, tc dng:
C bn cht l sng in t.
Tc dng ni bt nht l tc dng nhit.
Tc dng ln mt loi knh nh c bit gi l knh nh hng ngoi.
B hi nc hp th.
d. ng dng: Sy kh sn phm, si m, chp nh hng ngoi.
2. Tia t ngoi:
a. nh ngha: Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy, c bc sng nh hn bc sng ca nh
sng tm (
0,38 m <
).
b. Ngun pht sinh:
Cc vt b nung nng trn
0
3000 C
pht ra tia t ngoi.
C 9% nng lng Mt Tri thuc v vng t ngoi.
Ngun pht tia t ngoi l cc n hi thy ngn pht ra tia t ngoi.
c. Tnh cht, tc dng:
C bn cht l sng in t.
Tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh.
Lm pht quang mt s cht.
Tc dng lm ion ha cht kh
Gy ra mt s phn ng quang ha, quang hp.
Gy hiu ng quang in.
Tc dng sinh hc: hy hoi t bo, git cht vi khun,
B thy tinh, nc hp th rt mnh. Thch anh gn nh trong sut i vi cc tia t ngoi
d. ng dng: Chp nh; pht hin cc vt nt, xc trn b mt sn phm; kh trng; cha bnh ci xng.
3. Tia Rentgen:
a. nh ngha: Tia Rentgen l nhng bc x in t c bc sng t
12
10 m

n
8
10 m

(tia Rentgen cng,

tia Rentgen mm).
b. Cch to ra tia Rnghen: Khi chm tia catt p vo tm kim loi c nguyn t lng pht ra.
c. Tnh cht, tc dng:
Kh nng m xuyn.
Tc dng mnh ln knh nh.
Lm ion ha khng kh.
Lm pht quang nhiu cht.
Gy ra hin tng quang in.
Tc dng sinh l: hy dit t bo, dit t bo, dit vi khun,
21
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d. ng dng: D khuyt tt bn trong cc sn phm, chp in, chiu in, cha bnh ung th nng, o liu
lng tia Rentgen,
22
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CH 6: LNG T NH SNG
I. THUYT LNG T
1. Ni dung thuyt lng t:
Cc nguyn t hay phn t vt cht hp th hay bc x nh sng thnh tng phn ring bit t qung; mi
phn mang mt nng lng hon ton xc nh gi l lng t nng lng:
34
; 6,625.10 : Hang soPlanck
hc
hf h J s

.
Chm nh sng l chm cc ht (photon); mi photon mang nng lng hon ton xc nh bng lng t
nng lng (lng t nh sng).
Cng chm sng t l vi s photon c trong chm sng.
2. Cc nh lut quang in:
a. nh lut 1 quang in: Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi bc sng nh sng kch thch ( ) phi nh
hn bng gii hn quang in (
0

) ca kim loi :
0

.
b. nh lut 2 quang in: Cng dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chm sng kch
thch:
~
q askt
I I
.
c. nh lut 3 quang in: ng nng ban u cc i ca cc electron quang in ch ph thuc vo bc
sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi, khng ph thuc vo cng chm sng kch thch:
0 0
0
( , )
M
M askt
W
W I

'

.
3. Phng trnh Einstein:
a. Gii hn quang in:
19
0
; 1 1,6.10
( )
hc
eV J
A J

b. ng nng:
2
0 0
1
( )
2
M M
W mv J
c. Phng trnh Einstein:
2
0 0
0
1
hay
2
M M
hc
A W mv

+ +
Ch : Phng trnh Einstein gii thch nh lut 1; nh lut 3; thuyt lng t gii thch nh lut 2.
4. iu kin trit tiu hon ton dng quang in:
0
0 ; 0
q M h h
I W eU U <
5. Dng quang in bo ha:

bh
bh
I t n q
I n
t q



: S electron bt ra
6. Nng lng chm photon:
E
E N N

: S photon p vo
7. Cng sut bc x ca ngun: ( )
E
P W
t

8. Hiu sut lng t: .100%

n
H
N

9. nh l ng nng:
0
vi
cos

F
F
W W W
W A
A Fs


'

ur
ur
10. Nng lng tia Rentgen:
X X
X
X AK
hc
hf
W eU

'

