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1. Phn chua l cht g ? Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ca nhm v kali.

dng tinh th ngm 24 phn t H2O nn c cng thc ho hc l K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Phn chua cn c gi l phn nhm, ngi ta bit phn nhm cn trc c kim loi nhm. Phn nhm c iu ch t cc nguyn liu l t st (c thnh phn chnh l Al2O3), axit sunfuric v K2SO4. Phn chua khng c, c v cht chua, t tan trong nc lnh nhng tan rt nhiu trong nc nng nn rt d tinh ch bng kt tinh li trong nc. Cng do to ra kt ta Al(OH)3 khi khuy phn vo nc dnh kt cc ht t nh l lng trong nc c thnh ht t to hn, nng v chm xung lm trong nc. Anh ng bc bc lm cao Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong Phn chua rt cn cho vic x l nc c cc vng l c nc trong dng cho tm, git. V cc phn chua trong v sng cho nn ng y cn gi l minh phn (minh l trong sng, phn l phn). Theo y hc c truyn th: Phn chua, chua cht, lnh lng Gii c, to thp, st trng ngoi da D dy, vim rut, thp t Dng liu tht t, thuc rt hay

Phn chua lm ht nga, st trng v vy sau khi co mt xong, th ct tc thng ly mt ming phn chua to xoa vo da mt cho khch. Phn chua dng bo ch ra cc thuc cha au rng, au mt, cm mu, ho ra mu (cc loi xut huyt). 2. Hn the l cht g ? Hn the l cht natri tetraborat (cn gi l borac) ng y gi l bng sa hoc nguyt thch, dng tinh th ngm 10 phn t H2O (Na2B4O7.10H2O). Tinh th trong sut, tan nhiu trong nc nng, khng tan trong cn 900. Trc y ngi ta thng dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho vo gi la, bnh ph, bnh cun cho nhng th ny khi n s cm thy giai v gin. Ngay t nm 1985 t chc th gii cm dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho thc phm v n c, c th gy sc, try tim, co git v hn m. Natri tetraborat to thnh hp cht mu vi nhiu oxit kim loi khi nng chy, gi l ngc borac. Trong t nhin, borac c dng khong vt tinkan, cn kenit cha Na2B4O7.4H2O. Borac dng sn xut men mu cho gm s, thu tinh mu v thu tinh quang hc, cht lm sch kim loi khi hn, cht st trng v cht bo qun, cht ty trng vi si. Hn the cn c dng bo ch dc phm.

Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h st, tiu vim, cha bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, sng lot rng li. Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u Vim hng, vim li lu Vim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng. Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt, dng natri tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li. 3. M chnh (bt ngt) l cht g ? M chnh l mui natri ca axit glutaric, mt amino axit t nhin, quen thuc v quan trng. M chnh c tn ho hc l monosodium glutamat, vit tt l MSG. MSG c trong thc phm v rau qu ti sng dng t do hay dng lin kt vi protein hoc lipt. Tuy hm lng thp, song chc nng ca n l mt gia v, tng v cho thc phm, lm ni bt s ti sng, cn trong ch bin lm tng s ngon ming. Ngi Hoa (v nhiu dn tc Chu ) li dng chc nng ny trong k xo m thc ch bin cc mn n thm phn ngon ming trong cc nh hng Trung Quc. Bn thn MSG khng phi l mt vi cht dinh dng v ch c MSG t do dng ng phn L mi l cht tng v, cn dng lin kt vi protein v lipit th khng c chc nng ny. Nhng thc n giu protein nh sa, tht, c cha nhiu MSG dng lin kt. Ngc li rau, qu, c li tn

ti dng t do nh nm c 0,18%, c chua 0,14%, khoai ty 0,1%. Ngi Nht lc u phn lp MST t to bin, cn ngy nay MSG c tng hp bng cng ngh ln men. M chnh l mt gia v nh hng, i khi h tr cho mt k thut nu n ti, thng b lm dng v liu lng. c nhng pht hin v di chng ca bnh n nhiu m chnh m ngi ta gi l hi chng hiu n Tu: Nh th c cm gic nga ran nh kin b trn mt, u hoc c c cm gic cng cng mt. Nng th nhc u, chng mt, bun nn. Nh vy m chnh c c hi khng? khng t ln MSG c em ra bn ci cc t chc lng nng th gii (FAO) Y t th gii (WHO). U ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm (JECFA). Ln u tin (1970) c quy nh rng lng MGS s dng an ton hng ngy l 0 120mg/kg th trng, khng dng cho tr em di 3 thng tui. Nm 1979 li c quy nh tng ln l - 150mg/kg th trng. Ti nm 1986 JECFA li xem xt li v xc nh l MSG khng c vn g. Tm li, MSG l an ton trong liu lng cho php. iu ng lu l m chnh khng phi l vi cht dinh dng m ch l cht tng v m thi 4. S a l cht l g ? Ngy t thi c xa, ngi ta bit n thu tinh v x phng. sn xut ra chng ta, phi dng natri cacbonat

