Tm tt:

Php nhn n thc vi a thc, a thc vi a thc c thc hin nh sau:

A(B+C) = A.B + A.C

(A+B)(C+D) = A.C + A.D + B.C + B.D

Bi 1: Cho biu thc sau:

M = 3/229 .(2+1/433) 1/229 . 432/433 4/(229.433)
a) Bng cch t 1/229 = a, 1/433 = b, hy rt gn biu thc M theo a v b.
b) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M.
Li Gii
a) Ta t: 1/229 = a, 1/433 = b , vy biu thc M s c dng sau:
M = 3a(2 + b) a(1 b) 4ab = 6a + 3ab a + ab 4ab = 5a.

Ch :
432/433 = (433 1)/433 = 1 1/433 = 1 b
4/(229.433) = 4. 1/229 . 1/433 = 4.a.b = 4ab
b) M = 5a = 5. 1/229 = 5/229.

Bi 2. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

A = x5 5x4 + 5x3 5x2 + 5x -1 vi x = 4
Li Gii
Cch 1: Thay x = 4, ta c:
A = 45 5.44 + 5.43 5.42 + 5.4 1
= 45 - (4 + 1).44 + (4 + 1). 43 (4 + 1). 42 + 4 + 1).4 1
= 45 45 44 + 44 + 43 43 42 + 42 + 4 1 = 3.
Cch 2: Thay 5 bi x + 1, Ta c:
A = x5 (x + 1).x4 + (x + 1).x3 (x + 1).x2 + (x + 1).x -1
= x5 x5 x4 + x4 + x3 x3 x2 + x2 + x 1= x 1 = 4 1 = 3
* Nhn xt: Khi tnh gi tr ca mt biu thc, ta thng thay ch bng s.
Nhng bi 1 v cch 2 ca bi 2, ta li thay s bng ch. bi 1, cc s 1/229 v
1/433 lp li nhiu ln trong biu thc M c thay bi a v b. bi 2, s 5 lp li nhiu
ln trong biu thc A c thay bi x + 1.

Bi 3. Chng minh hng ng thc

A = (x a)(x b) + (x b)(x c) + (x c)(x a) = ab + bc + ca x
Bit rng 2x = a + b + c.
Li Gii
Ta hy bin i v tri ca biu thc A ta c:

VT = x bx ax + ab + x cx bx + bx + x ax cx + ab
= 3x 2x( a + b + c) + (ab + bc + ca)
Thay a + b + c bi 2x, ta c:
VT = 3x 4x + ab + bc + ca = x + ab + bc + ca = VP ( iu cn phi chng minh).

Bi 4. Rt gn biu thc :
A = (a + b + c)(a + b + c ab bc ca)
Li Gii
A = a + ab + ac ab abc ac + ab + b + bc ab bc abc + ac + bc + c abc
bc ac
= a + b + c 3abc.

Bi 5. Chng minh hng ng thc:

A = (100 + a)(100 + b) = (100 + a + b).100 + ab
T suy ra quy tc nhn nhm hai s ln hn 100 mt cht.
Li Gii
Chng minh
bi ny ta c th chng minh VT = VP v ngc li:
Ta c:
VT = 100 + 100b + 100a + ab = (100 + a + b).100 + ab = VP ( pcm)
Tng t cc bn c th t chng minh c iu ngc li: VP = VT
- Quy tc nhn nhm hai s ln hn 100 mt cht.
Gi x l s bt k ln hn 100, ta gi hiu x 100 l phn hn. Mun nhn 2 s ln hn 100 mt
cht, ta ly s ny cng vi phn hn ca s kia, ri vit tip vo sau tch ca hai phn hn(bng
2 ch s).
V d:

112.103 = 11536 ( 115 = 112+03, 36= 12.03)

102.104 = 10608( 106 = 102+04, 08= 02.04)

Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: Hy xy dng quy tc nhn nhm 2 s nh hn 100 mt cht da vo hng ng thc:
(100 a)(100 + b) = (100 a b).100 + ab
Bi 2: Chng minh hng ng thc:
A = (a + b + c ab bc ca)(a + b + c) = a(a bc) + b(b ca) + c( c ca)
Gi : c 2 v u bng: a + b + c 3abc.
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
A = x15 - 8x14 + 8x13 8x12 +.- 8x2 + 8x 5 vi x = 7.

Gi : Thay 8 bi x + 1. p s: A = 2.
Bi 4 : Rt gn biu thc:
A = ( x + a)( x + b)(x + c)
Bit rng:

a+b+c=6
ab + bc + ca = -7
abc = -60
Gi : Cc bn hy nhn tng a thc vi a thc mt v nhm nh th no cho ph hp. Lu
l phi bin i c cc nhm
a + b + c, ab + bc + ca , abc nh!
p s: A = x + 6x 7x 60.