II. MU NGUYN T BOHR

1. Tin Bohr:
a. Tin 1: Nguyn t ch tn ti nhng trng thi c nng lng hon ton xc nh gi l trng thi dng.
trng thi dng nguyn t khng bc x nng lng.
b. Tin 2: Nguyn t thi thi c mc nng lng
m
E
cao hn khi chuyn v trng thi dng c mc nng
lng
n
E
thp hn s gii phng mt nng lng mn mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E

v ngc li.
23
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c. H qu: nhng trng thi dng cc electron trong nguyn t ch chuyn ng trn qu o c bn knh
hon ton xc nh gi l qu o dng:
2 0
0 0
; vi 0,53
n
r n r r A .
Ch : Trong nguyn t Hir, trng thi dng l trng thi c mc nng lng thp nht (ng vi qu o
K), cc trng thi c mc nng lng cao hn gi l trng thi kch thch (thi gian tn ti
8
10 s

).
Nguyn t (electron) ch hp th hoc bc x nng lng ng bng hiu nng lng gia hai mc.
2. Nng lng trng thi dng:
0 2
13,6
( ); 13,6
n
E eV E eV
n

3. Bc sng:

19
2 2
1 1
13,6.( ).1,6.10 (J )
m n
hc
E E
n m

hay:

2 2
7 1
1 1 1
( )
vi 1,09.10 : Hang soRitber
H
H
R
n m
R m
4. Quang ph nguyn t Hir: Cc electron trng
thi kch thch tn ti khong
8
10 s

nn gii
phng nng lng di dng phtn tr v cc trng
thi c mc nng lng thp hn.
a. Dy Lynam: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c
mc nng lng cao hn v trng thi c mc nng
lng ng vi qu o K (thuc vng t ngoi).
b. Dy Balmer: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c
mc nng lng cao hn v trng thi c mc nng
lng ng vi qu o L (thuc vng t ngoi v vng
nhn thy).
c. Dy Paschen: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c
mc nng lng cao hn v trng thi c mc nng
lng ng vi qu o M (thuc vng hng
ngoi).
Ch : Bc sng cng ngn nng lng cng ln.
III. HP TH V PHN X NH SNG
1. Hp th nh sng:
Hp th nh sng l hin tng mi trng vt cht
lm gim cng ca chm sng truyn qua n.
a. nh lut v hp th nh sng:
Cng ca chm sng n sc khi truyn mi trng hp th, gim theo nh lut hm m ca di
ng truyn tia sng:

0
d
I I e .
Trong :

'

0



I lacngocuachumsangti moi trng
lahesohapthucua moi trng
d odai cua ngtruyentia sang
b. Hp th lc la:
Vt trong sut (vt khng mu) l vt khng hp th nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
Vt c mu en l vt hp th hon ton nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
Vt trong sut c mu l vt hp th lc la nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
2. Phn x (tn sc) lc la nh sng:
Cc vt c th hp th lc la mt s nh sng n sc, nh vy cc vt cng c th phn x (tn sc) mt s
nh sng n sc. Hin tng c gi l phn x (tn sc) lc la nh sng.
Ch : Yu t quyt nh n vic hp th, phn x (tn sc) nh sng l bc sng ca nh sng.
IV. LASER
1. Hin tng pht quang:
a. S pht quang: C mt s cht th rn, lng, kh khi hp th mt nng lng di dng no th c kh
nng pht ra mt bc x in t. Nu bc x c bc sng nm trong gii hn ca nh sng nhn thy th
c gi l s pht quang.
24
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H

n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
vatlylamdong.com
c im
Mi cht pht quang c mt quang ph c trng ring cho n.
Sau khi ngng kch thch, s pht quang ca mt s cht cn c duy tr trong mt
khong thi gian no .
Thi gian pht quang l khong thi gian k t lc ngng kch thch cho n lc ngng pht quang: Thi gian
pht quang c th ko di t
10
10 s
n vi ngy.
Hin tng pht quang l hin tng khi vt hp th nh sng kch thch c bc sng ny pht ra nh sng
c bc sng khc.
b. Cc dng pht quang:
Hunh quang l s pht quang c thi gian ngn di
8
10 s
, thng xy ra vi cht lng v kh.
Ln quang l s pht quang c thi gian di trn
8
10 s
, thng xy ra vi cht rn.
Ch : Thc t trong khong


8 6
10 10 s t s
khng xc nh c ln quang hay hunh quang.
c. nh lut Xtc v s pht quang: nh sng pht quang c bc sng nh hn bc sng nh sng kch
thch:
< >
aspq askt aspq askt
.
2. Laser:
a. c im:
Tia Laser c tnh n sc cao. sai lch

