GT Hoa Keo

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP I

TS. PHAN XUN VN (Ch bin)
TS. NGUYN TIN QU
GIO TRNH
HO KEO
(Dng cho ngnh Nng Lm Ng nghip)
H NI 2006
LI NI U
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 1
Ho keo l mt mn hc trng qu trnh o to giai on 2 cho cc ngnh sinh hc

ca trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.
Nh trng chng ta thc hin quy trnh t nm 1996 nhng cho n nay vn
cha xut bn ring mt gio trnh ca mn hc HO KEO.
Da vo mc tiu o to, ni dung mn hc v kinh nghim ging dy, chng ti vit
cun gio trnh HO KEO ny. Cun sch gm 7 chng km theo cu hi v bi tp cui
mi chng, tng ng vi 30 tit v Ho keo ang c ging trong trng.
Cun gio trnh ny phc v sinh vin hc tp v c th lm ti liu tham kho cho cc
bn c thuc ngnh khoa hc lin quan.
Chng ti chn thnh cm n v hoan nghnh nhng kin ng gp ca cc bn s
dng, lm cho gio trnh khng ngng hon thin.
H Ni, thng 02 nm 2006
T.M. CC TC GI
Nguyn Tin Qu
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
CHNG I
KHI NIM V CC H KEO
H keo l mt h phn tn, nhng cht phn tn phn b dng cc ht nh c kch
thc ln hn nhng phn t v ion n gin, gi l cc ht keo. Tuy nhin, cc ht keo vn
khng b giy lc gi li, chng ch b gi li bi cc mng t bo sinh vt.
Do cht phn tn dng cc ht keo nn h keo c nhng c im khc vi cc h
phn tn khc.
I. Cch phn loi cc h phn tn
1. Theo kch thc ht phn tn
Da vo kch thc hoc ng knh ca ht phn tn, cc h phn tn c chia lm
3 loi chnh sau:
H phn tn phn t:
Trong h, cht phn tn dng nhng phn t rt nh, kch thc nh hn 10-7cm,
chng l nhng phn t v ion n gin. Cc h phn tn phn t c gi l dung dch tht
hay dung dch thuc loi h ng th v c nghin cu nhiu. V d: cc dung dch phn
t v in ly.
H phn tn keo
Gm cc ht phn tn c kch thc 10-7 n 10-4cm, gi l cc ht keo1. H phn tn
keo thng c gi l h keo hoc son (sol).
V d: keo AgI, keo Protit.. trong nc.
Trong cc dung dch long, mi phn t protit cng nh phn t polyme khc x s
nh 1 ht c kch thc ht keo. Mi ht keo khc ni chung gm hng nghn n hng trm
phn t, ion n gin to thnh.
So vi phn t, ion n gin th ht keo c kch thc ln hn, nhng chng ta khng
nhn thy bng mt thng. quan st c cc ht keo c bit l cc ht c kch thc
khong 10-7cm ngi ta dng knh siu hin vi in t. Vy h keo l h phn tn siu vi d
th, trong ht phn tn c kch thc khong t 10-7 n 10-4cm. Cc h keo l i tng
nghin cu ca ho keo.
H phn tn th
Gm cc ht c kch thc ln hn 10-4cm, thng gi l h th.
Ni chung h th l h vi d th khng bn vng. Chng hn, trong mi trng lng c
ht phn tn rn kch thc ln hn 10-4cm, th ht c th s nhanh chng lng xung hoc
ni nn trn b mt lng (tu theo khi lng ring ca ht v ca mi trng) ngha l tch
khi mi trng ca h.
Trong h th c 2 loi quan h quan trng l huyn ph v nh tng.
Huyn ph l h th gm cc ht rn phn b trong mi trng lng nh: nc ph
sa Nh tng l h th gm cc ht hoc git lng phn b trong mi trng lng nh: cc
ht du m trong nc. Trong nhiu trng hp phi thm cht lm bn vo huyn ph v
nh tng cc h phn tn bn vng.
Cc huyn ph v nh tng dng trong thc t l nhng h vi d th tng i bn.
Cc h c bn cht ca h keo nn c th coi l cc h keo khi nghin cu v s dng.
Ho keo cng nghin cu cc h vi d th c tnh bn. Trong gio trnh ny chng ta
coi h th c tnh bn v h keo u thuc loi h vi d th.
Mt s ngi s dng khong 10-7 n 10-5cm, nhng hin ti khng c quy nh cht ch no.
2. Theo trng thi tp hp pha ca h

Phng php n gin cho cch phn loi ny l da vo pha mi trng ca h
phn loi cc h vi d th.
Mi trng phn tn kh.
Gi chung l son kh (aeorosol) gm cc h: H L/K (cc git lng phn b trong pha
kh) nh: my, sng m H R/L (cc ht rn phn b trong pha kh) nh: khi, bi (H
K/K l h phn tn phn t).
Mi trng phn tn lng
Gm cc h: H K/L (Cc bt kh phn b trong pha lng) nh: bt x phng trong
nc H L/L (cc git lng phn b trong pha lng) nh: huyn ph, keo v c trong
nc.
Trng hp h gm cc ht phn tn rn, lng hoc kh, c kch thc ca ht keo,
trong mi trng lng th gi chung l son lng (lyosol), trong mi trng nc, ru th
tng ng c cc h hydro sol, alcol sol
i tng nghin cu ch yu ca chng ta l cc h keo gm nhng ht phn tn rn
trong mi trng nc.
Mi trng phn tn rn.
Gm cc h: H K/R (cc ht kh phn b trong pha rn) nh: bt kh trong thu tinh,
cc vt liu xp.. H L/R (cc git lng phn b trong mi trng rn) nh nhng git lng
trong m ng, thc vt H R/R (cc ht phn tn rn trong pha rn) nh: thu tinh mu,
hp kim
Khi cc ht phn tn rn, lng hoc kh, c kch thc ht keo, trong pha rn th gi l
h son rn (xerosol).
3. Theo cng tng tc gi ht phn tn v mi trng ca h
Cc h vi d th trong mi trng lng c chia lm 2 loi l cc h keo ght lu v
h keo a lu.
H keo ght lu.
H gm cc ht phn tn hu nh khng lin kt vi mi trng th c gi l h keo
ght lu hoc h keo ght dung mi(lyophobe), nu mi trng nc th gi l h keo ght
nc (hydrophobe). H keo ght lu thng gp l cc h keo v c trong nc. V d: cc
keo AgI, As2S3, keo kim loi, keo oxt kim loi trong nc.
Cc h keo in hnh hu ht l cc h ght lu, do trong h c b mt phn cch pha
r rng gia ht phn tn v mi trng ca h. H keo ght lu thuc loi h d th, nhiu
tnh cht b mt nh tnh hp ph, tnh cht in biu hin rt r rt.
H keo a lu.
H gm cc ht phn tn lin kt cht ch vi mi trng ca h c gi l h keo a
lu hay h keo a dung mi (lyophile), nu mi trng nc th gi l h keo a nc
(hydrophile).
Mi ht keo a lu c bao bc bi lp sonvat ho gm cc phn t mi trng, nn
h keo a lu thuc loi h ng th v thng c gi l dung dch. H keo a lu thng
gp l dung dch cao phn t. V d: cc dung dch nc ca protit, gluxit
H keo a lu cng c tnh cht ca dung dch tht nh: s thm thu v l h ng
th, nhng cng c nhng tnh cht ca h keo ght lu v ht keo c kch thc ln hn so
vi phn t n gin.
Tuy nhin, khng c ranh gii tuyt i gia 2 loi h keo nu trn. V d: h keo gm
cc ht keo c to thnh t cc phn t cht bn keo (nh x phng C17H35COONa.) gi
l h bn keo, c tnh cht b mt trung gian gia h keo a lu v h keo ght lu nhng h
bn keo rt gn vi h keo ght lu.
II. Nhng c im ca h phn tn keo
1. B mt d th
B mt phn chia cc pha ca h d th gi l b mt d th ca h. i vi mt h
phn tn d th, th b mt d th ca h tnh bng tng din tch b mt cc ht phn tn. Kch
thc ht cng nh th b mt d th S ca h cng ln. V d:
Phn chia 1cm3 mt cht rn thnh cc ht hnh lp phng cnh l. Nu l = 1cm, th
ch c 1 ht, din tch b mt ca n l 6cm2. Nu l = 10-4cm, th s c 1012 ht, tng
din tch b mt cc ht l S=6.104cm2. Nu l = 10-7cm, th s c 1021 ht, tng din tch b
mt cc ht l S=6.107cm2.
R rng l cng vi mt lng cht phn tn dng ht th kch thc ht cng nh,
s ht cng nhiu, tng din tch b mt cc ht cng ln. Khi kch thc ht bng 10-7cm th
b mt d th ca h rt ln xem bng I.1.
Bng I.1: S bin thin din tch b mt ca mt h ng vi 1cm3 lp phng, cht
phn tn, khi chia thnh cc ht hnh lp phng c kch thc gim dn.
Kch thc ca
ht hnh lp phng
cnh l(cm)
1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
S ht n
1
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
Th tch 1
ht (cm3)
1
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
Din tch b
mt 1 ht s
(cm2)
6
6. 10-2
6. 10-4
6. 10-6
6. 10-8
6. 10-10
6. 10-12
6. 10-14
Tng din tch

b mt cc ht
S= ns (cm2)
6
6. 10
6. 102
6. 103
6. 104
6. 105
6. 106
6. 107
Nu phn chia cht phn tn thnh nhng phn t rt nh, kch thc khong 10-8cm
th S=0. Nhng phn t l cc phn t v ion n gin, chng khng c b mt ngn cch
vi mi trng ca h.
2. B mt ring v phn tn
B mt ring ca h phn tn l tng din tch b mt ca cc ht, ng vi 1 n v th
tch cht phn tn nghin nh:
S
(1.1)
V
S: tng din tch b mt ca cc ht
V: th tch cht phn tn nghin nh
Sr: b mt ring
n gin cho tnh ton ngi ta cho ht c hai dng l hnh lp phng v hnh
cu, chng hn:
H gm n ht hnh lp phng cnh l th
Sr =
S 6nl 2 6
= 3 =
(1.1a)
V
l
nl
nhng ht hnh cu bn knh r th
S
n4r 2 3
Sr = =
=
(1.1b)
4 3 r
V
n r
3
i vi cht phn tn nghin th vic xc nh khi lng n gin hn so vi vic
xc nh th tch, nn b mt ring c tnh bng tng din tch b mt ca cc ht, ng vi
1 n v khi lng cht phn tn nghin nh:
S
S 'r =
(1.2)
m
m: khi lng cht phn tn nghin
Sr: b mt ring tnh theo khi lng (th nguyn l cm2g-1, m2g-1)
Thay th m= .V, vi l khi lng ring ca ht vo cng thc I.2 v tnh ton
tng t nh trn s c cc cng thc tnh Sr khi ht dng hnh lp phng.
6
S 'r =
(1.2a)
l
v khi ht dng hnh cu
3
S 'r =
(1.2b)
r
Hnh cu l dng ph bin ca ht keo, nn cng thc 1.2b thng c ng dng
V d: Nghin SiO2 thnh cc ht hnh cu bn knh r = 10-5cm. Tnh b mt ring ca
SiO2? Bit khi lng ring ca SiO2 l = 2,7g.cm-3
Gii:
p dung cng thc 1.2b:
3
Sr =
= 1,11.10 5 cm 2 g 1 = 11,1m 2 g 1
5
2,7.10
T cng thc I.1a v I.1b suy ra
k
Sr =
(1.3)
d
v tng t, qua cc cng thc 1.2a v 1.2b chng ta c:
k
S 'r =
(1.4)
d
k: hng s ph thuc hnh dng ht
d: kch thc ca ht, d = l nu ht hnh lp phng cnh l v d = r nu ht hnh
cu bn knh r.
Vy b mt ring t l nghch vi kch thc ht phn tn. H keo gm cc phn tn
kch thc nh (10-7 10-4cm) l h c b mt ring cc i hoc c b mt ring rt pht
trin. y l c im c bn ca h keo. so snh b mt d th ca cc h ngi ta da
vo b mt ring. Nu cng lng cht phn tn th h keo l h c b mt ring rt pht trin,
do c b mt d th rt ln. Theo quan im ca nhit ng hc th s c mt ca mt b
mt phn cch ln gn lin vi s c mt ca mt nng lng b mt ng k iu nh
hng rt nhiu n cc tnh cht ha keo ca h nh tnh hp ph, tnh cht in, tnh bn,
tnh ng t.
Sr =
Cc vt liu xp c mt h mao qun. H thng mao qun c b mt ring thng

gi l b mt trong (tng t b mt ring ca h phn tn keo) c ng dng rt ph bin
trong thc t.
i lng tnh bng nghch o ca kch thc ht phn tn gi l phn tn ca h.
Kch thc ht cng nh th phn tn ca h cng cao. V d: cc h keo c phn tn rt
cao khong t 104cm-1 n 107cm-1.
B mt ring v phn tn l nhng i lng c trng cho mc phn tn ca
ht. B mt d th rt pht trin v phn tn rt cao l nhng c im ca cc h keo.
III. Khi nim v h a phn tn
Trong nhiu trng hp cc ht phn tn khng ch khc nhau v kch thc m c
hnh dng.
Mt h phn tn, nu ch gm cc ht cng dng th gi l h n dng, nu cc ht
khc nhau v hnh dng th gi l h phn tn a dng, nu ch gm cc ht c cng kch
thc th gi l h n phn tn, nu cc ht c kch thc khc nhau th gi l h a phn
tn.
H a phn tn gm nhiu cp ht.
1. Cp ht
Cp ht l mt tp hp nhiu ht c bn knh trong khong t ri n rk no
Chng hn: H gm ht bn knh t 10-2 n 5(1) c th phn chia thnh mt s cp
ht nh sau: cp 1 gm cc ht c bn knh r t 10-2 n 5.10-2, cp 2 gm cc ht c t
5.10-2 n 0,1, cp 3 gm nhng ht c r t 0,1 n 0,5.
Mi cp ht c mt bn knh trung bnh ca cc ht. Do c th ni: cp ht l mt
tp hp nhiu ht c bn knh trung bnh r no .
i vi h a phn tn gm n cp ht, ht c dng hnh cu th tnh b mt ring theo
cng thc:
a%
3
(I.5)
s'r = i
ri
ai%: thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca cp ht i so vi tng khi lng ca
cc cp ht
ri : bn knh trung bnh ca ht cp i
V d: Mt h keo gm 3 cp ht hnh cu: cp 1 c ri = 10 5 cm chim 45%, cp ht 2
c ri = 2,5.10 6 cm chim 35% v cp ht 3 c ri = 2.10 7 cm chim 20% khi lng ring

ca SiO2 chim. Tnh b mt ring ca h ? Bit khi lng ring ca SiO2 l
=2,65g.cm-3
Gii:
p dng cng thc I.5:
S 'r =
3 a % b% c %
3 0,45
0,35
0,20
+
+
+
+
= 134,14m 2 .g 1
5
6
7
r2
r3 2,65 10
2,5.10
2.10
r1
Vic phn tch cc cp ht c tin hnh bng nhiu phng php. i vi cc ht

th, thng dng phng php ry. Ngi ta dng cc ry c kch thc bit tch mt
h thnh nhiu cp theo kch thc ca mt ry, sng. i vi cc h c phn tn tng
i cao th phng php phn tch sa lng c dng ph bin.
Nguyn tc phng php phn tch sa lng.

Hin tng ri t do ca ht trong mi trng ca h do tc dng ca trng lc, gi l
s sa lng.
V khi lng ht t l vi lp phng kch thc ht, nn ht c kch thc tng i
ln s sa lng. Lc cn tr s sa lng l lc ma st ca ht vi mi trng. Khi lc ma st (f)
bng trng lc ca ht (P) th ht sa lng vi tc khng i (v).
V f = B.v v P=m.g nn:
Bv = mg
B: h s ma st
m: khi lng hiu dng ca ht
g: gia tc trng trng
i vi ht hnh cu bn knh r chuyn ng trong mi trng c nht
4
th B=6r, nu khi lng ring ca ht l v ca mi trng l 0 th
m = r 3 ( 0 )
3
T suy ra:
4
6rv = r 3 ( 0 ) g
3
v phng trnh tnh tc sa lng nh sau:
v=
2 ( 0 ) 2
r g
9
(1.6)
V d: Tnh tc sa lng ca ht SiO2 hnh cu bn knh r=10-3cm v khi lng

ring =2,7g.cm-3 trong nc? Gi s
H O = 1g.cm 3 v H O = 0,0115 poa
2
Gii:
p dng cng thc I.6:
v=
2(2,7 1,0) 3 2
(10 ) .980 = 3,219.10 2 cm.s 1
9 0,0115
A
h
B
Hnh I.1: S sa lng
ca ht phn tn
Nu < o ht s ni ln (hin tng sa ni), nu > o th ht s ri xung (hin

tng sa lng). Nguyn tc phng php phn tch sa lng l: da vo phng tnh tnh tc
sa lng xc nh kch thc ht phn tn.
Gi s mt ht sa lng t A n B xem hnh I.1, trong thi gian t(s), cao AB =

h(cm), th tc sa lng ca ht l
v=
h
t
(I.7)
Kt hp cng thc I.7 vi phng trnh I.6

suy ra kch thc ca ht:
r=
h
2 ( 0 ) t
(I.8)
hoc
r=k
h
t
(I.9)
vi
9
2( 0 ) g
i vi h phn tn c th mt nhit xc nh, th k l mt hng s nn vic xc
nh kch thc ht cn li l vic o cao h m ht sa lng trong thi gian t.
Trong cc h n phn tn, tc sa lng cc ht bng nhau, s phn lp s xy ra sau
mt thi gian xc nh. Cui cng trong h ch c lp mi trng trong sut pha trn v lp
cc ht sa lng pha di.
Trong h a phn tn, tc sa lng cc ht c kch thc khc nhau, khng bng
nhau, nn bin gii phn cch 2 lp nh trn khng r rt. Sau mt thi gian nht nh,
nhng cao khc nhau chng ta rt c cc cp ht khc nhau ra khi h.
Cn lu rng, phng trnh I.8 ch cho php xc nh kch thc ca ht sa lng hnh
cu hoc dng hnh cu, khng b sonvat ho v ht sa lng l ht n hay ht c thn.
Phng php phn tch sa lng xc nh kch thc ht phn tn ch p dng vi
cc h huyn ph. i vi h c phn tn cao nh h keo, do tc sa lng ca ht rt nh
nn phi s dng my ly tm hay siu ly tm sa lng ht.
Cch phn chia cp ht, tu thuc vo yu cu nghin cu v kh nng cho php ca
phng php phn cp. Cn nh rng, mi cp ht l mt h a phn tn hp. Mt h a phn
tn hp cng c th coi l h n phn tn, bn knh ca ht l r . V d:
H phn tn gm 4 loi ht: loi 1 c r = 10-6cm chim 10%, loi 2 c r = 2.10-6cm
chim 25%, loi 3 c r = 3.10-6cm chim 35% v loi 4 c r = 4.10-6cm chim 30% khi
lng ca tt c cc cp ht, nu coi l h n phn tn th bn knh ht l r = 2,26.10 6 cm
k=
2. Mc a phn tn
c mt s phng php biu th mc a phn tn ca cc h keo, sau y l
phng php biu th bng a phn tn ca h.
Cc ht keo c coi l nhng phn t ln tng t cc phn t cht cao phn t. Do
chng ta phn bit khi lng trung bnh s M n v khi lng trung bnh khi M w ca ht.
Khi lng trung bnh s hoc khi lng trung bnh theo s lng ht thng gi tt
l khi lng trung bnh ca ht, tnh theo cng thc:
Mn =
n M
n
i
(I.10)
ni : s ht i trong h
Mi: khi lng 1 ht i
Tr s M n tnh c t cc phng php cho php xc nh nng cht phn tn.
Khi lng trung bnh khi hoc khi lng trung bnh tnh theo khi lng ca ht
tnh theo cng thc.
ni M i2
(I.11)
Mw =
wi
wi: khi lng ca tt c cc ht i
Tr s M w c suy ra t cc phng php cho php xc nh kch thc ht.
Lun thy M w > M n , nu l cc phn t n gin th M n = M w
a phn tn ca h tnh bng t s gia khi lng trung bnh khi v khi lng
trung bnh s ca cc ht.
M
= w
(I.12)
Mn
: a phn tn
Nu = 1 hoc M n = M w th h l n phn tn, thng thy h gm nhng phn
t n gin.
Nu >1 hoc M w > M n th h l a phn tn. Khi >>1 th mc a phn tn ca
h rt rng, l h gm cc ht rt khc nhau v kch thc hoc khi lng.
V d: C 2 h a phn tn A v B gm cc ht c khi lng nh sau (quy c 1 n
v khi lng y bng 103vC cho ph hp vi cc ht, khi lng ht ny l 100n v):
H A gm 100 ht, khi lng mi ht l 1 n v v 1 ht khi lng 100 n v.
H B gm 100 ht, khi lng ca mi ht l 1 n v v 100 ht khi lng mi ht
l 100 n v.
Hy tnh a phn tn ca mi h?
Gii:
p dng cc cng thc I.11; I.10 v I.12 i vi h A:
Mw =
(100 12 ) + (1 100 2 )
= 50,5 n v
(100 1) + (1 100)
Mn =
(100 1) + (1 100)
= 1,99 n v
100 + 1
50,5
25,37
1,99
v i vi h B:
Mw =
(100 12 ) + (100 100 2 )

= 99 n v
(1 100) + (100 100)
Mn =
(100 1) + (100 100)

= 50,5 n v
100 + 100
99
1,96
50,5
Nh vy cc h A v B u l a phn tn, nhng mc a phn tn ca h A ln

hn h B hng chc ln. Ngha l s sai khc ca cc ht (v khi lng hoc kch thc)
trong A ln hn trong B nhiu ln.
IV. iu ch v tinh ch cc h keo
1. iu ch
C 2 phng php chnh iu ch l phng php phn tn v phng php ngng t.
Phng php phn tn: bao gm cc bin php chia nh cc ht phn tn c kch
thc ln thnh cc ht c kch thc nh, thch hp. V d: nghin, xay, gi, dng h quang,
siu m
Phng php ngng t: th ngc li vi phng php phn tn bao gm cc bin
php tp hp cc phn t nh thnh cc ht c kch thc thch hp. V d: s thay i tnh
cht mi trng (nhit , pH, dung mi) u c th lm cho cc phn t ca cht tan
ngng kt li thnh cc ht, cng c th thc hin phn ng ho hc (oxy ho - kh, trao i,
thu phn) to ra cc phn t ca cht kh tan chng tp hp li thnh cc ht.
Vn kh nht trong vic iu ch khng phi l tm c bin php phn tn hay
ngng t m phi tm c bin php khng ch kch thc ht keo. Ngha l s chia nh
khng lm cho ht qu ln. Ngoi cc yu t nhit , pH ngi ta thng ch n vic
thm vo h mt cht khc hoc 1 cht lm bn thch hp, n va c tc dng khng ch kch
thc ht va c tc dng chng li s ng vn hoc s kt dnh gia cc ht, trong qu
trnh iu ch.
2. Tinh ch keo
Trong qu trnh iu ch, do nguyn liu dng, do phi thm cht lm bn nn
dung dch keo thu c thng khng sch. Trong s cc cht lm bn th cht in ly l cht
nh hng ln n tnh cht ca h keo. Do vic tinh ch keo, trc ht nhm tch cc cht
in ly ra khi h bng phng php thm tch, cch tin hnh nh sau:
nc ra
mng thm tch
h keo
nc vo
Hnh I.2 S tinh ch h keo

bng phng php thm tch
10
Cho h keo vo mt bnh thm tch, nhng pha di bnh c bt bng mt mng
thm tch. c im ca mng thm tch l ch cho cc phn t v ion n gin i qua, cc ht
keo khng i qua c. C bnh trn c t trong mt chu nc sch c dng chy xem
hnh I.2. Cc ion ca cht in ly khuch tn qua mng thm tch t h keo vo nc v b
nc cun i. Cui cng trong bnh thm tch ch cn li l h keo. tng tc qu trnh
v hiu qu tinh ch, ngi ta t bnh thm tch trong in trng ca dng in mt chiu.
l nguyn tc ca phng php in thm tch tinh ch keo.
Ngoi phng php thm tch cn c th dng phng php siu lc.
Thc cht l s lc dung dch keo qua cc mng lc c bit, mng lc c cc l nh
vi kch thc xc nh. Cc ion v phn t nh lt qua mng lc, cn cc ht keo k c phn
t cht polyme b gi li trn phu lc. Bng cch chn cc mng c l thch hp, phng
php siu lc chng nhng cho php tnh ch cc h keo m cn tch ring c cc ht keo
theo kch thc ca chng.
11
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 1
1. Cch phn loi cc h phn tn? Phn bit cc h: huyn ph v nh tng, keo ght lu
v keo a lu? Cho v d.
2. Hy chng t rng kch thc ht phn tn cng nh th b mt d th cng ln.
3. B mt ring v phn tn? Cng thc tnh b mt ring theo kch thc ht?
4. c im ca h phn tn keo?
5. Phn bit h n phn tn vi h a phn tn? Cp ht v nguyn tc phng php phn
tch sa lng?
6. a phn tn ca h? Phng php tnh?
7. Nguyn tc cc phng php iu ch v tinh ch cc h keo?
8. Mt dung dch protit X. B mt ring ca protit l 8,24.104 m2g-1, khi lng ring ca
ht l = 1,1616g cm-3. Tnh bn knh trung bnh r ca cc ht protit X trong dung dch?
Tr li: 3,13.10-5cm
9. Mt loi t st c khi lng ring l =2,68g.cm-3 c nghin thnh 3 cp ht: cp 1
c r1 = 2,5.10 6 cm chim 45%, cp 2 c r2 = 4,6.10 5 cm chim 28%, cp 3 c
r3 = 1,8.10 4 cm chim 27% khi lng tt c cc cp ht. Tnh b mt ring ca loi t st
nghin trn.
Tr li: 20,91m2.g-1
10. Trong th tch ca mt h keo Ag c 0,105g Ag. Gi s ht dng hnh lp phng c
di cnh l 2.10-6cm. Tnh
a/ S ht keo v nng mol ht ca h
b/ B mt d th ca ht
Khi lng ring ca Ag l 1,05g.cm-3
Tr li: 1,25.1015ht, 2,083.10-9mol ht.l-1; 3m2
11. Tnh thi gian cn thit ht SiO2 bn knh 5.10-4cm lng trong nc ct 250C, nht
0,01poa, c 50cm? Bit khi lng ring ca SiO2 l 2,6g.cm-3 v ca nc l 0,982g.cm-3.
Tr li: 94,69 pht
12. Mt hn hp gm 0,5mol cht A khi lng phn t A l 100.000 v 0,5 mol cht B khi
lng phn t ca B l 200.000. Tnh khi lng trung bnh s v khi lng trung bnh khi
ca phn t.
Tr li: 150.000 v 167.000
12
CHNG II
TNH CHT NG HC PHN T
V S KHUCH TN NH SNG CA CC H KEO
Sau nhng nghin cu v l thuyt v thc nghim, ngi ta khng nh rng

thuyt ng hc phn t c th p dng c cho tt c cc h c ht tng i nh c th
tham gia vo chuyn ng nhit. l nhng h cha cc ht c kch thc ca nhng ht
keo. Nh vy cc h keo c tnh cht ging cc dung dch tht nh: s khuych tn, s thm
thu, tnh nht S khuch tn nh sng ca h keo cng l mt bng chng cho thy tnh
ng hc phn t ca h keo.
I. Tnh ng hc phn t
1. Chuyn ng Brao (Brown)
Chuyn ng hn lon ca cc ht phn tn keo c gi l chuyn ng Brao.
Theo thuyt ng hc phn t, chuyn ng Brao c gii thch nh sau:
Chuyn ng hn lon ca ht keo ngoi nguyn nhn do chnh bn thn chuyn ng
nhit ca n gy ra, th s va chm x y hn lon ca cc phn t mi trng (vn l
chuyn ng nhit) ng vai tr ch yu. Ht phn tn c kch thc nh, nn s va chm xy
ra theo cc phn khc nhau rt khng u nhau. Kt qu l ht b x y v pha ny v pha
n, nn chiu chuyn ng ca ht b thay i rt nhanh.
Vy, bn cht chuyn ng Brao l chuyn ng nhit, l chuyn ng ng hc ca
cc phn t. Rt kh quan st ng i thc ca ht v khng th o c tc chuyn ng
ca ht. Hnh II.1. V s qu o tng trng ca mt ht khi quan st chuyn ng Brao
ca n t A n B theo phng x, chiu chuyn di ca ht t v tr ny n v tr khc c
quy c biu din bng mt on thng.
M
A
x
Hnh II.1. S tng trng chuyn ng Brao ca mt ht t A n B.
Nu gi l ri trung bnh ca ht th tnh theo cng thc:

21 + 22 + ... + 2n
(II.1)
n
21 , 22 . l cc bnh phng hnh chiu ca cc on AM, MN trn trc x, m ht
di chuyn c trong cng khong thi gian t
=
13
din t st hn chuyn ng Brao trong khng gian ngi ta dng gi tr di

trung bnh bnh phng 2 trong thi gian t
Da vo thuyt ng hc phn t Anhstanh (Einstein) thit lp c cng thc.
2 =2 Dt
(II.2)
D: h s khuch tn ca h
2. S khuch tn
Nu trong h c hin tng khng ng u v mt hay nng ht phn tn th c
s di chuyn cc ht t vng nng cao ti vng nng thp hn ( san bng nng ),
chng ta ni l c s khuych tn.
nh lut Fich I (Fick1) v s khuych tn phn t dng cng thc nh sau:
dm = D
dC
Sdt
dx
(II.3)
m: lng cht khuch tn

D: h s khuch tn ca h
dC : gradien nng
dx
S: b mt thng m ht khuch tn qua
t: thi gian
dC
S khuch tn xy ra theo chiu nng gim (
< 0 ), nn phi t du tr vo v
dx
dC
phi ca phng trnh cho dm>0. Trng hp
khng thay i theo thi gian chng ta
dx
c:
dC
m = D
St
(II.4)
dx
dC
= 1 , S = 1 , t = 1 th m = D. Vy, h s khuch tn l lng cht chuyn
dx
qua mt n v thit din thng trong mt n v thi gian khi grdien nng bng -1.
Trong h CGS th th nguyn ca D l cm2.s-1
Theo Anhstanh:
RT
(II.5)
D=
.
N0B
Nu
B: h s ma st ca ht trong mi trng phn tn.

