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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

SKKN -

Li ni u

gi xa lm ra binh php p dng v gii quyt nhng


cuc chin tranh, in hnh nht l b Binh php ca Tn

T v b binh php ca Tn Tn. Trong tng thi k m hai son


gi trn tri nghim qua v p dng vo thc tin. Nh ta
bit Binh php ch cn c 36 mu k m ho gii c hu ht cc
tnh th ca cuc chin tranh t ra. c bit ngi nm c
Binh php v p dng n vo thc t nh th no l mt vn
sng to ca tng ngi v tng thi i. C th ni cc phng
php gii ton l nhng mu k trong khi gii bi tp ton.
Trong chuyn ny ti xin a ra mt s phng php gii
ton v hc ton mang tn: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc
i xng hi vng c cc ng nghip ng h, quan tm ng

gp kin v qua y bn thn hon thin dn b Ton php


cho mnh v cho cc em hc sinh.
Ni dung tm tt ca SKKN
I- C s l lun
II- C s khoa hc
1.Gii thiu phng php i lng bt bin
2.Gii ton bng i lng bt bin
3.a thc i xng hai bin
III- ng dng a thc i xng gii ton
1.Gii h phng trnh i xng
2.Gii h phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i xng
3.Gii phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i xng
4.Chng minh bt ng thc i xng
5.Bi tp thc hnh
kt lun

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

I- C s l lun
Chng trnh ton hc ph thng (b sgk chng trnh c)
v nht l trong sch i s nng cao 10 (chng trnh phn ban
- mi) khng t cc bi ton gii h phng trnh, gii phng
trnh, chng minh bt ng thc ... c th gii c nh s ng
dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng . Vi nhng hc sinh yu
thch mn Ton ta c th gii thiu su hn cho cc em trong cc
tit t chn v vn ny ngay hc k 1 lp 10 (Ban KHTN)
cc em b xung thm b Ton php ca mnh, t tin hn
khi lm bi tp.
Trong chuyn nh ny, ti ch cp n s ng dng
ca a thc i xng trong gii ton lp 10 ban KHTN, y c
th coi l mt b ti liu tham kho hu ch cho cc em.
II- C s khoa hc
1.Gii thiu phng php i lng bt bin
Cho a, b, c l nhng s thc. Ta xt tng S = a + b + c.
Nu ta i ch a cho b, b cho c, c cho a, th tng S lun lun
ch l mt (khng i). Tng ny khng thay i i vi th t
php cng. D a, b, c c thay i th t nh th no chng na S
vn khng thay i, ngha l S bt bin i vi vic thay i
cc bin khc. Trong thc t cng nh trong ton hc, rt nhiu
vn lin quan n mt s i tng nghin cu li bt bin i
vi s thay i ca nhiu i tng khc.
2.Gii ton bng i lng bt bin
gii ton c bng i lng bt bin ta thc hin theo cc
bc sau:

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

+ Bc 1: Ta phi pht hin ra nhng i lng bt bin trong


bi ton. Bc ny tng i kh nu ta khng luyn tp thng
xuyn.
+ Bc 2: X l tip i lng bt bin. Trong chuyn nh
ny ti ch cp n s ng dng ca a thc i xng
trong gii h phng trnh, phng trnh, chng minh bt ng
thc.
3.a thc i xng hai bin
nh ngha: Mt a thc hai bin P(x,y) gi l i xng,
nu a thc ny khng thay i khi chuyn i x bng y v y
bng x, ngha l P(x,y) = P(y,x).
Mt s a thc i xng thng gp:
P(x,y) = x + y
P(x,y) = x.y
P(x,y) =

1 1
+
x y

P(x,y) = x2 + y2
P(x,y) = x3 + y3
.........................
P(x,y) = xn + yn vi n Z *+
Mnh : Mi tng lu tha hai bin Pn(x,y) = xn + yn vi n
Z *+

ta c cng thc truy hi Pn=sPn-1-pPn-2 v Pn c th biu din

di dng a thc ca hai bin s v p. Trong s = x + y, p = xy.


(Ta c th chng minh bng phng php quy np)
p dng cng thc trn tnh Pn(x,y) ta c cc cng thc
sau:
P1(x,y)
P2(x,y)
P3(x,y)
P4(x,y)
P5(x,y)
P6(x,y)

=
=
=
=
=
=

s
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6

2p
3sp
(1)
2
2
4s p + 2p
5s3p + 5sp2
6s4p + 9s2p2 - 2p3

Cc cng thc trn s c s dng nhiu trong cc bi ton


chuyn ny.
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

III- ng dng a thc i xng gii ton


1.Gii h phng trnh i xng
Ta thng gp h phng trnh hai n m cc phng trnh
thnh phn ca h l nhng a thc i xng hai n x v y. Ta
thy tnh bt bin trong bi ton dng ny l tng s = x+y v
tch p = xy. Trong trng hp ny ta chuyn h phng trnh
thnh h nhng phng trnh n s v p v gii h phng trnh
mi ny, thng l nhng h phng trnh n gin hn rt
nhiu. Sau nh nhng gi tr ca s v p ta i tm n s x v
y nh nh l Vit thun v o.
Ch :

x+ y= s
- Nu t
xy = p

th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai:

x2 - sx + p = 0 khi v ch khi s, p tho mn iu kin s2 4p


(*).
- Nu h c mt cp nghim (x ; y) = (;) th h cn c cp
nghim (x ; y) = (;)
Bi 1. (V d 2 - sgk 10 nng cao - Trang 98)
Gii h phng trnh
(I)

x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4

xy + x + y = 2

Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca
h (I) l cc a thc i xng bc hai i vi x v y (Ta gi h (I)
l h phng trnh i xng i vi x v y). Trong h phng
trnh (I) ta r nhn ra c cc i lng bt bin.
Trong trng hp ny, ta dng cch t n ph s = x+y v p = xy
Khi , x2 + xy + y2 = (x+y)2 - xy = s2 - p (t cng thc (1) ta c)

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Do , t h (I), ta c h phng trnh (n l s v p)

s= 3
v

p= 5

s= 2
D thy h ny c hai nghim l

p= 0
x+ y= 3
x+ y= 2
H (I) tng ng vi (I.a)
hoc (I.b)
xy = 5
xy = 0

s2 p = 4

s+ p= 2

- H phng trnh (I.a) cho thy x v y l nghim ca phng


trnh bc hai:
t2 + 3t + 5 = 0. Phng trnh ny v nghim nn h (I.a) v
nghim. (Trong trng hp ny s, p khng tho mn iu kin (*)
nn ta thy h (I.a) v nghim).
- H phng trnh (I.b) d h thy c hai nghim l (0;2) v (2;0).
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l: (0;2) v (2;0).

x+ y= s
Ch : Nu t
xy = p

th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh

bc hai:
x2 - sx + p = 0 khi v ch khi s, p tho mn iu kin s2 4p
(*).
Bi 2.
Gii h phng trnh (II)

x3 + y3 = 2

xy( x + y ) = 2

Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca h (II)
l cc a thc i xng i vi x v y.
Ta t s = x+y v p = xy, iu kin s2 4p (*).
Ta c: P3(x,y) = s3 - 3ps (t cng thc (1))
Do , t h (II), ta c h phng trnh
(tm k (*))
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 5/25

s 3 3 ps = 2 s 3 = 8

sp = 2
sp = 2

s= 2

p= 1

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

x+ y= 2 x= 1
H (II) tng ng vi

xy = 1
y= 1

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l: (1;1).

Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh (III)

x 5 + y 5 = 33

x+ y = 3

Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca h (III)
l cc a thc i xng i vi x v y (h phng trnh i
xng).
Ta t s = x+y v p = xy iu kin s2 4p (*).
Ta c: P5(x,y) = s5 - 5s3p + 5sp2 (t cng thc (1))
Do , t h (III), ta c h phng trnh

s5 - 5s3p + 5sp2 = 33

s= 3

p2 9 p + 14 = 0

s= 3

x+ y= 3
H (III) tng ng vi (III.a)
(tho mn iu kin (*))
xy = 2
x+ y= 3
hoc (III.b)
(khng tho mn k (*) loi).
xy = 7
Gii nhng h phng trnh (III.a) ta c tp nghim T(x,y) =
{(2,1) ; (1,2)}
Vy h phng trnh cho c tp nghim T(x,y) = {(2,1) ;
(1,2)}

x2 y2
y + x = 12

Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh (IV)