15
10
f
f
.
Tia Laser l chm sng kt hp, cc photon trong chm sng c cng tn s v cng pha.
Tia Laser l chm sng song song, c tnh nh hng cao.
Tia Laser c cng ln
6 2
~10 W/cm I
.
b. Cc loi Laser: Laser hng ngc, Laser thy tinh pha noim, Lasre kh He He, Laser
2
CO , Laser bn dn,

c. ng dng:
Trong thng tin lin lc: cp quang, v tuyn nh v,
Trong y hc: lm dao m, cha mt s bnh ngoi da nh tc dng nhit,
Trong u c a: CD, VCD, DVD,
Trong cng nghip: khoan, ct, ti, vi chnh xc cao.
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CH 7: HT NHN NGUYN T
I. HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu to ht nhn:

'
+


'

'

27
19
27
1,67262.10
proton
1,6.10
c tao nen t
1,67493.10
( - ) ntron
0: khong mang ien

p
p
A
Z
n
p
m kg
Z
q C
X
m kg
N A Z
q
2. n v khi lng nguyn t (
u
):

'

27
1,007276
1 1,66055.10
1,008665
p
n
m u
u kg
m u
3. Cc cng thc lin h:
a. S mol:
23
A
; A: khoi lng mol(g/mol) hay sokhoi (u)
: khoi lng

N: sohat nhan nguyen t
;
N 6,023.10 nguyen t/mol
A
A
A
m
NA
n
m
A
N
N
mN
n
N
N
A

' '

'

4. Bn knh ht nhn:
1
15
3
1,2.10 ( ) R A m

II. NNG LNG HT NHN

1. ht khi:
0
0
( ) : khoi lng cac nuclon rieng le
p n
m Zm A Z m
m m m
+

'

2. H thc Einstein:
2
E mc ;
2
1 931,5 uc MeV ;
13
1 1,6.10 MeV J

3. Nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring:

a. Nng lng lin kt:
2
E mc
b. Nng lng lin kt ring: : tnh cho mot nuclon
E
A

Ch : Ht nhn c s khi trong khong t 50 n 70, nng lng lin kt ring ca chng c gi tr ln nht
vo khong
8,8 / MeV nu
III. PHNG X
1. nh lut phng x:

'

0
0
0
0

ln2
2
; vi : hang sophan ra
( )

2
t
t
T
t
t
T
N
N N e
m T s
m me
2. phng x:
0
0
10
0 0
ln2
; vi : hang sophan ra
( )

2
; ( ); 1 3,7.10 Bq
t
t
T
H
H H e
T s
H N H N Bq Ci

'

3. Th tch ca dung dch cha cht phng x:

0
0
2
t
T
H
V V
H

Trong : la the tch dung dch cha V H

Chu k bn r ca mt s cht
Cht phng x
12
6
Cacbon C
16
8
Oxi O
235
92
Urani U
210
84
Poloni Po
226
88
Rai Ra
219
86
Radon Ra
131
53
Iot I
Chu k bn r 5730 nam T 122 s T 8
7,13.10 nam T
138 ngay T
1620 nam T
4 s T 8 ngay T
3. Cht phng x b phn r:
a. S ht nhn nguyn t b phn r:
0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e


b. Khi lng ht nhn nguyn t b phn r:
0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e


26
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Ch : S ht nhn nguyn t to thnh bng s ht nhn nguyn t phng x b phn r
B
: N
C A
A B C N N +
; khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
4. Cc tia phng x:
a. Tia

:
4 4
2 2
lahat He , b lch trong in trng, t trng.
b. Tia

:
%


+ +


+

'
+

0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
( ): +

( ): +
lapozitron e p n e
cohai loai
laelectron e n p e
, b lch trong in trng, t trng nhiu hn
tia

.
c. Tia

: C bc sng ngn
11
10 m

< , c nng lng rt ln, khng b lch trong in trng, t trng.
IV. PHN NG HT NHN
1. Phn ng ht nhn:
C A B D
A B C D
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
A B C D + +
2. Cc nh lut bo ton:
a. nh lut bo ton in tch:
A B C D
Z Z Z Z + +
b. nh lut bo ton s nuclon:
A B C D
A A A A + +
c. nh lut bo ton nng lng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A A B B C C D D
E E E E E E E E + + + + + +
d. nh lut bo ton ng lng:
A B C D
p p p p + +
uur uur uur uur
3. Cc cng thc lin h:
a. ng nng:


2 27 13
1
; ( ); 1 1,66055.10 ; 1 1,6.10
2

E mv mkg u kg MeV J
b. ng lng: hay ; p mv p mv p v
ur r ur r
c. Lin h:
2

2 p mE
4. Nng lng trong phn ng ht nhn:
Khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng:
0 A B
M m m +
Khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng:
C D
M m m +
a. Phn ng ta nng lng:
0
M M >
Nng lng ta ra l:
2
0
( ) 0 E M M c
b. Phn ng thu nng lng:
0
M M <
Nng lng thu vo l:
2
0
; ( )

E E E E M M c +
27
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CH 8: VT L V TR
I. CC HT S CP
1. Ht s cp: Cc ht s cp (ht c bn) l cc ht nh hn ht nhn.
2. Cc c trng ca ht s cp:
a. Khi lng ngh
0
m
: Phtn

, ntrin

, gravitn c khi lng ngh bng khng.

b. in tch: Cc ht s cp c th c in tch bng in tch nguyn t
1 Q
, cng c th khng mang in.
Q c gi l s lng t in tch.
c. Spin s: Mi ht s cp khi ng yn cng c momen ng lng ring v momen t ring. Cc momen ny
c c trng bng s lng t spin. Prtn, ntrn c
1
2
s , phtn c 1 s , pin c 0 s .
d. Thi gian sng trung bnh T: Trong cc ht s cp c 4 ht khng phn r (proton, electron, photon, notrino)
gi l cc ht nhn bn. Cn cc ht khc gi l ht khng bn v phn r thnh cc ht khc. Notron c
932 T s , cc ht khng bn c thi gian ngn t
24
10 s

n
6
10 s

.
3. Phn ht: Cc ht s cp thng to thnh mt cp; mi cp gm hai ht c khi lng ngh v spin nh
nhau nhng c in tch tri du nhau. Trong qu trnh tng tc c th sinh cp hoc hy cp.
4. Phn loi ht s cp:
a. Photon (lng t nh sng):
b. Lepton: Gm cc ht nh nh electron, muyon ( ,
+
), cc ht tau ( ,
+
),
c. Mzn: Gm cc ht c khi lng trung bnh, c chia thnh mzn

v mzn K .
Barion: Gm cc ht nng c khi lng ln, c chia thnh nuclon v hiprn.
Tp hp cc mzn v barin c gi l harn.
5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp:
a. Tng tc hp dn: Bn knh ln v cng, lc tng tc nh.
b. Tng tc in t: Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c
38
10 ln.
c. Tng tc yu: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c
18
10 m

, lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c
11
10 ln.
d. Tng tc mnh: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c
15
10 m

, lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c
2
10 ln.
Tng tc gia cc harn.
6. Ht quark:
a. Ht quark: Tt c cc ht harn c to nn t cc ht rt nh.
b. Cc loi quark: C 6 loi quark l u, d, s, c, b, t v phn quark tng ng. in tch cc quark l
2e
;
3 3
e
t t .
c. Cc barain: T hp ca 3 quark to nn cc barain.
II. MT TRI H MT TRI
1. H Mt Tri: Gm 9 hnh tinh ln, tiu hnh tinh, cc sao chi.
Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi Vng
tinh, Dim Vng tinh.
o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1 150 vtv trKm .
Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh
tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thn tr Kim tinh.
2. Mt Tri:
a. Cu trc ca Mt Tri: Gm quang cu v kh quyn
Quang cu: Khi kh hnh cu nng sng, nhn t Tri t c bn knh gc 16 pht, bn knh ca khi cu
khong
5
7.10 Km, khi lng ring trung bnh ca cc vt cht trong quang cu l
3
1400kg/m , nhit hiu
dng 6000K .
Kh quyn: Bao quanh Mt Tri c kh quyn Mt Tri: Ch yu l Hir, Heli. Kh quyn c chia ra hai
lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau: Sc cu v nht hoa.
Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10000km v c nhit khong 4500K .
Pha trn sc cu l nht hoa: Cc phn t vt cht tn ti trng thi ion ha mnh (trng thi plasma), nhit
khong 1 trieuo. Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian.
b. Nng lng Mt Tri: Nng lng Mt Tri c duy tr l nh trong lng n ang din ra cc phn ng
nhit hch.
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Hng s Mt Tri
2
1360W/m H l lng nng lng bc x ca Mt tri truyn vung gc ti mt n v
din tch cch n mt n v thin vn trong mt n v thi gian.
Cng sut bc x nng lng Mt Tri l
26
3,9.10 P W .
c. S hot ng ca Mt Tri:
Quang cu sng khng u, c cu to dng ht, gm nhng ht sng bin i trn nn ti do s i lu m to
thnh: vt en, bng sng, tai la:
Vt en c mu sm ti, nhit vo khong 4000K .
Bng sng thng xut hin khi c vt en, bng sng phng ra tia X v dng ht tch in gi l gi
Mt Tri.
Tai la l nhng li phun la cao trn sc cu.
Nm Mt Tri c nhiu vt en nht xut hin c gi l Nm Mt Tri hot ng. Nm Mt Tri c t vt
en nht xut hin c gi l Nm Mt Tri tnh. Chu k hot ng ca Mt Tri c tr s trung bnh l 11
nm.
S hot ng ca Mt Tri c nhiu nh hng n Tri t. Tia X v dng ht tch in t bng sng truyn
n Tri t gy ra nhiu tc ng:
Lm nhiu hoc mt thng tin lin lc bng sng v tuyn ngn.
Lm cho t trng Tri t bin thin, gy ra bo t: bo t xut hin sau khong 20 gi k t khi
bng sng xut hin trn sc cu
S hot ng ca Mt Tri cn c nh hng n trng thi thi tit trn Tri t, n qu trnh pht
trin ca cc sinh vt,
3. Tri t:
a. Cu to: Tri t c dng hnh phng cu, bn knh xch o bng 6378km, bn knh hai cc bng
6357km, khi lng ring trung bnh
3
5520kg/m .
Li Tri t: bn knh 3000km; ch yu l st, niken; nhit khong
0
3000 - 4000 C .
V Tri t: dy khong 35km; ch yu l granit; khi lng ring
3
3300kg/m .
b. T trng ca Tri t: Trc t ca nam chm nghing so vi trc a cc mt gc
0
115 v thay i theo
thi gian.
c. Mt Trng v tinh ca Tri t: Mt Trng cch Tri t 384000km; c bn knh 1738km; c khi lng
22
7,35.10 kg; gia tc trng trng
2
1,63m/s ; quay quanh Tri t vi chu k 27,32ngy; Mt Trng quay
quanh Tri t vi chu k bng chu k quay ca Tri t quanh trc; quay cng chiu vi chiu quay quanh
tri t, nn Mt Trng lun hng mt na nht nh vo Tri t; nhit lc gia tra
0
100 C , lc na
m
0
150 C . Mt Trng c nhiu nh hng n Tri t nh thy triu,
4. Cc hnh tinh khc. Sao chi:
a. Cc c trng c bn ca cc hnh tinh
Thin th Khong cch
n Mt Tri
(vtv)
Bn knh
(km)
Khi lng
(so vi Tri
t)
Khi lng
ring
(10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k t
quay
Chu k chuyn ng
quanh Mt Tri
S v tinh
bit
Thy tinh 0,39 2440 0,052 5,4 59 ngy 87,0 ngy 0
Kim tinh 0,72 6056 0,82 5,3 243 ngy 224,7 ngy 0
Tri t 1 6375 1 5,5 23g56ph 365,25 ngy (1 nm) 1
Ha tinh 1,52 3395 0,11 3,9 24g37ph 1,88 nm 2
Mc tinh 5,2 71,490 318 1,3 9g50ph 11,86 nm > 30
Th tinh 9,54 60,270 95 0,7 14g14ph 29,46 nm 19
Thin Vng tinh 19,19 25,760 15 1,2 17g14ph 84,00 nm 15
Hi Vng tinh 30,07 25,270 17 1,7 16g11ph 164,80 nm > 8