Cc k hiu R, T v N0 xem phn ph lc cui cun sch
i vi ht phn tn cu bn knh r, mi trng ca h c nht th theo Stc
(Stock): B = 6r. Do :
D=
RT
1
.
N 0 6
(II.6)
Cng thc II.6 cho thy:

- mt nhit khng i, i vi h phn tn xc nh, h s khuch tn c trng
cho kh nng chuyn ng ca ht v ch ph thuc kch thc ca ht. So vi cc phn t
14
n gin th ht keo c kch thc ln hn, di trung bnh bnh phng rt nh, nn kh
nng khuch tn ca h keo nh hn nhiu so vi cc dung dch phn t.
- Bit h s khuch tn D s tnh c bn knh r ca ht, l cch xc nh kch
thc ht phn tn bng phng php o h s khuch tn.
Trong th nghim, da vo cc phng php xc nh nng , s tnh c D theo
cng thc (II.4)
Bit khi lng ring v bn knh r ca ht, tnh c khi lng M ca 1mol ht
phn tn.
4
(II.7)
M = r 3 N 0
3
Do c th da vo h s khuch tn ca dung dch cao phn t tm khi lng
phn t cht polyme, nu chp nhn rng phn t polyme dng ht hnh cu trong dung
dch.
3. p sut thm thu
Tnh ng hc phn t l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng thm thu v p sut thm
thu ca cc dung dch v cc h keo
p sut thm thu l p sut thy tnh nn ln mng bn thm c tc dng lm ngng
s thm thu gia dung mi nguyn cht v dung dch
p sut thm thu cc dung dch phn t long, theo Vanhp(Vant Hoff) c biu
th bng phng trnh:
m
(II.8)
P = RTC = RT
M
C: nng cht tan tnh theo mol. l-1

m: khi lng cht tan (tnh theo g) trong mt lt dung dch
M: khi lng mt mol ca cht tan
Phng trnh p dng c cho dung dch keo nh sau:
m'
P ' , = RT = RT '
M
(II.9)
: nng mol ht tnh theo s mol ht, 1 mol ht gm No ht.

m : khi lng cht phn tn (tnh theo g)c trong 1 lt h keo.
M: khi lng 1 mol ht keo.
Khi m= m, nhng M > M th < C
p mt thm thu ca h keo rt nh so vi dung dch tht c cng khi lng cht
phn tn, do <<C hoc do khi lng ht keo ln hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng ca phn
t n gin M >> M
Cc h keo ght lu u km bn vng, do ht c kch thc ln th c khuynh hng
sa lng, cn cc ht nh th c khuynh hng lin kt li (do tc dng ca lc tng tc phn
t) thnh s t ht ln hn lm cho s ht keo (ht n) gim, nn p mt thm thu ca h
khng n nh.
Tri li, trong dung dch cao phn t long, cc phn t polyme trng thi phn tn,
s ht keo n nh, nn p sut thm thu ca cc dung dch cho d rt nh, nhng xc
nh.V vy, c th xc nh c khi lng phn t cht cao phn t da vo phng php
o p sut thm thu ca dung dch, m c s l phng trnh II.8. c kt qu chnh xc
hn nn s dng phng trnh:
15
P RT
=
+ Bm
m M
(II.10)
B: hng s ph thuc bn cht cht cao phn t v dung mi.

P
Xy dng th biu din s ph thuc ca
vo m (dng ph thuc y=ax+b) v
ngoi suy ti m = 0, s tnh c M theo cng thc m
P RT
lim =
(II.11)
m 0 m
M
i vi cht cao phn t in ly, nh prott hoc cc ht keo mang in khc th s
phn b khng u nhau ca cht in ly hai bn mng cng nh hng n kt qu o p
sut thm thu. Lc p mt thm thu ca dung dch c quan h n hiu ng nnan
(xem di y)
p sut thm thu ca h keo sau khi loi tr hiu ng nnan gi l p sut thm
thu keo.
Phng php o p sut thm thu ca dung dch xc nh khi lng phn t cht
cao phn t theo phng trnh II.8, c p dng i vi dung dch long cht cao phn t
khng in ly hoc trung ho v in, nu khi lng phn t ca n khng qu ln
V d:
250C, p sut thm thu ca dng dch cha 10g.l-1 cht cao phn t trung ho in
tch, o c l 1,22210-2 atm. Tm khi lng phn t cht cao phn t y?
Gii:
p dng cng thc II.8:
M = RT
m 0,082.298.10
=
= 19.997
P
0,01222
4. Cn bng mng nnan (Donnan)

Cn bng mng nnan l mt c trng rt quan trng v tnh ng hc phn t ca
h keo. Chng ta nhn thy iu trong vic kho st cc th nghim sau:
M
Na+
Cl-
Na+
cl-Cl-
Hnh II.2: S thm tch ca 2 dung

dch tht NaCl tip xc vi
nhau qua mng M
16
i vi dung dch tht:

Gi s c 2 dung dch tht NaCl nng l C1 v C2 tip xc vi nhau qua mng thm
tch M - xem hnh II.2 . Nng ban u C1 C2.Qu trnh thm tch din ra theo xu hng
san bng nng . Sau mt thi gian th nng 2 bn mng bng nhau, khng xut hin cn
bng nnan
i vi h keo:
Xt mt h, gm h keo NanR nng mol ht l C1 tip xc vi dung dch tht NaCl
nng mol l C2 qua mng thm tch - xem hnh II.3.
Mt cch tng qut chng ta biu din cng thc ht keo mang in l NanR tng t
cng thc ho hc ca mt cht, trong Rn- l ion keo. Ht keo in ly nh sau:
n Na+ + RnNanR
V chu nh hng ca Rn- (kh nng khuch tn nh, nhiu in tch m) cc ion Na+
trong h keo khng linh ng bng cc ion Na+ trong dung dch tht
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
n Na+
Rn-
(nc1)
(c1)
Na+
(c2)
Cl-
(c2)
Rn
(3)
Na+ Cl-
(c1) (nc1+x) (x)
(2)
Na+
Cl-
(c2-x)
(c2-x)
Hnh II.3: S phn b cc ion 2 bn mng thm tch (3), h keo (1) v dung dch
tht (2):
a. trng thi u
b. trng thi sau khi thm tch
Lc u nng cc ion thm tch (Na+,Cl -) v ion khng thm tch (Rn-) phn b
2 bn mng nh trnh by hnh II.3a. Sau c s khuch tn cc ion thm tch qua mng
(3). Do nh hng ca ion keo, lng ion Na+v Cl- khuc tn d dng t h (2)sang h (1).
Gi x l lng ion (tnh theo nng ) Na+ hoc Cl- chuyn t dung dch tht vo
dung dch keo th nng ion trong mi h c biu din hnh II.3b.
Theo quan im ng hc th tc khuch tn cc ion thm tch ca h t l thun
vi nng ca chng trong h .
Tc khuch tn cc ion Na+ v Cl- t h (1) sang h (2) l :
v12 = k (C Na + .C u ) (1)
v tc khuch tn cc ion Na+ v Cl- t h (2) sang h (1) l :
v 21 = k (C Na + .C u ) ( 2 ) )
17
vi k l hng s tc .
Khi v12 = v 21 th hnh thnh cn bng mng nnan, l trng thi cn bng ca s
khuch tn cc ion thm tch gia h keo v dung dch tht tip xc vi nhau qua mng thm
tch. Khi :
k (C Na + .C Cn 1 ) (1) = k (C Na + + .C Cn 1 ) ( 2 )
(C Na + .C Cn 1 ) (1) = (C Na + .C Cn 1 ) ( 2)
II.12
Thay nng cc ion Na+v Cl- bit hnh II.3b vo cng thc II.10 s tm c:
x=
C 22
nC1 + C 2
II.13
T tnh c tng nng cc ion thm tch h keo:

nC1 + .x) + x =
v trong dung dch tht:
Suy ra:
n 2 C 21 + 2nC1C 2 + 2C 2 2
nC1 + 2C 2
2nC1C 2 + 2C 2
(C 2 x) + (C 2 x) =
nC1 + 2C 2
(C Na + + .C Cl ) (1) > (C Na + + .C Cl ) ( 2)
(II.14)
Qua cc cng thc II.12 v II.14 chng ta c nhn xt sau:

- Cn bng mng c thit lp khi tch s cc nng ion thm tch hai bn mng
bng nhau.
- Trng thi cn bng mng c thit lp ngay khi nng cc ion thm tch hai
bn mng khc nhau nhng tng nng cc ion h keo ln hn.
l c im quan trng nht ca cn bng mng trong cc h keo. iu c
ngha rt ln i vi cc qu trnh sinh l:
C th sng c cu to di nhiu nhiu hnh thc khc nhau ca trng thi keo. S
trao i cht gia c th sng v mi trng lun ti trng thi cn bng mng gia h keo
ca c th v mi trng cha cc cht in ly khc nhau, nhng vn bo m cho h keo
lun c p mt thm thu ln hn- mt yu t khng th thiu cho nc v cc cht dinh
dng c vn chuyn t mi trng vo cc b phn ca c th.
Hin tng chnh lch nng cht in ly 2 bn mng gi l hiu ng nnan.
Hin tng lm pht sinh mt in th b mt tip xc gia h keo vi dung dch tht
c gi l th nnan, cn tr s khuch tn cc ion thm tch t dung dch in ly vo h
keo.
5. nht
nht l mt i lng c trng cho lc ma st ni trong s chy ca mt cht
lng gy ra do cc lp cht lng chy vi tc khc nhau v trt ln nhau. Nh lc ht
phn t lp chy nhanh li ko lp chy chm, cn lp chy chm km hm lp chy nhanh.
18
Hnh II4. gii thch nh lut Niutn v nht

Trc ht, chng ta xem xt v nht ca mt cht lng nguyn cht.
Gi thit c mt cht lng chy trong ng hnh tr bn knh r, theo hng trc y - xem
hnh II.4. Tc chy u l mt hm s ca x, (x: l khong cch tnh t trc y v phng gc
vi y) u = u max khi x = 0 v u = 0 khi x = r khi s di chuyn cc lp tr nn u hay
du l mt hng s, th theo nh lut Niutn (Newton) v nht chng ta c:
dx
f = S
du
dx
II.15
f: lc ma st .
S: din tch tip xc gia 2 lp lng
du
: gradien tc gia cc lp theo hng x thng gc vi trc y
dx
: h s t l c gi l nht
Trong h CGS th nguyn ca l yn.cm-2s, c tn l poa, cn trong h SI th th
nguyn cat l N.m-2.s, 1N.m-2s = 10 poa,.
nht ca cc h keo
S chy ca son khc vi cht lng nguyn cht v dung dch tht ch, trong mi
trng ca h c nhng ht keo m kch thc ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc phn t n gin.
Cc ht keo chon khng gian ca cht lng, lm cho cc phn t trong s chy lc i v lm
tng gradien tc trung bnh gia cc lp, do nht ca h keo cao hn nht ca
mi trng.
Theo Anhstanh th nht ca h keo ph thuc vo th tch v hnh dng ht keo,
nu l ht keo rn dng hnh cu th:
= o(1 + 2,5 )
(II.16)
o : nht ca mi trng phn tn

: nng th tch ca pha phn tn trong 1ml, l tng th tch cc ht phn
tn rn c trong 1 ml ca h.
Thc t c mt s trng hp m phng trnh Anhstanh nu trn khng nghim.V
d:
19
- Khi ht c dng hnh que hay hnh tm th nht ca h lun ln hn so vi kt

qu tnh theo cng thc II.16. . Nguyn nhn: cht lng nm trong vng th tch quay ca ht
(vn c chuyn ng Brao quay) gn lin vi ht dn n s tng biu kin th tch ca ht.
Do , dng tng qut phng trnh Anhstanh v nht ca h keo c th nh sau
= o(1 + . )
(II.17)
: tha s ph thuc hnh dng ht.

- Nng ht cng ln th nht ca h cng ln, do nht ca h keo tng
theo s gim kch thc ht.
- Khi gia cc ht c lc tng tc in hay cc lc tng tc khc. Nu cc ht keo
tch in cng du th nht ca h tng, do b mt ht xut hin lp in kp. S xut hin
lp v sonvt ht keo cng lm tng nht ca h, do n lm gim linh ng ca cc
phn t dung mi, lm tng biu kin nng th tch ca pha phn tn
nht ca dung dch cao phn t
C nhiu yu t nh hng n nht ca dung dch cao phn t nh: kch thc v
hnh dng phn t polyme, dung mi, nng , cu to v khi lng phn t polyme Khi
lng phn t cht cao phn t rt ln nhng khng tp trung thnh mt khi m tri ra theo
mch , nn lc lng tng tc gia cc phn t vi nhau v gia chng vi mi trng
rt mnh.
So vi dung dch phn t nh th cc dung dch cao phn t c nht ln hn nhiu
l do tnh thu ng hc ca cc cao phn t mm do v ko di, do t nhiu c xut hin cc
lin hp phn t trong dung dch.
Nhiu tc gi cho rng: hnh dng v khi lng phn t ca cht cao phn t c th
xc nh bng phng php o nht.
Trong php o nht ngi ta quy c:
nht ring:
0
r =
trong : l nht ca dung dch, 0 l nht ca dung mi.

nht rt gn:
r
C
l nht ring quy v n v nng .
nht c trng hay nht rt gn:

r
[ ] = lim

C 0
C
i vi dung dch cao phn t long th r tnh theo phng trnh:
(II.18)
r=KMC
K: hng s, c trng cho mt dy ng ng cao phn t trong mt dung mi xc
nh.
M: khi lng phn t ca cao phn t
C: nng , tnh theo s mol c bn trong 1lt ( l s mol mt xch polyme c
trong 1 lt dung dch, v d: 1mol c bn ca polybutadien bng 54g)
Da vo phng trnh II.18 tnh c M, nhng ch p dng khi mch ngn hay di
nhng phi l cao phn t cng, ngha l gi c dng ko di hoc dng hnh que hi cong.
Cng theo phng trnh II.18 th nht rt gn r/C=KM khng ph thuc nng . Nhng
20
thc t nht rt gn ca dung dch cao phn t ph thuc nng theo phng trnh bc
nht:
= [ ] + aC
(II.19)
C
a: hng s
S ph thuc phn nh tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t cht cao phn t trong
dung dch.
xc nh M ngi ta thng s dng phng trnh sau:
(II.20)
[] =K.M
K: hng s i vi mt dy ng ng cao phn t trong mt dung mi xc nh
: hng s, c trng cho tnh mm do ca mch.
Nu =1 th phng trnh II.20 tr thnh phng trnh II.18, nu =0,5 th mch cao
phn t mm do. Nhng nu =0 th cao phn t dng ht hnh cu, nht ca dung dch
khng ph thuc kch thc hoc M ca cht cao phn t. Thc t thng thy rng: 0<<1.
Dung mi nh hng nhiu n hnh dng cao phn t trong dung dch. mt dung
mi thch hp th cao phn t c th dng mch m ko di, nhng mt dung mi khc th
c th cun li. V nguyn tc, cao phn t cng d tan vo dung mi th n cng d sonvat
ho, mch cao phn t m ko di, nht dung dch cng ln. Trong dung mi khng ph
hp, cao phn t tan t, tnh sonvat ca n km, phn t cao phn t d cun li v cun cng
cht th nht ca dung dch cng nh.
nht ca cc dung dch tinh bt, prott c lin quan n cc qu trnh ch bin thc
phm
II. S khuch tn nh sng ca h keo.
Tnh cht quang hc ca mt h phn tn phn nh quan h nhiu mt gia cu to ca
h v nh sng ti nh: tnh cht mi trng, nng v kch thc ht, hnh dng v trng
thi b mt ca ht phn tn, di sng ca tia ti, phng gia tia ti v v tr quan st
Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta b qua cc hiu ng quang hc do mi trng gy ra
m ch tp trung nghin cu tnh cht quang hc ca h bt ngun t quan h gia nng ,
kch thc ht v di sng ca tia ti. Quan h y biu th cho bn cht ca hin tng
quang hc cc h keo, l s khuch tn nh sng (light cattering)
nh sng i qua h keo s b hp th mt phn v mt phn b khuch tn. Tu theo
quan h gia kch thc ca ht v bc sng ca tia ti, s c cc hin tng khc nhau:
i vi dung dch tht, cc phn t ca cht tan c kch thc rt nh hn so vi bc
sng ca nh sng ti, nn nh sng d dng truyn qua, tt nhin b hp th mt phn tu
thuc vo bn cht ca dung dch. Hin tng quang hc ny c trnh by cc gio
trnh Vt l.
Nu > th nh sng ti b phn x - xem hnh II.5. Hin tng ny thng xy ra
cc h th.
Nu th nh sng ti b ht ht theo mi phng, ht tr thnh ngun sng th
cp, l s khuch tn nh sng - xem hnh II.6
21
Tia ti
Tia l
Tia
cc tia
phn x
>
Hnh II.5: hin tng
phn x nh sng
Hnh II.6: hin tng

khuch tn nh sng
S khuch tn nh sng c th nghim thy trong th nghim ca Tinan (Tyndahl)nh

sau:
h keo
di sng Tinan
S
HnhII.7: S th nghim ca Tindan.

Chiu chm sng t ngun sng S qua mt knh hi t H vo h keo cha trong mt
bnh c 2 thnh bnh song song, xem hnh II.7. ng bn quan st, chng ta thy trong bnh
xut hin mt di sng hnh nn ct, l hnh nn Tinan, cn gi l hiu ng Tinan.
C hin tng v mi ht keo sau khi nhn c nh sng ti tr thnh mt im
sng th cp, khuch tn nh sng v mi pha. Hin tng Tinan l mt biu hin c trng
v tnh cht quang hc ca h keo, n gip chng ta nhn bit c cc h keo
Cng nh sng khuch tn ca h keo long c biu din bng cng thc sau
I =k
n 2
II.21
I : cng nh sng khuch tn

k : hng s ph thuc cng tia ti, chit xut ca mi trng v ca pha phn
tn.
n: s ht keo trong mt n v th ca h keo
: th tch mi ht phn tn
22
: bc sng tia ti.

Cng thc II.21 cho thy:
- Cng nh sng khuch tn t l thun vi bnh phng ca th tch ht phn tn.
iu c ngha l i vi cc dung dch tht (kch thc phn t cht tan rt nh), th hin
tng khuch tn nh sng rt yu, thm ch khng ng k. Tri li, khi kch thc ht tng
i ln (ht keo) th I tng nhanh, cn i vi ht ln (ht th) th I khuch tn tr thnh I
phn x.
- Cng nh sng khuch tn t l thun vi nng ht. V vy, i vi mt h
keo xc nh, mi nng ng vi mt cng nh sng khuch tn xc nh v ngc li.
o c cng nh sng khuch tn s suy ra nng ca h keo, l nguyn tc xc
nh nng keo theo phng php o cng nh sng khuch tn bng Tindanmet v
cc my o c (Nephelomet).
V nguyn tc, Nephelomet c cu to ging t sc k hoc my so mu. iu khc
c bn gia chng ch: trong my so mu tia ti i thng n mt chng ta qua dung dch,
cn trong Nephelomet th tia ti c chiu vung gc vi mt chng ta qua h keo (v chng
ta o cng nh sng khuch tn ) - xem hnh II.8.
Cch xc nh nng keo bng Nephelomet nh sau.
iu ch mt dung dch keo chun nng C0, cha trong cuvet A c b dy ct dung
dch l h0. Cho dung dch keo (cng loi v cng kch thc ht vi keo chun) nng cha
bit Cx vo cuvet B c b dy ct dung dch l h. Chiu vo 2 cuvet trn bng mt ngun
sng t theo phng vung gc thnh cuvet - xem hnh II.8, v iu chnh b dy ct dung
dch trong cuvt B n hx, sao cho nhn c 2 tia l c cng bng nhau. Khi chng ta
c:
(2)
Cx =
C 0 h0
hx
tia l
tia l
(2)
II.22
tia ti
(1)
dung dch tht

tia ti
(1)
h keo
Hnh II.8: S v tr ngun sng ti (1) trong:

a. t sc k.
b. Nephelomet
v v tr quan st (2)
Phng trnh II.21 khng p dng cho h keo kim loi (v ht dn in, hp th v
phn x rt mnh nh ng) v h c mu (v nh sng b hp th).
23
Cc dng c quang hc hin i hn, chng nhng ch gip chng ta xc nh c

nng cc h keo theo phng php trn, m cn gip chng ta m c cc im sng
trong mt n v th tch h keo long (khi dng siu hin vi), xc nh c nng ht
chnh xc hn. Vic chp nh cc im sng (bng knh hin vi electron) cho php xc nh
c hnh dng v kch thc ca ht, suy ra khi lng ca ht. Knh hin vi electron c
s dng trong vic phn tch t v xc nh khi lng phn t cht cao phn t trong
t
Kho st s khuch tn nh sng lm sng t chuyn ng Brao ca ht phn tn
v c im siu v th ca cc h keo.
Hin tng hp th v khuch tn nh sng ca cc h phn tn gip chng ta gii
thch mu sc cc h keo, cc hin tng mu sc trong t nhin, trong thin vn, hng hi,
hng khng . Do c vn dng rt nhiu trong cc lnh vc k trn (tn hiu sng, chp
nh, d bo thi tit)
24
1 . Chuyn ng Brown? c im v tnh ng hc phn t ca h keo?

2 . H s khuch tn v cc yu t nh hng? Xc nh kch thc ht phn tn bng phng
php o h s khuch tn
3. c im v p mt thm thu ca cc h keo? So snh dung dch phn t vi h keo v p
sut thm thu?
4. Xc nh khi lng phn t polyme bng phng php o p sut thm thu ca dung
dch?
5. Cn bng mng nnan? c im v ngha.
6. nht ca cht lng? Cng thc tnh nht ca h keo v ng dng ?
7. Hin tng khuch tn nh sng ca h keo ? Th nghim ca Tyndahl? ng dng ca vic
o cng nh sng khuch tn?
8. Da vo nht ca dung dch xc nh M ca cht cao phn t nh th no?
9. Dung dch cha 2g protit A trong 100ml c p sut thm thu 7,083.10-3 atm b qua hiu
ng onnan, 250C. Tnh khi lng phn t protit A?
Tr li: 69.000
10. Huyt tng mu cha 40g albumin M=69.000 v 20g globulin M= 160.000 trong 1lt
dung dch. Tnh p sut thm thu keo ca dung dch 370C ?
Tr li:0,0179 atm
0
11. Tnh h s khuch tn trong nc 25 C nht l 0,01 poa mt phn t hnh cu X khi
lng l 105 ? Bit khi lng ring ca X l 1,37g cm-3.
Tr li :7,7 . 10-7 cm2 .s-1
-7
12. H s khuch tn ca glubilin trong 1 dung dch nc l 4.10 cm2 .s-1 250C. Gi s
rng phn t c dng hnh cu, tnh khi lng phn t ca n ? Bit rng 250C nht ca
nc l 0,01005 poa v khi lng ring ca glubilin l 1,33 g. cm-3
Tr li : 51.000
25
CHNG III
NNG LNG B MT. S HP PH
S phn chia cc cht rn, lng, thnh nhng ht nh to cho lp b mt ca cc ht

c tnh cht khc vi tnh cht cc lp trong lng ht, l tnh cht b mt biu hin bng
s hp ph
Tnh cht b mt l tnh cht c trng ca cc h phn tn d th, c bit l cc h
keo.
I. Nng lng b mt v sc cng b mt
Do khng cn bng v lc tng tc phn t, nn cc phn t b mt cht (rn,lng)
chu tc dng ca lc ht vo trong lng cht.
Nh vy mun a mt phn t cht t trong lng ln b mt phi tn mt nng lng
chng li lc ht . Ni cch khc l mi phn t b mt c mt nng lng ln hn so
vi cc phn t trong lng hoc trong th tch ca cht.
Nng lng d ca tt c cc phn t b mt so vi nng lng trung bnh ca cc
phn t trong th tch ca cht c gi l nng lng t do b mt, gi tt l nng lng b
mt thng k hiu F.
Nng lng b mt quy v mt n v din tch b mt c gi l sc cng b mt,
k hiu l . V mt nhit ng hc th sc cng b mt ng bng tr s ca cng to ra 1
n v din tch b mt trong qu trnh thun nghch ng nhit.
Trong h CGS, th nguyn ca l erg.cm-2 hoc yn.cm-1 nhng trong h SI, thi th
nguyn ca l J.m-2 hoc N.m-1 . T c nh ngha v sc cng b mt nh sau: Sc
cng b mt l lc tc dng trn mt n v chiu di b mt phn chia 2 pha chng li s
ko cng b mt.
V d: 200C, H2O = 0,07275J.m-2 hoc 0,07275N.m-1
Sc cng b mt l kt qu ca lc tng tc phn t, nn n ph thuc bn cht ca
cht v nhit . cng mt nhit th:
hp cht ion > hp cht phn cc > hp cht khng phn cc.
cht rn > cht lng.
Bng III.1: Sc cng b mt ca mt s cht lng v cht rn trn gii hn vi khng kh
Tn cht
Hydro(lng)
Oxy(lng)
te tylic(lng)
Hecxan(lng)
tylic(lng)
Clorofooc(lng)
t(0C)
-252
-198
20
20
20
20
103 (N.m-1)
2
17
17
18,5
21,6
27,1
Tn cht
Bezen (lng)
Nc (lng)
Thu ngn (lng)
Thic (lng)
PbF2 (rn)
Ba504 (rn)
t(0C)
20
20
20
920
920
25
103 (N.m-1)
28,9
72,75
485
510
900
1250
B mt cht lng l ng nht, nn nng lng b mt ca cht mi im nh nhau.

i vi cht rn, mt phn t cnh, gc v trn b mt khng bng nhau, nn nng lng
b mt cc im l khc nhau. Ni cch khc, b mt cht rn khng ng nht v nng
lng, nn sc cng b mt ca cht ch c gi tr trung bnh.
26
Khi tng nhit th lc tng tc phn t gim, do sc cng b mt ca cht

gim. Do , khi nhit tng sc cng b mt ca cht lng gim, nhit ti hn khng
cn b mt phn chia, sc cng b mt ca cht bng 0.
Bng III.2: Sc cng b mt ca nc nhit khc nhau.
Nhit (0C)
0
10
15
20
25
40
60
80
103 (N.m-1)
75,64
74,22
73,49
72,75
71,97
69,58
66,18
62,61
Quan h gia nng lng b mt v sc cng b mt theo cng thc

F = .S
(III.1)
S: din tch b mt
i vi h phn tn th S l b mt d th ca h
Do c b mt d th rt ln, nn nng lng b mt ca h rt ln, v vy theo nhit
ng hc th h keo l h khng bn vng, s xy ra cc qu trnh lm gim , lm gim S
gim F ca h.
II. Khuynh hng gim din tch b mt ca h.
Khuynh hng to kin trc khi cu.
c im ny thng xuyn xy ra cc git cht lng , v vi cng mt th tch th
dng hnh cu l dng khi c din tch b mt cc tiu. Cc ht rt nh nh nguyn t, phn
t v c ht keo c coi l cc ht dng hnh cu l c c s thc t, c tnh ph bin.
S hnh thnh ht kp.

Vi cng lng cht phn tn dng ht (ht n) kch thc ht cng nh th s ht
cng nhiu, b mt d th ca h cng ln. Theo nhit ng hc th h nh th rt khng bn,
cc ht n s tp hp hoc kt dnh li thnh cc ht i, ht ba gi chung l cc ht kp,
gim b mt d th, nhm gim nng lng b mt ca h.
S hnh thnh cc ht kp d xy ra khi mt ht ln, c th dn n s sa lng ca
ht. V vy, trong thc t s lng cc ht keo trong cc h keo khng ln hay nng mol
ht ca cc h rt nh. V d: mt h keo vng bn, c ht 10-7cm, nng mol ht khng
vt qu 1,67.10-6 mol ht. l-1 .
S tan ca cc ht nh to ra s t ht ln hn.
Hin tng xy ra khi lm kt tinh cht kh tan trong dung dch in ly, khi ngng
t my m thnh macng l nhng hin tng gim b mt d th (S) gim nng lng
b mt (F) ca h.
i vi mt s h do c im ca n, din tch b mt ca h khng thay i, vic
gim F ch c th gim sc cng b mt b mt. l hin tng hp ph, trong nhiu
trng hp s gim S v gim xy ra ng thi .
27
III. S hp ph.
1. Mt s khi nim c bn
S hp ph.
l hin tng b mt nhm thu ht cht b hp ph ln b mt cht hp ph, lm
gim sc cng b mt ca cht hp ph.
Ngc vi s hp ph , qu trnh i ra ca cht hp ph khi b mt cht hp ph gi
l s gii hp hoc phn hp. Khi tc hp ph bng tc phn hp th s hp ph trng
thi cn bng.
Hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc.
Da vo bn cht ca lc hp ph, ngi ta phn bit hp ph vt l v hp ph ho
hc. Hp ph vt l gy ra bi lc vt l (lc tng tc phn t ), cn hp ph ho hc gy ra
bi lc ho hc(lc ca lin kt ho hc).
V d: s hp ph ca than hot tnh i vi cc phn t kh hoc hi CO2, C2H5OH,
H2O(gi l hp ph phn t) l hp ph vt l, nhng s hp ph ca cht rn AgI i vi
Ag+ trong dung dch l hp ph ho hc v n kin ton cu trc b mt mng tinh th hp
cht ho hc AgI.
Do lc hp ph yu, nn hp ph vt l c tnh thun nghch. Khi nhit tng lc
tng tc phn t gim nn hp ph vt l gim. V vy hp ph vt l thng tin hnh
nhit thp (thp hn nhit si ca cht b hp ph ). Hp ph vt l c th l hp ph
n lp hoc n phn t, cng c th l a lp hoc a phn t. Hp ph ho hc c bn
cht ca mt phn ng ho hc, nn hp ph ho hc c tnh bt thun nghch (rt kh thc
hin s phn hp). Khi nhit cng tng, tc phn ng ho hc tng, nn hp ph ho
hc tng. Do hp ph ho hc thng xy ra nhit cao.
Nhit hp ph.
S hp ph pht nhit, nhit hp ph vt l rt nh, nhit hp ph ho hc ln; tng
ng hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ho hc.
Tuy nhin ranh gii gia hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc ch l tng i. c bit
khi cht hp ph l nhng ion hu c th hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc thng xy ra
ng thi. Ion hu c d b hp ph bi cc b mt phn cc, b mt c in tch ngc du,
cng c trng hp b mt mang in tch cng du th c th do lc tng tc phn t ln
hn lc y tnh in.
Tnh chn lc nh hng.
S hp ph c tnh chn lc v nh hng theo quy tc nh sau:
Nhng cht c tnh cht tng t nhau d hp ph vo nhau. Nhng phn c tnh phn
cc nh nhau hoc gn ging nhau s hng vo nhau.
Nu l hp ph ho hc i vi cc ion, th ion b hp trc phi l ion c trong thnh
phn cu to tinh th b mt, sau l nhng ion tng t c kh nng hon thnh cu to
mng li tinh th b mt. Th t hp ph i vi cc ion y theo s u tin cho ion c
in trng ln hn (in tch ln, sonvat ho t hn).
V d: cht rn AgI hp ph mnh i vi I- khi trong dung dch c KI, nhng cng
c kh nng hp ph ion Cl- (hoc SCN-) khi trong dung dch c NaCl hoc NaSCN
2. hp ph v ph
hp ph ca mt cht hp ph l lng cht b hp ph(mol, milimol) b hp
ph trn mt n v din tch hoc trn mt n v khi lng cht hp ph khi c trng thi
cn bng hp ph, mt nhit xc nh. Thng k hiu hp ph l G:
G=
n
S
(III.2)
28
hoc
G=
n
m
(III.3)
n: s mol hay s milimol cht b hp ph

S: din tch b mt (m2 , cm2 )
m: khi lng cht hp ph (g)
nhit khng i, hp ph ca mt cp cht hp ph v cht b hp ph ph
thuc vo bn cht cp cht y, b mt cht hp ph, nng (hoc p sut) ca cht b hp
ph.
Khi tng nng cht b hp ph th hp ph tng n cc i v khng i cho
d nng cht b hp ph tip tc tng xem hnh III.1.
G
Gmax
Ccb
Hnh III.1: S ph thuc ca hp ph G vo nng

cn bng Ccb (mol.l-1) ca cht b hp ph
Vy : hp ph cc i Gmax l hp ph ti a ca cht hp ph ng vi nng
cn bng xc nh ca cht b hp ph, mt nhit xc nh.
ph hoc ph b mt l t s gia din tch b mt cht hp ph hp ph v
tng din tch b mt ca cht hp ph , thng tnh theo phn trm:
Sp
=
.100%
(III.4)
Sr
Sr: b mt ring.
Sp: din tch b mt ca cht hp ph hp ph
: ph.
Khong xc nh ca ph: Khi 0 < <100% th xy ra hp ph n lp khng hon
ton, khi >100% th c hp ph a lp v khi =100% th xy ra hp ph n lp hon
ton.
Quan h gia ph vi hp ph theo cng thc.
Sp
Sr
.=
G
G max
(III.5)
29
Din tch b mt hp ph c lin h vi hp ph: Sp = G.No.So, y So gi l

ph c bn hoc ph nguyn t, l din tch ti thiu ca mt phn t hoc mt ion
chim ch b mt cht hp ph.
V d: 10g mt loi than ci c b mt ring l Sr =300m2.g-1 hp ph c 0,46g
ru C2H5OH, 250C. Tnh ph ca loi than ny i vi C2H5OH? Bit rng So(C2H5OH)=
21,62 ,1=10-8cm.
Gii
0,46
hp ph ca than: G =
= 0,001mol.g 1
46 x10
Din tch b mt ca 1g than hp ph:
S p = 0,001x6,02.10 23.10 16 = 130.10 4 cm 2 .g 1
ph b mt ca than:
130.10 4
=
= 43,33%
300.10 4
Trng hp ny xy ra hp ph n lp khng hon ton.
3. S hp ph trn b mt rn.
Cc cht rn c sc cng b mt rt ln so vi cht lng v cht kh ho lng. Do
b mt cht rn d hp ph cc phn t ca cht lng v cht kh.
Sau y l mt s phng trnh hp ph ng nhit cho php xc nh hp ph.
Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Lang mua (Langmur).
Tc gi gi thit rng: hp ph vt l trn b mt rn l hp ph n lp, b mt
cht hp ph ng nht v nng lng, do nhit hp ph mi im l nh nhau.
Trong mt h kn ng nhit, mt cht rn hp ph tip xc vi mt cht kh c nng
C. Nu tng s im c kh nng hp ph trn mt cm2 b mt cht hp ph l x, trong
y im hp ph nng cht b hp ph l C, s im cn li cha hp ph l: x-y th
tc hp ph (Vh) t l thun vi s x-y v nng C:
Vh= kh(x-y)C.
Tc phn hp (Vp) t l thun vi y:
Vp= kp.y.
Khi c cn bng hp ph th Vh=Vp , nn:
(III.6)
kh=(x-y)C=kp.y
hoc
y
C
=
x kh
(III.7)
+C
kp
khv kp: cc hng s ca tc hp ph v tc phn hp.

Do t s :
y
G
v t
=
x Gmax
kh
=a
kp
nn c phng trnh:
C
(III.8)
a+C
Phng trnh (III.8) c gi l phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Lang mua. Phng
trnh III.8 cho bit quan h gia hp ph v nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph , trong
G = Gmax
30
Gmax v a l cc hng s ph thuc nhit i vi mt cp cht hp ph v cht b hp

ph xc nh, G v Gmax tnh theo mol. g-1 v C tnh theo mol. l-1
Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Lang mua ch ph hp vi thc nghim trong hai
trng hp sau:
Khi nng cht b hp ph rt nh th C<<a, nn G t l vi C
G=
Gmax
.C = k .C
a
(III.9 )
(2)
G = Gmax
M
(1)
C1
C2
Hnh III.2: Cc ng ng nhit hp

ph Lang mua:(1) v (2)
ng ng nhit hp ph c dng tuyn tnh. Khi nng cht b hp ph rt ln
th C >> a, nn G = Gmax, ng ng nhit hp ph l ng song song so vi trc honh.
ng vi khong nng trung bnh (t C1 n C2 ) cc ng ng nhit hp ph
Lang mua khng ph hp vi ng cong thc nghim - xem hnh III.2. Trn hnh III.2 trnh
by cc ng ng nhit hp ph Lang mua, ng cong thc nghim MN ch ph hp vi
phng trnh III.9. Mt khc, nhit thp c th c trng hp hp ph n gii
hn Gmax, nhng s hp ph vn tip tc khi tng nng cht b hp ph.
Nhng hn ch bt ngun t nhng gi thit gn ng ban u ca tc gi. Thc t b
mt cht hp ph khng hon ton ng nht v hp ph vt l khng ch n lp m c th
a lp.
Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Lang mua cho s hp ph n lp khng ch p dng
i vi cht kh m c dung dch phn t long.
Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Frendlich (Freundlich).
Trng hp nng cht b hp ph c gi tr trung bnh ngi ta s dung phng
trnh hp ph ng nhit Frendlich:
1
x
(III.9)
G = . = k .C n
m
G: hp ph ( tnh theo mol.g-1)
x: s mol cht b hp ph
m: khi lng cht hp ph (g)
C: nng cn bng hp ph (mol.l-1)
k v n: cc hng s i vi mt cp cht hp ph v cht b hp ph, n>1.
31
Hng s k chnh l hp ph ng vi nng C = 1

Cc hng s k v n d xc nh bng thc nghim da vo cng thc:
lg G =
1
lg C + lg k
n
1
v k.
n
Phng trnh III.9, khng p dng khi nng cht b hp ph ln, v n ch l b
xung cho phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Lang mua.
Thc t thy rng s hp ph ca than hot tnh i vi cht hu c trong nc ph
hp vi phng trnh III.9. Trong dung dch nc than hot tnh (b mt khng phn cc) hp
ph rt mnh nhiu cht hu c v chng km phn cc hn nc.
Phng trnh BET
l phng trnh hp ph ng nhit ca 3 tc gi l Brunaoe, Emt v Tenle, c
dng nh sau:
p
1 (c 1) p
=
+
(III.10)
v( p 0 p) v.c v m cp 0
Lp th v s ph thuc ca lgG vo lgC, dng y = ax+b, s tnh c
vm: th tch kh b hp ph khi ton b b mt cht hp ph b ph 1 lp n phn

t c kht.
v: th tch tng cng ca kh b hp ph p mt cn bng p
po: p sut hi bo ho ca cht b hp ph cng nhit vi nhit xy ra hp
ph
c: hng s ph thuc nhit
Bit vm c th tnh c din tch b mt cht hp ph.
Phng trnh BET l phng trnh hp ph vt l a lp ca cht hp ph rn i vi
cht kh. Phng trnh c p dng xc nh b mt ring ca cht xc tc v cht hp
ph rn.
V d: che ph 1g silicagel (SiO2.H2O) bng mt lp n phn t cn th tch kh
nit l vm =129ml ( 1atm v 00C). Tnh din tch b mt ca silicagel, nu ph c bn ca
nit l 16,22.
Gii:
129.10 3
Sr =
.6,02.10 23.16,2.(10 8 ) 2 = 561,7 m 2 .g 1
22,4
Phng trnh hp ph trong dung dch.
Trong thc nghim, vic xc nh hp ph ca cht hp ph rn trong dung dch
phn t v dung dch in ly nhit khng i, da vo phng trnh:
G=
(C 0 C )V
m
(III.11)
G: hp ph (mol.g-1)
C0 v C: nng u v nng cn bng (mol.l-1) ca dung dch cht b hp
ph.
V: th tch (l) dung dch trong xy ra hp ph.
m: khi lng (g) cht hp ph.
32
V d: Cho 5g bt TiO2vo 100ml dung dch Natri Dodecylsunfat vit tt l NaDS

(C12H25SO4Na) nng 0,002M. Sau mt thi gian, nng NaDS l 0,0014M. Tnh ph
ca TiO2? Bit b mt ring ca TiO2 l 7,8m2g-1 v So,NaDS=27,32.
Gii:
hp ph ca TiO2:
(2.10 3 1,4.10 3 )
G=
0,1 = 1,2.10 5 mol.g 1
5
Din tch b mt hp ph:
S p = 1,2.10 5.6,.2.10 23.27 ,3(10 8 ) 2 = 1,972 m 2 g 1
dng.
ph ca TiO2:
1,972
=
.100% = 25,28%
7,8
Ion b hp ph y l ion C12H25SO-4, chng t b mt ht TiO2 mang in tch
4. S hp ph trn b mt lng
Nc l cht lng c sc cng b mt ln. Cc cht ho tan c th b hp ph ln b
mt lng lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc.
Quan h gia lng cht b hp ph (G) trong lp b mt, nng cht tan trong dung
dch (C) v sc cng b mt () ca dung dch theo phng trnh:
G=
C d
.
RT dC
(III.11)
G: hp ph (mol.cm-2)
d
: bin thin sc cng b mt ca dung dch.
dC
Phng trnh III.11 gi l phng trnh hp ph Gip (Gibbs). Da vo phng trnh
chng ta phn bit 2 trng hp sau:
d
>0 th G<0, l hp ph m, nng cht tan trong lp b mt nh hn
Khi
dC
trong th tch dung dch. Nhng cht tan nh th gi l nhng cht khng hot ng b mt.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
Hnh III.3: S tng trng phn t cht hot

ng b mt:
(1): phn khng phn cc
(2): phn phn cc
33
i vi nc, cht in ly v c nh axt, kim, mui l nhng cht khng hot ng

b mt. Dung dch cc cht c sc cng b mt ln hn cht t so vi nc.
d
<0 th G > 0, l s hp ph dng, nng cht tan trong lp b mt ln
Khi
dC
hn trong th tch dung dch. Nhng cht ho tan lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung mi gi
l nhng cht hot ng b mt. i vi nc, cht hot ng b mt thng l cc hp cht
hu c phn cc nh ru, axt bo, mui ca axit bo (thng gi l x phng), cc ankyl
sunfat (nh NaDS)
Cu to phn t cht hu c phn cc gm 2 phn: phn khng phn cc l gc
hydrocacbon v phn phn cc l cc nhm chc xem hnh III.3.
khng kh
dung dch nc
a
b
benzen
nc
c
d
Hnh III.4: S v s sp xp nh hng cc phn t cht hot ng b mt:
a v b: ranh gii khng kh v pha lng
c v d: ranh gii gia 2 pha lng
Trong dung dch nc cht hot ng b mt b hp ph sp xp nh hng nh sau:
phn phn cc hng vo nc (mi trng phn cc), phn khng phn cc hng vo
khng kh (mi trng khng phn cc). Tu theo nng dung dch m lp b mt c th
cha bo ho - xem hnh III.4a, hoc bo ho - xem hnh III.4b. Tng t, cc phn t cht
hot ng b mt sp xp nh hng b mt 2 pha lng c phn cc rt khc nhau l
H2O v C6H6 xem hnh III.4c v III.4d. (Ch : H2O c sc cng b mt ln hn so vi
C6H6).
lp hp ph bo ho cc phn t cht hot ng b mt xp kht nhau to thnh
mng b mt che ph b mt dung dch.
Mch cc bon cng di, tnh ght nc ca cc phn t cht hot ng b mt cng
tng, chng cng c khuynh hng tp trung trn b mt, sc cng b mt ca dung dch cng
gim. l c s l thuyt ca quy tc Trao b (Traube): Kh nng b hp ph ca mt dy
ng ng cc hp cht hu c phn cc trn b mt nc tng vi s tng di mch cc
bon. V vy phng trnh Gp rt ph hp vi cc cht hot ng b mt m phn t c mch
cc bon ln (cc cht tng i t tan).
Ch : ngi ta gi nhng cht hot ng b mt nh: C17H35COONa, C12H25SO4Na,
C16H33N(CH3)3NBr, l cc cht hot ng b mt ion ho, nhng ion C17H35COO-,
C12H25SO4- v C16H33C(CH3)3N+ l nhng anion v cation hot ng b mt.
34
IV. S thm t v s ngng t mao qun.

1. S thm t.
Nh git cht lng ln b mt mt cht rn nu cht lng lan trn b mt cht rn th
l s thm t. Cht lng to vi b mt rn mt gc - gi l gc thm t xem hnh
III.5. Khi <900 hay cos >0 th gi cht lng l cht lng thm t v b mt rn l b mt
a lng, khi = 00 hay cos = 1 th ni rng cht lng thm t hon ton b mt rn.
Cht lng thm t b mt rn l do lc tng tc gia cc phn t cht lng yu hn
lc tng tc gia cc phn t lng v rn. T suy ra:
LK
T
RK
RL
L
R
Hnh III.5. S git thm t vi gc :

cht lng L, cht rn R v khng
kh K
- Cht lng c sc cng b mt cng nh cng thm t tt cc b mt rn. Nc c
sc cng b mt ln ch thm t hon ton mt s cht nh thch anh, thu tinh silict. Thu
ngn lng c sc cng b mt rt ln, ch thm t mt s t b mt rn. Nhng cht lng
khng phn cc (v d: hydrocacbon) c sc cng b mt rt nh khong 20.10-3 n 30.10-3
N.m-1, thc t thm t mi b mt rn.
- tng tnh thm t ca nc cn thm vo cht hot ng b mt.
S thm t l mt hin tng b mt tng t s hp ph v do sc cng b mt gia
cc cht quyt nh. iu kin cn bng ca s thm t l c s cn bng v sc cng b mt
gia cc cp pha tng ng xem hnh III.5.
RK = RL + LK .cos
(III.12)
RK, RL, LK ln lt l sc cng b mt ca 2 pha R K, ca 2 pha R L v ca 2

pha L - K. Phng trnh III.12 gi l phng trnh Iung (Young).
Do RK v LK l cc hng s, nn o c th tnh c RL . l cch xc nh
sc cng b mt theo phng php thm t.
S thm t c tnh chn lc: b mt s thm t cht lng no m hiu s sc cng
b mt vi pha rn l b nht. V d: Nc v mt hydrocacbon no , th gia 2 cht lng
s c s thm t chn lc. Nu b mt a nc th n s thm t chn lc nc.
2. S ngng t mao qun.
S ngng t mao qun l qu trnh chuyn th hi sang th lng trong mao qun
iu kin ng nhit. Ch c cht lng thm t thnh mao qun th hi ca n mi d dng
ngng t trong mao qun.
Nh chng ta bit, khi nhng mao qun vo cht lng thm t th cht lng dng
ln trong mao qun thnh ct lng c mt khum lm xem hnh III.6. Nguyn nhn ca hin
tng nh sau:
Do c s hp ph a phn t hoc a lp nhng phn t hi trn b mt mao qun,
tng hp ph a phn t gn cht vi thnh mao qun chuyn cc lp hp ph thnh cht
35
lng c mt khum lm. l s ngng t mao qun. Do p sut hi bo ho mt khum lm

(P) thp hn p sut hi bo ho trn b mt thong phng (P0), nn cht lng b ht vo trong
mao qun. t ti p sut hi bo ho l iu kin cn thit cho s ngng t mao qun.
P0
Hnh III.6: S dng ca cht lng trong mao qun:

: gc thm t
P v P0: p sut hi bo ha trong mao
qun v trn b mt thong phng
C th ni rng thc cht ca s ngng t mao qun l s hp ph vt l, Tm xn
Ken vanh (Thompson Kelvin) thit lp quan h gia p sut hi bo ho trong mao qun
vi sc cng b mt ca cht lng () v bn knh mao qun (r) nh sau:
ln
2V
P
=
P0
RTr
(III.13)
V: th tch mol ca cht lng khi ho hi

Theo cng thc III.13 th sc cng b mt ca cht lng cng ln hoc bn knh mao
qun cng nh th p sut hi bo ho trong mao qun cng nh, ngha l hi cng d ngng
t thnh lng. Nc l cht lng c sc cng b mt ln, cc h mao qun trong t, trong cc
c cu sinh vt rt nhiu, do hi nc d ngng t thnh lng .
S ngng t mao qun gn lin vi s thm t ca cht lng, da vo s ngng t
mao qun xc nh sc cng b mt ca cht lng gi l phng php mao qun. Ni dung
nh sau:
Nhng mt mao qun vo cht lng thm t th cht lng dng ln trong mao qun
n cao h xem hnh III.6, do c cn bng gia trng lc P1 v lc y P2. Trng lc do
ct cht lng gy ra l P1=r2hg. Lc y gy ra bi sc cng b mt ca cht lng l
P2=2cos = 2 nu ~00. T xc nh c sc cng b mt ca cht lng theo cng
thc:
1
r . .h.g
2
(III.14)
r: bn knh mao qun

: khi lng ring ca cht lng
h: cao ct cht lng trong mao qun
g: gia tc trng trng
36
Trong thc t, ngi ta dng phng php t i loi b cc i lng khng xc

nh (nh r, g). xc nh sc cng b mt ca cht lng kho st, cch tin hnh nh sau:
Nhng mao qun vo mt cht lng bit sc cng b mt o v khi lng ring o,
o c cao ho. Sau li nhng mao qun vo cht lng kho st cng nhit , o
c cao h. p dng cng thc III.14 cho mi trng hp chng ta c:
1
.r.h v
2
1
2
0 = 0 r.h0
T c cng thc:
=0
.h
0 h0
(III.15)
: khi lng ring ca cht lng kho st
V d: 200C, khi nhng mt ng mao qun thy tinh vo benzen th ct cht lng
dng ln n hx =5cm, cn khi nhng vo nc th ct nc dng ln n h = 11,3cm. Tnh
sc cng b mt ca benzen nhit trn?
Bit:
H 0 = 72,75dyn.cm1 , H 0 = 0,997g.cm3 , C H = 0,899g.cm3

2
Gii:
p dng cng thc III.14
0,899 5
= 72,75
= 29,02dyn.cm 1 = 29,02.10 3 N .m 1
0,997 11,3
37
1. Nng lng b mt v sc cng b mt? Cc yu t nh hng?.

2. Khuynh hng gim nng lng b mt ca h phn tn d th?
3. S hp ph. Phn bit hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc?
4. Tnh chn lc v nh hng ca s hp ph? V d?
5. hp ph? Cc yu t nh hng. ph v khong xc nh ca ph?
6. Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Langmur v hn ch ca phng trnh ? ng dng ca
phng trnh Fruendlich?
7. Phng trnh hp ph Gibbs? Quy tc Traube? Gii thch.
8. Cht hot ng b mt? C ch hp ph cht hot ng b mt trn b mt lng.
9. S thm t? iu kin cn bng ca s thm t. S ngng t mao qun?
10. Xc nh sc cng b mt bng phng php mao qun?
11. nhit 250C thy rng 1g than ci hp ph c ti a 46mg hi nc. Tnh b mt
ring hot ng ca than ci ny i vi nc? Bit rng: khi lng ring ca nc lng
250C l = 0,982g.cm-3, coi phn t nc c dng hnh lp phng, hp ph ca than l n
lp.
Tr li: 132m2.g-1
12. Cho 10g t st, khi lng ring =2,7g.cm-3 vo 1 lt dung dch CaCl2 nng
0,4mol.l-1 Lc cho qu trnh hp ph xy ra. Sau mt thi gian thy nng CaCl2 ch cn
0,2mol.l-1. Tnh:
a/ hp ph ca t st i vi Ca2+.nH2O?
b/ ph b mt ca t st ?
Bit: b mt ring ca t st ny l 3m2.g-1, ph c bn ca ion Ca2+.nH2O l
10,22
Tr li: 0,02milimol.g-1; 40,9%.
13. Cho 5g bt mt loi TiO2 vo 100ml dung dch NaDS nng 5.10-3M. Sau mt thi gian
nng cn bng hp ph NaDS ca dung dch l 2.10-3M. Tnh ph? Gii thch.
Bit rng: b mt ring ca TiO2ny l 7,8m2g-1, ph c bn ca NaDS l 27,32.
Tr li: 126,41%; hp ph a lp.
14. Cho 2 g mt loi than hot tnh vo 40ml dung dch CH3C00H 0,22M. Lc cho xy ra s
hp ph. Khi c cn bng hp ph th nng CH3COOH cn li l bao nhiu?
Bit rng s hp ph ca loi than hot tnh trn i vi axt CH3COOH tun theo
phng trnh Frendlich vi k = 3.10-3 v n = 2.
Tr li: 0,16M
15. Tnh din tch b mt ca 1g cht xc tc, bit rng to ra 1 lp n phn t n hp ph
103ml kh nit (tnh 760mml Hg v 00C). Hp ph c o -1950C, din tch hiu dng
do 1 phn t nit chim trn b mt xc tc nhit l 16,22.
Tr li 449m2g-1
-1
16. C dung dch axit palmitic trong bezen cha 4,24g.l . Khi cho dung dch ln b mt
nc th benzen b bay hi, cn axit palmitic to ra lp mng n phn t c kht. Nu cn
ph mt b mt din tch 500cm2 bng lp ny th cn ly th tch dung dch axit trn l bao
nhiu? B mt do mi phn t axit palmitic chim l 21 2.
17. 200C sc cng b mt ca toluen l = 28,4.10-3N.m-1, khi lng ring ca toluen
bng 0,866g.cm-3. Tnh kch thc ln nht ca mao qun ct cht lng dng ln c
2cm?
Tr li: 0,0335cm.
38
CHNG IV
TNH CHT IN CA CC H KEO
Tnh cht in ca h phn tn cng l tnh cht b mt ca h vi d th nhng l tnh

cht c trng ca h keo, n quyt nh tnh in ng, tnh phn tn, tnh hp ph trao i
ion ca h l c s ca cc phng php phn tch tch nhng vi ht, nhng cht
in ly cao phn t lm bn hoc n nh h v nhiu phng php k thut cng ngh
khc.
I. Hin tng in ng.
in di v in thm:
Khi t mt h keo trong mt in trng th cc ht phn tn mang in chuyn dch
v in cc tri du vi chng; c th lm cho mi trng y vn c, cn mi trng
phn tn cha cc ion n gin hydrat ho i v in cc i lp vi in cc trn.
Di tc dng ca in trng cc phn t mi trng phn tn chy v mt in cc
gi l in thm, cn cc ht phn tn chy v mt in cc khc gi l in di
in di, in thm, gi chung l hin tng in ng ca h phn tn. Hin tng
gip chng ta xc nh c du in tch ca ht phn tn, l c s cho phng php phn
tch in di (c s dng rng ri trong ho sinh, th nhng ) v phng php lm kh
cc vt liu xp
Hin tng in ng ca h phn tn bt ngun t cu to ca ht phn tn. C th
coi ht phn tn nh mt phn t ln MnR , c kh nng in ly ra cc ion n gin M v ion
R , nhng ion R c kch thc tng i ln hn cc ion n gin, nn c b mt phn cch
vi mi trng.
II. Cu to ht keo ght lu.
Hai thnh phn ch yu ca ht keo l nhn keo v lp in kp.
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+ +
mAgI
++
+ ++
+
+
+
+
+
+
tng khuch tn
tng hp ph
ion quyt nh th
nhn keo
Hnh IV:1: S cu to ht keo dng AgI
39
Nhn keo
Nhn keo do rt nhiu phn t, nguyn t hoc ion n gin tp hp li, cng c
trng hp do s chia nh ca ht ln hn. Nhn keo c th c cu to tinh th hoc v nh
hnh, nhng l phn vt cht n nh, hu nh khng c bin i trong cc qu trnh bin
ng ca h phn tn.
Lp in kp.
Lp in kp gm hai lp tch in ngc du nhau, nhng cu to phc tp v lun
lun bin i di tc ng bn ngoi (mi trng, pH, lc ion, nhit .). Lp in kp
c hnh thnh ch yu do s hp ph.
V d 1. Bng phn ng trong dung dch ca AgNO3 vi KI khi cho d lng ca mt
trong hai cht, chng ta s nhn c cc h keo dng AgI v keo m AgI.
Phn ng trao i:
KNO3 + AgI
AgNO3 + KI
To ra cht kh tan AgI, nhng phn t ny tp hp vi nhau thnh nhiu ht nh AgI.
Nu d AgNO3 th cc ht keo dng AgI c to thnh - xem hnh IV.1 cng thc cu to
nh sau:
{ [mAgI ] nAg
nhn
keo
( n x ) NO 3
tng hp
ph
x+
xNO 3
tng khuch
tn
ion keo
ht keo hoc mi xen keo
Ht nh AgI l nhn keo, hp ph chn lc i vi cc ion Ag+, mt s ion i (I-) ko
theo, to thnh ion keo. Lp ion i xung quanh ion keo c gi l tng khuch tn. Tng
hp ph v tng khuch tn tch in ngc du nhau hp thnh lp in kp b mt ht
keo. Ion Ag+ c gi l ion quyt nh th, ion keo mang in(+) nn gi l ht keo dng.
Nu d KI th cc ht nh AgI hp ph chn lc i vi ion I- to ra ht keo m AgI,
cng thc cu to nh sau:
{[mAgI] nI- (n-x) K+ }x-xK+
Trng hp ny ion I- c gi l ion quyt nh th.
Nu s mol AgNO3 v KI va phn ng vi nhau th trong h ch c rt nhiu ht
nh AgI ( c kch thc ca ht keo), chng s kt dnh vi nhau thnh cc ht ln hn v sa
lng. V th ngi ta gi ion Ag+ hoc AgNO3 v ion I- hoc KI l nhng cht lm bn cho
cc h keo AgI.
Tc dng lm bn cho h phn tn c th l cht v c, cht hu c, cng c th l
dung mi hoc cc iu kin v pH, v nhit ca h. Ngi ta hay lm bn keo ght lu
c phn tn cao bng cht prtit nh: gelatin, albumin
Tng hp ph c cu to dy c tng i n nh t khi b bin i bi ngoi cnh.
Trong tng hp ph cc ion quyt nh th gn cht vi b mt nhn keo, c mt s ion i
40
lin kt vi b mt rn bng lc tnh in v c th c lc hp ph (lc tng tc phn t), c

th cn c cc phn t dung mi do tnh sonvt ca cc ion. Tng khuch tn c cu to gm
nhng ion ngc du vi ion keo, phn b xung quanh ion keo v ch tng tc tnh in vi
ion y. Tng khuch tn rt linh ng lun bin i theo tnh cht mi trng ca h.
V d 2:
Nh tng git FeCl3 vo nc si, th FeCl3 thy phn:
FeCl3 +3H2O
Fe(OH)3 +3HCl
Phn ng trn khng to ra Fe(OH)3 kt ta m iu ch c keo dng Fe(OH)3
mu , cng thc cu to ht keo nh sau:
{[ mFe (OH )
]nFeO + ( n x )Cl
x+
xCl
Ion FeO+l ionquyt nh th, do FeOCl c to ra trong qu trnh phn ng.

Qua hai v d trn chng ta nhn thy rng ion quyt nh th phi l ion ging vi
thnh phn ca nhn keo hoc ion tng t. Du in tch ca ion quyt nh th cng l du
in tch ion keo. Nu l keo m th tng khuch tn gm nhng cation, keo dng th tng
khuch tn gm cc anion, nu l keo lng tnh th tng khuch tn bao gm c cation v
anion.
V d: keo Al(OH)3 l mt keo v c lng tnh. Trong dung dch nc phn t
Al(OH)3 c trng thi cn bng axit baz:
OH + Al (OH ) +2
Al(OH) 3
Al(OH) 2 O + H +
(*)
cng thc ht keo nh sau:
{[mAl (OH ) ]
3
xAl ( OH ) +2
yAl ( OH ) 2 O
zA
Khi x > y th ion Al (OH ) +2 l ion quyt nh th, c ht keo dng Al(OH)3, trong
tng khuch tn gm z ion A trong a s l anion. Khi y > x th ion Al(OH)2O- l ion quyt
nh th, c ht keo m Al(OH)3, trong tng khuch tn a s l cation.
Do trng thi cn bng (*) ph thuc pH mi trng nn du in tch hat keo
Al(OH)3 s thay i khi pH mi trng bin i.
Ngoi nguyn nhn do hp ph ion nhng cng c trng hp ht phn tn mang in
do b mt c nhm chc c kh nng in ly, do b mt hp ph nhng phn t cha cc
nhm chc c kh nng ion ho. nhng trng hp y s phn chia nhn keo vi lp in
kp khng r rng.
Keo t c thnh phn phc tp, bao gm keo dng, keo m, keo lng tnh. Nhng
keo t phn ln l keo m, v b mt ht thng c hin tng in ly ra ion H+
III. Lp in kp v in th b mt ca ht keo.
1. Cu to lp in kp.
Trong dung dch in ly b mt rn tch in xut hin mt lp in kp gm: lp
in tch b mt ca b mt rn v lp ion i c mt s l thuyt v lp in kp bt
ngun t nhng quan nim khc nhau v cu to lp ion i. Sau y l nhng ni dung chnh
ca thuyt Hemhn, thuyt Guy- Sepmen v thuyt Stc.
Thuyt Hemhn (Helm holtz)
Lp in kp cu to theo kiu mt t in phng. Cc ion i nh nhng in tch
im, ch c tng tc tnh in vi b mt rn v cch b mt rn mt khong 0, gi l b
41
dy lp in kp, bng hai ln bn knh ion i - xem hnh IV.2a. in th b mt hoc th

ca lp kp chnh l in th ca t in phng (0):
0 =
(IV.1)
: mt in tch b mt
: hng s in mi ca mi trng
0: b dy lp in kp
in th bin i tuyn tnh theo b dy ca lp in kp - xem hnh IV.2b.
+
+
+
+
cht +
rn +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
a
Hnh IV.2: a. lp in kp Hemhn

b. in th b mt Hemhn
d
Hnh IV.3: S bin i th b mt theo
khong cch (thuyt Guy Sepmen)
y l lp in kp n gin nht, tc gi b qua nhiu yu t tng tc v nhng

tnh cht khc nhau ca ion nh tnh sonvt, chuyn ng nhit Theo Hemhon th cc ion
tng khuch tn ca ht keo khng linh ng, v vy thuyt Hemhn v cu to lp in kp
khng gii thch c hin tng in ng h phn tn.
Thuyt Guy Sepmen (Gouy Chapman)
Theo thuyt Guy Sepmen th: lp in kp cu to khuch tn thng gi tt l lp
in kp khuch tn, do cc ion i khng ch tng tc tnh in vi b mt rn m cn tham
gia chuyn ng nhit.
T b mt rn vo dung dch mt ion gim dn, in th b mt bin i khng
tuyn tnh theo b dy ca lp in kp m bin i theo hm m - xem hnh IV.3. Cc tc gi
tnh ton v mt in tch ca dung dch, v s bin i ca in th b mt trong
dung dch theo khong cch xv kho st s bin i in th b mt trong tng khuch tn
ca lp in kp:
S phn b ion theo phng trnh Bonzman (Boltzmann):
A
(IV.2)
Ci = Ci 0 exp - i
RT
Ci: nng ion (mol.l-1) v tr x tnh t b mt rn tch in
Ci0: nng ion (mol.l-1) v tr x = ngha l trong th tch dung dch
42
Ai: cng vn chuyn 1mol ion i t v tr x = n v tr x, y in th b mt l

Guy Sepmen coi Ai ch l cng ca lc tnh in
Ai=ziF
zi: in tch ion i k c du
F: s Faraay
Qua cc cng thc IV.2 v IV.3 suy ra:
(IV.3)
z F
Ci = Ci 0 exp i
(IV.4)
RT
v tnh c mt in tch () ca dung dch ti x (tnh bng tng i s in tch ca cc
cation v anion:
z i F
RT
Theo phng trnh Poaxng (Poisson):
= z i Ci F = F zi Ci 0 exp
2 =
(IV.5)
(IV.6)
y 2 l ton t Laplat (Laplace). Coi nh b mt rn phng v in th b mt thay i

ch theo trc x th:
4
4
z F
F z i Ci 0 exp - i
=
=
(IV.7)
x
RT
T Guy v Sepmen thit lp c quan h ca in th b mt vi khong
cch x hoc cng thc v in th b mt ca lp in kp nh sau:
= 0 .e
x
d
(IV.8)
: in th b mt ti x tnh t b mt rn
0: in th b mt Hemhon.
d: b dy lp in kp (ln hn b dy lp in kp Hemhon).
khi dung dch ch c cht in ly tr(2) .
Bin lun cng thc IV.1:
- B dy lp in kp s l 0 khi x 0, th =0
- B dy lp in kp x=d th =0/e
- Khi x- th = 0.
Chng ta nhn thy: lp in kp kiu Hemhn ch l mt trng hp c bit ca
lp in kp Guy Sepmen.
(2) Trong thnh phn cht in ly tr khng cha ion c th xy dng li tinh th ca b mt rn.
43
e
(3)
(2)
(1)
x
d3
d2
d1
Hnh IV.4. S bin i b dy lp in kp (di) theo lu ion ca dung dch (i).

Cc ng cong (1),(2) v (3) ng vi 1<2<3
Nhit ng hc chng t rng b dy lp in kp (d) t l nghch vi lc ion ca
dung dch ():
k
(IV.9)
d=
1
Ci zi2
2
(IV.10)
y: l lc ion ca dung dch, k l hng s ph thuc nhit v hng s in mi

ca mi trng. i vi nc nhit thng (250C), cc cht in ly ho tr 1-1 th k = 3, cc
ho tr cao hn th k nh hn.
Vy lc ion ca dung dch cng ln th b dy lp in kp cng nh, ngc li
cng nh th d cng rng - xem hnh IV.4, tt nhin khi d > 0 th lp in kp Guy - Sepmen
s tr thnh lp in kp Hemhn. Nhng mi im m xi = di , in th b mt khng
bng 0, c th = 0/e, l im khc nhau c bn gia thuyt Guy Sepmen v thuyt
Hemhn v cu to lp in kp.
Theo thuyt Guy Sepmen th trong dung dch c mt lp mng gn kt cht vi b
rn ca mt ht phn tn mang in hoc ht c b mt trt (v d: b mt tip xc ca ion
keo vi mi trng). v pha ngoi l lp dung mi (c cha cc ion ca tng khuch tn) rt
linh ng. Chuyn ng ca ht trong cht lng l s dch chuyn (trt) tng i so vi
lp dung mi linh ng.
Thuyt Guy - Sepmen l s m rng thuyt Hemhn, tng i ph hp vi cc dung
dch keo long. Mt nhc im ca thuyt Guy - Sepmen l khng gii thch c cc
trng hp i du in tch ca b mt ht trong dung dch in ly.
44
(1)
e
0
d
'0
d'
e
(2)
-0
Hnh IV.5: S bin i th b mt:
(1) ca lp Guy Sepmen
(2) ca lp Stc
Thuyt Stc.
Tc gi b sung thm cho thuyt Guy v Sepmen rng: b mt trt ca ht phn
tn ngoi lc ht tnh in, cc ion i cn c th c lc hp ph (lc tng tc phn t) vi
b mt rn. Trn c s nghin cu hin tng i du in tch b mt trong dung dch
cht in ly.
Chng hn khi b mt rn tch in dng th tng i ca n l cc ion m, b dy
lp in kp l d. Nu trong dung dch c nhng ion m ho tr cao nh SO42-, PO43- th lc
ion ca dung dch tng c th rt ln v d 0 th mt lp in kp th 2 xut hin, c b dy
lp l d. Du in tch v in th b mt i t dng thnh m - xem hnh IV.5.
Cc ion ho tr cng cao th ni chung cng km hydrrat ho, chng tng tc tnh
in mnh hn vi b mt rn v c th b hp ph (bi lc tng tc phn t), dn n s
qu in tch, do c hin tng i du in tch b mt rn. Lp in kp th 1 l lp
in kp Guy - Sepmen, lp in kp th 2 c gi l lp in kp Stc.
Lp in kp Stc l s m rng lp in kp khuch tn Guy - Sepmen cho trng
hp i du in tch b mt trong dung dch in ly. Trng hp ny t xy ra, thng ch
xut hin cc dung dch c lc ion ln v nhiu ion ho tr cao. Ion hu c ho tr thp
cng rt d b hp ph nn n c th gy ra hin tng i du in tch cc b mt.
2. in th b mt ca ht keo.
Gm th nhit ng v th in ng
Th nhit ng
Th nhit ng xut hin b mt ca nhn keo v mi trng. in th ny tng
t in th in cc, l bc nhy th gia hai pha l kim loi (pha rn) v dung dch
45
in ly (pha lng). Nguyn nhn hnh thnh in th tng t nh in cc, do nhng yu

t nhit ng gy nn.
Ni chung th nhit ng khng ph thuc b dy tng khuch tn, ch yu ph thuc
hot ion quyt nh th c trong dung dch. S thay i nng cht in ly (khng cha
ion quyt nh th hoc cht in ly tr) hu nh khng lm thay i th . Th nhit ng t
nh hng n tnh cht h
Th in ng
Th in ng (dzta) xut hin ranh gii gia tng hp ph v tng khuch tn
hoc lp in kp ca b mt ht keo. Lp in kp y gm tng hp ph tng i n
nh gn cht vi nhn keo v tng khuch tn rt linh ng. Ion keo v tng khuch tn c
chuyn ng trt tng i vi nhau. l s chuyn ng trt ca 2 lp in tch do tnh
ng hc phn t , lm xut hin th .
Th in ng t l thun vi mt in tch b mt ht v b dy tng khuch tn
ca ht keo:
= k.
(IV.11)
y: k l hng s ph thuc mt in tch b mt ht keo, :b dy tng khuch
tn ca ht keo.
Lp in kp ca b mt ht keo c cu to tng t lp in kp khuch tn ca
thuyt Guy - Sepmen, nn th cng t l nghch vi lc ion ca dung dch:
k'
(IV.12)
1
Ci z i2
k: hng s ph thuc nhit , hng s in mi ca mi trng.

Nng cc ion (Ci) cng ln, ho tr (zi) ca chng cng cao, th lc ion ca dung
dch cng ln, tng khuch tn cng b nn li lm cho b dy lp in kp cng nh. Ngc
li nng cc ion cng nh, ha tr ca chng cng nh th b dy ca lp in kp cng
rng, nn th in ng cng ln - xem hnh IV.6.
1
3
2
(3)
(2)
(1)
x
d3
d2
d1
Hnh IV.6. S ph thuc ca in th vo b dy lp in kp (hoc vo lc ion

: cc ng cong (1), (2), (3) ng vi 3>2>1)
46
Do , th in ng c ngha ln n tnh bn ca mt h phn tn, v in th

quyt nh tnh chuyn ng, tnh phn tn ca ht. Khi c th ln , c lc y ln gia cc
ht, tnh chuyn ng, tnh phn tn ca chng tng ln.
3. Xc nh th in ng.
Cc phng php xc nh in th da trn c s hin tng in ng ca cc h
keo nh in di, in thm
Trong phng php in di, th xc nh theo cng thc:
4 v
u
(IV.13)
Trong v l tc in di hoc tc in thm:

v=
h
t
(IV.14)
T cc cng thc IV.6 v IV.7 suy ra:

4 h
(IV.15)
(n v CGS)
.
u
t
h(cm): cao ct nc dng ln trong mao qun
t(s): thi gian in di
(poa): nht ca dung mi
: hng s in mi
u(v.cm-1): cng in trng hay gradien in th trong in di.
Chuyn h n v CGS ra von(volt) chng ta c cng thc:
4 h
. .( 300 ) 2
u t
(IV.16)
V d: in di h keo Fe(OH)3 trong nc thc hin hiu s in th gia 2 in cc

l 30cm ht 20pht, ct nc dng ln trong mao qun l 24mm. Hy tnh th in ng ca
ht keo?
H2O = 81
Cho bit: H 2O = 0,01 poa,
Gii:
u=
150
= 3v.cm 1 , h = 2,4cm, t = 20 x60 = 1200s.
30
p dng cng thc IV.16:
4 3,1416 0,01 2,4

.
.(300) 2 = 55,8mV
81 5
1200
Vic s dng cng thc IV.8 tun theo mt s iu kin:

- B dy ca lp in kp phi rt nh so vi kch thc ht.
- Ht khng dn in.
47
IV. Hp ph trao i ion.

1. Khi nim.
S hp ph trao i ion l s trao i ion tng khuch tn ca ht keo vi ion cng
du trong dung dch.
K hiu: XA- v XM+ l cc ht keo , A- v M+l cc ion trao i trong dung dch,
chng ta m t s hp ph trao i ion gia chng bng cc s phn ng sau:
XM + + M + ' XM + ' + M +
(a)
XA + A ' XA ' + A
(b)
Vy keo m c kh nng hp ph trao i cation, keo dng c kh nng hp ph trao

i amion, keo lng tnh l c kh nng trao i c cation v anion.
c im:
- Hp ph trao i ion c tnh cht mt phn ng thun nghch. S chuyn dch cc
cn bng (a) v (b) ph thuc nhiu yu t nh nng , ho tr, bn knh hyhat ca ion, nhit
. C th vn dng nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng gii thch chiu hng ca s trao
i.
V d: cc cation Ca2+ v Na+ cng c cu hnh electron ca v kh him, nhng ion
Ca2+ c ho tr cao hn nn trng thi cn bng hp ph trao i:
(c)
X2Na+ + Ca2+ XCa2+ + 2Na+
rt d chuyn dch theo chiu thun (y l mt c s ca bin php thm vi ci to t
mn thnh t c nhiu Ca2+ thch hp cho cy trng). Hin tng trn chng t tnh trao i
hp ph ca Ca2+mnh hn Na+. Trng hp cation trao i trong dung dch, nh M+ trong
cn bng (a), l cc cation kim loi kim th th tnh trao i hp ph ca chng tng dn nh
sau: Mg2+; Ca2+; Sr2+; Ba2+, do bn knh hydrt ca ion gim dn, nn cng in trng
ca chng tng dn.
- Quan h cht ch vi pH mi trng: Do linh ln nn cc ion H+ v OH-c u
tin trong qu trnh hp ph trao i:
XM + + H + XH + + M +
(d)
XA + OH XOH + A
(e)
S chuyn dch cc cn bng (d) v (e) u lm thay i pH ca h. V vy ni chung

s hp ph trao i ion ph thuc pH nhng cng lm bin i pH mi trng. Hin tng
trn lun xy ra i vi keo lng tnh:
M-+
A
A-
+ H+
H-+
A
A-
+ M+
C th iu chnh mi trng n 1 gi tr pH sao cho s trao i cation v amion ca

keo lng tnh bng nhau. in tch b mt ht keo lc ny c trung ho, gi tr pH gi
l im ng in ca keo. V d: im ng in ca keo Al(OH)3 l pH = 8,1; ca Fe(OH)3
l pH = 7,1.
nhng gi tr pH thp hn im ng in, b mt ht tch in dng, nn keo
lng tnh u tin trao i anion, s trao i cation b hn ch. nhng gi tr pH cao hn
48
im ng in, b mt ht mang in m, nn keo lng tnh u tin trao i cation, s trao

i anion b hn ch.
2. Nha trao i.
Cc cht ch c kh nng trao i cation c gi l cationit, cc cht ch c kh nng
trao i anion c gi anionit, cc cht c kh nng trao i c cation v anion c gi l
cht trao i lng tnh hoc ionit lng tnh. Tn gi chung cc loi cht l ionit. Ionit
cng c trong t nhin nh khong alumosilicat, cc polyme hu c ion ha trong t
Ngy nay ionit thng c tng hp di dng nha tng hp hoc nha trao i.
l cc polyme hu c (tng hp t nhng monome) cu to mng khng gian; cha nhiu
nhm chc sinh ion, nn thuc loi cht in ly cao phn t. u im ca nha trao i:
thnh phn n gin nh trc c, khng tan trong nc, c tnh bn c hc, bn ho hc
v c dung lng trao i cao.
Dung lng trao i tnh bng s mili ng lng gam ion b tch khi 1g ionit kh.
l mt thng s c trng quan trng cho cht trao i ion, do n cho bit s nhm chc
ti a m ionit c.
Nha cationt thng cha cc nhm hot ng l nhm sunfonic SO3H, nhm
cacboxilic COOH, nhm OH (phenol)
Nha anionit thng cha cc nhm hot ng l nhm amin bc mt NH2, nhm
amin bc hai = NH, nhm amin bc ba N
Nha ionit lng tnh bao gm c 2 loi nhm chc trn, n thuc loi polyme a
in tch.
Gc hydrocacbon trong cc loi nha trao i c th l mnh h, mch vng thm.
Cc loi nha trao i khng ch tch c cc cation v anion v c, m c cc hp cht hu
c phn cc hoc ion ho.
Nha trao i c dng nhiu trong phn tch sc k tch cc nguyn t t him
tch cc sn phm trong phn hu phng x, tch cc axit amin, cc hp cht hu c c hot
tnh sinh hc , cc vitamin Trong i sng nha trao i s dng kh mui cng,
tch cc cht c hi sinh hc ra khi nc thi.
3. Nhit ng hc v hp ph trao i ion
Theo nhit ng hc th hp ph trao i ion l mt phn ng ha hc. S trao i ion
gia ionit XM1 vi M2 trong dung dch, c m t bng phn ng sau:
XM 1 + M 2 XM 2 + M 1
(G1 ) (C 2 ) (G 2 ) (C1 )
y: G1 v G2 l hp ph ca ionit i vi ion M1 v vi ion M2 , C1 v C2 l cc
nng ca ion M1 v ca ion M2 trong dung dch.
Biu thc quan h gia hp th (G) ca ionit vi nng ion trao i (C) trong
dung dch khi phn ng trng thi cn bng v ho tr (z) cc ion , c thit lp, c
th gi l phng trnh hp ph trao i:
G1
z1
C1
z1
(IV.9)
=K 1
1
G2 z 2
C 2 z2
z1 v z2 l ho tr ln lt ca M1 v M2
K l hng s cn bng i vi 1 ionit xc nh v 1 dung dch xc nh (v ion trao i
v nng ca n) mt nhit khng i.
49
Thng gi K l h s chn lc, n cho thy s khc nhau tng i v i lc ho hc

ca cc ion M2 v M1 i vi ionit. Tnh trao i hp ph ca ion trao i trong dung dch
cng mnh th h s chn lc cng ln.
Phng trnh (IV.9) p dng vi dung dch long v ion trao i trong dung dch
khng to thnh phc cht vi nhm chc ca ionit. Phng trnh IV.9 l mt dng ca
phng trnh Nicnski (Nikolski)
Hin nay ngi ta hay dng cationit kh nc cng, v d nc cha nhiu ion
2+
Ca . C s ca phng php l phn ng (c), do ion Ca2+ c kh nng trao i hp ph mnh
hn so vi ion Na+. Sau qu trnh c th phc hi cationit ban u theo phn ng:
XCa2+ + 2Na+ X2Na+ + Ca2+
bng dung dch NaCl m c.
50
1. Phn bit cc hin tng in di v in thm.

2. Cu to ca ht keo ght lu? c im cu to tng khuch tn ca ht keo? V s
cu to ht keo AgI, iu ch t AgNO3 v KI (cc trng hp d AgNO3 v d KI), ht keo
Fe(OH)3 t s phn tn h th Fe(OH)3 bng FeCl3 v s thu phn FeCl3 trong nc si.
3. c im cu to lp in kp theo thuyt Helmholtz v thuyt Gouy Chapman? Cng
thc tnh in th b mt theo thuyt Gouy Chapman? nh hng ca lc ion n in th
b mt.
4. Hin tng i du in tch v in th b mt theo thuyt Stec?
5. Cc in th ca b mt ht keo? nh hng ca lc ion n th in ng v nh hng
ca th in ng n tnh bn ca h keo?
6. Cng thc tnh th in ng ca ht keo theo phng php in di?
7. S hp ph trao i v c im? Keo lng tnh v im ng in ca keo lng tnh?
8. Phn bit: cationit, anionit, iont? c im cu to v tnh cht cc loi nha trao i?
Dung lng trao i? ngha?
9. Quan h gia hp ph vi nng v ho tr ca ion trong h khi c cn bng hp ph
trao i ion (theo nhit ng hc)? ngha ca h s chn lc.
10. Vit cng thc cu to ht keo to thnh sau khi trn 100ml dung dch AgNO3 0,001M
vi.
a/ 80ml dung dch KI 0,0015M
b/ 80ml dung dch KI 0,001M
11. in thm thu ca h keo Fe(OH)3 tin hnh vi hiu s in th gia 2 in cc l
175V, khong cch gia 2 in cc l 34cm. Cc ht keo chuyn v cc m c mt on
28mm ht 26 pht 16 giy.
a/ Tnh th in ng ca ht keo? Bit: H 2 0 = 81, H 2 0 = 0,01 poa
b/ Cho bit du in tch ca ht keo?
Tr li: 48mV.
12. Th in ng ca ht keo theo in di l 50mV, gradien in th s dng l 6Vcm-1.
Tnh tc ca hin tng in di? Bit: H 2 0 = 81, H 2 0 = 0,01 poa
Tr li: 0,00215cm.s-1
51
CHNG V
TNH BN CA CC H KEO V S KEO T
Tnh bn v tnh keo t hoc tnh ng t l nhng tnh cht c bn ca cc h keo.

Cc tnh cht gn lin vi tnh siu vi d th v tnh cht ca b mt cc ht, t mi lin h
gia b mt ht keo vi mi trng v vi cc yu t bn ngoi khc.
Cn thit phi hiu c yu t ch yu quyt nh tnh bn, nguyn tc keo t, c ch
tc dng ca cc yu t lm bn hoc gy ng t Nghin cu cc tnh cht gip chng
ta iu khin h s dng h c hiu qu.
I. Tnh bn ca cc h keo.
1. L thuyt v tnh bn.
Tnh bn ca h phn tn gn lin vi tnh phn tn ca h. Thi gian m ht phn b
ng u trong h cng di th tnh bn ca h cng cao.
Tri vi tnh bn l tnh keo t hoc ng t l tnh kt dnh, tnh tp hp ng vn
v sa lng. Khi xy ra keo t l lc tnh bn ca h bin mt, tnh phn tn khng cn. Kt qu
l dung dch keo tch thnh 2 pha r rt: pha keo t ch gm cc ht ca cht phn tn v pha
lng ch gm mi trng phn tn.
2. Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc
Cn c vo tnh phn tn v tnh kt dnh, tnh bn ca h c 2 loi l tnh bn ng
hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc.
Tnh bn ng hc hay tnh bn phn b: l kh nng chng li s sa lng ca ht.
Cc ht keo c chuyn ng nhit, tnh cht ny chng li s sa lng ca ht. K hiu
l i lng c trng cho tnh bn phn b, th t l nghch vi tc sa lng ca ht
(xem cng thc I.6):
1
v
= =
k h
=
r2 t
(V.1)
v: tc sa lng
r: bn knh ht phn tn
h: cao m ht sa lng c trong thi gian t
k: hng s i s mt h phn tn xc nh, nhit khng i
Vy:
- Tnh bn ng hc t l nghch vi kch thc ht phn tn. Kch thc ht cng ln,
tnh bn ng hc ca ht cng nh.
- Tnh bn ng hc cho bit thi gian sa lng () ca ht. l thi gian ht sa
lng c 1cm. Thi gian sa lng cng di th tnh bn ng hc cng cao xem bng V.1.
Bng V.1: Thi gian sa lng ca cc ht SiO2 (khi lng ring 2,7gcm-3) trong nc
(=0,0115poa, khi lng ring 1g.cm-3).
Bn knh ht r (cm)
Tc sa lng (cm. s-1)
Thi gian sa lng
10-3
3,2. 10-2
31 giy
10-5
3,2. 10-4
52 phht
10-5
3,2. 10-6
86,6 gi
10-6
3,2. 10-8
360 ngy
10-7
3,2. 10-10
Hng chc nm
52
Tnh bn nhit ng hc hay tnh bn tp hp: L kh nng chng li s tp hp ca

ht.
Cc ht phn tn c khuynh hng kt dnh nhm gim nng lng b mt ca h. Do
tnh bn tp hp gn lin vi tnh cht b mt ca ht. Cc yu t tng cng kh nng
chng li s kt dnh u c tc dng lm tng tnh bn cho h.
Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc mu thun vi nhau: kch thc cc ht
cng nh th tnh bn ng hc cng ln nhng tnh bn nhit ng hc ca h cng km.
V mt ng hc cc h keo ght lu tng i c tnh bn sa lng (hoc tnh bn
ng hc), nhng v mt nhit ng th cc h c tnh bn tp hp rt thp. Cc h keo a lu
c tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc cao.
3. Th ht, th y gia cc ht.
Thc t khng phi ch c kch thc ht l yu t quyt nh kh nng phn tn ca
ht m trng thi b mt cc ht c vai tr ln n tnh bn ca h. Trong trng thi in
tch b mt, in th b mt c ngha rt ln n s tng tc gia cc ht.
Th ht v th y gia cc ht lm cho tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc
tuy mu thun nhng c nhiu im thng nht, bi v sm mun th cc ht u sa lng.
Tng quan gia th ht v th y cho php nh gi trng thi ca h.
(2)
T
(3)
d
2d
(1)
h
Hnh V.1: ng cong th ht (1), th y (2)
v th tng hp (3) bin i theo
khong cch gia cc ht (l)
Th ht .
Mt cch gn ng ngi ta coi th ht h ca 1 ht keo l tng lc ht ca cc phn
t to nn ht. Do th ht gia cc ht c du m, c lp vi cht in ly ca mi trng.
Th ht xut hin ngay t khi cc ht cn xa nhau (trong 1 phm vi xc nh) tng dn theo
hm lu tha ca khong cch l gia 2 ht:
A
h = n
(V.2)
l
y A l hng s ca th ht, n l cc s nguyn dng chng hn khi l = 10-4 th n
= 2, khi l t 4.10-4 n 5.10-4cm th n = 3, khi l tng ln na th n = 6.
Th y.
Khi cc ht keo mang in cng du s y nhau c bn cht ca lc Culng. Th y
c du dng, xut hin khi cc ht gn nhau, c bit khi c s chm ln nhau ca 2 lp in
kp (trong tng khuch tn). Th y ph thuc vo in th b mt o ca ht (trong
53
c th in ng), vo lc ion ca dung dch v gim theo hm m ca khong cch gia

cc ht:
r
2
2
0
ln( 1 + e
l
d
(V.3)
y: r l bn knh ca ht, d l b dy lp in kp, l l khong cch tnh t tm gia 2 ht.

Trng thi phn tn hay ng t gia cc ht l s phn nh quan h gia th h v th
y c din t bi th tng hp T ca 2 th nu trn:
(V.4)
T = h +
Th tng hp c to nn bng cch ly tng hnh hc ca cc tung ti mi gi tr
ca honh .
iu quan trng l khong cch gia 2 ht c b dy lp in kp (d) th th tng
hp t gi tr cc i v dng, ngha l ti T c bc nhy (tng t hng ro nng
lng ca phn ng ho hc). Nu cc ht gn nhau hn (l<d) th th tng hp gim xung v
s keo t xy ra, nhng nu chng khng n gn nhau (l > d) th khng xy ra s keo t v
h trng thi bn.
Cng thc V.3 cho thy: nu th b mt 0 cng ln th cc i ca T cng cao,
lc y chim u th, ht cng t c kh nng kt dnh hoc tp hp vi nhau.
mt iu kin xc nh, in th (trong b mt 0) cng ln th th y cng
ln, th ht h khng i, th th tng hp cng ln, tnh tp hp v sa lng ca ht cng km,
tnh bn ca h keo cng tng.
Khi nim v lc ht phn t v lc y tnh in l c s l thuyt v s bn vng v
s keo t cc h keo.
Thc t mc a nc v trng thi cu trc c hc b mt ht nh hng nhiu
n tnh bn ca h. Tnh a dung mi c vai tr quyt nh i vi tnh bn ca cc dung
dch cao phn t (h a lu), cn tnh khng ng nht b mt c nhiu im g g, li
lm) cng d to nn c hi kt dnh v ho l hoc c hc gia chng. Cc yu t ny c
vai tr ln trong s to cu th ca h. B mt ht mang in (c trng bng in th ) c
vai tr ch yu quyt nh tnh bn ca h keo ght lu.
II. S keo t
Khi cc yu t lm bn khng c hoc b mt i, h keo b keo t. Cc h keo c th
keo t di tc dng ca nhiu yu t nh: thi gian, thay i nng ht phn tn, thay i
nhit , tc dng c hc, cht in ly y ch nghin cu s keo t bng cht in ly, v
iu c ngha l thuyt v thc t quan trng.
1. Keo t keo ght lu bng cht in ly.
i vi mt h keo xc nh (kch thc ht, khong cch gia cc ht) nhit
khng i th lc ht khng i, nu thay i lc ion ca dung dch s lm thay i b dy lp
in kp, thay i th in ng , s thay i lc y ca ht, nh hng trc tip n tnh
bn ca h.
Nguyn tc
Khi tng nng hoc ho tr ca ion trong dung dch, s lm gim b dy lp in
kp, lm gim in th ca ht. Khi th in ng gim n cc tiu(3) hoc khi 0 th lc
(3)
: Thng thng khi th in ng khong 30mV th keo bt u ng t.
54
y ca ht gim n cc tiu, lc ht tri trn s keo t s xy ra. Cc ht s sa lng c

thn, nhng thng kt dnh, tp hp li v sa lng.
Cc quy tc keo t bng cht in ly.
- Ion gy keo t c in tch ngc du vi ion keo.
- Ngng keo t t l nghch vi ho tr ca ion gy keo t.
Ngng keo t (Cn) ca cht in ly i vi s keo t l nng ti thiu ca cht
in ly cn c trong h keo hin tng keo t bt u xut hin:
Cn =
C .V
Vk + V
(V.5)
C: nng (mol/l, mmol/l) dung dch in ly

Vk v V: cc th tch h keo v th tch dung dch in ly
V d: bt u xy ra keo t 100ml h keo As2S3 cn 42,86ml dung dch NaNO3
1M hoc 20ml dung dch MgCl2 0,15M. Tnh ngng keo t mi trng hp?
Gii:
p dng cng thc V.5.
Ngng keo t ca NaNO3:
1 42,86
Cn =
= 0,3mol.l 1 = 300mM .l 1
100 + 42,86
Ngng keo t ca MgCl2:
0,15 20
Cn =
= 0,25mol.l 1 = 25mM .l 1
100 + 20
Quy tc Sundze Hacdi (Schulze Hardy): Ngng keo t t l nghch vi ho tr lu
tha 6 ca ion gy keo t:
k
Cn = 6
(V.6)
zi
k: hng s
zi : ho tr ion gy keo t
Nu gi ngng keo t ca cc ion ho tr I, II, III ln lt l C(I), C(II), C(III) th quan
h gia chng l:
1
1
C ( I ) : C ( II ) : C ( III ) = 1 : 6 : 6 = 1 : 0 , 016 : 0 , 0013
2
3
= 769 : 12 : 1
Ngha l theo quy tc : tc ng gy keo t ca ion ha tr III mnh hn hng chc

ln ion ho tr II v hng trm ln so vi ion ho tr I.
55
Bng V.2: Ngng keo t Cn i vi keo m As2S3 bi cc cation v vi keo

dng Fe(OH)3 bi cc anion.
Cn (mM.l-1)
Cht in ly
LiCl
NaCl
KCl
KNO3
i vi keo As2S3
Cn
58
51
49,5
50
MgCl2
MgSO4
CaCl2
BaCl2
0,72
0,81
0,65
0,69
AlCl3
Al(NO3)3
1
Al2(SO4)3
2
Ce(NO3)3
0,093
0,095
0,096
Cn
trung bnh
52
0,72
Cn (mM.l-1)
Cht in ly
i vi keo Fe(OH)3
Cn
NaCl
KCl
1
BaCl2
2
KBr
KI
16,00
K2SO4
MnSO4
K2Cr2O7
0,205
0,22
0,195
Cn
trung bnh
9,25
9,00
9,65
11,3
12,50
1,207
0,091
0,08
i vi ion gy keo t cng ho tr, ion no hydrat ho cng mnh (bn knh hydrat
cng ln) cng in trng ca n cng nh, tc dng gy keo t ca n cng km. i
vi cc ion kim loi kim, tc dng gy keo t ca chng tng dn nh sau:
Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+
do bn knh hydrat ca ion gim dn theo dy .
V d: cc h keo m As2S3, AgI b keo t bi cc ion Na+; Ca2+; Al3+;, v cc h
keo dng Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 b keo t bi cc ion Cl-; SO42-; ngng keo t ca cc ion
Na+; Ca2+; Al3+; i vi keo m As2S3, AgI v ca cc ion Cl-; SO42-;i vi keo dng
Fe(OH)3 , Al(OH)3 c nu bng V.2 v bng V.3.
Cc quy tc trn ch ph hp vi cc ion v c khng phn ng ho hc vi ht keo,
cn cc ion hu c khng thuc cc quy tc trn. i vi h keo ca cng mt cht phn tn
nhng khc nhau v nng , v cch iu ch th ngng keo t c th khc nhau. Cn c
chun ho khng ch nng , kch thc ht, cp ht m c cch thm dn dung dch in
ly gy keo t, tc khuy; lc, th gi tr Cn mi n nh.
56
Bng V.3: ngng keo t Cn i vi keo m AgI bi cc cation

v i vi keo dng Al(OH)3 bi cc anion
Cn (mM.l-1)
i vi keo AgI
Cn
Cn
trung bnh
LiNO3
Na NO3
K NO3
165
140
136
147
Mg(NO3)2
CaCl2
Ba(NO3)2
2,6
2,4
2,26
Al(NO3)3
Ce(NO3)3
0,067
Cht in ly
0,064
Cn (mM.l-1)
i vi keo Al(OH)3
Cn
Cn
trung bnh
NaCl
KCl
43,5
46
45
2,42
K2SO4
K2Cr2O7
K2CrO4
0,3
0,63
0,69
0,51
0.068
K3[Fe(CN)6]
K4[Fe(CN)6]
0,08
0,053
0,08
0,053
Cht in ly
2. Hin tng bt thng khi keo t bng cht in ly.

Thng thng th s keo t xy ra nh sau: tng nng cht in ly n ngng keo
t th s keo t bt u xy ra. Tip tc tng nng cht in ly th s keo t cng tip tc
cho ti khi keo t hon ton. iu thng xy ra khi keo t bng cc ion ha tr thp.
Khi lm ng t keo bng cht in ly cha ion gy keo t ha tr cao (v d: Al3+,
Fe3+) c th gp mt hin tng khc nh sau: sau khi lm keo t hon ton, nu tip tc
thm cht in ly vo th cc ht keo vn ng t s li phn tn, tr thnh mt h keo mi
m ht c in tch ngc du vi ht keo ban u. Nu li tip tc thm cht in ly vo th
h keo mi li ng t. Hin tng gi l s keo t bt thng: cc vng keo t xen k vi
cc vng phn tn (trng thi bn).
V d s keo t son m Pt bng s tng dn nng FeCl3 c th din ra nh sau
xem bng V.4:
Khi thm 0,0835mmol FeCl3 vo 1 lt son m Pt th keo t hon ton, nhng tng nng
FeCl3 n 0,3333mmol.l-1 v ln hn na th phn keo t li phn tn thnh son mi vi
ht keo dng Pt, ngha l ht keo i du. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau: son m Pt
b trung ha in (bi ion gy keo t Fe3+) to ra vng keo t th 1, sau ht y hp ph
c bit i v ion Fe3+ d thnh ht mang in dng, in th li tng, ht keo c
phn tn tr li v ion gy keo t by gi l ion Cl-. S tip tc thm FeCl3 ti nng
16,33mmol.l-1 lm cho keo dng Pt li ng t ln th 2 (bi ion Cl-).
57
Bng V.4: S keo t ca son m Pt bng FeCl3.

Nng FeCl3 (mM.l-1)
0,0208
0,0557
0,0835
0,2222
0,3333
6,667
16,33
S keo t
khng keo t
khng keo t
keo t hon ton
keo t hon ton
khng keo t
khng keo t
keo t hon ton
Du in tch ht keo
m
m
khng tch in
khng tch in
dng
dng
khng tch in
Cc ion ha tr thp t thy c trng hp gy nn s keo t bt thng, v kh nng b

hp ph c bit ca chng kh xy ra.
3. S keo t keo ght lu bng hn hp cht in ly.
V nguyn tc chung, th s keo t y cng theo cc quy tc trn, nhng hin tng
xy ra phc tp hn. Ngoi tc dng tng h gia hat keo v ion gy keo t cn c tng tc
gia cc cht in ly vi nhau.
i vi mt h keo xc nh, mi cht in ly gy keo t c mt ngng keo t ring
bit. Nu dng hn hp ca cc cht in ly gy keo t th c 3 trng hp khc nhau v
ngng keo t tng hp nh sau:
Tc dng cng tnh ca cc ion gy keo t.
y cc ion gy keo t c lp vi nhau, khng nh hng ln nhau. l cc ion
ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau (v in tch, v bn knh hydrat ca ion) nh: Na+ vi K+,
Mg2+ v Ca2+, Cl- v Br- Do ngng keo t tng hp Cn bng tng cc ngng keo t Ci
ca mi cht in ly vi t l s dng trong t hp:
1
1
1
2
Cn = C1 + C2 = C1 + C2 = ....
2
2
3
3
C1v C2: ngng t ca cht in ly 1 v 2 khi gy keo t ring.
Tc dng gim kh nng gy keo t ca cc ion.
y s gp cc ion gy keo t c tnh cht khc nhau (v ho tr, v bn knh
hydrat), chng lm yu kh nng gy ng t keo hay chng i khng nhau. V d: s i
khng gia Li+ v Mg2+, gia Li+ v Ba2+. Do ngng keo t tng hp Cn ln hn ngng
keo t Ci ca mi cht in ly vi t l s dng trong hn hp.
1
1
1
2
C n > C1 + C 2 ;
C n > C1 + C 2 ...
2
2
3
3
V d: gy keo t keo m As2S3 ngi ta c ngng keo t ca LiCl l C1, ca
BaCl2 l C2, ca MgCl2 l C3. Nu trn LiCl v BaCl2 cng gy keo t keo m As2S3, hay trn
LiCl v MgCl2 cng lm keo t keo , th ngng keo t tng hp Cn trong trng hp th
nht v Cn trong trng hp th 2 l:
1
1
C n = C1 + 1,3C 2 ,
C 'n = C1 + 2C3
4
4
Tc dng tng cng kh nng gy keo t ca cc cht in ly.
Trng hp ny t xy ra gia cc ion v c n gin, thng thy xut hin vi cc
ion phc, c bit l hp cht hu c a din tch c mch ln. C th tnh k nc ca gc
58
hydrocacbon ln v km phn cc gy nn hin tng ny. Cht t hp cht hu c tng

cng kh nng gy keo t cho cc ion v c, bng cch lm cho tnh k nc b mt ht
keo tng ln. Do ht keo d ng t. Ngng keo t tng hp Cn y nh hn tng cc
ngng keo ring vi t l dng trong t hp.
C2
(2)
(1)
C2
(3)
C1
C1
C1
C1
Hnh V.2: ngng keo t tng hp Cn i vi 2 cht

in ly gy keo t cng tnh (1), i khng (2) v tng
cng (3)
1
1
C1 + C 2 ...
2
2
C th thy ngng keo t tng hp Cn trong s keo t bng hn hp cc cht in ly
hnh V.2. Trc tung l ngng keo t ca cht in ly 2, trc honh l ngng keo t ca
cht in ly 1. Nu trn 2 cht in ly cng gy keo t i vi mt dung dch keo xc
nh, nu ly mt lng C2 c nh ca cht 2 trn vi cht 1 th:
- Trng hp cng tnh: Cn=C2+C1
- Trng hp i khng: Cn=C2+C1>Cn
- Trng hp tng cng: Cn=C2+C1<Cn
Khi ion gy keo t c ho tr cao hoc ion hot ng b mt c th gy ra s i du
in tch b mt ht keo, do i du in th , to nn cc vng bn, vng ng t xen k
nhau khi tng dn cht in ly gy keo t (l s keo t bt thng).
Cn <
4. S keo t tng h.
S keo t tng h y bao gm s keo t mt h keo bng mt h keo c in tch
tri du hoc mt h keo a lu hoc mt dung dch cht bn keo.
Hai keo tri du: trn 2 h keo c in tch tri du c th to nn s keo t. Chnh
tng tc tnh in gia chng lm cho 2 keo tri du tp hp v sa lng nhanh hn.
Chng hn trn keo dng Fe(OH)3 bn vi keo m As2S3 bn vi mt t l thch hp
th s keo t c 2 keo. Khi lng cha ca 1 trong 2 cht keo qu ln c th to nn s keo t
bt thng.
Nc ph sa (gm cc ht keo hoc ht th mang in m) c lm trong bi phn
nhm Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O (to ra ht keo dng). cng l s keo t tng h.
Gia keo a lu v keo ght lu
H keo ght lu km bn. H keo a lu bn
59
Nu cho mt lng keo a lu khng qu t vo keo ght lu th tnh bn ca keo ght

lu c tng cng. y cc ht keo ght lu hp ph cc ht a lu bao quanh n. Ht
ght lu c a lu ho, tnh bn ca n tng - xem hnh V.4.
Hp ph
n
Ht a lu
Ht ght lu
Ht ght lu c a lu
HnhV.3: S v c ch bo v keo ght lu bng keo a lu
Tc dng lm tng tnh bn cho keo ght lu bng keo a lu c gi l tc dng bo
v ca keo a lu. Nh hin tng trn m nhiu ht v c vn rt kh phn b trong c th
sinh vt (nh cc hp cht Fe3+, PO43-..) nh cc cht hu c (thng l protit) bo v m
chng xm nhp, phn b c trong c th sinh vt. Nhiu ht st, ht keo t cng
c cc hp cht hu c thch hp bo v khng b kt ta, m khng b phn tn trong
cc mi trng lng.
Tc dng bo v ca cht cao phn t l ch c a lu ngha l to iu kin cho
ht sonvt ha nhng cng c th gi cho th in ng cao hoc cn tr khng cho cc ht
li gn nhau n khong cch m lc ht tc dng mnh. Cui cng cng c th v chuyn
ng nhit ca cc phn t cht cao phn t ln v s y nhau gia chng mnh nn ht keo
kh li gn nhau. Do m h thm bn vng.
Keo c bo v c th sy kh v sau li c th ha tan vo dung mi c thnh
son.
n
+
Ht a lu
Hp ph
Ht ght lu
Ht a lu c ght lu ho
HnhV.4: S v c ch lm keo t nhy cm
Tri li khi lng keo a lu (cao phn t) qu t th n li thc y qu trnh keo t,

ngha l lm cho keo ght lu d ng t hn, l s keo t nhy cm. iu c gii
thch l: Ht a lu hp ph nhiu ht keo ght lu, thc y qu trnh tp hp cho cc ht
keo ght lu. y cc ht a lu b ght lu ho - xem hnh V.4, hin tng ng t xy ra
nhanh.
Hin tng keo v c trong t b ng vn ho rn, xut hin si trong thn ca c
th sng, l do thiu cht bo v cn thit.
Sau y l cc v d v tc dng bo v v tc dng keo t nhy cm.
V d 1: 10ml h keo Fe2O3 (ht keo c r = 10 5 cm, = 3,.6 g.cm 3 ) nng 1% theo
khi lng, b keo t bi 1 ml dung dch NaCl 10%. Nhng nu thm vo 1,5 mg albumin
( M = 35.400) th keo bn, khng ng t bi 1ml m phi hng chc ml NaCl 10%. Hy
60
gii thch? Bit rng albumin l keo a nc. Coi khi lng ring ca h keo Fe2O3 l
1g.cm-3.
Gii:
- Khi lng cht phn tn Fe2O3 l 0,1g
- Khi lng 1 ht keo Fe2O3:
4
m = (10 5 ) 3 .3,6 = 1,5.10 14 g
3
- S lng ht keo Fe203 trong 10 ml h keo :
0,1
n=
= 6,66.1012 ht
1,5 10 4
- S phn t (ht keo) albumin:
1,5.10 3 6,02.23 23
n' =
= 2,55.1016
35.400
- T s:
n' 2,55.1016
=
= 2,6.10 3
n 6,66.1012
Vy 1 ht keo hp ph khong 2500 phn t albumin, ngha l albumin bao bc
ht Fe2O3. Ht keo c bo v bn, kh b keo t.
V d 2: ly 1,5mg albumin trn pha thnh 1 lt dung dch albumin, cho 1 git (bng
1
ml) dung dch vo 10ml h ko Fe2031% (nh v d 1) th hin tng keo t xy ra
25
rt nhanh bi NaCl. Gii thch?
Gii:
- S phn t albumin trong 1 git dung dch:
1
1
2,55.1016
= 1,02.1012
1000 25
- Trong 10 ml h keo Fe203c 6,66.1012 ht keo
- T s:
S ht keo Fe203
6,66.1012
=
=6,5
S ht albumin
1,02.1012
Ngha l albumin to iu kin cho cc ht keo FeO3 tp hp, kt dnh vi nhau, do
s keo t xy ra d dng khi thm NaCl vo.
Gia keo u lu v cht bn keo.
Cht bn keo thuc loi cht hot ng b mt trong c cht hot ng b mt
anion nh C12H25S04Na v cht hot ng b mt anion nh C12H25(CH3)3NBr
Trong dung dch nc chng c kh nng in ly ra anion hot ng b mt, v d:
C12 H 25 S 0 4 Na
C12 H 25 S 0 4 + Na +
hoc cation hot ng b mt, v d:
C12 H 25 (CH3 ) 3 NBr

C12 H 25 (CH3 ) 3 N + + Br
61
Khi thm cht bn keo vo h keo ght lu th hin tng hp ph chn lc v nh

hng xy ra, ht ght lu hp ph cc cht hot ng b mt cation hoc anion tu theo in
tch ca ht l m hay dng. Hnh V.5 m t s v s hp ph ca ht keo dng i vi
anion hot ng b mt.
Khi nng cht hot ng b mt cn nh, s hp ph l n lp, tnh k nc ca
ht v c tng ln. Chng d kt dnh vi nhau, s keo t s xut hin, tng t s keo t
nhy cm ca keo ght lu i vi cht cao phn t (keo a lu). Nu th in ng gim t
ngt, th l lc ph =100%, tnh k nc ca b mt ht Fe2O3 tng n cc i, tnh
bn nhit ng hc ca n gim n cc tiu.
Sau khi to lp hp ph n phn t hon ton, nu tip tc tng nng cc cht
hot ng b mt th lp hp ph th hai xut hin v hon thin (ph thuc vo nng cht
hot ng b mt v iu kin hp ph). Ht i du in tch, in th tng dn, th y
ca ht tng dn, tnh bn ca h tng ln.
++
++ ++
+
++ ++
++
++
++ ++
+
++ ++
++
+ n
Ht k nc
Hp ph
Hnh V.5. S v s hp ph ca
ht keo (+) Fe2O3 i vi cc anion
C12H25SO4- :
a: Hp ph n lp (k nc ho)
b: Hp ph 2 lp (i du in)
++
++ ++
+
++ ++
++
Ht keo i in tch dng thnh m

Vy, hin tng keo t xy ra, c th b ph v, s phn tn tr li xut hin. S
i du in tch b mt y v hnh thc ging nh s i du in tch b mt theo thuyt
Stc.
Hin tng tng t cng xy ra gia ht keo m i vi cation hot ng b mt
5. ng hc ca s keo t bng cht in ly.
Thm dn cht in ly lm keo t vo h keo ri kho st s bin i ca tc keo t
ban u, bng cch m (nh knh siu hin vi) s thay i s ht trong 1 n v th tch ca
h sau khi thm cht in ly.
62
(1)
(3)
(2)
CA
CB
Hnh V.6: S bin i tc keo t (v) ban u theo nng cht in

ly (C):
Vng (1): vng keo bn vng (C<CA)
Vng (2): vng keo t chm (CA<C<CB)
Vng (3): vng keo t nhanh (C>CB)
(1).
Kt qu - xem hnh V.6, cho thy:

Vi nng cht in ly cn nh (C<CA) s keo t thc t cha xy ra. l vng
- Nng cht in ly tng t C>CA, tc keo t ban u tng dn. y cc va

chm gia cc ht keo gy kt dnh tng dn, s keo t xut hin r nt dn. l vng keo t
chm, vng (2).
- Tip tc tng nng cht in ly n C>CB, th tc keo t ban u ln v khng
i, mc d nng tip tc tng.
Chng ta c vng keo t nhanh, vng (3). y mi va chm l mt va chm c hiu
qu lm cho ht dnh vo nhau d ng t.
Nhiu tc gi dng thuyt ng hc phn t nghin cu v m t qu trnh trong
vng keo t nhanh nh sau:
Qu trnh keo t xy ra theo c ch ca phn ng 2 phn t.
Trong phn ng ha hc, phn t A (1 ht) tc dng vi phn t B (1 ht) to thnh
phn t mi AB (1 ht). y l c ch ng hc ph bin trong cc phn ng ho hc.
Trong s keo t nhanh cng xy ra s kt dnh tng t: ban u 2 ht n va chm
nhau to thnh ht kp i, ri cc ht kp ba, kp bn cng theo c ch phn ng 2 phn
t xem hnh V.7.
+
(a)
(b)
+
(c)
(d)
Hnh V.7: S to ht kp keo t

63
thi im t0=0, s ht n l n0. Sau thi gian m s ht n (n1), ht kp i (n2),

kp ba (n3), kp i (ni) Tng s ht trong h sau thi gian t l:
n=n1+ n2+n3+ ni+
Tt nhin l n<n0
S keo t nhanh tun theo phn ng 2 phn t nn c phng trnh tc nh sau:
v=
d n
= k ( n)2
dt
(V.7)
k: hng s tc , c trng cho xc xut va chm

Gii phng trnh:
d n
= kdt
( n) 2
vi iu kin t1 = 0 th tng s ht trong h bng n0 v t2=t th tng s ht trong h bng n,
s nhn c:
1
1
= kt
n n0
hay:
n0
n =
(V.8)
1 + kn0t
Phng trnh V.8 cho php xc nh: c bao nhiu ht cc loi tn ti trong h, sau cc
phn ng (a,b,c,d) xy ra trong khong thi gian t.
S dng thi gian l thigian bn keo t hoc thi gian keo t mt na, l khong
thi gian s ht ca h trong mt n v th tch ch cn mt na, ngha l khi:
n
n = 0
(V.9)
n
Thay t bng v phng trnh V.9, vo phng trnh V.8 th c cc phng trnh:
n
n0
n = 0 =
(V.10)
2 1 + kn0
1
(V.11)
kn 0
1
vo phng trnh V.8, chng ta thy tng s ht keo cn c trong h
Thay k =
n0
sau thi gian t l:
n
(V.12)
n = 0
t
1+
Theo phng trnh V.12: bit n0, bit n cc thi im t kho st, chng ta tnh
c thi gian bn keo t . Trong vng keo t nhanh, i vi mi h keo, l mt hng s.
iu rt ph hp vi l thuyt ng hc phn t. Mt khc, nu bit c gi tr v gi
tr n0 th tnh c n sau thi gian t. Thc t cho thy, kt qu tnh c theo phng trnh
V.12; trng hp vi nhng o m thc nghim xem bng V.5.
64
Bng V.5: S ht keo vng (Au) sau thi gian, theo l thuyt v theo thc nghim.
Sau thi gian t (s)
S ht keo 10-8 trong 1 cm3
- Thc nghim
- Tnh c
270
390
450
570
8438
8438
5,3
5,8
4,1
4,0
3,5
3,5
2,6
2,7
Thuyt ng hc phn t cn cho php tnh c l l khong cch m 2 trung tm ht

phi c chng va chm dnh vo nhau, nh sau:
V hng s k=4Dl , vi D l h s khuch tn ca h keo v theo Anhstanh th
RT 1
D=
.
, kt hp vi cc phng trnh V.10 v V.11, chng ta c:
N 0 6r
6 N 0r
=
4 RTl.n0
l 3 N 0
=
(V.13)
r 2 RTn0
l
Thc nghim cho thy
= 2 , 3 hay l = 2,3r, ngha l khi 2 ht n gn nhau c 2r (r
r
l bn knh ca ht) th cc ht d va chm dnh vo nhau. iu ny ph hp vi l
thuyt v lc ht gia cc ht gy ra ng t keo.
C th vn dng phng trnh V.8 ca keo t nhanh p dng cho vng keo t chm,
bng cch dng thm h s iu chnh ch hiu qu ca va chm
n0
n0
(V.14)
n =
=
t
1 + kn0 t
1+
hay
Cc quan im trn l cc tnh ton ng vi cc h keo n phn tn hoc gn ng

cho h a phn tn khng qu rng trong vng keo t nhanh bng cht in ly.
III. S pepti ho (ko tn).
Pepti ha l s ph v nhng lin kt gia cc ht keo trng thi keo t, chuyn keo
t tr li thnh h phn tn keo hoc thnh h phn tn th. Nh vy s pepti ho cng c
coi l 1 phng php iu ch keo.
Tc dng pepti ho ngc vi tc dung keo t.
H phn tn keo
gy keo t
Trng thi keo t
pepti ho
Nu lm gim in th , lm tng tnh k nc . Thc y qu trnh keo t th
ngc li, lm tng in th , tng tnh a dung mi s thc y qu trnh keo tn (pepti
ho).
Khuy lc, tng nhit c tc dng ph v nhng lin kt gia cc ht bng tc
ng c hc, nhit hc lm keo tn, nhng l keo tn tm thi. Khi cc yu t y khng
cn, keo li ng t tr li.
65
Cc tc ng ho l nh: pha long (ra bng nc), thay i ion gy keo t, thay cc
ion ho tr cao bng cc ion ho tr thp hn, mc hydrat ho cao hn c tc dng m
rng b dy lp in kp (d) lm tng in th . Lin kt cc ht trong trng thi ng t yu
dn, khi th y vt tri th ht cc ht phn tn tr li, h keo ti xut hin.
Keo tn bng cht in ly l s thm cht in ly m mt trong cc ion ca n c th
xy dng mng li tinh th ca pha phn tn hoc b hp ph ln b mt ht. V d: kt ta
Fe(OH)3 c th keo tn bng FeCl3 do to ra keo Fe(OH)3, cng thc cu to ht keo nh
sau:
{[mFe (OH ) ] nFe

3
3+
(3n x )Cl
x+
xCl
Ion Fe3+l ion quyt nh th. Nguyn nhn hin tng nh sau: sau khi b cc ht th
Fe(OH)3 hp ph, cc ion Fe3+ c tc dng phn chia hoc phn tn cc ht thnh nhng
ht keo. y l mt v d v iu ch keo bng phng php phn tn, ngi ta gi FeCl3 l
cht phn tn hoc cht keo tn.
Tc dng bo v ca cc cht cao phn t in ly i vi keo ght lu, s to lp hp
ph th 2 ca ion hot ng b mt trn b mt ht ght lu cng c coi l yu t lm
tng kh nng pepti ho.
66
1. Tnh bn ca mt h phn tn?

2. Phn bit tnh bn ng hc vi tnh bn nhit ng hc
3. Th ht v th y ca cc ht. Cc yu t nh hng n th tng hp v ngha ca th
tng hp. Yu t quyt nh ch yu n tnh bn ca h keo ght lu?
4. Nguyn tc s keo t keo ght lu bng cht in ly? Ngng keo t?
5. Cc quy tc keo t keo ght lu bng cht in ly? Quy tc Schulze- Hardy?
6. Tc dng tng h gia keo ght lu: vi keo ght lu tri du, vi keo a lu, vi cht
bn keo?
7. Tc dng bo v v tc dng keo t nhy cm ca keo a lui vi keo ght lu?
8. ng hc ca s keo t nhanh bng cht in ly? Cng thc tnh tc qu trnh keo t.
9. Mt dung d ch keo AgI c ngng keo t bi mt s cht in ly nh sau:
a/ Cn (NaCl) = 320mM.l-1.
b/ Cn (CaCl2) = 168mM.l-1.
c/ Cn (Na2SO4) = 19mM.l-1.
d/ Cn (K3PO4) = 1,4mM.l-1.
H y:
- Cho bit du in tch ca ht keo AgI?
- So snh ngng keo t ca cc cht in ly nu trn v nhn xt (kt qa c ph hp vi
quy tc Schulze- Hardy hay khng)?
10. Chia u 60 ml dung dch keo Fe(OH)3thnh 3 phn:
- Phn 1 keo t bi 2,1ml dung dch KCl 1 M
- Phn 2 keo t bi 12,5 ml dung dch Na2 SO4,0,01 M
- Phn 3 keo t bi 7,4 ml dung dch Na3 PO4 0,001M
Tnh ngng keo t trong mi trng hp? Cho bit du in tch ht keo v khong
pH ca dung dch keo? Bit im ng in ca keo Fe(OH)3l pH=7,1.
Tr li: 95,02 mM.l-1; 3,84 mM.l-1 ; 0,27mM.l-1
11. Thm 1,5 mg mt albumin ( M = 136.000 )vo 10ml dung dch keo Fe(OH)3 1% (ht c
bn knh r = 1,2.10 5 cm , khi lng ring = 3,64g.cm-3) th tnh bn ca dung dch keo
tng ln. Hy chng minh? Coi khi lng ring ca dung dch keo bng 1.g.cm-3.
12. C dung dch keo AgI (ht c bn knh r = 4,2.10 6 cm , khi lng ring =3,8 g.cm-3)
cha 4,56g AgI hp ph tt cht C16H33SO4 Na. Bit so (ca C16H33 SO4 Na) =28.22.
keo c ph = 24,6% phi thm vo dung dch bao nhiu mol cht C16H33
SO4 Na? C xy ra s keo t khng?
Tr li: 1,237.10-4mol
67
CHNG VI
H KEO A LU V H BN KEO
H keo a lu v h bn keo l nhng h phn tn trong mi trng lng ph bin

trong thc t, c gi l dung dch keo a lu v dung dch bn keo. Cc dung dch y
nhng iu kin nht nh s bc l mt s tnh cht ca h keo ght lu. nhng h b
mt ht phn tn khng r rt nh h keo ght lu, tnh cht ho keo ca h rt ph thuc
tnh cht mi trng. Trong chng ny cng cp n h nh tng v h bt l nhng
h phn tn thng gp trong sn xut , ch bin
Dung dch keo a lu trong thc t l nhng dung dch cao phn t. Do ngi ta
thng nghin cu tnh cht cc dung dch cao phn t trong gio trnh ha keo.
I. Khi nim v cht cao phn t v s to thnh dung dch ca n.
Hp cht cao phn t cn gi l polyme l cc cht c khi lng phn t ln t hng
chc nghn ti hng triu vC.
Tng qut, cao phn t c 3 loi chnh v cu trc l loi cao phn t dng mch
si, loi hnh cu v loi cao phn t mng khng gian. y ch tp trung kho st tnh cht
ha keo ca mt s cao phn t dng mch si (c nhnh hoc khng nhnh) gi l cao phn
t mch thng, khng mang in v a in tch.
1. Cao phn t mch thng v mm do.
i a s cao phn t mch thng c tnh mm do, do tnh gp khc ca cc mt xch
C C v do chuyn ng nhit lm cho v tr tng i ca cc mt xch thay i.
Phn t cht cao phn t gm rt nhiu mt xch C C-, s quay xung quanh mi
lin kt l t do vi cc gc ha tr n nh. Trn hnh VI .1, chng ta thy khong cch
gia cc nguyn t C1v C4 hay C 1 v C5 thay i. Tuy nhin c mt s v tr thun li nht
v mt nng lng, chng ta gi l v tr cn bng.
C5
C3
C4
C2
C1
Hnh VI.1: S quay ca cc mt xch
trong mch polyme. Gc
ha tr l -
chuyn t v tr cn bng ny sang mt v tr cn bng khc, cn phi tiu ph mt
nng lng Eo c trng cho hng ro th nng ca s quay. Gi tr Eo cng ln th v tr
E0
cho ca mt cng bn. Xc sut thay i v tr ca mt t l vi e kT , k l hng s

Bonzman v T l nhit tuyt i. S quay quanh lin kt CC ng vi nhit thch
hp khi m gi tr kT gn bng hoc bng Eo v t tnh mm do ca polyme tng ln.
68
Mi phn t polyme mch ko di nhng gp khc. Dng ny ng vi th nng thp

nht ca phn t v do nhit rt thp th cc phn t c xu hng hon thin hnh
dng ny. S tng nhit , lm cho tnh mm do ca c phn t tng ln. Do s tng v
cng chuyn ng nhit ca mi mt xch, ng thi c hin tng va chm ca cc phn
t xung quanh lm cho phn t mch thng c th vo trn li v to thnh cun. Vy nhit
thch hp cc polyme mm do s cun li ng vi nng lng t do cc tiu.
Tnh mm do ca mch ch gm cc nhm CH2 l cao nht, do tng tc ca cc
nhm vi nhau khng ng k, hng ro th nng ca s quay t do khng ln. Tri li,
nu mch polyme c cha cc nhm phn cc nh: -OH,
-COOH, - NH2, - CN th tng tc gia cc nhm rt ln hng ro nng lng ca s
quay tng ln, tnh mm do ca phn t b gim. Ngoi ra nhng nhm phn cc ca cc
phn t xung quanh cng lm gim ln nhau tnh mm do ca cc phn t polyme.
2. Cc l thuyt v s hnh thnh dung dch polyme.
iu kin thch hp v nhit , v tnh cht cu dung mi ( phn cc, pH mi
trng) polyme c th ha tan thnh dung dch. V s tn ti ca phn t polyme trong
dung dch c hai quan im hoc hai l thut: thuyt mixen v thuyt phn t.
Thuyt mixen
L thuyt ny cho rng trong dung dch polyme tn ti di dng cc vi ht gi l
mixen. Mi mixen gm hng chc phn t polyme. Mixen l vi ht vn c trong polyme, khi
vo dung dch th cc phn t dung mi khuch tn vo gia cc vi ht gy ra s trng gia
cc mixen. Minh ha cho l thuyt trn l cc gi tr ng hc (p st thm thu, h s
khuch tn) ca cc dung dch polyme thng rt nh.
L thuyt mixen khng bn vng, do cha gii thch c lc no duy tr cc phn
t trong mixen v do c s khc nhau ln gia tnh ton theo l thuyt mixen v thc nghim
v p sut thm thu v h s khuch tn ca cc dung dch polyme. Hn na cc vi ht
(mixen) ch xut hin 1 iu kin nht nh (pH mi trng, dung mi gm nhiu cht
khng cng tnh cht). Vy trng thi tn ti c bn ca polyme l nhng phn t ring l
trong dung dch.
Thuyt phn t
Theo thuyt phn t th trong dung dch, cc phn t polyme l nhng phn t ln
ring bit khng lin kt vi nhau. y cc phn t mm do nh si ch, c th cun li a
dng ty thuc vo nhit , tnh cht dung mi, mi trng Ni chung dng cun c dng
elipsoit, khi mach di th n cun kht hn, dung mi t c th chy qua. Nu mch
khng di lm th cun khng c kht, dung mi c th chy qua. Cc phn t polyme km
mm do s t cun c, u th dng si di. Cc phn t dung mi c th sonvat vi phn
t polyme hoc vi tng on mch ca n. Mc sonvat ph thuc vo bn cht polyme v
dung mi. Cc phng php nghin cu hin i chng t rng lp sonvat phn t polyme
l lp n phn t.
Thuyt phn t c chng minh bng nhiu tnh cht khch quan ca dung dch
polyme nh: tnh bn, s ha tan. L thuyt phn t cng c cho tnh ng th, tnh bn
nhit ng hc rt cao ca cc dung dch polyme. Thuyt phn t cn ng n hn thuyt
mixen ch: S ha tan ca polyme cng tng t s ha tan ca cc phn t nh. Do p
dung c quy tc pha cho cc dung dch polyme, trong lc khng p dng c quy tc
y cho cc h keo ght lu.
L thuyt phn t ng nghim ngt cho cc dung dch polyme long. Tri li ch
cc dung dch m c, do xc sut va chm gia cc phn t polyme ln th chng mi
tp hp vi nhau to ra mixen. Cc mixen cng khng c nh, khng c thnh phn xc
69
nh, chng xut hin v t tan d theo kiu tp hp ca cc phn t nh cc cht lng
nguyn nht. Mc d cc tp hp c tnh cht thng k nhng v mch cacbon di v dung
dch c nht cao nn thi gian tn ti ca cc mixen cng lu hn so vi nhng tp hp
ca cc phn t nh.
Trong trng hp dung moi khng thch hp cho cht polyme phn tn, nu chng ta
dng cc bin php vt l, ha hc phn tn cng thu c cc h keo. cc h keo
bn vng tp hp th bt buc phi dng cht lm bn. y l bn php c dng nhiu
trong cng ngh iu ch cao su, sn, cream lm thuc .
3. Nhit ng hc v s ha tan polyme
Trong dung mi thch hp, s ha tan polyme l mt qu trnh t din.
Phng trnh nhit ng hc cho s ha tan nh sau:
G = H - TS
(VI.4)
trong s ha tan polyme, th tch h khng i nn c th p dung phng trnh:
F = U - TS
(VI.5)
Qu trnh ha tan d theo c ch no cng phi theo chiu gim nng lng t do
ng nhit ng p (G < 0) hoc gim nng lng t do ng nhit ng tch (F < 0 ) ca
h.
Qu trnh ha tan l qu trnh tng entropy (S > 0) v s trn ln lun km theo s
tng entropy. Theo tnh ton th s ho tan polyme vo dung mi gy ra bin i entropy l
Sp, c gi tr nm gia bin i entropy ca s ha tan cc phn t nh (S) v s phn b
cc ht keo ght lu vo mi trng (Sk):
Sk < Sp < S
Ngha l tnh v trt t ca cc phn t polyme trong dung dch ch km cc phn t
trong dung dch phn t, nhng ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc ht keo ght lu trong cc h
keo. iu cng thy c nh nhit ng thng k. Nu biu din xc sut trng thi nhit
ng trc ha tan l Wt v sau ha tan l Ws th chng ta c phng trnh phn nh bin
thin entrropy trong qu trnh ho tan polyme nh sau:
S = S2 S1 = k(lnWs ln Wt )
W
S = k ln s > 0
(VI.6)
Wt
v Ws>Wt, y k: hng s Bonzman.

Trong mi trng phn cc, qu trnh ha tan polyme phn cc lun pht nhit H<0
(hc U<0) iu chng t rng nhit lng thot ra do s sonvat ha polyme ln hn nng
lng tiu tn ph v lin kt gia cc phn t polyme . Vy: polyme ha tan (qu trnh t
din) trong dung mi thch hp, dung dch polyme c to thnh.
Cc phn t polyme mm do ha tan tt hn cc polyme mch cng. V trong dung
dch tnh mm do c th gip cho phn t sp xp bng nhiu cch hn so vi nhng phn t
cng. Hn na cc phn t mch cng thng sp xp song song vi nhau, nng lng tng
tc gia chng rt ln, cc phn t kh tch ri khi nhau i vo dung dch. V d: cc
phn t xenlulo, PVC, polyamit mch cng kh ha tan v t c dung mi ha tan c
chng, nhng albumin v gelatin mch mm do d ha tan hn. Nhng polyme a in tch
70
khi ha tan trong dung mi phn cc (v d: H2O), s nhm ion ha v phn cc rt nhiu,
nn s hidrat ha rt mnh, nhit ha tan ln v S tng nhanh lm cho G cng nh, qu
trnh ha tan cng d tin hnh.
4. S trng ca polyme.
Trng l giai on u ca s ha tan polyme. l s khc nhau c bn so vi s
ha tan nhng cht phn t nh.
S trng l qu trnh polyme hp th dung mi lm cho khi lng ca polyme tng,
th tch ca n cng tng, tnh cht c l ca polyme thay i, nhng tnh ng th ca n vn
c duy tr.
Cc polyme thng trng thi v nh hnh, sp xp khng c kht, li c chuyn
ng nhit ca cc mt xch, nn gia cc mch polyme tn ti nhng khe h m cc phn t
dung mi c th lt qua. Lc u ch c s khuch tn ca dung mi vo polyme, lm yu lc
lin kt gia cc phn t, khi cc lin kt b t th phn t polyme s khuch tn vo mi
trng to thnh dung dch.
Tc trng khng ch ph thuc khi lng mol ca polyme m cn ph thuc tnh
mm do ca cc mt xch trong phn t. Cc polyme mch cng t trng, cn cc polyme
loi hnh cu hu nh khng trng. V d: glucogen bt, M = 800.000, dng hnh cu khng
trng trong nc. Do lc tng tc gia cc ht hnh cu nh nn s ha tan d dng m
khng qua giai on trng.
Trong thc t khng c ranh gii r rt gia s trng v s ha tan. Khng phi kt
thc s trng bao gi cng l s ha tan. Thng thng th n mt th tch xc nh, s
trng dng li v h c hai pha: pha dung dch bo ha polyme v pha thch (gn rn) l pha
bo ha dung mi trong polyme. l s trng hn ch. Cng c khi s trng hn ch
chuyn thnh s trng khng hn ch (s ha tan) khi thay i iu kin th nghim. V d:
gelatin v aga, trng hn ch nc lnh nhng trng khng hn ch nc nng.
trng
trng ca polyme c tnh theo phng trnh
m m0
=
(VI.7)
m0
m0: khi lng polyme trc khi trng (g)
m: khi lng polyme sau khi trng (g)
Kho st s bin i trng theo thi gian t chng ta c phng trnh:
d
= k ( max t )
(VI.8)
dt
max: trng gii hn (cc i)
t: trng thi im t
k: hng s tc trng (ph thuc bn cht polyme, duung mi, nhit )
Gii phng trnh VI.8 s c:
max
1
k = ln
(VI.9)
t max t
chnh gi tr k cho bit tc trng trong nhng iu kin xc nh.
Ngoi bn cht polyme th hnh dng ht polyme cng nh hng ln ti hng s tc
trng.
71
p sut trng
S trng gn lin vi s tng th tch do to nn p sut trng P:
(VI.10)
P=PoCk
C: lng polyme kh trong thch trng thu c
k: hng s, thng thy k 3
Khi C = 1 th P = Po , c th chuyn phng trnh VI.10 thnh phng trnh:
lnP = lnPo + klnC
(VI.11)
Phng trnh VI.11 cho php xc nh c P0 v k nh th ca s ph thuc lnP

vp lnC c dng phng trnh y = ax + b.
Trong qu trnh trng th th tch polyme tng, nhng tng th tch ca h (gm th
tch polyme ban u + th tch dung mi) li gim l kt qu ca s hp th dung mi bi
polyme v s lp khong trng gia cc phn t polyme bi cc phn t dung mi.
II. H keo a lu.
1. c im chung.
Cc h keo a lu thng gp l cc dung dch polyme.
Cc dung dch polyme c hnh thnh t s ha tan. Do vic iu ch cc h keo
ny ngoi cht phn tn v mi trng, khng cn ti cht lm bn hay phn tn nh vic
iu ch cc h ght lu.
S khc nhau c bn gia h keo ght lu v h keo a lu l ch: H ght lu l h
phn tn d th vi y cc tnh cht b mt nh nghin cu trn. Tri li h keo a
lu l h phn tn ng th, c mi tnh cht ca dung dch tht. Nhng do kch thc phn t
polyme ln hn so vi cc phn t n gin nn mt s tnh cht ng hc nh tnh khuych
tn , tnh thm thu, tnh nht ca cc dung dch polyme gn vi tnh cht ca keo ght lu.
Trong dung dch polyme, mi phn t cht x s nh 1 ht keo.
Dung dch polyme c nhiu loi: polyme khng in ly, polyme in ly , polyme c
tnh cht sinh l (nh protit, lipit, gluxit). Sau y chng ta ch nghin cu cc tnh cht ho
keo ca dung dch cao phn t c tnh cht sinh l. Tiu biu cho loi ny l dung dch protit
2. c tnh ho keo ca dung dch protit.
Phn t protit hnh thnh t cc aminoaxit, phn t c nhiu nhm cacboxylic
COOH v cc nhm amino NH2. Do protit c tnh lng tnh. Chng ta biu din cng
thc n gin ca 1 aminoaxit l R-CH(NH2)-COOH, trong dung dch nc n tng tc
vi H2O v in ly nh sau:
COOH
R
COO- H+
+ H2O
CH
NH2
CH
NH+3 OH-
Nh vy protit gm nhng nhm mang in tch m v nhng nhm mang in tch

dng , n thuc loi polyme a in tch. V vy protit l keo a nc. Trong nc protit
hydrat ho rt mnh, do s nh hng ca cc phn t H2O phn cc vi in trng ca cc
nhm tch in, vi cc nhm phn cc v to lin kt hydro.
Trong mi trng axit (chnh xc: l mi trng c pH thp hn im ng in) th
protit c tng tc:
72
COOH
R
COOH
+
+ H
CH
CH
NH2
NH3
lc protit mang in dng.
Trong mi trng baz(chnh xc l mi trng c pH cao hn im ng in) th
protit c tng tc:
COOH
R
COO+ OH-
CH
+ H2O
CH
NH2
NH2
y protit mang in m.
Mi protit c mt c tnh in khc nhau. i vi protit c nhiu nhm COOH th
tnh axit tri, n thng mang in m, protit c nhiu nhm NH2 th tnh baz tri, n
thng mang in tch dng. Tuy nhin in tch ca n cn ph thuc pH mi trng nh
thy trn . C gi tr pH mi trng m b mt protit khng mang in hoc trng thi
ng in. Gi tr pH ng vi trng thi ng in gi l im ng in. Mi protit c mt
im ng in ring- xem bng VI.1, pH thp hn im ng in keo protit mang in
dng, pH cao hn im ng in keo protit mang in m.
Protit l keo a nc lng tnh, s tch in b mt ca n nh hng nhiu n tnh
cht ca dung dch protit.
Bng VI.1. im ng inca mt s protit.
Tn protit
Casein
Gelatin
Albumin(trng)
Globulin
Zein(ng)
Hemoglobin
Gliadin(la m)
im ng in (pH)
4,6
4,7
4,8
5,4
6,2
6,7
7,1
- trng thi pH khc im ng in:

Protit mang in, ngha l cc mch trong phn t c mang in v mt loi in tch
m hoc dng chim u th. Lc y xut hin gia cc phn t v ngay trong ni b 1 phn
t protit (gia nhnh ny vi nhnh kia, gia u mch vi cui mch). Kt qu l cc phn t
protit khng cun li vi nhau c d dng, a s chng dng n phn t , mch m ra c
dng iu mm mi ca si ch ko di. Cc i lng ph thuc nng (nh p mt thm
thu , nht) ca dung dch tng ln. y th y vt th ht, in th tng, do
pH mi trng cng xa im ng in th tnh phn tn, tnh bn ca h cng cao.
- ti im ng in:
73
Prtit trung ho in, lc y khng cn, lc ht chim u th. Do c cu trc bi

cc nhnh v mnh di, nn phn t protit d un do, c xu hng cun li. Cng gn im
ng in dng hnh cu cng chim u th. Vic cun trn li khng ch xy ra mi phn
t ring l m c nhiu phn t protit cng cun li thnh mt ht lm cho nng ht keo
gim. Do trng thi ng in tnh ng hc ca phn t protit gim n cc tiu xem
hnh VI. 1.
(P,D)
im ng in
66
pH
Hnh VI.1: S bin i mt s tnh cht( nht , p sut thm thu

P,h s khuch tn D) ca dung dch gelatin theo pH mi trng
im ng in protit s ng vn. Nh tnh cht ngi tch c protit ra khi

hn hp
Trng thi mang in v ng in ca dung dch cao phn t sinh l c tc dng ln
n qu trnh vn chuyn, trao i, d tr cht trong c th.
- cc gi tr pH rt xa vi im ng in (hoc pH rt nh hoc pH rt ln): nu c
s cun li ca protit th ch yu khng do H+ hoc OH- m do hiu ng mui kt.
Hiu ng mui kt gy ra bi nng ln ca cht in ly trong dung dch protit.
Hin tng ny khng cng bn cht nh s keo t keo ght lu bng cht in ly . y
lng cht in ly phi ln gim kh nng hydrt ho ca protit tc l gim kh nng gy
ho tan ca dung mi, lm gim tan ca protit. Hiu ng mui kt ( tch protit bng
mui) ca cc cht in ly tng theo s tng kh nng hydrt ca ion mui. Kh nng i
vi mt s catim v mt s anion gim dn theo th t sau:
Li + > Na + > K + > Rb + > Cs +
2
SO 4 > Cl > NO3 > Br > I > CNS

iu chnh pH mi trng n im ng in v s dng mui kt l nhng phng
php gy ra keo t, tch protit ra khi dung dch, tch c cc protit khc nhau ra khi
hn hp.
S thay i nhit , dung mi cng c th lm cho protit ng t.
Tng nhit s lm gim tnh hydrt ho ca protit , gim tan ca n. Chng hn,
s un nng lm cho albumin ng vn. Thay th dung mi phn cc (v d:H2O) bng dung
mi km phn cc (v d: C2H5OH) th tnh ght lu xut hin , cng c th keo t.
3. Tnh bn v s keo t keo a lu.
Yu t c bn quyt nh tnh bn cao ca h keo a lu l tnh a dung mi ca n.
Cc h keo rt bn v mt ng hc v nhit ng hc. Mt s ht keo a lu cha nhiu
nhm phn cc hoc ion ho tng cng cho tnh a lu, mt khc nu b mt ht mang
74
in (pH im ng in) lm cho h c tnh in ng s c tc dng tng cng cho tnh

bn ca h.
S keo t keo a lu.
Tnh bn ca keo a lu ch yu quyt nh bi tnh a dung mi ca n. Kh b lp
dung mi, th keo s ng t. Vic loi tr lp dung c nhiu bin php: tng nhit , thay
i dung mi, dng cht in ly
Thm cht in ly vo h keo a lu cng c th to nn s keo t. trng hp ny
cht in ly c chc nng kh lp dung mi l ch yu, nn ngng keo t y rt ln
(khng theo quy tc Sundze-Hacdi). i vi keo a lu l dung dch polyme a in tch (nh
protit ) th s thay i pH mi trng n im ng in s ng t keo nhanh chng hn.
II. H bn keo.
H phn tn cht bn keo trong mi trng lng c gi l dung dch bn keo.
Cht bn keo thng l cht hu c hot ng b mt, phn t c khong 10 n 22
nguyn t cacbon.
V d: X phng, cc cht hot ng b mt anion, cc cht hot ng b mt
cation, l nhng cht bn keo.
K hiu phn t cht bn keo l R-X, th R l phn khng phn cc c tnh ght nc,
c cu to ch yu bi mch parafin (thng hoc nhnh, c th cn c vng benzen hoc
napthalen, X l nhm phn cc a nc thng l cc nhm ion ho(nhm cc boxylat
COO-,nhm sunfat OSO3-, nhm sunfonat SO-3). Nhng cht bn keo va nu c
gi l x phng hoc cht ty ra. Nu X l nhm phn cc khng in ly (nhm chc este,
nhm chc ete, nhm chc ru) th gi l cht bn keo hoc x phng khng in ly. Ni
chung cht bn keo t tan trong nc.
Cht bn keo c s dng nhiu trong thc t: lm cht ty ra, cht nh ho, cht
to bt
1. Tnh cht c bn ca dung dch bn keo.
Trong cc dung dch nc khi nng cn nh, cht bn keo tn ti dng cc phn
t n gin(phn t, ion) l nhng h ng th c mi tnh cht ca dung dch tht.
Nu tng dn nng , n mt gi tr no (thng l, ti khi dung dch bt u bo
ho), th cc phn t cht hot ng b mt t xp sp theo quy tc chn lc, nh hng
to nn cc ht, gi l mixen. Nng dung dch mixen bt u xut hin gi l nng
ti hn mixen (Ct), thng tnh Ct theo milimol. l-1. Bng VI .2 dn ra mt s cht bn keo v
nng ti hn mixen ca chng.
b
a
Hnh VI.2- S dng cc mixen bn keo trong mi trng nc
(mi trng phn cc)
a: Dng cu
b: Dng tm
75
Cc mixen ban u dng hnh cu, mixen x phng gm khong 40 n 50 phn t x

phng, khi lng trung bnh ca mixen t 12000 n 22000. Mixen loi ny tng t cc ht
keo in hnh, b mt mixen cng c lp in kp n gin. c khong 3/4 s ion i
dnh bi b mt mixen, s cn li dng t do. Tip tc tng nng cht bn keo, th kch
thc mixen tng dn. Kt qu l dng hnh cu chuyn dn sang dng hnh tm xem hnh
VI.2 a v b.
Nh vic to thnh cc mixen, nn mc d dung dch bo ho hoc qu bo ho,
nhng cht hot ng b mt khng kt tinh m to thnh cc ht phn b trong h di dng
h phn tn keo.
Mc d cc mixen bn keo khng c cu trc nh cc ht ght lu, nhng chng c
mt b mt tng i r nt, mt lp in kp n gin xut hin b mt mixen, lm cho
mixen bn keo v mt in ng gn vi keo ght lu.
nng ti hn , cc dung dch bn keo c s nhy vt v tinh cht: h t ng th
tr thnh phn tn bn d th, do cc i lng ph thuc vo nng ( dn in, p
sut thm thu, h s khuch tn) cng c gi tr cc tiu. C th thy iu hnh VI.3
Ti hn
Ct
C
Hnh VI.3: S ph thuc ca dn in ng
lng ca kali lat vo nng dung
dch
Chnh nng ti hn l ranh gii phn bit hai tnh cht khc nhau c bn trong mt
h: khi l dung dch tht, khi l dung dch keo ty thuc vo nng cht phn tn ( cng
chnh l mt trong cc l do khin ta gi cc dung dch cht hot ng b mt l dung dch
bn keo).
Nng ti hn mixen Ct ph thuc vo bn cht cht bn keo v iu kin bn ngoi
(nhit , nng cht in ly, khi lng ring ca dung dch ). Thc t thy rng :
Mch cacbon cng ln th Ct cng nh, do tan ca cht bn keo gim. Vi cng
mch cacbon nhng hp cht cha no c Ct ln hn so vi hp cht no, hp cht c nhm ion
ha gia mch c Ct ln hn so vi hp cht c nhm ion ha u mch. Trong mt dy
ng ng ca cc cht bn keo Ct gim theo s tng ca mch cacbon, tng t nh quy tc
Trao b v s hp ph dng ca cc axit bo trn b mt dung dch.
C th xc nh Ct ca mt cht bn keo bng cch o dn in ng lng , do
ti gi tr Ct dn in ng lng v nhiu tnh cht khc ca dung dch bn keo gim t
ngt.
76
S ha tan keo:
cc cht hu c khng phn cc nh benzen, heptan, du ha, cc phm mu
khng tan trong nc. Tuy nhin khi c mt x phng nng C > Ct th cc cht hu c
s chui vo trong lng mixen x phng. Hin tng d gi l s ha tan keo.
X phng trong mi trng khng phn cc s c kh nng ha tan nc vo du m
l s ha tan keo nghch. Hin tng c ngha rt ln trong cng nghip thc phm.
Bng VI.2. Nng ti hn mixen Ct (milimol. l-1) ca mt s hp cht 250Ctrong nc.
Tn cht hot ng b mt
Cc cht hot ng b mt anion
Natri dodecyl sunfat
Natri tetradecyl sunfat
Natri hexadecyl sunfat
Natri octadecyl sunfat
Cc cht hot ng b mt cation
Dodecyl trrimetyl amoin bzomua
Tetradcyl trimetylamoni bzomua
Cetyltrimetylamoni bzomua.
Octadecyltrimetyl amoni bromua
X phng no v cha no
Kali stearat
Kali oleat
Cng thc phn t
Ct
C12H25SO4Na
C14H29SO4Na
C16H33SO4Na
C18H37SO4Na
8,00
2,0
0,6
0,18
C12H25(CH3)3 NBr
C14H29(CH3)3 NBr
C16H33(CH3)3 NBr
C18H37(CH3)3 NBr
10,0
3,0
1,5
0,25
C17 H35COOK
C17 H33COOK
0,45
1,5
2. Tc dng ty ra, tc dng nh ho ca cc dung dch bn keo.

Cc cht hot ng b mt c sc cng b mt rt nh nn chng d dng to mixen,
iu gn lin vi tc dng ty ra v nh ho ca chng.
Ty ra v nh ho l lm cho cc cht vn kh ho tan, hoc khng ho tan (v d
du, m, thuc tr su rt kh ho tan trong nc) tr thnh d ho tan, d phn b trong
mt mi trng nh cht hot ng b mt lm tng tnh thm t. Chng hn ht du (D)
khng ho tan trong nc nhng thm x phng vo, du d dng phn b trong nc. iu
c c gii thch bng hai c ch:
C ch hp ph: git du hp ph cc phn t x phng, phn khng phn cc ca x
phng hng vo du, phn phn cc (hoc ion ho) hng vo nc. Nh vy git du c
phn cc ho thm t tt khin n d b nc li cun i di dng cc ht phn tn - xem
hnh VI.4a.
C ch ni ha tan: mixen bn keo x phng ho tan du (di dng tng phn t du
c trng hp l ht du cc nh) ngay trong lng mixen, nh th m du d dng phn b
trong nc - xem hnh VI.4b. C ch hp ph chim u th khi nng cht hot ng b
mt nh(C<Ct),c ch ni ho tan chim u th khi C Ct.
Tc dng ca 2 c ch trn l ngang nhau, qua cc hiu ng khc nhau nh sau:
S hp ph lp n phn t x phng hydrat ha c tc dng tng tnh a nc cho
ht du, tng tnh ng hc cho n tch n khi cc vt. Hin tng ni ha tan hoc
nh ha du m thc y qu trnh phn tn ca ht du. Dung dch x phng c sc cng b
mt nh hn so vi nc lm tng tnh thm t cho vi si hoc b mt b bn, c tc ng
77
y ht bn vo dung dch v ngn cn s kt dnh tr li ca n. X phng cn c tc dng l

cht to bt tuyn ni ht bn, y n vo nc thi.
Hnh VI.4: C ch ty ra ca cht bn keo trong dung dch nc:

a: Git du c phn cc ho nh hp ph nh hng
cc phn t x phng
b: Cc phn t hoc vi ht du (
) ho tan trong
lng mixen bn keo
Nhng cn nh l cc qu trnh trn, cc hiu ng s xy ra khi nng x phng ln
hn nng ti hn mixen. Nu nng x phng khng th s bm chc ca cht bn
trn b mt vi si c tng cng (do s hp ph n lp m ph < 100% th lc dnh
ca ht bn vi b mt vi si s tng ln). Qu trnh ty ra khng xy ra.
Cn lu loi x phng c truyn nh C17H35COONakhng thch hp trong nc
cng, v lc x phng b kt ta di dng cc mui Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ Tri li, loi x
phng natrialkylsunfat (v d: C12H25 SO4Na), natrialkylarylsunfonat (v d: C12H25C6H4
SO3Na) khng b cation c ha tr II, III lm kt ta ngha l chng ty ra ngay c trong
nc cng.
Tc dng ty ra v nh ho ca cc cht hot ng b mt v ca dung dch bn keo
c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc: ty ra, nhum, ch to nhiu cht xoa bp, thuc
bi ngoi da, ho tan cc thuc tr su, tr c C ch ho tan theo kiu hp ph (a) v ni
h tan (b) cn l hnh thc vn chuyn, trao i v tch lu cht trong mt s c quan ca
sinh vt.
Hin tng ni ho tan va nu trn thc cht l s ha tan keo.
3. Cht bn keo khng ion ho. Ch s HLB.
Phn t cht bn keo khng ion ho co nhiu nhm phn cc. Mt loi hp cht c
dng R-(O_CH2 CH2)n-OH (sn phm trng ngng ca etylenoxyt vi phenol hoc alcol).
Ch s HLB (Hydrophile Lyophile Balance) phn nh mc a nc, a du ca cht hot
ng b mt khng ion ho. Khi nim a nc theo ngha a cht lng phn cc, v a du
theo ngha a cht lng khng phn cc.
Ch s HLB cng cao, tnh phn cc ca cht cng ln cng d tan trong nc, nu ch
s HLB nh hn 6 th cht bn keo khng tan trong nc.
78
Sau y l ch s HLB v ng dng ch yu ca mt s cht bn keo.

Ch s HLB ca cht
bn keo khng ion ha
Lnh vc ng dng:
3 n 6
Nh ho cho h nh tng N/D
7 n 9
Thm t
8 n 1
Nh ho cho h nh tng D/N
13 n 15
Ty ra
15 n 18
Sol ho (to keo) cho cht khng phn cc trong H2O.
4. Tnh bn v s keo t cc h bn keo.

nng nh hn Ct, dung dch bn keo mang tnh cht ca dung dch tht, h rt
bn v mt nhit ng hc v ng hc
S tn ti ca mixen keo ph thuc nng cht bn keo v nhiu yu t khc (nhit
, nng cht in ly , dung mi) Nu nng nh, cc yu t khc thun li cho s to
mixen kch thc nh c dng hnh cu th tnh bn ca h tng i cao. Th in ng
b mt mixen nu ln cng c tc dng duy tr tnh bn ca h.
S tng nhit c th ph v mixen lm cho h phn lp. S tng nng cht in
ly s lm gim tan, lm gim th cng c th dn ti s ph v tnh bn. Chng hn:
thm NaCl vo dung dch x phng lm gim Ct ca x phng, cc mixen x phng b ph
v, to ln lp x phng dy c b mt. Cc phn t trong mixen sp xp nh hng
trong mi trng ca h, nn vic i dung mi ny bng mt dung mi khc c phn cc
khc nhau cng dn ti s thay i tnh phn tn ca h keo.
III. Nh tng v cht nh ho.
1. Khi nim v phn loi nh tng.
Nh tng l h phn tn th (kch thc git lng bng hoc ln hn ht keo), gm
cc ht lng phn b trong mi trng lng, nhng 2 cht lng ny khng tan hoc t tan vo
nhau.
Cht nh ho l cht th 3 trong h c tc dng lm bn nh tng.
Nh tng c chia lm 2 loi chnh l nh tng loi mt (gm cc vi ht du phn
tn trong nc) k hiu l h D/N v loi 2 (gm cc vi ht nc trong du) k hiu l h N/D
Phn bit 2 loi trn bng cch o dn in hoc dng cht mu nhum nh tng
tng ng. V d: Metyl xanh ha tan tt trong nc s pht c c h D/N, Sudan III tan
nhiu trong du s gip pht hin h N/D.
Theo nng th tch, ngi ta phn chia thnh nh tng long, m c, rt m
c (cn gi l gelatin ho).
Nh tng long, nng cht phn tn nh hn 0,1% th tch ca h, l h phn
tn cao, kch thc ht c 10-5cm. Loi h ny t phi dng cht nh ho c bit. y ht
mang in do hp ph ion cht in ly, do cht nh ho hp ph cc ionH+; OH- trong nc
do h c tnh cht in ng ca h ght lu, tnh bn tp hp tng i cao.
Nh tng m c, nng cht phn tn c th trn 70% th tch ca h. y kch
thc ht thng khc nhau t 0,1 n 10-4cm hoc ln hn, cng thuc loi h vi d th.
Trong h cng c chuyn ng Brao, c bit i vi cc ht nh. Do nng cao, khong
79
cch gia cc ht khng ln, d xy ra s kt dnh v sa lng (nu khi lng ring ca cht
phn tn ln) hoc sa ni (khi khi lng ring ca mi trng ln hn). Tnh bn tp hp
ca nh tng m c km, ph thuc vo cht lm bn hay cht nh ho.
Cht nh ho a nc tri, tan vo nc tt hn, n xc tin cho qu trnh ho to
nh tng D/N, cn cht nh ho a du hn th xc tin qu trnh nh ho to nh tng loi
N/D. Nh cht nh ho c th to nn cc nh tng c nng rt cao (trn 90% th tch h
l cht phn tn ).
2. Cht nh ho.
Cht nh ho l cht c tc dng lm bn nh tng. Trong a s trng hp cht nh
ho l cc cht bn keo hoc mt s cc cht khc (c th l cht v c) c trong phn t phn
a du k nc v phn a nc k du.
D
N
(a)
D
D
N
N
(c)
(b)
(d)
Hnh VI.5: S cc git nh du trong nc (D/N) v nc trong du (N/D)vi

cc cht nh ho:
(a) v (b): cht bn keo (x phng )
(c) v (d): cao lanh (cht v c phn cc)
Cht nh ho c hp ph b mt ht nh, bng s sp xp nh hng - xem hnh
VI.5. Phn t cht nh ho lm cu ni gia hai pha lng. C ch ny c tc dng gim nng
lng b mt hoc tng entropy ca h, tnh bn ca nh tng tng ln. V d: sc cng b
mt gia cc pha ca h benzen nc l 35.10-3 N.m-1c th gim xung n 2.10-3N.m-1 khi
cho natri oleat vo h.
Cng nh cc h ght lu, h nh tng km bn vng tp hp do c nng lng b
mt ln. Tnh bn tp hp ca nh tng rt ph thuc vo bn cht cht nh ha (xem trn
mc III.1) v lng cht nh ho dng.
S tng nhit , dng ly tm, lc, in di c th ph v nh. S thay i tnh phn
cc ca dung mi, dng ho cht cng c th ph v nh. Vic dng ion c ho tr cao, dng
cht nh ho tri du in tch, hoc cht c kh nng hp ph mnh hn cht nh ho cng
c th lm cho h tch lp.
80
3. Hin tng o nh.

o nh l hin tng chuyn nh tng D/N thnh nh tng N/D bin pha phn tn
thnh mi trng phn tn v ngc li. iu c th thc hin nh tc ng c hc (lc,
khuy vi tc cao, lu di), thay i cht nh ho. V d: Nh D/N c nh ho bng
natri oleat, nhng nu thm canxi oleat vo h th c th o thnh nh N/D.
Nh tng c sn trong t nhin hoc c to ra, c nhiu ng dng trong thc t. V
d: Sa l mt nh tng, l nh m trong nc m cht lm bn l cc prolt ng vt.
Trong cng nghip, ho dc, vt liu xy dng, cng ngh t si v thc phm, s nh
ho rt ph bin to nh tng m c c bn cao. Trong khai thc du m th phi
ph v nh D/N tng hiu sut khai thc v ch bin du.
VI. H phn tn bt.
H phn tn kh(bt kh) trong cht lng gi l h phn tn bt. l h thng bt,
c to ra khi thi mnh cht kh (khng kh, CO2)vo mt cht lng to bt hoc vo mt
cht lng c cht to bt. Cht to bt thng l cht hot ng b mt nh axit bo, x
phng, protin , saponin ( cng thng l cht to nn tnh bn cho nh tng D/N)
Lng
Kh
Cht to bt
H nh VI.6: S cu to bt
Cht to bt hp ph trn 2 mng ca lp cht lng xem hnh VI.6.
y chng ta ch cp n h thng bt (c ngha trong ngnh sn xut v i
sng) Bt bao gm cc t bo kh a dng to nn cu trc xp t ong. H thng bt tuy c
din tch b mt ln, nhng nng lng b mt l cc tiu bt tn ti c. Tho mn quy
tc th trn 1 cnh lng ca bt lun lun c 3 mng to nn vi nhau mt gc 1200 v
mt im ch c th to 4 cnh i qua. Cc bt kh sp xp st nhau lm cho bt c tnh bn
vng c hc no .
Bt sau khi hnh thnh s b ph hu. H c cht to bt c sc cng b mt nh,
nhng khi to thnh, h nhn nng lng ( tng s lng ht bt). Do s c qu trnh
t din theo chiu gim nng lng, theo cch mng cht lng khng ngng chy dn theo
chiu sc ht ca trng lc. V th mng mng dn. Cho n khi dy ca mng bt nh
hn 10-5 cm th mu sc (do s khuch tn nh sng) ca mng thay i hn. T a sc
chuyn thnh khng sc (khng cn tnh khuch tn nh sng) v sau bt v
Vy h thng bt khng c tnh bn ng hc, cn tnh bn tp hp rt ph thuc bn
cht v nng cht to bt. Cc cht to bt c khnng to thnh cc mng b mt bo ha
v to dung dch c nht cao s tng tnh bn c hc cho bt.
81
Cng ngh to bt c s dng nhiu trong k thut: to mng xp, tuyn ni, ch
to bia v nc gii kht, to ch phm cu ho Tuy nhin s to bt cng gy nn nhiu
tr ngi cho h nh: ngn cn s bay hi trong ni chng, to ra h d th Trng hp y
cn thm vo cht chng to bt. V d: ru (nh ru amylic, octylic c dng nhiu) v
ete thng thng.
82
1. Thuyt mixen v thuyt phn t v s to thnh dung dch polyme?

2. Nhit ng hc v s ha tan polyme trong dung mi thch hp?
3. S trng ca polyme? Phn bit s trng hn ch vi s trng khng hn ch?
4. Keo a lu? V d. S khc nhau c bn gia cc h keo a lu v h keo ght lu.
5. c tnh ha keo ca dung dch protit? Trng thi ng in v im ng in? Tnh cht
dung dch protit im ng in?
6. Hiu ng mui kt v cc bin php keo t protit?
7. Tnh bn ca h keo a lu v cc bin php keo t?
8. c im ca dung dch bn keo? Nng ti hn mixen? M hnh mixen x phng trong
mi trng nc?
9. Tc dng ty ra, tc dng nh ha ca dung dch bn keo? Cht bn keo khng ion ha v
ch s HLB?
10. Phn loi nh tng? Cht nh ha v c ch lm bn nh tng ca n? Hin tng o
nh?
11. Cu to bt? Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn tp hp ca h bt?
12. Thm 1g casein (M=108.000) vo 1 lt dung dch A to bi 800ml dung dch NaCH3COO
0,12M v 200ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,08M c h A.
a/ Tnh khi lng trung bnh (theo gam) ca 1 ht casein trong h A?
b/ Cho bit du in tch u th v hnh dng ht casein (dng hnh cu, dng hnh si
m) trong h A? Bit pK CH 3CO OOH = 4,75 v im ng in ca casein l pH = 6,7.
Tr li: 1,428.10-9g.
13. Ha tan 2,5g gelatin (M=86000) vo 500ml dung dch NaHSO4 0.004M.
a/ Tnh khi lng trung bnh (theo gam) ca 1 ht gelatin trong dung dch thu c?
b/ Cho bit du in tch u th v hnh dng gelatin trong dung dch trn? Bit im ng
in ca gelatin l pH = 4,7.
Tr li: 1,79.10-19g
83
CHNG VII
S TO CU TH. H PHN TN MI TRNG KH
Cu th l mt trng thi ca h keo ph bin trong t nhin l trng thi rn hoc

gn rn ca 1 h phn tn, cn thit cho s to hnh ca t, ca vic ch bin thc phm
Trong chng ny cng cp n h phn tn trong mi trng kh (aerosol v bt)
l loi h phn tn vi d th a dng v a phn tn thng gp trong thc t .
I. S to cu th.
1. Phn bit keo t vi cu th.
S keo t l trng thi c tnh bn rt km ca h, tnh phn tn khng cn, h keo b
phn chia thnh 2 pha: pha keo t gm cc ht keo sp xp xt nhau v pha kia l mi trng
ca h, nh mt h c th rn lng, rn khS keo t kt thc nh s kt ta trong dung
dch, th tch pha keo t thng chim t l nh so vi th tch ca h keo ban u. pha y
cc ht bn nhau, khng c tnh cu trc v lc dnh gia cc ht cn nh.
Tuy nhin mt s h keo, khi lm gim th y th th ht chim u th, th tng
hp tng, cc ht keo dnh vo nhau to ra mt khung cu trc xp c tnh bn c hc v mi
trng c np y trong khung . l s to cu th, h keo ang trng thi phn tn
lng chuyn sang trng thi rn hoc gn rn, chim phn ln hoc ton b th tch ca h.
V0
a
V2
V1
b
Hnh III.1: Trng thi keo t v cu th:

a: keo t, th tch pha keo t l V0
b v c: cu th, th tch cu th l V1 v V2
Hnh VII.1 cho thy: Th tch pha keo t l V0 rt nh so vi th tch ca h, cu th
ca keo ght lu t cc ht hnh cu c th tch V1 ln hn th tch pha keo t, nhng nh
hn th tch cu th V2 ca keo ght lu t cc ht dng hnh tm.
H keo ght lu to cu th gi l gel, v d: gel axt silicic (silicagel).
H keo a lu v h bn keo to cu th th thng gi l thch, v d: thch aga,
thch geletin.
Gel c bn c hc cao v rn (v d: s ho rn xi mng khi xy dng chnh l s
to gel), thch c bn c hc thp, nhng do v n hi l c im cn thit cho s
to hnh trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm.
Sau khi b xy kh c gel v thch ch cn li b khung cu th. Gel kh xp nhng
gin, b mt ring ln c dng nhiu lm cht ht m, cht xc tc, vt liu xy dng
Thch kh rt xp v n hi cao c ng dng trong nghin cu sinh hc.
84
2. L thuyt tng qut v s to cu th.

