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SKKN -
Li ni u
Trang: 1/25
SKKN -
I- C s l lun
Chng trnh ton hc ph thng (b sgk chng trnh c)
v nht l trong sch i s nng cao 10 (chng trnh phn ban
- mi) khng t cc bi ton gii h phng trnh, gii phng
trnh, chng minh bt ng thc ... c th gii c nh s ng
dng ca i lng bt bin - a thc i xng . Vi nhng hc sinh yu
thch mn Ton ta c th gii thiu su hn cho cc em trong cc
tit t chn v vn ny ngay hc k 1 lp 10 (Ban KHTN)
cc em b xung thm b Ton php ca mnh, t tin hn
khi lm bi tp.
Trong chuyn nh ny, ti ch cp n s ng dng
ca a thc i xng trong gii ton lp 10 ban KHTN, y c
th coi l mt b ti liu tham kho hu ch cho cc em.
II- C s khoa hc
1.Gii thiu phng php i lng bt bin
Cho a, b, c l nhng s thc. Ta xt tng S = a + b + c.
Nu ta i ch a cho b, b cho c, c cho a, th tng S lun lun
ch l mt (khng i). Tng ny khng thay i i vi th t
php cng. D a, b, c c thay i th t nh th no chng na S
vn khng thay i, ngha l S bt bin i vi vic thay i
cc bin khc. Trong thc t cng nh trong ton hc, rt nhiu
vn lin quan n mt s i tng nghin cu li bt bin i
vi s thay i ca nhiu i tng khc.
2.Gii ton bng i lng bt bin
gii ton c bng i lng bt bin ta thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
Trang: 2/25
SKKN -
1 1
+
x y
P(x,y) = x2 + y2
P(x,y) = x3 + y3
.........................
P(x,y) = xn + yn vi n Z *+
Mnh : Mi tng lu tha hai bin Pn(x,y) = xn + yn vi n
Z *+
=
=
=
=
=
=
s
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6
2p
3sp
(1)
2
2
4s p + 2p
5s3p + 5sp2
6s4p + 9s2p2 - 2p3
Trang: 3/25
SKKN -
x+ y= s
- Nu t
xy = p
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4
xy + x + y = 2
Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca
h (I) l cc a thc i xng bc hai i vi x v y (Ta gi h (I)
l h phng trnh i xng i vi x v y). Trong h phng
trnh (I) ta r nhn ra c cc i lng bt bin.
Trong trng hp ny, ta dng cch t n ph s = x+y v p = xy
Khi , x2 + xy + y2 = (x+y)2 - xy = s2 - p (t cng thc (1) ta c)
Trang: 4/25
SKKN -
s= 3
v
p= 5
s= 2
D thy h ny c hai nghim l
p= 0
x+ y= 3
x+ y= 2
H (I) tng ng vi (I.a)
hoc (I.b)
xy = 5
xy = 0
s2 p = 4
s+ p= 2
x+ y= s
Ch : Nu t
xy = p
bc hai:
x2 - sx + p = 0 khi v ch khi s, p tho mn iu kin s2 4p
(*).
Bi 2.
Gii h phng trnh (II)
x3 + y3 = 2
xy( x + y ) = 2
Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca h (II)
l cc a thc i xng i vi x v y.
Ta t s = x+y v p = xy, iu kin s2 4p (*).
Ta c: P3(x,y) = s3 - 3ps (t cng thc (1))
Do , t h (II), ta c h phng trnh
(tm k (*))
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 5/25
s 3 3 ps = 2 s 3 = 8
sp = 2
sp = 2
s= 2
p= 1
SKKN -
x+ y= 2 x= 1
H (II) tng ng vi
xy = 1
y= 1
x 5 + y 5 = 33
x+ y = 3
Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca cc phng trnh thnh phn ca h (III)
l cc a thc i xng i vi x v y (h phng trnh i
xng).
Ta t s = x+y v p = xy iu kin s2 4p (*).
Ta c: P5(x,y) = s5 - 5s3p + 5sp2 (t cng thc (1))
Do , t h (III), ta c h phng trnh
s5 - 5s3p + 5sp2 = 33
s= 3
p2 9 p + 14 = 0
s= 3
x+ y= 3
H (III) tng ng vi (III.a)
(tho mn iu kin (*))
xy = 2
x+ y= 3
hoc (III.b)
(khng tho mn k (*) loi).
xy = 7
Gii nhng h phng trnh (III.a) ta c tp nghim T(x,y) =
{(2,1) ; (1,2)}
Vy h phng trnh cho c tp nghim T(x,y) = {(2,1) ;
(1,2)}
x2 y2
y + x = 12
Trang: 6/25
SKKN -
iu kin x 0, y 0
H phng trnh cho l i xng vi x, y. Ta quy ng mu s
x 3 + y 3 = 12 xy
hai phg trnh ta c h (IV)
3( x + y ) = xy
(IV.a)
s3 - 3ps = 12 p
3s = p
s =0
s =12
s =
x + y = 12
+ Vi s = 12 th p = 36 tho mn iu kin (*) ta c h
xy = 36
khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh z2 -12z + 36 = 0 (z 6)2 = 0 z = 6
nn h cho c nghim (x;y) = (6;6)
+ Vi s = -3 th p = -9 tho mn iu kin (*) ta c h
khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh z2 + 3z -9 = 0
x+ y= 3
xy = 9
3 + 3 5
z =
2
3 3 5
z =
2
; 3 +3
; 3 +3
2
)}
Trang: 7/25
3 3 5
2
),(
)}
3 +3 5
2
3 +3 5
2
3 3 5
2
),(
SKKN -
x + y = 9
3
x + 3 y = 5
Li gii: iu kin x 0, y 0.
Ta nhn thy h phng trnh (V) l h xng bc hai i vi x v
y nhng nu ta t s = x+y v p = xy th h (V) cha gii c.
Ta cn c th tm c trong h (V) cn c nhiu i lng bt
bin khc.
u = 6 x 0
t
t h (V) ta c (V.a)
6
v = y 0
u3 + v3 = 9
2 2 y l h i xng
u + v = 5
i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = u.v vi iu kin s 0, p 0, s2 4p, (*)
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: u3 + v3 = s3 - 3sp; u2 + v2 = s2 - 2p
T h (V.a) ta c h (V.b)
s 3 3 ps = 9
2
s 2p = 5
p=
s2 5
2
,
thay vo phng trnh th
s =3
s = 3 33
s = 3 + 33
+ Vi s =
3 33
2
+ Vi s =
3 + 33
2
u= 2 u= 1
+ Vi s = 3, p = 2 tho mn iu kin (*), vy ta c
;
v= 1 v= 2
Thay tr li tm x, ta c:
u = 2 x = 64
+ Vi
v= 1 y= 1
Trang: 8/25
SKKN -
u= 1 x= 1
+ Vi
v = 2 y = 64
Vy h phng trnh (V) c nghim
x = 64 x = 1
;
.
y = 1 y = 64
2 2 5
x + y = 2 xy
(I)
x y = 1 xy
Li gii:
Ta thy phng trnh th 2 ca h khng phi l mt a thc i
xng i vi x v y. Nhng ta c th nhn ra tnh bt bin ca bi
ton l tng s = x + (-y) v tch p = x(-y).
Trang: 9/25
SKKN -
5
2
2
x
+
(
y
)
=
x( y )
2
H (I)
R dng y l mt h phng trnh
x + ( y ) = 1 x( y )
4
i xng i vi x v -y. Ta t z = -y , h phng trnh trn tr
2 2 5
x + z = 2 xz
thnh
x + z = 1 xz
x+ z= s
t
xz = p
5
2
s
2
p
=
2
Ta nhn c h phng trnh (t cng thc (1))
gii
1
s = p
4
h ny ta c hai nghim
s= 0
v
p= 0
s= 2
p= 8
mn iu kin (*))
Mi h phng trnh trn cho ta nghim i vi x v z:
x1 = x2 = 0
;
z1= z2 = 0
x3 = 4 x4 = 2
;
z 3= 2 z 4= 4
x1 = x2 = 0 x3 = 4
;
;
y 1= y 2 = 0 y 3 = 2
x4 = 2
y4= 4
4 y 3 1 + x = 3
2 3
x + y = 82
Li gii:
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 10/25
SKKN -
H phng a v dng
u+ v= 3
4 4
u + (v + 1) = 82
u+ v= 3
4 4
u + v = 81
h phng trnh
s= 3
4 2 2
s 4s p + 2s = 81
z =0
z =3
u1 = 3 u2 = 0
ta c nghim u, v l:
;
v1 = 0 v2 = 3
x1 = 9
khi
;
y1 = 1
x2 = 0
3
y2 = 82
+ Vi s = 3, p = 18 khng tho mn iu kin (*) nn u, v v
nghim.
Vy h ban u c nghim l:
Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh
x y 7
+1
+ =
y
x
xy
(III)
3
3
x y + y x = 78
Li gii:
Trang: 11/25
x1 = 9 x2 = 0
; 3
y1 = 1 y2 = 82
SKKN -
u=
u=
v=
v=
u v 7
+ = +1
v u uv
u 3v + v 3u = 78
y l h i xng i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). Theo cng thc
(1) ta nhn c h phng trnh: (III.b)
nghim:
s2 3p = 7
h ny c
2
p(s 2 p) = 78
s1 = 5 s2 = 5
;
p1 = 6 p2 = 6
s= 5
p= 6
Do ta nhn c:
u1 = 2 u2 = 3
thay tr li n x, y ta c nghim
;
v1 = 3 v2 = 2
ca h l:
x1 = 4 x2 = 9 x3 = 4 x4 = 9
;
; ;
y1 = 9 y2 = 4 y3 = 9 y4 = 4
Trang: 12/25
SKKN -
1
x+ + x+ y 3= 3
x
Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh (IV)
2x + y + 1 = 8
y
Li gii:
H phng trnh (IV) khng phi l h phng trnh i xng i
vi x v y.
y 0
1
iu kin ca h phng trnh x + 0
y
x + y 3 0
1
x
+
+ x+ y 3= 3
x
(IV)
(IV.a)
1
x+ + x+ y 3= 5
y
1
u
u = x +
y
t
iu kin
v
v
=
x
+
y
0
0
u+ v= 3
2 2
u + v = 5
u= 2
Gii h (IV.b) ta c nghim
v= 1
Tr li tm nghim (x;y) ta gii
Trang: 13/25
u= 1
v
v= 2
(tho mn iu kin)
SKKN -
x= 3
1
y= 1
u= 2 x+ = 4
+ Vi
y
v = 1 x + y 3 = 1 x = 5
y = 1
x = 4
1
y = 3 +
u = 1 x + = 1
+ Vi
y
v = 2 x + y 3 = 4 x = 4 +
y = 3
(tho mn iu kin)
10
10
(tho mn iu kin)
10
10
x= 3
;
y= 1
x = 5 x = 4 10
;
;
y = 1 y = 3 + 10
x = 4 + 10
.
y = 3 10
3.Gii phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i xng
y l mt dng ton tng i kh gii, mun gii c dng
ton ny i hi chng ta phi luyn tp thng xuyn c
nhiu kinh nghim cho bn thn v i hi phi c tnh sng
to.
gii dng ton ny ta lm theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Ta phi pht hin c u l i lng bt bin (khng
i)
Bc 2: t n ph a phng trnh v mt h phng trnh i
xng vi n mi.
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 14/25
SKKN -
x 0
x 97
u+ v= 5
4 4
u + v = 97
(y l h phng
trnh i xng)
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s, p 0, s2 4p (*). Theo
cng thc (1) t h phng trnh (I.a) ta nhn c h phng
trnh: (I.b)
s= 5
4 2
2
s 4s p + 2 p = 97
p =6
p =44
Thay tr li bin x, v
z =2
z =3
u1 = 2 u2 = 3
vy ta c nghim u, v l
;
v1 = 3 v2 = 2
u = 4 x nn
x1 = 16, x2 = 81.
+ Vi s = 5, p = 44 khng tho mn iu kin (*).
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 15/25
SKKN -
x+
x
x 1
2
35
12
x >1
x <1
u=
1
x
v=
x 2 1
.
x
u2 + v2 = 1
1 1 35
u + v = 12
s2 2 p = 1
u1 =
4
5
u2 =
5
4
3
.
5
, x2 =
5
3
(tho mn iu kin).
Vy phng trnh (II) c nghim l: x =
5
4
,x=
5
3
t
iu kin 0 v 10
s2 4 p
v = 10 x 2
Trang: 16/25
SKKN -
u+ v= 5
2 2
u + v = 13
s= 5
khi u v v l nghim ca phng trnh: z
p= 6
s= 5
2
s 2 p = 13
- 5z + 6 = 0
z =2
z =3
u= 2 u= 3
Hai nghim u, v l:
;
(c hai nghim u tho mn iu
v= 3 v= 2
kin)
Tr v tm x, ta gii h
u = 3 x2 + 3 = 9
+
2
v = 2 10 x = 4
u = 2 x2 + 3 = 4
+
2
v = 3 10 x = 9
x = 6
x = 1
Trang: 17/25
SKKN -
u = 4 5 x
4
v = x 1
u + v = 2
4 4
u + v = 4
Vy i lng bt bin trong phng trnh ban u c xc
nh.
H phng trnh (IV.a) i xng i vi u v v.
t s = u+v v p = uv vi iu kin s2 4p (*). T h phng
trnh (IV.a) v cng thc (1) vi P4 = s4 - 4s2p + 2p2 c h phng
trnh
s = 2
4 2
s 4s p + 2 p 2 = 4
s= 2
p= 0
(tm);
s= 2
(khng tho mn
p= 2
iu kin (*))
Vi
s= 2
th h phng trnh (IV.a) c nghim
p= 0
u= 0
;
v= 2
u= 2
v= 0
Tr li tm x, ta c:
+ Vi
u = 0
v= 2
+ Vi
u= 2
v= 0
4 5 x = 0
4
x 1 = 2
4 5 x = 2
4
x 1 = 0
x = 5.
x = 1.
Trang: 18/25
SKKN -
u = 1 + x
v = 8 x
iu kin u, v 0.
u2 + v2 = 9
u + v + uv = 3
u+ v= 3
H (V.a)
hoc
uv = 0
Tr li tm x, ta c:
u+ v= 5
(loi)
uv = 11
u = 3 x + 1= 0
x = -1
v = 0 8 x = 9
u = 0 x + 1= 9
+ Vi
x=8
v = 3 8 x = 0
+ Vi
x+ y= s
xy = p
Trang: 19/25
SKKN -
1 2
(s z) .
4
c2
2
a 4 + b4
c4
8
a 8 + b8
c8
.
128
Li gii:
Ta thy cc BT trn c tnh cht i xng i vi a v b. t s =
a + b v p = ab.
1
1
2
s2 +
1
2
z.
1
2
s2 +
Vy, ta c:
1
2
a 2 + b2
c2
2
1
2
c2.
Trang: 20/25
1
2
s 2 2 c2 ,
SKKN -
1 1 2 2 1 4
( c ) = c
2 2
8
1
4
(s2-z).
Ta c: x6 + y 6 - x5y - xy5 = P6 - pP4 = (s6 - 6s4p + 9s2p2 - 2p3) - p(s4 4s2p + 2p2) =
1
-4. 64 (s2-z)3 =
=
5
16
s4z +
5
8
s2z2 +
1
16
z3 0. (Lun ng v theo nh l 1 z
0).
Bi 3.
Chng minh rng nu x v y l nhng s thc dng, th bt
ng thc sau y ng
x2
+
y
y2
x+
Li gii:
Ta thy BT trn c tnh cht i xng i vi
t u = x , v = y .
Khi bt ng thc c a v dng
u2 v2
+
u+v
v
u
hay
u 3 + v 3 uv (u + v ) .
Trang: 21/25
SKKN -
Bi 4.
Chng minh rng nu x v y l nhng s thc dng tho mn x +
y =1, th:
(III)
1
1
25
( x + )2 + ( y + )2
x
y
2
Li gii:
1
1
25
x 2 + y 2 17
( x + )2 + ( y + )2
= x2 + y2 + 2 2 .
x
y
2
x y
2
Ta c:
t s = x + y v p = xy.
Ta c
(s 2 2 p) +
s 2 2 p 17
1 2 p 17
1
=1 2p +
=
( 4 p 3 15 p 2 4 p + 2) .
2
2
2
p
2
p
2 2p
4 p 3 + 15 p 2 + 4 p 2 (*).
4 p 3 + 15 p 2 + 4 p
1
4
. Nh vy 0 < p
1
4
c tt c cc h s u dng, n nhn gi
1
4
1
4
l 2 ti p =
x+ y= 5
2
2
x xy + y = 7
x + y + x + y = 32
a.4.
12( x + y ) = 7 xy
2
a.2.
x+ y= 5
3 3
x + y = 65
a.5.
xy = 15
2 2
x + y + x + y = 42
Trang: 22/25
4( x + y) = 3xy
a.3.
2 2
x + y + x + y = 26
x2 y2
+ = 18
a.6. y x
x + y = 12
SKKN -
x 2 y + y 2 x = 30
a.7. 1 1 5
y+ x= 6
xy ( x + y ) = 20
a.10. 1 1 5
x+ y= 4
a.12.
( x y( x 2 y 2 ) = 3
2
2
( x + y )( x + y ) = 15
x+ y= a
3 3 2 2
x + y = b( x + y )
a.8.
a.11.
x 4 x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 1153
2
2
x xy + y = 33
a.13.
x + y + x2 + y2 = 8
xy( x + 1)( y + 1) = 12
a.9.
x 2 + y 2 + 2( x + y ) = 23
2 2
x + y + xy = 19
1
1
+ x + 5 x =1
2
2
b.2.
b.3.
8+ x + 3 8 x =1
b.4.
b.5.
10 x 3 3 x = 1
b.6.
b.7.
x + 17 x 2 + x 17 x 2 = 9
b.9.
24 + x + 12 x = 6
629 x + 4 77 + x = 8
1
1
35
+
=
2
x
12
1 x
19 x
19 x
x
(x +
) = 84
x +1
x +1
b.8.
x 3 35 x 3 ( x + 3 35 x 3 ) = 30
b.10. 3 2 + x + x 2
+ 3 2 x x2 = 3 4
( x+
y ) 8 64 xy ( x + y ) 2
c.6.
x3 + y3
x+ y 3
(
)
2
2
x y
+ 2
y x
kt lun
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 23/25
SKKN -
nhn xt nh gi
ca ban thi ua trng
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ca ban thi ua s
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Mc lc
Trang
Li ni u
I- C s l lun
II- C s khoa hc
1.Gii
thiu
phng
php
bin..............................................
2.Gii
ton
bng
i
lng
lng
bin ...........................................................
3.a
thc
i
xng
V Thn: Gio vin Ton Trng THPT a Phc
Trang: 24/25
1
1
2
bt 2
bt 2
hai 2
SKKN -
bin .......................................................................
III- ng dng a thc i xng gii ton
1.Gii
h
phng
trnh
3
i 3
xng ................................................................
2.Gii h phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i 6
xng ...................
3.Gii phng trnh a v gii h phng trnh i 10
xng ........................
4.Chng
minh
bt
ng
thc
xng .......................................................
5.Bi
tp
i 13
thc 15
hnh ..................................................................................
..
kt lun
nhn xt nh gi
Mc lc
Ti liu tham kho
17
17
Trang: 25/25