(sa) khai thc trn b ca nhng h sa Chu Phi v chu M hoc thu c t tro ca nhng loi thc vt mc di bin v b bin chu u. Khong 150 nm v trc, s a bt u c sn xut bng phng php cng ngh. Mt ngi Php tn l LBlan tm ra qui trnh u tin sn xut s a. Nhng t nm 1870, phng php ca ngi B tn l Solvay c li nhun ln hn y li c phng php ca L Blan v nm 1916; nh my cui cng sn xut theo phng php ny b ng ca. Sa c ngha cc k quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. N c dng sn xut cc cht ty ra v cht lm sch trong cng nghip thu tinh v cng nghip dt. Trong ngnh luyn kim, ngi ta dng n tch lu hunh ra khi st v thp; sa c dng trong sn xut natri silicat, natri photphat v natri aluminat, men s, sn du v cng nghip dc phm. Cng nghip da, cao su, ng; sn xut thc phm, vt liu nhip nh cng cn n sa. N l thnh phn khng th thiu trong vic lm sch nc ! 5. Si ho hc l g ? Si ho hc l si to thnh t cc cht hu c thin nhin v cc polime tng hp. Si ho hc chia lm hai nhm ln: si nhn to v si tng hp. Si nhn to thu c khi ch bin ho hc cc polime to si, thu c nh tng hp ho hc. Cc loi si poliamit, polieste, polipropilen v nhiu si khc na nh capron, nilon, lavsan,v.v l si tng hp.

Si nhn to ra i trc si tng hp. Ngay t nm 1853, Anh ngi ta xut vic to si mnh di v tn t dung dch nitroxenluloza trong hn hp ru v ete. Ngi ta sn xut cc loi si ny trn quy m cng nghip, cch y khng lu lm vo cui th k XIX, u th k XX. T visco, sn xut t nm 1905, n nay vn cha mt ngha. Si visco thu c t dung dch xenluloza m c trong xt long. T nm 1910 n 1920, ngi ta tin hnh sn xut cng nghip t xenluloz axetat. Lch s si tng hp bt u nm 1932. Lc , c bt u sn xut cng nghip si tng hp u tin l polivinylclorua dng vo mc ch k thut. Khi clo ho tip polivinylclorua ta c nha peclovinyl, t c th sn xut ra loi si bn v mt ho hc: si clorin. Nm 1930, ngi ta bt u sn xut si t nha poliamit, l polime tng hp tng t protein. Trong phn t ca chng, cng ging nh trong protein, c cc nhm amit- CO-NH- lp li nhiu ln. Cc si poliamit u tin l nilon v capron, v mt s tnh cht cn tt hn c t thin nhin. Nhng si tng hp c bn cht ho hc khc nh polieste, poliolefin (trn c s trng hp etylen),v.v cng xut hin. V nguyn l, cng ngh sn xut si tng hp l n gin: n khi nng chy hoc dung dch polime qua nhng l rt nh ca khun ko vo mt bung cha khng kh lnh, ti y, qu trnh ng rn xy ra, bin dng

polime thnh si. Bng cch , ta thu c si capron v nilon. Ch t hnh thnh lin tc c cun vo ng si. Nhng khng phi tt c cc loi si ho hc u c sn xut n gin nh vy. Qu trnh ng rn si axetat xy ra trong mi trng khng kh nng, ng rn ch t ca s visco v mt loi si khc li xy ra trong cc b ng t cha cc ho cht lng c chn lc c bit. Trong qu trnh to si, trn cc ng si ngi ta cn ko cng cc phn t polime dng chui trong si c mt trt t sp xp cht ch hn (sp xp song song nhau). Khi , lc tng tc gia cc phn t tng ln lm bn c hc ca si cng tng ln. Ni chung, tnh cht ca si chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nh thay i tc nn p, thnh phn v nng cc cht trong b ng t, nhit ca dung dch ko si v ca b ng t (hoc bung khng kh), thay i kch thc l ca khun ko. L cng nh th si cng mnh v lc b mt s cng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca vi lm t si ny. tng nhng lc , ngi ta thng dng cc khun ko vi l c tit din hnh sao. i vi cc chuyn gia dt th di ko t, do si b t di tc dng ca trng lng chnh n, c xem nh mt c trng quan trng v bn ca si. Vi si bng thin nhin, di thay i t 5 n 10km, t axetat t 30 n 35km, si visco ti 50 km, si polieste v poliamit cn di

hn na. Chng hn vi si nilon loi cao cp, di ko t ln ti 80km. Si ho hc thay th mt cch c kt qu cc loi si thin nhin l t, len, bng v khng t trng hp vt cc loi si thin nhin v cht lng. Sn xut si ho hc c tm quan trng ln lao i vi nn kinh t quc dn, gp phn nng cao phc li vt cht cho con ngi v c kh nng p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca nhn dn v cc mt hng thng dng: vi, cc sn phm dt kim v t lng nhn to. 6. Saccarin l cht g ? L cht tinh th khng mu c v ngt, t tan trong nc. c iu ch t toluen. Saccarin thng mi l tinh th mui natri ngm nc ca saccarin, ngt hn ng 500 ln. Dng thay cho ng khi c bnh tiu ng. C th khng hp th c saccarin.
CO C6H4 SO2 NH