BI TP NNG CAO V CC HNG NG THC NG NH

May 21st, 2013

[Giasudhsphn.com] Bi tp nng cao v cc hng ng thc

ng nh do trung tm gia s s phm H Ni bin son.
I/ Bi tp vn dng cho cc hng ng thc (1), (2), (3), (4).
Bi 1. Cho a thc 2x 5x + 3 . Vit a thc trn di dng 1 a thc ca bin y
trong y = x + 1.
Li Gii
Theo bi ta c: y = x + 1 => x = y 1.
A = 2x 5x + 3
= 2(y 1) 5(y 1) + 3 = 2(y 2y + 1) 5y + 5 + 3 = 2y 9y + 10
Bi 2. Tnh nhanh kt qu cc biu thc sau:
a) 127 + 146.127 + 73
b) 98 .28 (184 1)(184 + 1)
c) 100 99 + 98 97 + + 2 1
d) (20 + 18 + 16 ++ 4 + 2) ( 19 + 17 + 15 ++ 3 + 1)
Li Gii
a) A = 127 + 146.127 + 73 = 127 + 2.73.127 + 73 = (127 + 73) = 200 =
40000 .
b) B = 98 .28 (184 1)(184 + 1) = 188 (188 1) = 1
c) C = 100 99 + 98 97 + + 2 1
= (100 + 99)(100 99) + (98 + 97)(98 97) ++ (2 + 1)(2 1)

= 100 + 99 + 98 + 97 ++ 2 + 1 = 5050.
d) D = (20 + 18 + 16 ++ 4 + 2) ( 19 + 17 + 15 ++ 3 + 1)
= (20 19) + (18 17) + (16 15)+ + (4 3) + (2 1)
= (20 + 19)(20 19) + (18 + 17)(18 17) + ( 16 +15)(16 15)+ + (4 + 3)(4
3) + (2 + 1)(2 1)
= 20 + 19 + 18 + 17 + 16 +15 + + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 210
Bi 3. So snh hai s sau, s no ln hn?
a) A = (2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1) v B = 232
b) A = 1989.1991 v B = 19902
Li Gii
a) Ta nhn 2 v ca A vi 2 1, ta c:
A = (2 1)(2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)
Ta p dng ng thc ( a- b)(a + b) = a b nhiu ln, ta c:
A = 232 1.
=> Vy A < B.
b) Ta t 1990 = x => B = x
Vy A = (x 1)(x + 1) = x 1
=> B > A l 1.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng:
a) a(a 6) + 10 > 0.
b) (x 3)(x 5) + 4 > 0.
c) a + a + 1 > 0.
Li Gii
a) VT = a 6a + 10 = (a 3) + 1 1
=> VT > 0
b) VT = x 8x + 19 = (x 4) + 3 3
=> VT > 0
c) a + a + 1 = a + 2.a. + + = (a + ) + >0.
Bi 5. Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau:
a) A = x 4x + 1

b) B = 4x + 4x + 11
c) C = 3x 6x 1
Li Gii

a) Ta s bin i A= x 4x + 1 = x 4x + 4 3 = ( x- 2) 3
Do ( x- 2) > 0 nn => ( x- 2) 3 -3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A(Amin) = -3

khi v ch khi x = 2.

b) B = 4x + 4x + 11 = (2x + 1) + 10
Vy Bmin = 10 khi v ch khi x = -.
c) C = 3x 6x 1 = 3(x 1) 4
Vy Cmin = -4 khi v ch khi x = 1.
Bi 6. Cho a + b + c = 2p. Chng minh rng: 2bc + b + c a = 4p(p a)
Li Gii
Ta s i bin i VP.
VP = 2p(2p 2a) = (a + b + c)( a + b c) = ( b + c ) a = b + 2bc + c a = VT
(ccm)
Bi 7. Hiu cc bnh phng ca 2 s t nhin chn lin tip bng 36. Tm hai s y.
Li Gii
Gi 2 s chn lin tip l x v x + 2 (x chn). Ta c:
(x + 2) x = 36
<=> x + 4x + 4 x = 36
<=> 4x = 32
<=> x = 8
=> s th 2 l 8+2 = 10
p s: 8 v 10
Bi 8. Tm 3 s t nhin lin tip bit rng tng cc tch ca tng cp 2 s trong 3 s
y bng 74
Li Gii
Gi 3 s t nhin lin tip l: x 1, x, x + 1 ( k: x>0)
Vy ta c: x(x 1) + (x 1)(x + 1) + x(x + 1)= 74
Ta nhn vo v rt gn i ta c:

x = 25 <=> x = -5 , x = 5
So snh vi k: x>o => x = 5 (t/m).
Vy p s: 4, 5, 6.
II/ Bi tp t gii
Bi 1. Chng minh cc hng ng thc sau:
a) (a b) + (2ab) = (a + b)
b) (a + b)(c + d) = (ac + bd) + (ad bc)
Bi 2. Cho a + b + c = 2p. Chng minh rng:
(p a) + (p b) + (p c) = a + b + c p
Bi 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc sau:
a) 5 8x x
b) 4x x + 1
Bi 4. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:
a) x 10x + 26 vi x = 105
b) x + 0,2x + 0,01 vi x = 0,9
Bi 5. Hiu cc bnh phng ca 2 s t nhin l lin tip bng 40. Tim 2 s y.
/S: 9 v 11.
Bi 6. Tng 3 s a, b, c bng 9, Tng cc bnh phng ca chng bng 53. Tnh ab +
bc + ca.
/S: ab + bc + ca = 14.