1+ 1 = 1
x y 3
Li gii:
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

iu kin x 0, y 0
H phng trnh cho l i xng vi x, y. Ta quy ng mu s

x 3 + y 3 = 12 xy
hai phg trnh ta c h (IV)
3( x + y ) = xy

(IV.a)

t s = x+y v p = xy vi iu kin s2 4p (*)


Ta c: P3(x,y) = s3 - 3ps (t cng thc (1))
Do , t h (IV.a), ta c h phng trnh

s3 - 3ps = 12 p

3s = p

Ly p ca phng trnh th hai thay vo phng trnh th nht, ta


c phng trnh:
s - 9s - 36s = 0 s(s - 9s - 36) = 0
3

s =0
s =12

s =

+ Vi s = 0 th p = 0 tho mn iu kin (*) d thy trong trng


hp ny x = y =0 y khng phi l nghim ca h ban u.

x + y = 12
+ Vi s = 12 th p = 36 tho mn iu kin (*) ta c h
xy = 36
khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh z2 -12z + 36 = 0 (z 6)2 = 0 z = 6
nn h cho c nghim (x;y) = (6;6)
+ Vi s = -3 th p = -9 tho mn iu kin (*) ta c h
khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh z2 + 3z -9 = 0

x+ y= 3

xy = 9

3 + 3 5
z =
2

3 3 5
z =
2

nn h cho c tp nghim T(x;y) ={(


3 3 5
2

; 3 +3

; 3 +3
2

)}

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3 3 5
2

),(

)}

Vy h pt tp nghim T(x,y) = {(6;6), (


3 3 5
2

3 +3 5
2

3 +3 5
2

3 3 5
2

),(

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Bi 5. Gii h phng trnh (V)

x + y = 9
3
x + 3 y = 5

Li gii: iu kin x 0, y 0.
Ta nhn thy h phng trnh (V) l h xng bc hai i vi x v
y nhng nu ta t s = x+y v p = xy th h (V) cha gii c.
Ta cn c th tm c trong h (V) cn c nhiu i lng bt
bin khc.

u = 6 x 0
t
t h (V) ta c (V.a)
6
v = y 0

u3 + v3 = 9
2 2 y l h i xng
u + v = 5

i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = u.v vi iu kin s 0, p 0, s2 4p, (*)
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: u3 + v3 = s3 - 3sp; u2 + v2 = s2 - 2p
T h (V.a) ta c h (V.b)

s 3 3 ps = 9
2
s 2p = 5

T phng trnh th hai ta c

p=

s2 5
2

,
thay vo phng trnh th

nht ta c phng trnh: s3 -15s + 18 = 0

s =3

s = 3 33

s = 3 + 33

+ Vi s =

3 33
2

< 0 loi do iu kin

+ Vi s =

3 + 33
2

> 0 p < 0 loi do iu kin

u= 2 u= 1
+ Vi s = 3, p = 2 tho mn iu kin (*), vy ta c
;
v= 1 v= 2
Thay tr li tm x, ta c:

u = 2 x = 64
+ Vi

v= 1 y= 1

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

u= 1 x= 1
+ Vi

v = 2 y = 64
Vy h phng trnh (V) c nghim

x = 64 x = 1
;
.

y = 1 y = 64

2.Gii h phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i


xng
phn 1, ta thy vic gii mt h phng trnh i xng
rt thun tin v c quy tc chung gii. Nhng khng phi h
phng trnh cng l h i xng, c mt s h dng ny ta c
th pht hin c i lng bt bin trong h nn ta c th
t n ph a h v h phng trnh i xng vi n s mi h
ny hon ton gii c phn 1.
Vic t n ph trong dng ton ny ph thuc vo ta pht
hin ra u l nhng i lng bt bin trong h.

Bi 1. Gii h phng trnh

2 2 5
x + y = 2 xy
(I)
x y = 1 xy

Li gii:
Ta thy phng trnh th 2 ca h khng phi l mt a thc i
xng i vi x v y. Nhng ta c th nhn ra tnh bt bin ca bi
ton l tng s = x + (-y) v tch p = x(-y).

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

5
2
2
x
+
(

y
)
=

x( y )

2
H (I)
R dng y l mt h phng trnh
x + ( y ) = 1 x( y )

4
i xng i vi x v -y. Ta t z = -y , h phng trnh trn tr

2 2 5
x + z = 2 xz
thnh
x + z = 1 xz

y l mt h phng trnh i xng i vi x v z. Khi ta

x+ z= s
t
xz = p
5
2
s

2
p
=

2
Ta nhn c h phng trnh (t cng thc (1))
gii
1
s = p

4
h ny ta c hai nghim

s= 0
v

p= 0

s= 2

p= 8

(c hai nghim cng tho

mn iu kin (*))
Mi h phng trnh trn cho ta nghim i vi x v z:

x1 = x2 = 0
;

z1= z2 = 0

x3 = 4 x4 = 2
;

z 3= 2 z 4= 4

Thay tr li bin x v y ta c nghim ca h ban u:

x1 = x2 = 0 x3 = 4
;
;

y 1= y 2 = 0 y 3 = 2

x4 = 2

y4= 4

Bi 2. Gii h phng trnh


(II)

4 y 3 1 + x = 3
2 3
x + y = 82

Li gii:
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Ta thy phng trnh trn khng phi l mt a thc i


xng i vi x v y. Nhng ta c th tm c tnh bt bin ca bi
ton nu ta t u = x v v = y 1 vi iu kin u,v 0.
4

H phng a v dng

u+ v= 3
4 4
u + (v + 1) = 82

u+ v= 3
4 4
u + v = 81

h phng trnh

ny i xng i vi hai bin u, v. D rng tng s = u+v v tch


p = uv l nhng i lng khng i.
t s = u + v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*).
T cng thc (1) ta c: P4(u,v) = s4 - 4s2p + 2p2 ta c h phng
trnh

s= 3
4 2 2
s 4s p + 2s = 81

Thay s = 3 vo phng trnh hai ca h ta c p2-18p = 0 phng


trnh ny c hai nghim p = 0 v p = 18.
+ Vi s = 3, p = 0 tho mn iu kin (*) nn u, v l nghim ca
phng trnh
z -3z = 0
2

z =0
z =3

u1 = 3 u2 = 0
ta c nghim u, v l:
;
v1 = 0 v2 = 3

x1 = 9
khi
;
y1 = 1

x2 = 0
3
y2 = 82
+ Vi s = 3, p = 18 khng tho mn iu kin (*) nn u, v v
nghim.
Vy h ban u c nghim l:
Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh

x y 7
+1
+ =
y
x
xy
(III)
3
3
x y + y x = 78
Li gii:

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 11/25

x1 = 9 x2 = 0
; 3
y1 = 1 y2 = 82

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Ta nhn thy h (III) l h i xng i vi x v y, nhng ta cha


th gii c h ny khi da vo tnh cht . Ta cn phi i
tm cc i lng bt bin khc ca h phng trnh.
T h phng trnh ta thy rng x, y phi khc khng v c cng
du.
+ Nu x, y > 0 th ta t
+ Nu x, y < 0 th ta t

u=

u=

v=

v=

Trong c 2 trng hp trn h (III) a v dng: (III.a)

u v 7
+ = +1
v u uv
u 3v + v 3u = 78

y l h i xng i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). Theo cng thc
(1) ta nhn c h phng trnh: (III.b)

nghim:

s2 3p = 7
h ny c
2
p(s 2 p) = 78

s1 = 5 s2 = 5
;
p1 = 6 p2 = 6

Bi u, v l nhng s dng, nn s > 0 v p > 0, ngha l h (III.b)


c nghim l:

s= 5

p= 6

Do ta nhn c:

u1 = 2 u2 = 3
thay tr li n x, y ta c nghim
;
v1 = 3 v2 = 2

ca h l:

x1 = 4 x2 = 9 x3 = 4 x4 = 9
;
; ;
y1 = 9 y2 = 4 y3 = 9 y4 = 4

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 12/25

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

1
x+ + x+ y 3= 3

x
Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh (IV)
2x + y + 1 = 8

y
Li gii:
H phng trnh (IV) khng phi l h phng trnh i xng i
vi x v y.

y 0

1
iu kin ca h phng trnh x + 0
y
x + y 3 0

Ch : Khi gp cc h iu kin (tn ti) qu phc tp, ta khng


nn gii h . Sau khi gii h phng trnh, nu h c nghim
ta kim tra li nghim xem c tho mn h iu kin khng.
lm xut hin cc i lng bt bin ta bin i h (IV)

1
x
+
+ x+ y 3= 3

x
(IV)
(IV.a)
1
x+ + x+ y 3= 5
y

1
u
u = x +
y
t
iu kin
v

v
=
x
+
y

0
0

T h (IV.a) ta c h phng trnh i xng i vi u v v: (IV.b)

u+ v= 3
2 2
u + v = 5

u= 2
Gii h (IV.b) ta c nghim
v= 1
Tr li tm nghim (x;y) ta gii

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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u= 1
v
v= 2

(tho mn iu kin)

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

x= 3

1
y= 1

u= 2 x+ = 4

+ Vi
y

v = 1 x + y 3 = 1 x = 5

y = 1
x = 4

1
y = 3 +
u = 1 x + = 1
+ Vi
y

v = 2 x + y 3 = 4 x = 4 +

y = 3

(tho mn iu kin)

10
10
(tho mn iu kin)

10
10

Vy h phng trnh (IV) c nghim l:

x= 3
;
y= 1

x = 5 x = 4 10
;
;

y = 1 y = 3 + 10

x = 4 + 10
.

y = 3 10
3.Gii phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i xng
y l mt dng ton tng i kh gii, mun gii c dng
ton ny i hi chng ta phi luyn tp thng xuyn c
nhiu kinh nghim cho bn thn v i hi phi c tnh sng
to.
gii dng ton ny ta lm theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Ta phi pht hin c u l i lng bt bin (khng
i)
Bc 2: t n ph a phng trnh v mt h phng trnh i
xng vi n mi.
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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh vi n s mi (h ny bit cch gii


phn 1).
Bc 4: Thay tr li c nghim ban u, kt lun.
Bi 1.
Gii phng trnh
(I) 4 97 x + 4 x = 5
Li gii:
Nu khng tm c u l i lng bt bin trong phng
trnh (I) th rt kh gii phng trnh . Ta phi tm ra cc i
lng bt bin trong phng trnh trn.
iu kin

x 0

x 97

t u = 4 x v v = 4 97 x , u, v 0, khi phng trnh (I) a v


dng: u + v = 5.
Mt khc u4 + v4 = x + (97 - x) = 97
Ta nhn c h phng trnh: (I.a)

u+ v= 5
4 4
u + v = 97

(y l h phng

trnh i xng)
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s, p 0, s2 4p (*). Theo
cng thc (1) t h phng trnh (I.a) ta nhn c h phng
trnh: (I.b)

s= 5
4 2
2
s 4s p + 2 p = 97

Ly s = 5 thay vo phng trnh thnh phn ca h ta c phng


trnh:
p2 - 50p + 264 = 0

p =6
p =44

+ Vi s = 5, p = 6 tho mn iu kin (*) vy u, v l nghim ca


phng trnh:
z - 5z + 6 = 0
2

Thay tr li bin x, v

z =2
z =3

u1 = 2 u2 = 3
vy ta c nghim u, v l
;
v1 = 3 v2 = 2

u = 4 x nn

nghim ca ph trnh ban u l:

x1 = 16, x2 = 81.
+ Vi s = 5, p = 44 khng tho mn iu kin (*).
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

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ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Vy phng trnh ban u c nghim: x = 16, x = 81.


Bi 2.
Gii phng trnh (II)

x+

x
x 1
2

35
12

Li gii: Ta phi tm ra cc i lng bt bin trong phng trnh


trn.
iu kin: x2 1 >0

x >1
x <1

Ta thy rng x = 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho.


t

u=

1
x

v=

x 2 1
.
x

Khi t phng trnh (II) ta c h phng trnh i xng: (II.a)

u2 + v2 = 1

1 1 35
u + v = 12

t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). T h phng

s2 2 p = 1

trnh (II.a) ta c h phng trnh: (II.b) s 35


p = 12

Gii h phng trnh ny ta c nghim u,v:

u1 =

4
5

y suy ra nghim ca phng trnh u l: x1 =

u2 =
5
4

3
.
5

, x2 =

5
3

(tho mn iu kin).
Vy phng trnh (II) c nghim l: x =

5
4

,x=

5
3

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh (III) x 2 + 3 + 10 x 2 = 5


Li gii:
Ta phi tm ra cc i lng bt bin trong phng trnh trn.
iu kin 10 x2 0 10 x 10 .
u 3
u = x 2 + 3

t
iu kin 0 v 10
s2 4 p
v = 10 x 2

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 16/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

T phng trnh (III) ta thu c h phng trnh hai n u, v. (III.a)

u+ v= 5
2 2
u + v = 13

y l mt h phng trnh i xng i vi u v v ( y i lng bt bin c)


t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). T h phng
trnh (III.a) v cng thc (1) ta c h phng trnh

s= 5
khi u v v l nghim ca phng trnh: z

p= 6

s= 5

2
s 2 p = 13

- 5z + 6 = 0

z =2
z =3

u= 2 u= 3
Hai nghim u, v l:
;
(c hai nghim u tho mn iu
v= 3 v= 2
kin)
Tr v tm x, ta gii h

u = 3 x2 + 3 = 9
+

2
v = 2 10 x = 4
u = 2 x2 + 3 = 4
+

2
v = 3 10 x = 9

x = 6

x = 1

Vy phng trnh (III) (ban u) c tp nghim T = {


-1; 1; 6 }

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh (IV) 4 5 x + 4 x 1 = 2


Li gii:
Ta phi tm ra cc i lng bt bin trong phng trnh trn.
iu kin 1 x 5

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 17/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

u = 4 5 x
4
v = x 1

.kin u, v 0. T phng trnh (IV) ta c h: (IV.a)

u + v = 2
4 4
u + v = 4
Vy i lng bt bin trong phng trnh ban u c xc
nh.
H phng trnh (IV.a) i xng i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). T h phng
trnh (IV.a) v cng thc (1) vi P4 = s4 - 4s2p + 2p2 c h phng
trnh

s = 2
4 2
s 4s p + 2 p 2 = 4

Gii h trn ta c nghim

s= 2

p= 0

(tm);

s= 2
(khng tho mn

p= 2

iu kin (*))
Vi

s= 2
th h phng trnh (IV.a) c nghim

p= 0

u= 0
;

v= 2

u= 2

v= 0

Tr li tm x, ta c:
+ Vi

u = 0

v= 2

+ Vi

u= 2

v= 0

4 5 x = 0
4
x 1 = 2
4 5 x = 2
4
x 1 = 0

x = 5.

x = 1.

Vy phng trnh (IV) c nghim l: x = 1, x = 5.


Bi 5. Gii phng trnh (V) 1 + x + 8 x + (1 + x )(8 x ) = 3
Li gii:
Ta phi tm ra cc i lng bt bin trong phng trnh trn.
iu kin -1 x 8

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 18/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

u = 1 + x

v = 8 x

iu kin u, v 0.

T phng trnh (V) ta c h i xng i vi u, v: (V.a)

u2 + v2 = 9

u + v + uv = 3

u+ v= 3
H (V.a)
hoc
uv = 0
Tr li tm x, ta c:

u+ v= 5
(loi)

uv = 11

u = 3 x + 1= 0
x = -1

v = 0 8 x = 9
u = 0 x + 1= 9
+ Vi

x=8
v = 3 8 x = 0
+ Vi

Vy phng trnh (V) c nghim x = -1; x = 8.

4.Chng minh bt ng thc i xng


Phng php dng a thc i xng rt hiu qu chng
minh nhng bt ng thc. Nhng bt ng thc cn chng
minh thng c dng P(x,y) 0 vi P(x,y) l mt a thc i xng.
Cng c chng minh bt ng thc i xng l cng thc
(1) v nh l sau:
nh l 1: Cho hai s thc s v p. Khi nhng s x, y xc nh

bng h phng trnh

x+ y= s

xy = p

l nhng s thc khi v ch khi s v

p tho mn bt ng thc s 2 - 4ps 0. ng thc xy ra khi x =


y.
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 19/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Trng hp ring hay s dng: cho nhng s x, y xc nh t


h phng trnh trn l nhng s thc khng m, iu kin cn
v nhng s s v p tho mn nhng bt ng thc sau: s 2 4ps 0, s 0, p 0.
ng dng nh l trn trong chng minh bt ng thc
i ta lm nh sau:
+ Gi thit rng cho mt a thc i xng P(x,y) v phi chng
minh rng vi nhng gi tr thc bt k ca x, y ( hoc l vi gi
tr khng m bt k hoc vi
x + y a,...) a thc ny nhn gi tr khng m: P(x,y) 0.
chng minh, ta chuyn a thc P(x,y) thnh biu thc ph thuc
vo s v p. Trong a thc ny ta thay p bi s v i lng khng
m z = s2 - 4p, ngha l thay p =

1 2
(s z) .
4

Trong kt qu, ta nhn

c a thc hai bin s v z v cn chng minh rng vi nhng gi


tr khng m z v nhng gii hn bt buc i vi s cho, th
a thc cn chng minh nhn gi tr khng m. T y suy ra
bt ng thc ban u ng.
Bi 1.
Chng minh rng nu a v b l nhng s thc, tho mn iu
kin a + b 0, th cc bt ng thc sau y ng
a 2 + b2

c2
2

a 4 + b4

c4
8

a 8 + b8

c8
.
128

Li gii:
Ta thy cc BT trn c tnh cht i xng i vi a v b. t s =
a + b v p = ab.
1

Theo cng thc (1) ta c: P2(a,b) = a2 + b2 = s2 - 2p = s2 -2. 4 (s2-z)


=

1
2

s2 +

1
2

z.

Theo nh l 1 th z 0, theo gi thit s c


Do P2 =

1
2

s2 +

Vy, ta c:

1
2

a 2 + b2

c2
2

1
2

c2.

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 20/25

1
2

s 2 2 c2 ,

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Hon ton tng t, t cng thc (1) ta c P 4(a,b) = a4 + b4 = s4 4s2p + 2p2 v ta c a4 + b4

1 1 2 2 1 4
( c ) = c
2 2
8

Bt ng thc cn li hon tng t.


Bi 2.
Chng minh rng nu x v y l nhng s thc, th bt ng
thc sau y ng
x6 + y 6 x5y + xy5.
Li gii:
Ta thy BT trn c tnh cht i xng i vi x v y. t s = x +
y v p = xy.
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: P4, P6 v p =

1
4

(s2-z).

Ta c: x6 + y 6 - x5y - xy5 = P6 - pP4 = (s6 - 6s4p + 9s2p2 - 2p3) - p(s4 4s2p + 2p2) =
1

= s6 - 7s4p + 13s2p2 - 4p3 = s6 - 7s4. 4 (s2-z) + 13s2. 16 (s2-z)2


1

-4. 64 (s2-z)3 =
=

5
16

s4z +

5
8

s2z2 +

1
16

z3 0. (Lun ng v theo nh l 1 z

0).
Bi 3.
Chng minh rng nu x v y l nhng s thc dng, th bt
ng thc sau y ng
x2
+
y

y2

x+

Li gii:
Ta thy BT trn c tnh cht i xng i vi
t u = x , v = y .
Khi bt ng thc c a v dng

u2 v2
+
u+v
v
u

hay

u 3 + v 3 uv (u + v ) .

Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc trn cng vi u > 0 v v > 0.


Dng cng thc (1) ta c P3(u,v) = s3 - 3sp.
Khi : u3 + v3 - uv(u + v) = (s3 - 3sp) - ps = s3 - 4sp = s(s2- 4p).
Theo nh l 1: s 0, s2 - 4p 0 nn s(s2- 4p) 0.
Vy BT c chng minh.
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 21/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

Bi 4.
Chng minh rng nu x v y l nhng s thc dng tho mn x +
y =1, th:
(III)

1
1
25
( x + )2 + ( y + )2
x
y
2

Li gii:
1
1
25
x 2 + y 2 17
( x + )2 + ( y + )2
= x2 + y2 + 2 2 .
x
y
2
x y
2

Ta c:

t s = x + y v p = xy.
Ta c

(s 2 2 p) +

s 2 2 p 17
1 2 p 17
1

=1 2p +

=
( 4 p 3 15 p 2 4 p + 2) .
2
2
2
p
2
p
2 2p

Ta cn phi chng minh biu thc trong du ngoc khng m,


ngha l:

4 p 3 + 15 p 2 + 4 p 2 (*).

V x, y > 0, nn p > 0; ngoi ra z = s2

- 4p 0 (ngha l 1- 4p 0), t suy ra p


. a thc

4 p 3 + 15 p 2 + 4 p

1
4

. Nh vy 0 < p

1
4

c tt c cc h s u dng, n nhn gi

tr ln nht trn khong 0 < p

1
4

1
4

l 2 ti p =

Nh vy bt ng thc (*) c chng minh.


Vy bt ng thc (III) c chng minh.
5.Bi tp thc hnh
y l phn bi tp hc sinh luyn tp, rn luyn kh
nng gii ton ca mnh. Phn bi tp ny c chia lm ba phn
tng ng hc sinh tin theo di.
a.Bi tp v h phng trnh i xng
- Cc bi tp trong sgk v sbt:
- Gii nhng h phng trnh sau:
a.1.

x+ y= 5
2
2
x xy + y = 7

x + y + x + y = 32
a.4.
12( x + y ) = 7 xy
2

a.2.

x+ y= 5
3 3
x + y = 65

a.5.

xy = 15

2 2
x + y + x + y = 42

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 22/25

4( x + y) = 3xy
a.3.
2 2
x + y + x + y = 26
x2 y2
+ = 18
a.6. y x
x + y = 12

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

x 2 y + y 2 x = 30

a.7. 1 1 5
y+ x= 6

xy ( x + y ) = 20

a.10. 1 1 5
x+ y= 4

a.12.

( x y( x 2 y 2 ) = 3

2
2
( x + y )( x + y ) = 15

x+ y= a
3 3 2 2
x + y = b( x + y )

a.8.

a.11.

x 4 x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 1153
2
2
x xy + y = 33

a.13.

x + y + x2 + y2 = 8

xy( x + 1)( y + 1) = 12

a.9.

x 2 + y 2 + 2( x + y ) = 23
2 2
x + y + xy = 19

b.Bi tp v h phng trnh a v h phng trnh i


xng
- Cc bi tp trong sgk v sbt:
- Gii nhng h phng trnh sau:
b.1.

1
1
+ x + 5 x =1
2
2

b.2.

b.3.

8+ x + 3 8 x =1

b.4.

b.5.

10 x 3 3 x = 1

b.6.

b.7.

x + 17 x 2 + x 17 x 2 = 9

b.9.

24 + x + 12 x = 6

629 x + 4 77 + x = 8

1
1
35
+
=
2
x
12
1 x
19 x
19 x
x
(x +
) = 84
x +1
x +1

b.8.

x 3 35 x 3 ( x + 3 35 x 3 ) = 30

b.10. 3 2 + x + x 2

+ 3 2 x x2 = 3 4

c.Bi tp v chng minh bt ng thc


- Cc bi tp trong sgk v sbt:
- Chng minh rng vi nhng s thc bt k x v y ta c:
c.1. 5x2 - 6xy + 5y2 0
c.3. x4 + y4 x3y + xy3

c.2. 8(x4 + y4) (x+y)4


c.4. x2 + y2 +1 xy + x + y

- Chng minh rng vi nhng s khng m bt k x v y ta c:


c.5.

( x+

y ) 8 64 xy ( x + y ) 2

c.6.

x3 + y3
x+ y 3
(
)
2
2

c.7. x4 + 2x3y + 2xy3 + y4 6x2y2


- Chng minh rng vi nhng s dng bt k x v y ta c:
c.8.

x y
+ 2
y x

kt lun
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 23/25

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

nhn xt nh gi
ca ban thi ua trng
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ca ban thi ua s
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Mc lc
Trang

Li ni u
I- C s l lun
II- C s khoa hc
1.Gii
thiu
phng

php

bin..............................................
2.Gii
ton
bng
i

lng
lng

bin ...........................................................
3.a
thc
i
xng
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 24/25

1
1
2
bt 2
bt 2
hai 2

SKKN -

ti: ng dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng

bin .......................................................................
III- ng dng a thc i xng gii ton
1.Gii
h
phng
trnh

3
i 3

xng ................................................................
2.Gii h phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i 6
xng ...................
3.Gii phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i 10
xng ........................
4.Chng
minh

bt

ng

thc

xng .......................................................
5.Bi
tp

i 13
thc 15

hnh ..................................................................................
..
kt lun
nhn xt nh gi
Mc lc
Ti liu tham kho

17
17

Ti liu tham kho


[1] Sch gio khoa i s 10 Nng cao
on Qunh Nguyn Huy oan Nguyn Xun Lim ...
NXB: Gio dc
[2] Sch bi tp i s 10 Nng cao
on Qunh Nguyn Huy oan Nguyn Xun Lim ...
NXB: Gio dc
[3] Mt s phng php gii ton
Nguyn Hu in NXB: Gio dc nm 2004
[4] Dng n ph gii ton
Nguyn Thi Ho NXB: Gio dc nm 2001

V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc

Trang: 25/25

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