7. Thn sa l cht g ? L khong vt thu ngn sunfua HgS, nguyn liu ch yu sn xut thu ngn. 8. Cholesterol l cht g? L mt sterol chnh c ph bin trong m ngi, ng vt v mt s thc vt, di dng t do hay este vi axit bo mch di l cht cn thit cho c th (thnh phn ca

protein, huyt thanh, mng t bo, cht to homon gii tnh, axit mt) nhng nu c nhiu cholesterol trong mu s to iu kin cho cht bo giu axit bo no bm vo thnh trong ca ng mch n mc c th ngn mu khng lu thng. 9. ADN l cht g ? L nhng axit nucleic v c phn t khi ln ti hng chc triu vc (hay u). ADN l thnh phn ch yu ca nhim sc th trong nhn t bo ca phn ln sinh vt, c vai tr quyt nh nhng c trng di truyn bng cch iu chnh s tng hp protein trong t bo. 10. Qu t v ht tiu cha cht cay l cht g ? Chng c nhng loi ancaloit khc nhau. Ancaloit l loi hp cht hu c c cha nit c tnh baz, thng c ngun gc thc vt, a s c cu trc phc tp, thng l cc cht d vng. Ancaloit trong t c tn l capsicain. Cht ny pha long 10 vn ln vn cn rt cay. Ancaloit trong ht tiu l hai cht c tn l chavixin v piperin. Cht chavixin to ra v cay hc ca ht tiu. 11. Cn kh l cht g ? cc nh hng thng dng loi cn kh t thay cho bp ga khi n cc mn lu. chnh l cn c cho vo mt cht ht dch th, loi bt ny hin c sn xut v nhiu mc ch khc nhau: cho vo t lt, cho vo t

chng trng thi hn hn ko di, cho vo cn th d cht norsocryl ca hng Snow Business c th bin mt lng dung dch c trng lng ln hn cht ny ti 500 ln thnh cht kh. 12. Cloramin l cht g m st trng c ngun nc ? L cht NH2Cl v NHCl2. Khi ho tan cloramin vo nc s gii phng ra clo. Clo tc dng vi nc to ra HOCl. Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl HOCl c phn t rt nh, d hp th trn mng sinh hc ca vi sinh vt, ph hu protein ca mng, cn tr tnh bn thm ca mng, thay i p sut thm thu ca t bo v lm cht vi khun, nm. HOCl c tnh oxi ho rt mnh nn ph hoi hot tnh mt s enzim trong vi sinh vt, gy cht cho vi sinh vt. Cloramin khng gy c hi cho ngi dng nc c kh trng bng cht ny. 13. Bt git gm nhng cht g ? Bt git l hn hp dng bt, xp bao gm cht ty ra tng hp, cht hot ng b mt cao (th d natri oexylbenzen cht thm... 14. Bt ty l cht g ? L clorua vi Ca(OCl)2.CaCl2.8H2O, hoc biu din thnh phn chnh l CaOCl2. Cht bt trng, mi clo, phn sunfunat) s a, cc ph gia (tripoliphotphat, cacboximetyl xenluloz) cht ty trng,

hu trong nc v trong axit, iu ch bng cch cho clo tc dng vi vi ti. 2Ca(OH)2+ 2Cl2 Ca(OCl)2+ CaCl2+ 2H2O 15. Nc Booco l g ? L hn hp dung dch ng sunfat v sa vi, dng lm cht dit nm cho cy trng, nht l cho c chua, nho (cha bnh xon l do nm) 16. Nc cng toan l g ? L hn hp gm mt th tch dung dch axit nitric c v 3 th tch dung dch axit clohidric c. C tnh oxi ho mnh, ho tan c vng, bch kim v hp kim khng tan trong cc dung dch axit v c thng thng. 17. Nc kh l g ? L cacbon ioxit CO2 dng rn, khi bay hi thu nhit rt ln, lm h nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Dng bo qun thc phm khi chuyn i xa. 18. Du chui l cht g ? Du chui l este ca axit axetic v ru amylic. Du chui c cng thc l CH3COOC5H11 19. Thch aga - aga l cht g ? Aga - aga (ch Malaixia ngha l rong) l hn hp cht tch ra t mt s loi rong bin, thnh phn ch yu l polisaccarit (70%). Dung dch 0,5 - 1,5% trong nc si, khi ngui ng t li thnh thch aga - aga c dng trong ho hc, vi sinh hc, cng nghip thc phm (lm mt, ko vin)

20. Aming l cht g ? l khong cht dng si, c thnh phn ho hc l silicat ca magic, canxi v mt s kim loi khc. Aming bn vi axit, chu nhit, c th ko thnh si, dt vi may qun o chng chy, dng lm vt liu cch nhit, cch in, vt liu xy dng nh xi mng aming. Hin nay nhiu nc cm dng v cht ny c th gy bnh ung th v bnh phi. 21. Apatit l cht g ? Apatit l khong cht cha photpho c cng thc chung l Ca5X (PO4)3 (X l F, Cl hay OH) ph bin nht l floapatit. tnh Lo Cai nc ta tr lng apatit ln ti hng t tn, Apatit l nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn ln, phot pho (dng trong quc phng, lm dim, thuc tr su), axit photphoric 22.Cao su l g ? Cao su l vt liu c tnh n hi (c tnh c th bin dng khi chu lc bn ngoi tc dng nhng li tr li hnh dng ban u khi lc tc dng khng cn). Cao su c th b ko dn gp 10 ln chiu di ban u. Tnh n hi ca cao su l do tnh linh hot ca cc phn t trong mch polime. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cao su l hn hp cc polime, nn nu lc ngoi tc ng qu mnh th cao su mt hon ton tnh n hi. Vo nm 1839, nh ho hc M Charles Goodyear pht minh ra k thut lu ho cao su c tc dng lm tng c tnh c l ca cao su, do m rng rt nhiu kh nng ng dng ca n.

Cao su thin nhin l poli-cis-isopren c ly ch yu t cy cao su (Hevea barasiliensis) c trng nhiu Nam M. Cy cao su c trng nc ta t nm 1887 v hin nay c trng tp trung cc tnh min ng Nam B. Cao su tng hp (Cao su Buna, cao su Buna-S, ) c pht trin mnh t chin tranh th gii ln II do s khan him cao su thin nhin. Hu ht cc cao su tng hp u l sn phm ca cng nghip du m. 23. Teflon l cht g ? Teflon c tn khoa hc l politetrafloetilen (-CF 2CF2-)n. l loi polime nhit do, c tnh bn cao vi cc dung mi v ho cht. N bn trong khong nhit rng t - 1900C n + 3000C, c bn ko cao (245 315kg/cm3) v c bit c h s ma st rt nh v bn nhit cao, ti 4000C mi bt u thng hoa, khng nng chy, phn hu chm. Teflon bn vi mi trng hn c vng v platin, khng dn in. Do c cc c tnh qu , teflon c dng ch to nhng chi tit my d b mi mn m khng phi bi mi (v ma st nh), v cch in, trng ph ln cho, ni chng dnh. 24. Cht mu azo l cht g ? T phenyl amin (anilin) v cc arylamin khc, ngi ta tng hp c mt lot (hng trm nghn) cht mu azo lm phn nhum khc nhau c cng thc chung l : Ar - N = N-Ar

Tu theo cu trc ca cc gc aryl (phenyl, naphtyl...) ni vi nhm azo - N = N - m c c cc cht mu azo c mu sc , xanh, tm hay vng khc nhau... p, bn. tng hp cht mu azo, ngi ta cho mt arylamin phn ng vi HNO2HCl 0 - 50C thnh arylamonihalogenua, ri phn ng tip vi mt aren hot ng (aren c nhm th loi mt). Ngoi hp cht mu monoazo (c mt nhm azo) cn c th tng hp cc cht mu i azo (c hai nhm azo), tri azo (c ba nhm azo)... 25. Si thu tinh v si quang l g ? a- Khi ko thu tinh nng chy qua mt thit b c nhiu l nh, ta c nhng si c ng knh t 2 n 10 m (1 micromet = 10-6m) gi l si thu tinh. Bng phng php li tm hoc thi khng kh nn vo dng thu tinh nng chy, ta thu c nhng si ngn gi l bng thu tinh. Si thu tinh khng gin v rt dai, c chu nhit, bn ho hc v cch in cao, dn in thp. Nguyn liu sn xut si thu tinh d kim, r tin, vic sn xut kh n gin, nn hin nay c dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc k thut khc nhau: sn xut cht do thy tinh: lm vt liu lc; ch to vt liu cch in: may o bo h lao ng chng chy, chng axit; lt cch nhit cho cc ct chng ct: lm vt liu lin kt trong ch to my, xy dng; ch to si quang v.v..

b- Si quang, cn gi l si dn quang, l loi si bng thu tinh thch anh c ch to c bit, c tinh khit cao, c ng knh t vi micromet n vi chc micromet. Do c cu to c bit, nn si quang truyn c xung nh sng m cng b suy gim rt t. Si quang c dng ti thng tin c m ho di dng tn hiu xung laze. Mt cp si quang nh nh si tc cng c th truyn c 10000 cuc trao i in thoi cng mt lc. Hin nay, si quang l c s cho phng tin truyn tin hin i, pht trin cng ngh thng tin, mng internet iu khin t ng, my o quang hc v.v Cp quang l cc si quang c bc cc lp ng, thp v nha.

H thng xc nh v iu khin kh Carbon Monoxide (CO) cho cc Garage xe


Ln cp nht cui lc Th by, 16 Thng 6 2012 16:09Vit bi Administrator Th by, 16 Thng 6 2012 15:58

Tng qut

Kh Carbon Monoxide (CO), l mt trong nhng kh c m nhng phng tin c gii thi ra, n c ngha chng ta quan tm ti cu trc an ton ca nhng ch xe. Cc loi xe s dng nng lng kh v thi CO. Khi nng CO thi ra mc khng an ton, h thng thng gi phi c kch hot bnh thng bi xe. Do mi quan tm ti nng lng v mi trng, nhiu vng lnh th trn khp Bc M ch th lm h thng kim sot pht hin kh CO cho cc bi xe mi. Rt nhiu h thng kim sot v pht hin kh hin c x l chui hot ng km theo cho cc k s thit

k trong vic la chn v xc nh r mt gii php ti u m s cung cp mt mi trng an ton v gim thiu chi ph nng lng. Cui cng, thit k ca cu trc mt bi xe s xc nh loi h thng kim v pht hin kh ph hp nht vi cc ng dng. 1.1 Carbon Monoxide v nh hng ca n Carbon monoxide (CO) l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi khng v v rt c vi con ngi v ng vt; n lin kt vi hemoglobin v lm gim oxy a mu i nui c th. Thnh phn ha hc ca n bao gm mt nguyn t cac bon v mt nguyn t oxy. CO c sn xut ra t mt phn oxy ha ca cc hp cht cha cc bon; n hnh thnh khi khng oxy to ra carbone dioxide (CO2), nh khi hot ng mt ng c t trong, trong mt khng gian khp kn. Nng CO c o bng phn triu (ppm). V d, 100 ppm CO c ngha rng mi 1,000,000 phn t khng kh, th 100 ca cc phn t l CO. Ngoi vic xc nh nng hin ti ca CO, mt phng php khc c s dng l Time Weighted Average (TWA). Phng php ny o nh hng trung bnh ca mt ngi vi CO qua mt khong thi gian. V d, nu mt ngi tip xc vi mt liu lng ln CO v bui sng nhng khng tip xc cht no vo bui ti, TWA cho c ngy s thp. Tuy nhin, nu mt ngi khng ngng tip xc vi 20 ppm CO sut c ngy, TWA s l 20 ppm cho thi gian . Mc CO iu kin v cc nh hng ti sc khe 0 ppm Thng, khng kh trong lnh 9 ppm Ti a cho php tip xc ngn hn 10-24 ppm Tip xc lu di c th nh hng ti sc khe 25 ppm TWA ti a tip xc khong 8 ting lm vic trong ngy 50 ppm Tip xc ti a cho php ti ni lm vic 100 ppm au u nh sau 1-2 gi

200 ppm Chng mt, bun nn, mt mi, nhc u sau 2-3 gi tip xc 400 ppm Nhc u v bun nn sau 1-2 gi tip xc/ e da cuc sng trong 3 gi 800 ppm au u, bun nn, v chng mt sau 45 pht/Mt mi v bt tnh sau 1 gi tip xc Cht trong vng 2-3 gi 1,600 ppm au u, bun nn v chng mt sau 20 pht tip xc/ Cht trong vng 1-2 gi 3,200 ppm au u, bun nn, chng mt sau 5-10 pht tip xc / Mt mi v bt tnh sau 30 pht tip xc/ cht trong vn 1 gi 6,400 ppm Cht trong vng 30 pht 12,800 ppm Hiu ng sinh l ngay lp tc, bt tnh/ Cht trong vng 1-3 pht tip xc 2 Ci t m ng dng v chun Nhiu vin, t chc x hi v c quan chnh ph thit lp m s v cc tiu chun gii quyt cc gii hn nng CO cho cu trc bi xe. Hu ht cc quy chun xy dng cho php da trn nhu cu thng gi km theo trong bi xe bng cch gim st mc CO. Kiu thit k ny c th gim mnh chi ph nng lng (hot ng ca qut gi v h thng si), tng vnh ai qut gi v tui th ca motor v gim ting n. M s v tiu chun khc nhau i vi tng thnh ph v tiu bang. Mt cch tng quan ni c lit k di y. Thit k ca mt h thng kh thi ca mt nh xe nn c da trn cc m s v tiu chun thch hp vi qui nh a phng. 2.1 ASHRAE Handbook bo tn nng lng, h thng qut gi nn c kim sot bi mt carbon monoxide vi nhiu qut gi hoc nhiu giai on tc bin i vi nhng h thng ln, nu c php ca m s a phng. Trong nhng bi xe a cp hoc cu trc l mt khu vc rng ln, h thng qut gi c lp, di s kim sot c nhn, c khuyn khch. 2.2 IMC M s c kh quc t

Cc h thng thng gi c kh cho cc bi xe cng cng khng bt buc phi hot ng lin tc ni m h thng c sp xp hot ng t ng khi pht hin nng kh ccbon monoxide l 25 ppm bi cc thit b pht hin c gim st. 2.3 UMC M c kh ng b Thit b cm ng t ng carbon monoxide c th c s dng iu chnh h thng thng gi duy tr nng ti a trung bnh ca cacbon monoxide l 50ppm trong sut khong thi gian 8 gi, vi nng ti a khng ln hn 200 ppm cho mt khong thi gian khng vt qua 1 gi. 2.4 UBC M xy dng ng b Thit b cm ng CO t ng c th c s dng iu chnh h thng thng gi duy tr mt nng CO ti a trung bnh l 50 ppm trong khong thi gian 8 ting, vi nng ti a trung bnh khng ln hn 200 ppm trong khong thi gian nh hn 1 ting. 2.5 NFPA C quan phng chy cha chy quc gia/ Tiu chun 720 Tiu chun lp t thit b cnh bo v pht hin Cacbon monoxide Yu cu thit b gim st carbon monoxide (v d: cm bin/my pht) c thc hin th nghim v c chng nhn tiu chun UL2075. 3 Gii hn liu chiu ca Carbon Monoxide Mi t chc u c nhng ngn t ring ca mnh miu t loi gii hn hoc mc . y l mt bng tm tt mt s iu chung: TWA - Time Weighted Average. y l mc CO (in ppm) m mt ngi trung bnh tip xc qua mt khong thi gian (thng l 8 gi). PEL Gii hn tip xc cho php. y l thut ng OSHA dng cho cc gii hn n cng b. Vi CO, gii hn tip xc cho php ca OSHA l cc gii hn TWA thc t. Ceiling (trn) Nng CO cho php trn mc gii hn bt c thi gian hin ti. V d, mt gi tr trn ca 200 ppm c ngha l nng CO khng nn tng qu 200ppm STEL Gii hn tip xc trong thi gian ngn. y l mt TWA quy nh mt khong thi gian ngn l khng qu 15

pht. Theo ACGIH, gii hn tip xc trong thi gian ngn khng nn vt qu trong sut thi gian no trong ngy, thm ch TWA 8 gi vi gii hn .

Excursion Limit - An ACGIH thut ng i chng vi gii hn trn trong mt khong thi gian ngn (khong 15 30 pht). Gii hn ny s dng khi STEL khng c dng ph bin v c nh ngha nh 5 ln, 8 gi gii hn TWA (Ngun: ACGIH Handbook of TLVs and BEIs, 2004). Bng di tng kt ha mc cnh bo theo tiu chun quc t mc chiu ca CO trong cc Garage 4 H thng pht hin v iu khin 4.1 Nhng yu cu h thng thng gi Mt b iu khin gim st nhiu cm bin CO c kh nng khoanh vng. B iu khin c nhiu ngng v u ra thit b tip sng iu khin cc qut my ht cng sut, b sung qut my v cung cp qut my. Cc u ra (kt qu) tng t t b iu khin c th c dng lm ng ni ln a bin tn (VFD) da trn khu vc dch v bn xa l ca qut my ht cng sut. Khi cc qut my ht cng sut dng hoc hot ng tc thp garage s c thng gi ti thiu. Vo nhng ngy nng hoc m t b iu khin c th nn c tng tc cc qut my ht cng sut b p cho nhit cao hoc cc iu kin m cao. 4.2 Cng ngh cm bin M c kh quc t cng b rng cc h thng thng gi c gn cc bi xe khng b yu cu hot ng lin tc nu h thng c sp xp phn ng t ng khi pht hin nng carbon monoxide l 25ppm bi cc thit b pht hin t ng c ph duyt. S pht hin chnh xc CO cc mc thp l mt trong trong cc ng dng cc bi xe. Hin nay c

hai loi cng ngh nhn bit CO bng cc cm bin in ha hc v rn. Cc thit b chnh xc nht s dng cm bin in ha hc. Nhng cm bin ny cho cc kh c th v c c chnh xc +/-0.5 ti 1 ppm. Ngc li, cm bin trng thi rn xp x cc mc CO v nhy cm vi nhit v m. Cm bin rn cng nhy cm v cc kh khc nhau v dung mi nng trong mi trng, v do , d cho cnh bo sai 4.3 V tr ca nhng Sensor v b iu khin Sensor s c nh v trong din tch ca gara v gn ln cc ct chiu cao khong 5 ft so vi sn. Mi sensor CO c th p ng gim st din tch sp s 5,000 ti 10,000 ft vung ca khng gian m. kh CO s phn tn v chi theo dng khng kh t nhim m se di chuyn. Mi sensor gim st trung bnh 7,500 ft vung v bn kinh trn 49 feet, din tch nhng sensor tre ph C th c tnh t l v t trn cc layout mt phng sn bao ph phn din tch sn m. Da trn s sensor CO v v tr cc qut ht v cu trc vn hnh kh, N c th tit kim v gi thnh h thng pht hin kh CO khi ti thiu ha c: sensor, b iu khin, ng dn, dy dn, termination, khi ng v np t vn hnh cui cng.

4.4 La chn h thng cm bin v iu khin H thng n & cp Sensor l tt cho nhng din tch c kich thc nh hn (7,500 ti 15,000 fit vung). Loi h thng gim st mt hoc hai loi kh v c relay li ra iu khin qut. H thng n & Cp sensor s cn c tn hiu u ra tng t iu khin mt VFD. H thng Analog nhiu im l rt tt cho nhng din tch c kiechs thc nh v trung bnh (15,000 Ti 90,000 ft vung). H thng c th gim st nhiu kh v iu khin nhiu relay iu khin qut Nhng sensor dy dn nh vn hnh qua b iu khin nhiu im s dng hai dy (ba dy cho b Truyn tn hiu bo kh chy) cp c v bc. B iu khin c kh nng cung cp nhiu relay output cho Qut v c nhiu u output iu khin VFDs. Digital Multi-Point Bus Systems l tt nht cho cc vng din tch ln v trung bnh (trn 90,000 ft vung)

N gim thiu gi thnh lp t tng th khi dng cng ngh ci t k thut s daisy chain y C bn dy dn kt ni ti mi sensor hoc relay iu khin t xa. ng ng nh nht l ch vi hai dy c dng cp ngun v dy v bc son cho truyn tn hiu. H thng c th gim st ti 98 sensor Kh. Qut c th bt v tng tc nh relay v u ra output analog t trong b iu khin hoc relay iu Khin t xa/Modul AO nh v mi ni cng vi bus.

4.5 Gii thiu h thng iu khin c s trung tm - H thng iu khin khng c nh v trong nc, du v.v.c th nh hng ti qui tc vn hnh hoc c th lm hng thit b. - Gn ni k thut c th can thip. - B iu khin cho php t 5 chng trnh cho nhng mc cnh bo trn mt sensor (bn tng cho stand-alone) vi mi tng c th chuyn nhng iu khin relay output. B iu khin cn cung cp tn hiu ra analog (4-20mA) tng ng vi thi gian thc gi tr cao nht sensor trong vng sensor. - B truyn tn hiu (AT-series) c du ra 4-20mA tn hiu tng ng gi tr nng kh theo thi gian thc v kt ni vi b iu khin (hoc transmitter s) nh hai dy (loop powered) hoc ba dy kt ni. - B truyn tn hiu k thut s (DT5-series) s cho tn hiu ra k thut s s hin thi gian thc gi tr nng kh v kt ni ti b iu khin nh 4 dy (hai dy ngun v hai dy truyn tn hiu RS-485 - B iu khin c kh nng khoanh vng gi tr php o cao nht theo thi gian thc ca mt sensor. - B iu khin s c mn hnh hin th k thut s vi cc phm mm iu khin, ci t v c mt m bo v v cho php lp chng trnh hoc thay i nhng tham s h thng v nhn kt qu c ca php o. 4.6 iu khin tn hiu u ra - Cht lng tn hiu u ra thay i ph thuc ln cu hnh h thng. Mt s relay tip xc l SPDT 8A, 250VAC max. mt s relay tip xc l (1) SPDT 0.5A v (1) SPNO/SPNC 0.5A, 30VAC max. H thng c th c ti 30 relay output ph thuc ln cu hnh h thng. Relay c th s dng iu khin qut

anten v nh sng nhp nhy hoc cung cp trng thi xy dng h thng t ng (BAS). - Tn hiu u ra Analog: Mt sensor (hoc nhiu sensor) c th phn cho mt tn hiu analog ra c th (4-20mA tn hiul) hin gi tr php o cao nht ca sensor v nhm vng n theo thi gian thc. H thng c kh nng cho ra ti 12 output analog. Bnh thng tin hiu ra analog kt ni ti ng c bin tn tng hoc gim tc ca qut khi m nng kh ppm tng hoc gim. - B iu khin c th cung cp vi mt BACnet, LON hoc Modbus coupler cung cp hng ti truyn thng BAS. 4.7 H thng t chun on vi cnh bo s c - B iu khin s thng bo cch t chc ph hp khi c mt li xut hin. - B iu khin vi mt khu cho php vn hnh bng tay cc relay output. B iu khin c th lp trnh phn chia bn u vo k thut s phn phi cc relay tt hoc iu khin t ng. - B iu khin c th lp trnh cnh bo ngi vn hnh bo dng h thng bt k lc no t thi gian thu c bng cch hin th s in thoi lin lc cho nhng ch dn chuyn su hn. - B iu khin c tch hp qun l li gi v ghi nhn 15 li v ngy v thi gian v c th xem li ch vi nhng ngi c mt khu. 4.8 Trnh t hot ng ca mu Trong v d ny, km theo 1 garage nh xe vi mt im t thp 25 ppm v im cao 100 ppm. Khi sensor CO vt qu ngng (mc ppm trong khng kh) s sy ra nh sau: - Ngng # 1 (ngt mc cnh bo thp/im t) 25 ppm: Bt u qut ht tc nh nht vi relay #1 mang khng kh sch v gim mc CO. - Ngng # 2 (ngt mc cnh bo trung bnh/im t) 75 ppm: Thit lp qut tc cao vi relay # 2 mang khng kh sch v gim mc CO. Nu qut ht c VFDs tt nht l dng u ra analog cng vi qut ht ny tng

VFD gia 25 ppm v 75 ppm t l vi tc cao nht. - Ngng # 3 (ngt mc cnh bo cao/im t) 100 ppm: Bt relay # 3 remote horns/strobes t trong garage hoc din tch b mt hoc ngi bo dng c th cnh bo nng ppm ca CO cao. - Ngng # 4 (ngt mc cnh bo cao/im t) 100 ppm: Thng bo vi relay cn bo mc cao ti BAS. - Ngng # 5 (ngt mc cnh bo cao/im t) 100 ppm: Kich hot ddieuf khin horn/buzzer v cnh bo LED. 5 Vn hnh h thng v d n ng k 5.1 Vn hnh v thit lp - Nhn vin k thut dch v h thng pht hin kh c nng lc nn thc hin nh sau: - Kim tra k rng thit b c lp rp ti ch, cc cp c xc nh, trm iu khin n v, cc cm bin /chuyn i t xa v cc module kim tra cc lnh vc khc c t v lp t - Xc minh rng cc kt ni in theo m ta nh v m in. im cui h thng dy in phi chnh xc. - p dng cc loi kh d chy hiu chun trn cc cm bin kim tra chnh xc cc chc nng ca cc im t bo ng v xc minh tn sut hot ng ca h thng kim tra v pht hin CO. - Pht hnh mt bo co cc kt qu kim tra v cc hot ng chnh xc c hon thnh nu c yu cu. - Bo co nn bao gm vic xc minh ca tt c cc thit b nh nhp nhy t xa, ci, bo hiu, bo ng khc, cc n v v thit b bo v khc. - Cc sn phm a chc nng c sa cha v thay th. 5.2 o to v gii thiu hot ng Nhng nhn vin bo tr ca ch ton nh nn c o to bi cc k s dch v h thng c nng lc. C nhn ny s chu trch nhim thay i trnh t hot ng v cc im t, x l s c v thc hin bo tr theo lch trnh v dung cc cng c thch hp pht hin kh chy ca h thng kim sot v pht hin

CO v kim tra cc loi kh. 6 Chun ha s o v cc dch v 6.1 Chun ha s o: - Qu trnh chun ha phi tun th khuyn co ca nh sn xut. - Cc dng c chun ha s c cung cp thi gian hon thnh lp t h thng - Cc ch ta nh c th cn nhc bo tr v chun ha h thng kim tra v pht hin kh ga d chy, CO, cng nh NO2 nh k bi cng ty dch v pht hin kh c tiu chun. 7 Nhng mi quan tm khc 7.1 Chi ph nng lng v tit kim nh knh v sinh li ca u t tim nng Bng di y l mt v d v tit kim tim nng bng vic s dng mt h thng kim sot nhu cu pht hin kh thch hp 7.2 Lch trnh tng thi gian qut trong ngy Mt s sn phm cung cp ng h thi gian trong gi h thng kim sot v pht hin kh CO khi ng h thng thng gi trn c s thi gian trong ngy. iu ny khng cn thit! H thng kim tra v pht hin kh CO pht hin s hin din ca kh CO v hot ng ch tng khi cn thit. Quan trng hn h thng thng gi vi mt cng tc thi gian gt b cc li ch ca h thng CO. Thay v dng chc nng quan trng hn thi gian ngy, hp nht nhit cao /hoc kim sot thng gi d hn vi gii hn m c lin quan v bo m cn bng khng gian thoi mi khi khng c CO. 7.3 Kim sot v pht hin nhin liu Diesel Cc phng tin nng lng Diesel thi ra kh thi bao gm nit ixit (NO2), mt cht nhim c chnh v sinh ung th (nhn t gy ung th). Thit b kim tra NO2 phi c ghi trong thit k ca mt h thng thng gi. Kim tra v pht hin NO2 c p dng nhiu nng lng iezel c dng bt c u. V d: ga xe la, trm sa cha v bo tr xe but v xe ti, cc c quan c thm quyn qu cnh nhanh, ni bun bn xe hi, cc khoang xe cu thng, cc cu trc xe nng lng diesel v bn tu vn chuyn.

7.4 Kim sot v pht hin kh d chy Khi xe dng cc loi nhin liu nh kh m tan, kh pr pan, hoc ni trn xng l mi quan tm sau ca cc c bin pht hin kh d chy trong thit k ca h thng thng gi. 7.5 Cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit Ph thuc vo cu trc thit k ni xe, loi s dng v v tr lpt, cc yu cu vt liu ng gi sn phm c bit c th p dng; cc cm bin v/hoc cc b kim sot c a vo: - Bi, cht bn, nc bn te nh Cung cp km NEMA 4X ty chn (X = Thit k chng cc tc nhn gy r r) - Ra xe t v/hoc phun nc vo tng Cung cp km NEMA 4X ty chn vi tm chn chng bn te. - Mi trng nhit thp, cm bin/ chuyn i nhit xung quanh thp -10C (14F) Cung cp my si ty chn, gn cm bin/ chuyn nhit km theo, cho php gim nhit xung quanh xung -40C (-40F).

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