Dim Vng tinh 39,5 1160 0,002 0,2 6,4 ngy 248,50 nm 1
b. Sao chi: Sao chi chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo qu o elp; c kch thc v khi lng rt nh.
c cu to t cc cht d bc hi nh tinh th bng, amoniac, mtan,
Ngoi ra c nhng sao chi thuc thin th bn vng.
III. CC SAO. THIN H
1. Cc sao:
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vatlylamdong.com
a. nh ngha: Sao l mt thin th nng sng ging nh Mt Tri. Cc sao rt xa, hin nay bit ngi sao
gn nht cch chng ta n hng chc t kilmet; cn ngi sao xa nht cch xa n 14 t nm nh sng (
12
1 9,46.10 namanhsang Km ).
b. sng cc sao: sng m ta nhn thy ca mt ngi sao thc cht l ri sng ln con ngi ca mt
ta, n ph thuc vo khong cch v sng thc ca mi sao. sng thc ca mi sao li ph thuc vo
cng sut bc x ca n. sng ca cc sao rt khc nhau. Chng hn Sao Thin Lang c cng sut bc x
ln hn ca Mt Tri trn 25 ln; sao km sng nht c cng sut bc x nh hn ca Mt Tri hng vn ln.
c. Cc loi sao c bit: a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh; c kch thc, nhit , khng i
trong mt thi gian di.
Ngoi ra; ngi ta pht hin thy c mt s sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron,
Sao bin quang c sng thay i, c hai loi:
Sao bin quang do che khut l mt h sao i (gm sao chnh v sao v tinh), sng tng hp m ta
thu c s bin thin c chu k.
Sao bin quang do nn dn c sng thay i thc s theo mt chu k xc nh.
Sao mi c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn ln ri sau t t gim. L thuyt cho rng sao
mi l mt pha t bin trong qu trnh bin ha ca mt h sao.
Punxa, sao ntron ngoi s bc x nng lng cn c phn bc x nng lng thnh xung sng v tuyn.
Sao ntron c cu to bi cc ht ntron vi mt cc k ln
14 3
10 g/cm .
Punxa (pulsar) l li sao ntron vi bn knh 10km t quay vi tc gc
640 vong/s
v pht ra sng
v tuyn. Bc x thu c trn Tri t c dng tng xung sng ging nh ng sng ngn hi ng m
tu bin nhn c.
2. Thin h: Cc sao tn ti trong V tr thnh nhng h tng i c lp vi nhau. Mi h thng nh vy
gm hng trm t sao gi l thin h.
a. Cc loi thin h:
Thin h xon c c hnh dng dt nh cc a, c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh.
Thin h elip c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn mt di rng. C mt loi thin h
elip l ngun pht sng v tuyn in rt mnh.
Thin h khng nh hnh trng nh nhng m my (thin h Ma gien-lng).
b. Thin H ca chng ta:
Thin H ca chng ta l thin h xon c, c ng knh khong 90 nghn nm nh sng v c khi
lng bng khong 150 t khi lng Mt Tri. N l h phng ging nh mt ci a dy khong 330
nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao.
H Mt Tri nm trong mt cnh tay xon ra Thin H, cch trung tm khong 30 nghn nm nh
sng. Gia cc sao c bi v kh.
Phn trung tm Thin H c dng hnh cu dt gi l vng li trung tm c to bi cc sao gi, kh v
bi.
Ngay trung tm Thin H c mt ngun pht x hng ngoi v cng l ngun pht sng v tuyn in
(tng ng vi sng chng 20 triu ngi sao nh Mt Tri v phng ra mt lung gi mnh).
T Tri t, chng ta ch nhn c hnh chiu ca thin H trn vm tri gi l di Ngn H nm theo
hng ng Bc Ty Nam trn nn tri sao.
c. Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h:
V tr c hng trm t thin h, cc thin h thng cch nhau khong mi ln kch thc Thin H ca
chng ta. Cc thin h c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh tng nhm t vi chc n vi nghn thin h.
Thin H ca chng ta v cc thin h ln ln thuc v Nhm thin h a phng, gm khong 20 thnh
vin, chim mt th tch khng gian c ng knh gn mt triu nm nh sng. Nhm ny b chi phi ch yu
bi ba thin h xon c ln: Tinh vn Tin N (thin h Tin N M31 hay NGC224); Thin H ca chng ta;
Thin h Tam gic, cc thnh vin cn li l Nhm cc thin h elip v cc thin h khng nh hnh t hon.
khong cch c khong 50 triu nm nh sng l Nhm Trinh N cha hng nghn thin h tri rng trn
bu tri trong chm sao Trinh N.
Cc nhm thin h tp hp li thnh Siu nhm thin h hay i thin h. Siu nhm thin h a phng c
tm nm trong Nhm Trinh N v cha tt c cc nhm bao quanh n, trong c nhm thin h a
phng ca chng ta.
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