I/ Bi tp vn dng cho cc hng ng thc (4), (5), (6), (7).

Bi 1. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:
a) a + 3a + 3a + 6 vi a = 29.
b) a 3a + 3a + 1 vi a = 101.
Li Gii
a) A = a + 3a + 3a + 6 = a + 3a + 3a +1 + 5 = (a + 1) + 5
Vi a = 29 => A = (29 + 1) + 5 = 27005.
b) B = a 3a + 3a + 1 = a 3a + 3a 1 + 2 = (a 1) + 2
Vi a = 101 => B = (101 1) + 2 = 1000002.
Bi 2. Rt gn biu thc:
a) A = x(x 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x x + 1)
b)B = 3x2 (x + 1)(x 1) (x2 1)(x4 + x2 + 1) + (x2 1)3

Li Gii
A = x(x 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x x + 1)
= (x + 1)[(x - x) - (x - x + 1)] = (x + 1)(x x x + x 1) = (x + 1) (-1) = -x 1
b) B = 3x2 (x + 1)(x 1) (x2 1)(x4 + x2 + 1) + (x2 1)3
= (x 1)[3x - (x4 + x2 + 1) + (x2 1) ]
= (x 1) ( 3x x4 x2 1 + x4 2x2 + 1) = (x 1) . 0 = 0
Bi 3*. Cho a + b + c + d = 0. Chng minh rng: a + b + c + d = 3(ab cd)(c + d).
Li Gii
Ta c a + b + c + d = 0 nn a + b = -( c + d). Do ta c th suy c ra: (a + b) = -(c + d)
Tc l: a + b + 3ab(a + b) = -c d 3cd(c + d)
Hay: a + b + c + d = -3ab(a + b) - 3cd(c + d)
Ch rng: a + b = -( c + d) nn v phi ca hng ng thc trn bng 3ab(c + d) - 3cd(c + d) =
3(ab cd)(c + d) (ccm)

II/ Bi tp t gii.
Bi 1. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:
a) a+ 1 + 3a + 3a vi a = 9.
/S: 1000
b) x + 3x + 3x vi x = 19.
/S: 7999
Bi 2. Rt gn cc biu thc:
(a + b + c) + (a b c) + (b c a) + (c a b)
Gi : [a + (b + c)] + [a - (b + c)] + [(b - c) - a] [(b - c) + a]
/S: 24abc.
Bi 3. Tm x bit:
6(x + 1) 2(x + 1) + 2(x 1)(x + x + 1) = 1.
/S: x = -1/6
Bi 4. Chng minh cc hng ng thc:
a) a + b = (a + b) 3ab(a + b)
b) (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Bi 5. Cho a + b + c = 0. Chng minh rng: a + b + c = 3abc.
Bi 6. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc: M = 2(a + b) 3(a + b). Bit: a + b = 1.
/S: M = -1.

Mt s phng php c bn v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t

1. Phng php t nhn t chung
2. Phng php dng hng ng thc
Vn dng cc hng ng thc bin i a thc thnh tch cc nhn t
hoc lu tha ca mt a thc n gin.
3. Phng php nhm nhiu hng t
Dng cc tnh cht giao hon, kt hp ca php cng cc a thc, ta kp
hp nhng hng t ca a thc thnh tng nhm thch hp ri dng cc
phng php khc phn tch nhn t theo tng nhm ri phn tch
chung i vi cc nhm.
4. Phng php tch
Ta c th tch 1 hng t no ca a thc thnh hai hay nhiu hng t
thch hp lm xut hin nhng nhm hng t m ta c th dng cc
phng php khc phn tch c
V d:
5. Phng php thm bt cng mt hng t
Ta c th thm bt 1 hng t no ca a thc lm xut hin nhng
nhm hng t m ta c th dng cc phng php khc phn tch
c.
V d:
6. Phng php t bin ph
Trong mt s trng hp, vic phn tch a thc thnh nhn t c
thun li, ta phi t bin ph thch hp.
V d: Phn tch thnh nhn t
t
ta c
7. Phng php gim dn s m ca ly tha
Phng php ny ch p dng c cho cc a thc
nh
l nhng a thc c dng
. Khi
phn tch cc a thc c dng nh trn th biu thc sau khi phn tch
u c 1 nhn t l
V d: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t

8. Phng php h s bt nh (ni sau)

Khi phn tch a thc thnh nhn t phi bit vn dng linh hot
nhiu phng php v phi hp 1 cch hp l
Bi tp vn dng
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Bi 4:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Bi 4:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Bi 4:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Bi 4:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
Bi 1:

Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t:
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3: