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Culture Documents
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'NTRODUCT'ON-----
CONSEQUENCES-------------- -----------------
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GET NG
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M ' SCONDUCT
D'J
ES
,APER
ORGAN IZA ON
23
25
3 1
NG,
AND GRAM AR
ED' NG SAMPLES: BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
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CCTUS
Ed
Mater :al
'NTRODUC
ON
eve fron this session? What are 5 th ngs you hope to ach
Wr t ng is something that you do for other people and the final quality
The final quality of any paper depends primar y on the quality of the original BEFoRE that text has been edited
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40re n10ney nore peop'e GIoba1 spending on resea''ch and developrnent (R&D), totaling US$1.1 triHion in 2007, double the arliount in 1996 Betwee' 2000 and 201 0, the number of science and engineering graduate students rose 30 % , and the nury) be'" of postdocs increased 45 %
24,000+
ion+ papers
published per year) 3 miI Iion+ papers submitted per year: increased 44% since 2001
Increased competition with ''ise of China, Korea, and other nations Increased put
ic inte' est
in science
Big Science In 1911, Rutherf s have a nudeus a d discovered that atO through discove ' y
b' eak
underg raduate In 201 2, evidence was found to prove the existence of the Higgs boson
The experiment was completed by 2500+ physicists around the world
'ncreased co aborations
jou
' nals
Inte ''nationa
. citations
CoI Iaborative work is rnore likely to have Iarge'" scope and mult
pe '"spective s
The average nurnber of co authoI s/paper in science and engineering is 5 So' e regions Iike EU encou ' age coI Iabo''ation through funding schernes Example: in japan' grant applications in English and with inte''national
coI Iaborato'"s are rnore Iikely to be funded
co author a pape'
with l supervisor, no
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tage
CONSEQUENCES
n 201 About 30 retract ons in 2000 to over 400 retract ons 1
due to plagiarism
Possible reasons
'ncreased competition for funds Grants beco ling a nn etric for research assess lent
Strong
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GET
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H H
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(http://owI.english. purdue.edu/owl/resource/690/01 /) J
r n n(eyn ker HOCs Focus (thesis staternent)
Deve loprnent LOCs Sentence structure Punctuation Word choice Spel ling
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Results should be verifiable and condusive Relevant lite'"ature should be appropriate l y: Drawbacks, disadvantages or discussed or listed
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Submission process
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Most
without revision(s)
Reject outright (' rlanuscript
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An
editor or refe'"ees wiI I reject a manuscript if it 'raises any of the fol lowing
Research is redundant
Research methodology/study design is biased or flawed. Suspected cate submission, plagia'"ism, or fab' ication of data misconduct: dupl Data is incomplete, inadequate, or incorrect Study objective is not wel l addressed or the conclusion is irnproper Authorship co '
flict
Research topic does not align with the journal's mission statement or objective
Co 1peting ' anuscript on a sirn ar topic Poor Ianguage or presentation of results
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Ed
M ISCONDUCT
Research misconduct
Fab
'"icatio '
reporting !
Authorship abuse Redundant publication Reviewer misc duct Abuse of position
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How common
s misconduct
Systematic review (screened 3207 papers) Meta a' alysis (18 studies)
Survey
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Publication decis on
Cont''ibut on to editoria|
Reporting standards
Data access and retention
Originality and plag arisrn
decision
Fair play
Promptness
Confidentiality
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Confidentiality
Acknowledgnnent of sources
Authorship of the paper Hazards and hunlan or
anirnal subjects
cts of Disclosure and confl
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artistic designs, etc., and giving these forth as one's own sl ecifica y the offense of taking passages from another's co'' '' positions, and publishing ther1, either w d for wo'rd or in substance, as one's own Iite ra' y theft.
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Viktionary The act of plagiarizing: the col)ying of another person's ideas, text, o 'r creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especia y without othe '
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Toxt or other work resulting from this act. WordNet 3.0 the act of plagiarizing taking so neonet, words or ideas as if they were
your own
a piece of writing that has been copied frorn someone else and is pre
. .
PIagiarism in aH its forms constitutes unethical publ shing behavior and is unac ceptable.
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induding only the nlain point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Sumrnaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source
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dents at Colur
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later. (from Kohle: R.E. 1994. The Lo rds of the FIy. The LJniversity
Unacceptabl e
paraph ''asing:
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hom Hunt Morgan and his Colu ' bia University pup s.
Desl)ite fluctuations in status, fly research is stiI I central to the p ''ogress of genetics (Koh! er) 1994).
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There is no rule dictating which outline apProach is best Both topic an se' tence oUtline:s A[though the format of an outline is rigid, it sh ouldn't rnake you inflexible r'te your paper tho to abo 'f app'opr ate, org nize tho main pointS of your oUtline ih chronOlogic:aI
order :
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standard resear h papor of 15-20 pag s' your outline should be: n
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For a standard research paper of 15-20 pages' your outline should be no rnore than four pages in length.
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Highlighting the importance of the topic, and/or Making gene '"al statements about the topic, and/o'
Presenting
Identify
iche by:
Opposing an existing assurn ption' 'nd/o'" Revealing a gap in existing research,,and/or Formulating a research question or prpblem, and/o r Continuing a disciplinary tradition.
.
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Outlining the key cha''acteristics/differences of your study and/o r 1ntroducing basic methodology used, and/or
Desc' ibing inlportant results, a' d/or
Giving a brief ovIyiew of the structure of the pape '".
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Your introduction should dearly identify the subject area of interest Establish context by pI oviding a brief and balanced review of the pertinent
published lite rature
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Argumentat ve Review
This f 'm examines Iite ''ature selectively in order to support or refute an osophical problem aI '"eady argument, deeply imbedded assumption, o' ph
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Integrative Review
Conside' ed a f 'n1 of research that ' eviews, c''itiques, and synthesizes representative lite rature on a topic in an integrated way such that new
Methodological Review
ng at different 1evels and helps P''ovides a framework of unde '"stand highlight rnany ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study
Historical Review
Histor caI
of time.
heo '"etical Review The purpose of this fo'"m is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in ' egard to an issue, concept, theory/ phenomena. The theoretical Iite '"ature review help establish what theories al ' eady exist, the relationships between then , to what degI ee the existing theories have been i nvestigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is reveal that cu ' rent used to help establish a Iack of app '"opriate theories o' theo ''ies are inadequate f ' explaining ne'I'/ or ernerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretica1 conce1 t or a whole theo'"y or franl ework.
1 3
by CACTUS
In your i ' troduction, discuss the big picture, g'"ouping a'"tides into one m1 o''tant in con rnon. citation when they have somethi ' g
Study : : Focu:S
Conclusion
/
M ethods
Boreham
et al
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itati:ons
(2000)
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Quantitative
Analys s of erro rs
year st'
Findings support
the integration of
Random
c l assroom
se. exe rc
and suggest
med caI
students in pharnnaco therapeu
t
students mad e
problem based
Iearn ng
recommendat ons
causing adve rse drug
effects, cl assed as
Lim tatior) s: Sn l,
E E
cs.
m ajor
erl'o rs. 6
recommended a
sub optimal
dose not
classed as n ajor.
Britten et
al (2003)
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Doctor
ng Appropri
p rescr
b
Qualitat ve a'
dNone
Measuring
appropriateness of
p rescriptions vas feasible and offe red
quantitative 24
p ractices and
1 86 patients.
consultation 42%
pat
ents wanted
ateness of
G P
or expected a
re to
Questior
na
p rescription.
valuable
ghts to ng and pat ent behaviour.
ins
p 1'escr b
p rescribing patients and GPs and deve l bef'e and after the
65% resulted in a
prescr ption. Of 92
opment of
a measu ''e.
consultatioi . Data
fro ' pat ent I'ecol'd s
ndependent
assessn ents of
Limitations: Smal l
and
inte rv
these prescriptions,
study when
investigat ng rare
ews. Outcome
4% were judged
inappropriate and
in 19 cases assessors
we re '
n'easures unwa1)ted,
ncertain.
representat ve.
N u rse
p ''escrib
n total. 50 patient
ng
49 pos ve abol t
t
Patients'
ng
''ecruited patients
expressed most
were time1 ness and
terms of process/
outcome.
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in one
response to needs.
NuI'ses'
ngl itations: S
prImary
face or telephone
patient inte rviews.
atic Content the
care NHS
trust in
competence seen as
'ital 26% high1 ghted train ng
England.
analysis.
sample.
1 4
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by CACTUS
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et a'prescribing
(2001 b) Patients
Broo ks NUrse
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nurses (n=1),
Prescribing HVs
(n=1 7), DNs (n=9) and
pract ce
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Educat on was i
portant to n aintai n
mited formulary
and no repeat pre scr ptions: Nurses
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and disad
lu 'ary could be
vantages of
nurse pre
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not seen
n tiat ng treatment but as in
cribi g
or telephone. Content
thematic analysis.
supplementary pre
scr it.
cruited sample.
. . .
ther.
' se Evidence
A I iterature review
n this
paper.
Be Selective
Select only the most imp'tant points in each source to highlight in the
review:
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by CACTUS
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F' studies involving hurnans: (Annals of Internal Medicine http://ww Participant selection How participants were recruited Study procedu ''es 'Jse figures
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Indude staternent of the funding source for the study For basic science: (CeI I: http://wIA/ tcei1.com/ ) Focus on the ''eade '"'s ability to unde'"stand expe '"imenta1 procedures Corn rnon procedu ' es should be n entioned b' iefly with a citation Experinlental p''ocedures section needs to indude enough detail so
the study
Provide a detailed ve rsion of p'"ocedures Supple' ental Data :A;od:; : i: i ed: ethod
ethod s
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Indicate opportunities for future ' esea'rch, if not al ready stated in the discussion section.
The condusion aIso provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your research problern, given tl
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Discuss only most significant findings Note any problen s with methods or data compa'"e research Include refe' ences to support o' Explain why '"esults diffe'" f'"orli previous ''esearch (if applicable) Identify and explain importance of findings
I ontion possible areas for fu rthe '' research, importance of the findings, r irnplications and applications (as needed)
2 0
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Critical Abstract
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information, a judgment or comment about the study's validity/ reliab ity or co' pleteness. The '"esearcher evaluates the paper and often co npa'"es it with
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Desc '" iptive Abstract
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ation found in the work. It makes no judgments about the "/ork, nor does it provide results or condusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text
Essentia y the descriptive abstract only describes the work being abst''acted.
and may indude the purpose, methods, and scope of the research.
Some '"esearchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a su Desc'"iptive abstracts are usuaI Iy very sh 't, 100 words or less.
ary
explains a the main a' gurnents and the important results and e 'idence in
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the paper. An informative abstract indudes the infornlation that can be found in a desc' iptive abstract [purpose, rnethods, scope] it but also indudes the results and cor dus or s of the ' esearch ar d the recor1 merldations of the author. The length va' ies acco rding to discipline, but an informative abstract ds in length. is ''arely mo''e than 300 w Highlight AI)st''act
/ritten to attract the reader's attention to A highlight abstract is specifica y complete the study. No pretense is r ade of there being either a balanced o' pictu re of the pape'" and, in fact, incomplete and Ieading '"emarks may be used to spark the ''eader's inte' est. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, '"arely used in acadern
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Recently there has been a growing interest in . The possibility of . . has generated wide interest in . The development of . . has Ied to the hope that . Knou/ledge of . . has a great importance for The study of . . has becorne an important aspect of . A cerltral ssue " The
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2 3
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Expressions for limitations of the study: It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with .
This analysis has concentrated on .
The findings of this study are restricted to. The Iimitations of this study ale dear . Expressions for stating condusions that should NOT be drawn: However) the findings do not rnply The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for . ' nfortunately we are unable to doterrnine from this data . The Iack of . . means that we cannot be ce'"tain .
Expressions fo '" ve ry limited studies:
. . . . . . . . . . = . . . .
Notwithstanding its Iimitations, this study does suggest . Despite ts m nary charactor) the research reported here would seern to indicate .
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24
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equip' ent
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non cou nt
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facu l ty
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group of people*
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vocabulary
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amorphous
asce rta' n
shapeless
determine
stop/pa 'Jse
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past history
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Chemical analysis for 10nitoring endocrine dis ' uptors in aqueous and biolog caI samples has been developed. Chemical analysis provides sens tiv ty and exact concentration of estrogens in samples. Howeve r chemical identification for a estrogen compounds is impo sible and chennica1 analysis alone can not provide the mixture of estrogen compounds such as synergist c and antiestrogenic effect. herefo re, bioassay should be integrated for monitoring estrogenicity A chernica1 analysis for ' onitoring endocrine disruptors in aqueous and biological samples was subsequently developed. The che' ical analysis provides sensitivity and monito rs the exact concentration of est'"ogen cornpounds in the san ples. However) it should be ' oted that the chemical identificatioh of al l estrogen compounds is irnpossible, and that for monitoring the synergistic and ant estrogenic effects, chemical analysis alone is insufficient for identifying the precise ' ixture of estrogen compounds. The' efore, bioassays should aIso be
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44