Khi th ht tri, th y nh th th tng hp gia cc ht keo ln thng thng dn h
ti keo t. Nhng nu yu t kt dnh gia cc ht t ti mt gi tr xc nh th cc ht s
dnh vo nhau, khi va chm to thnh cu th gia cc ht c xc sut rt cao. Lc dnh
c gi tr nh sau:
(VII.1)
= T(1 + )
: h s dnh ca cc ht, c gi tr dng
Gi tr =0 ng vi ht hnh cu, tnh ng nht v nng lng mi im l cc i,
khi lc dnh ng bng th tng hp T. H keo trng thi cn bng gia phn tn v keo
t.
Ch khi >1 ngha l khi lc dnh ln hn hn so vi th tng hp th cc ht mi dnh
vo nhau, to cu th. Gi tr ph thuc vo hnh dng ca ht. H s dnh ng bin vi
tnh khng ng nht ca cc im trn b mt ht. mt T xc nh, nu cng ln th lc
dnh cng ln.
Lc dnh cc ht hnh tm, hnh kim, hnh a dng ln hn so vi dng hnh cu rt
nhiu. V d: sol Fe2O3 dng ht bt k th nng ca h keo c th to gel l 1%, i vi
keo V2O5 ht dng hnh tm, hnh kim th nng to gel tng ng l 0,1% v 0,05%.
B mt ht keo khng ng nht th lc dnh cc im khc nhau l khc nhau. Ti
cc nh nhn, gc sc th nng lng cao nhng mc hydrat ho nh (lp dung mi rt
mng) th lc dnh rt ln. Trong mi trng nc (phn cc) im cng k nc th lc dnh
cng ln v ngc li. Th in ng ti im no cng nh th lc dnh cng ln.
Khi cc ht va chm nhau th ti nhng im c lc dnh ln cc ht s dnh vo nhau,
lin kt vi nhau rt mnh, to nn ci khung ca cu th. Mi nguyn t ca khung cu th l
mt t bo cu th, lc lin kt ca khung ln, trong lng khung cha y cc phn t dung
mi khng cn tnh chy nh mi trng phn tn keo. Phn cht lng b mt khung b hp
ph bi lc hp ph, phn cn li lp y cc t bo v b gi c hc bi lc phn t.
Cu th c c tnh ca cht rn hoc gn vi cht rn.
Lc dnh gia cc ht cng ln, nng keo ti thiu c th to khung cu th cng
nh th cu th cng xp, ngha l t bo khung cng rng.
3. np khng gian v s phi tr ca khung cu th.
np khng gian () ca khung cu th l phn khng gian ca khung cu th (
dng kh) chim trong tng th tch ca cu th to thnh.
V0
(VII.2)
V
V0 (cm3): th tch khung
V (cm3 ): th tch gel hoc thch
Nh vy: <1, cng nh th np khng gian ca cu th cng nh. Ngha l vi
mt lng nh cht phn tn to c mt th tch gel hoc thch rt ln.
V d: H keo Fe2O3 1% iu kin xc nh th n to gel, 100g h to c
100cm3 gel Fe2O3, khi lng ring ca Fe2O3l 3,6g.cm-3, th np c tnh nh sau:
1
= 0,278cm 3
3,6
0,278
=
= 0,00278 hoc 0,278%
100
V0 =
85
ngha l trong gel, ci khung ch chim nh hn 0,3%, cn li l nc chim cc t bo

khung. l c im quan trng ca trng thi cu th.
Khi cng nh th cng ln, lc lin kt trong khung cu th cng mnh, iu
cng c ngha l h cng a dng, tnh cht d bit trn b mt ti cc im l rt khc nhau.
Chng hn 2 loi ht keo V2O5 (khi lng ring =3,82g.cm-3) dng hnh tm v dng hnh
kim u to cu th th np ca 2 loi ht khc nhau. dng tm nng to gel l
0,1%, =0,026%. dng kim, nng to gel l 0,05%, =0,013%.
Nh vy c th qua gi tr np khng gian ca cu th, suy ra cc c tnh v hnh
dng, trng thi b mt ca cc ht.
S phi tr ca khung cu th.
T bo khung bt u t mt ht ri pht trin theo 3 chiu khng gian. S phi tr ca
mt khung cu th c tnh bng s ht nh trc tip vi 1 ht lm tm kt tinh. S phi
tr l K c gi tr t 2 n 12 (tng t s phi tr kt tinh). S phi tr cng ln th khung
cng dy c, np cng ln th xp ca khung cng nh. Khi K bng 2 v 3 th np
nh nht, xp l ln nht, i vi mt cht phn tn keo. Chng hn s phi tr K = 12 th
= 74%, cn K = 3 th <5%.
4. Cc yu t nh hng ti s to cu th.
Nng ca h keo, hnh dng ht, kch thc ht, nng cht in ly, pH mi
trng, nhit u nh hng n tc to cu th.
Nng keo tng th s tng va chm gia cc ht, tc to cu th s tng v
bn ca khung tng ln. Khi nng keo khng i th tnh a phn tn v tnh a dng ca
h cng tng th tc to gel hoc thch cng ln.
Trong mt khong nhit , tng nhit s lm tng chuyn ng Brao ca ht, xc
tin qu trnh to cu th. Tri li s khuy lc thng cn tr s to cu th. S tng nhit
qu mc s ph v cu th.
V d: Lm lnh dung dch cha 2% gelatin ho tan trong nc nng s c khi rn
trong sut gi l thch gelatin hoc gel gelatin. iu ch gel axit silicic bng cch trn dung
dch natri silicat vi dung dch axit HCl nng khong 5 n 10%. hn hp ng yn
mt thi gian s c gel rn trong sut, thi gian cn thit kt thc s ho gel ph thuc
vo nng cc dung dch mui v axit. (Sau khi sy gel axit silicic s thu c silicagen
xp, b mt ring khong 400 n 500m2g-1 c s dng ph bin lm cht ht m, cht hp
ph).
Trong dung dch in ly, cc anion c tc dng to thch ca keo a lu (protit, tinh
bt, aga), trong nhiu trng hp th t tc dng l:
SO42 > C 4 H 4 O62 > CH 3 COO > Cl

Trong nhiu trng hp s to cu th gel v thch trc khi c s keo t. V d: pH
gn im ng in protit d ho thch v lc mc a nc ca plyme rt thp, iu
thun li cho s to lin kt hydro gia cc nhm phn cc, cho lc tng tc phn t gia
nhng on mch k nc, cho lc ht tnh in gia cc nhm tch in ngc du nhau.
ngha l tng lc dnh gia cc ht keo v thc y s to thch.
86
5. Mt s tnh cht ca cu th
Hin tng sol gel thun nghch
Mt tnh cht c bit ca trng thi cu th l tnh sol gel thun nghch. l kh
nng ca h khi cu th b ph v bi mt lc c hc no , li c th t phc hi cu
th trong mt thi gian, ngha l c trng thi cn bng:
sol (keo) gel
khi lc thi tc ng, trong nhng iu kin xc nh (nhit , pH).
Tnh cht sol gel thun nghch l khi nim chung ch s bin i thun nghch ca
keo gel v keo thch. l v lin kt gia cc ht khi to cu th thuc loi lin kt yu
(v d: lc tng tc phn t, lc do lin kt hydro).
Hin tng sol gel thun nghch thng gp trong t nhin, trong cng ngh, trong
c th sng. Mt s loi t st c tnh sol gel thun nghch, iu c li trc nhng tc
ng ca hin tng ng t, s khoan rung, s h cc rung Trong k thut khoan ging,
khi mun ht b t ngi ta bin gen thnh son, nhng khi mun nh hnh thnh ging
th phi ho rn thnh ging bng cch chuyn son vo; nhng phi nhanh to thnh gen. Khi
pha sn l lc to son nhng khi sn ln b mt th phi to gen sn khng b chy tri. S
ng vn x phng bng dung dch NaCl nng cao c th lm cho x phng gelatin ho
tc l to thch khun hoc ng bnh.
Hin tng teo v trng.
Hin tng teo l kh nng t gim kch thc gel (nhng vn gi nguyn dng
ban u ca n) lm thot mi trng phn tn ra khi cc nguyn t cu th. Nguyn nhn l
do lc u trong s to cu th, gia cc nguyn t cu th s im tip xc cn kh t. Dn
dn do s sp xp li cc ht (nh chuyn ng nhit) s im tip xc tng ln, cu th b
nn li, y mt phn mi trng ra ngoi.
Ngc vi hin tng teo l hin tng trng: Cu th teo li ht mi trng phn
tn.
Cc cu th c th tnh teo v tnh trng
II. H phn tn mi trng kh.
1. c im.
H phn tn keo v th trong mi trng kh gi l sol kh hoc aerosol.
Aerosol l h rt long, phn tn thp, a phn tn cao, mi trng c nht
rt nh. Tng tc gia ht phn tn v mi trng khng ng k nn lp in kp b mt
ht khng hnh thnh. Trong h chuyn ng Brao rt mnh, s sa lng rt nhanh so vi h
phn tn trong mi trng lng.
Aerosol gm sng m, khi, bi v loi hn hp gia chng vi nhau. Sng m l
h gm cc git lng phn tn trong mi trng kh. Khi l h cc ht rn phn tn trong mi
trng kh. Bi thuc loi khi nhng ht rn y ln hn so vi ht rn trong khi. Nu
khi l kh thi cng nghip th l h phn tn phc tp gm cc ht rn, ht lng, bi v
kh thi.
Trong aerosol ngi ta chp nhn kch thc cc ht nh sau: khi gm cc ht kch
thc khong 10-7 n 10-3cm. Bi gm cc ht khong 10-3. Sng m gm cc ht c kch
thc khong 10-5n 10-3 cm.
87
Sau y l kch thc cc loi ht thng gp trong t nhin v sn xut:

Sng m
My tng
My ma
H2SO4 (m)
ZnO
Khi thuc l
Khi l
P2O5 (khi)
Kch thc ht (cm):
5.10-5
10-410-3
10-310-2
10-410-3
5.10-6
10-510-4
10-510-2
5.10-410-4
Kch thc cc ht rt khc nhau ph thuc vo ngun gc v iu kin to ra chng.

Cc ht lng th dng hnh cu, cc ht rn th a dng chng c th kt dnh vo nhau to
nhng ht c kch thc ln hn.
Trong aerosol cc ht khng c lp in kp nhng c th tch in (khng ln) do ht
hp th nng lng bc x hoc hp ph ion trong khng kh. Trong ch to in tch aerosol
do iu kin sn xut to cho n. Cc aerosol kim loi hoc oxit kim loi thng tch in m,
cn phi kim v oxit ca chng tch in dng. V d:
Aerosol
Fe2O3
MgO
Zn
ZnO
Bt m
Du in tch
-
Aerosol
SiO2
P2O5
NaCl
Than
Tinh bt
Du in tch
+
+
+
+
+
2. Mt s tnh cht ho keo ca h.

H aerosol c tnh quang hc tng t h keo mi trng lng. aerosol s khuch
tn nh sng r rt hn do chit sut gia cht phn tn v mi trng rt chnh lch nhau. H
aerosol c mt s hin tng khc vi h lyosol. l hin tng nhit di, nhit sa lng,
quang di.
Nhit di l hin tng cc ht aerosol xa ri vt nng. Nhit sa lng l sc sa lng ca
cc ht ln nhng phn lnh hn ca b mt vt c t nng khng u (v d: bi thng
tp trung trn vch, trn trn ca l, hoc mt sau ca cc my pht nh sng, bng n)
Nhit di v nhit sa lng c quan h vi kch thc (r) ca ht v bc sng () ca
bc x.
Nu >> r th cc phn t kh bay vi tc ln hn pha ht nng hn, iu c
tc dng cho cc ht xung quanh theo chiu gim nhit . Cn nu <<r th trong trng
gradien nhit , chuyn ng ca ht cng xy ra theo chiu gim nhit . Hai hin tng
trn c ngha ln trong s vn chuyn cc aerosol trong kh quyn. Nhit di lm cho aerosol
t mim nng vo min lnh, cn nhit sa lng lm cho aerosol sa lng phn lnh hn, to
iu kin cho s ngng t hoc keo t thnh ht ln hn v ri xung (thnh ma).
Quang di l s di chuyn cc ht aerosol khi ht c chiu sng mt pha, l
trng hp ring ca nhit di. Cc ht khng trong sut chuyn ng theo hng i ca tia
sng, l quang di dng. i vi ht trong sut th c hin tng quang di m ngha l ht
88
chuyn dch v pha ngun sng, do lc ny pha sau ht c hm nng bi cc tia khc x
trong ht mnh hn so vi pha trc ht.
Nhit di, nhit sa lng, quang di l nhng hin tng lin quan n tnh ng hc phn
t ch c trng cho h aerosol.
Cc ht c chuyn ng Brao rt mnh, nhng nht cu mi trng rt nh v kch
thc ht li th, nn h aerosol khng bn vng, d sa lng. Ht c kch thc ln th tc
sa lng ln, cc ht nh th chuyn ng rt mnh nn d v chm vo nhau v lin kt li
thnh nhng ht ln hn. V th h aerosol c nng cao thi gian keo t mt na rt nh,
cc h aerosol long th thi gian keo t mt na rt ln.
Vy aerosol long l h rt bn. Cc ht c kch thc ht 10-5 n 10-4cm c nng
cao nht cao 18km trong kh quyn, chng l lng t 3 n 22 ngy lm tng rt
mnh tnh c ca kh quyn.
C th ph v aerosol bng cch thay i tc v chiu ca dng aerosol bng cch
lc, bng tc dng sng siu m. thm mm ngng t, tc dng ca in trng
Aerosol t nhin c ngha ln trong thin vn, trong nng nghip. Chng l mt yu
t quyt nh n ch ma, kh hu, thi tit. Cc hin tng ma tuyt, phng in khi
ging t, cu vng l do h aerosol trong kh quyn. H aerosol sinh ra do kh thi cng
nghip gy nhim mi trng nn cn phi c khc phc.
III. Bt v tnh cht ca n.
Bt l h phn tn th trong mi trng kh , ggn vi tinha cht ca aerosol. Do kch
thc ht ln nn h khng c tnh bn ng hc. Do mt ht ln nn khi lng ring ca
bt rt ln hn so vi aerosol.
Kch thc ht bt rt khc nhau ph thuc vo phng php iu ch v mc ch s
dng. Sau y l kch thc ht mt s bt dng trong cng ngh thc phm.
Tn loi bt
Cc oxyt kim loi
BaSO4 (to thnh do kt ta)
BaSO4 (to thnh do nghin)
Cao lanh
Tinh bt go
Tinh bt ng
Tinh bt khoai ty
Bt m loi tt
Bt m loi trung bnh
Kakao
ng knh ht 104cm
0,1 n 1,0
1 n 5
5 n 20
2 n 20
6 n 10
15 n 25
100 n 150
50 n 200
200 n 800
100 n 200
S ha bi ca bt.
Khi c gi, cc ht tch khi bt v tr thnh bi tr l lng trong khng kh gi l s
ha bi ca bt.
u tin l s trt ca cc hat, khi tc gi ti mt gi tr no th ht nhy ma
v tch khi b mt (rt mnh nhng im nh cao ca bt). S trt, s nhy ma lm cho
cc ht va p vo nhau theo kiu dy chuyn, c ht ri xung, c ht bay ln v to bi
trong mi trng kh.
S ha bi ph thuc vo tc gi, kch thc, dng ht, dnh ca bt, nhit
89
Tc gi cng ln, kch thc ht cng nh, ht dng hnh cu, b mt ng nht,
nht v dnh thp th tc ha bi cng ln.
V d: vi tc gi 10.m.s-1 th ch cc ht ct kch thc nh hn 0,1mm nhy ma,
cn cc ht ln hn ch c chuyn ng ln trt trn b mt ct.
Khi m ca ht tng th tc ha bi gim. m lm tng dnh ht, bi sc
cng b mt ca nc ln. ng thi m cn to iu kin cho cc ht tch in hoc trung
ha in. Ni chung m lm cho cc ht bt tch in, lm tng dnh gia cc ht, lm
cn tr s ha bi ca chng.
S to cu th.
Lng nc thm vo bt tng s chuyn bt kh thnh bt nho v thnh h cu th
(gel hoch thch) c xp khc nhau, tnh lu n khc nhau ph thuc vo bn cht ca
bt. Cu th to thnh trong iu kin tnh ng nhit. Nu c ngoi lc tc ng th cu th
khng hnh thnh, dng chy trong h chuyn h thnh lyosol. dng bt nho hay cu th
th nht ca h rt cao, nhng khi tr thnh h phn tn trong mi trng lng th h c
nhng tnh cht ca h phn tn th.
Tc dng to vin kh cho bt
y l tc dng ngc vi s ha bi v s to sol ca bt. mi loi bt xc nh,
vi dnh thch hp, khi c ly tm th cc ht bt kt dnh vo nhau, to nn dng hnh
cu rt d hnh thnh. Nu tc ly tm qu ln hoc qu nh th s to vin rt km.
S nghin cht phn tn thnh bt v s to vin bt c dng nhiu trong sn xut
v i sng.
90
1. Phn bit keo t v cu th, gel v thch

2. L thuyt v s hnh thnh cu th.
3. Trng thi cn bng sol-gel ?
4. Cc yu t nh hng n s to cu th
5. np khng gian v s phi tr ca khung cu th? ngha
6. c im ca aerosol
7. c im ca trng thi bt
8. Tnh tc sa lng ca cc git nc c bn knh 10-4cm v 10-6cm, trong khng kh
tnh?Gi s khi lng ring ca nc l 1g.cm-3, khi lng ring ca khng kh bng 0,
nht ca khng kh bng 1,8.10-4poa.
Tr li: 1,2.10-2cms-1, 1,2.10-6cms-1
91
PH LC
Cc hng s trong nhng phng trnh hoc cng thc ton hc

Tn gi
Gia tc trng trng
Hng s kh
Nhit tuyt i
S Avogadro
S pi
K hiu
g
R
T
N0
-2
Gi tr
9,8m.s
8,314J.mol-1-1
0,0.82.l.atm.mol-1.-1
t0(C) + 273
6,02.1023
3,1416
92
MC LC
Li ni u
Chng I: Khi nim v cc h keo ...........................................................................................2
I. Cch phn loi cc h phn tn ...........................................................................................2
1. Theo kch thc ht phn tn .........................................................................................2
2. Theo trng thi tp hp pha ca h.................................................................................3
3. Theo cng tng tc gi ht phn tn v mi trng ca h. .................................3
II. Nhng c im ca h phn tn keo. ...............................................................................4
1. B mt d th...................................................................................................................4
2. B mt ring v phn tn ...........................................................................................4
III. Khi nim v h a phn tn ............................................................................................6
1. Cp ht............................................................................................................................6
2. Mc a phn tn ........................................................................................................8
IV. iu ch v tinh ch cc h keo .....................................................................................10
1. iu ch........................................................................................................................10
2. Tinh ch keo .................................................................................................................10
Cu hi v bi tp: ....................................................................................................................12
Chng II: Tnh cht ng hc phn t v s khuch tn nh sng ca cc h keo................13
I. Tnh ng hc phn t ......................................................................................................13
1. Chuyn ng Brao (Brown) .........................................................................................13
2. S khuch tn ...............................................................................................................14
3. p sut thm thu .........................................................................................................15
4. Cn bng mng nnan (Donnan) ...............................................................................16
5. nht .........................................................................................................................18
II. S khuch tn nh sng ca h keo. ...............................................................................21
Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................25
Chng III: Nng lng b mt. S hp ph ...........................................................................26
I. Nng lng b mt v sc cng b mt. ...........................................................................26
II. Khuynh hng gim din tch b mt ca h. .................................................................27
III. S hp ph. .....................................................................................................................28
1. Mt s khi nim c bn ..............................................................................................28
2. hp ph v ph...................................................................................................28
3. S hp ph trn b mt rn...........................................................................................30
4. S hp ph trn b mt lng.........................................................................................33
IV. S thm t v s ngng t mao qun...........................................................................35
1. S thm t. .................................................................................................................35
93
2. S ngng t mao qun..................................................................................................35

Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................38
Chng IV: Tnh cht in ca cc h keo ..............................................................................39
I. Hin tng in ng........................................................................................................39
II. Cu to ht keo ght lu. .................................................................................................39
III. Lp in kp v in th b mt ca ht keo. ................................................................41
1. Cu to lp in kp.....................................................................................................41
2. in th b mt ca ht keo..........................................................................................45
3. Xc nh th in ng.................................................................................................47
IV. Hp ph trao i ion.......................................................................................................48
1. Khi nim. ....................................................................................................................48
2. Nha trao i. ...............................................................................................................49
3. Nhit ng hc v hp ph trao i ion........................................................................49
Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................51
Chng V: Tnh bn ca cc h keo v s keo t ....................................................................52
I. Tnh bn ca cc h keo. ...................................................................................................52
1. L thuyt v tnh bn....................................................................................................52
2. Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc.............................................................52
3. Th ht, th y gia cc ht........................................................................................53
II. S keo t ..........................................................................................................................54
1. Keo t keo ght lu bng cht in ly. .........................................................................54
2. Hin tng bt thng khi keo t bng cht in ly. ...................................................57
3. S keo t keo ght lu bng hn hp cht in ly. ......................................................58
4. S keo t tng h. ......................................................................................................59
5. ng hc ca s keo t bng cht in ly....................................................................62
III. S keo pepti ho (ko tn)..............................................................................................65
Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................67
Chng VI: H keo a lu v h bn keo ................................................................................68
I. Khi nim v cht cao phn t v s to thnh dung dch ca n. ...................................68
1. Cao phn t mch thng v mm do...........................................................................68
2. Cc l thuyt v s hnh thnh dung dch polyme. ......................................................69
3. Nhit ng hc v s ha tan polyme ..........................................................................70
4. S trng ca polyme. .................................................................................................71
II. H keo a lu...................................................................................................................72
1. c im chung. ...........................................................................................................72
2. c tnh ho keo ca dung dch protit..........................................................................72
3. Tnh bn v s keo t keo a lu. ................................................................................74
94
II. H bn keo. ...................................................................................................................... 75

1. Tnh cht c bn ca dung dch bn keo. .....................................................................75
2. Tc dng ty ra, tc dng nh ho ca cc dung dch bn keo. .....................................77
3. Cht bn keo khng ion ho. Ch s HLB....................................................................78
4. Tnh bn v s keo t cc h bn keo...........................................................................79
III. Nh tng v cht nh ho.............................................................................................79
1. Khi nim v phn loi nh tng. ..............................................................................79
2. Cht nh ho.................................................................................................................80
3. Hin tng o nh. .....................................................................................................81
VI. H phn tn bt. .............................................................................................................81
Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................83
Chng VII: S to cu th. H phn tn mi trng kh .......................................................84
I. S to cu th. ...................................................................................................................84
1. Phn bit keo t vi cu th..........................................................................................84
2. L thuyt tng qut v s to cu th...........................................................................85
3. np khng gian v s phi tr ca khung cu th....................................................85
4. Cc yu t nh hng ti s to cu th.......................................................................86
5. Mt s tnh cht ca cu th. ........................................................................................87
II. H phn tn mi trng kh. ............................................................................................87
1. c im.......................................................................................................................87
2. Mt s tnh cht ho keo ca h. ..................................................................................88
III. Bt v tnh cht ca n. ..................................................................................................89
Cu hi v bi tp .....................................................................................................................91
95
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. B mn Ha l: Gio trnh Ha hc cht keo, Khoa Ha i hc Tng hp H Ni, nm

1972.
2. B mn Ha hc: Gio trnh Ha l thuyt, ton tp, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H
Ni, nm 1977.
3. E. Wolfram : Koloidika , tom I; II; III, Budapest, 1976
4. F. Damels, R. Alberty: Ha l (ting Vit dch t bn ting Nga), tp II, Nh xut bn i
hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip H Ni, nm 1972.
5. J. Shaw: Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Butterworth, London-Boston,
1980.
6. K. Shinoda, T. Nakagawa, B. Tamushi, T. Isemura: Koloidal surfactants, Acadimic Press
New York and London, 1963
7. Phan Xun Vn: Ho c s l thuyt, tp II, Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn
nghip H Ni, nm 1988.
8. R. Sandor: Koloidika, Budapest, 1981
9. S. Voiuscki ; Gio trnh ha keo (ting Nga), Moskva, 1964
10. Trn Vn Nhn; Nguyn Thc Su; Nguyn Vn Tu: Ha l, tp II, Nh xut bn i
hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip H Ni, nm 1985.
11. Trn Vn Nhn: Gio trnh Ha hc cht keo, Khoa Ha hc trng i hc khoa hc t
nhin H Ni, nm 2001.
96

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP I

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 1

Ho keo l mt mn hc trng qu trnh o to giai on 2 cho cc ngnh sinh hc

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 2

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 3

2. Theo trng thi tp hp pha ca h

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 4

Tng din tch

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 5

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 6

Cc vt liu xp c mt h mao qun. H thng mao qun c b mt ring thng

V d: Mt h keo gm 3 cp ht hnh cu: cp 1 c ri = 10 5 cm chim 45%, cp ht 2

c ri = 2,5.10 6 cm chim 35% v cp ht 3 c ri = 2.10 7 cm chim 20% khi lng ring

Vic phn tch cc cp ht c tin hnh bng nhiu phng php. i vi cc ht

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 7

Nguyn tc phng php phn tch sa lng.

V d: Tnh tc sa lng ca ht SiO2 hnh cu bn knh r=10-3cm v khi lng

Nu < o ht s ni ln (hin tng sa ni), nu > o th ht s ri xung (hin

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 8

Gi s mt ht sa lng t A n B xem hnh I.1, trong thi gian t(s), cao AB =

Kt hp cng thc I.7 vi phng trnh I.6

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 9

(100 12 ) + (100 100 2 )

(100 1) + (100 100)

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 10

Nh vy cc h A v B u l a phn tn, nhng mc a phn tn ca h A ln

Hnh I.2 S tinh ch h keo

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 11

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 12

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 13

Sau nhng nghin cu v l thuyt v thc nghim, ngi ta khng nh rng

Nu gi l ri trung bnh ca ht th tnh theo cng thc:

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 14

din t st hn chuyn ng Brao trong khng gian ngi ta dng gi tr di

m: lng cht khuch tn

B: h s ma st ca ht trong mi trng phn tn.

Cng thc II.6 cho thy:

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 15

C: nng cht tan tnh theo mol. l-1

: nng mol ht tnh theo s mol ht, 1 mol ht gm No ht.

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 16

B: hng s ph thuc bn cht cht cao phn t v dung mi.

4. Cn bng mng nnan (Donnan)

Hnh II.2: S thm tch ca 2 dung

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 17

i vi dung dch tht:

(c1) (nc1+x) (x)

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 18

T tnh c tng nng cc ion thm tch h keo:

Qua cc cng thc II.12 v II.14 chng ta c nhn xt sau:

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 19

Hnh II4. gii thch nh lut Niutn v nht

o : nht ca mi trng phn tn

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 20

- Khi ht c dng hnh que hay hnh tm th nht ca h lun ln hn so vi kt

: tha s ph thuc hnh dng ht.

trong : l nht ca dung dch, 0 l nht ca dung mi.

l nht ring quy v n v nng .

nht c trng hay nht rt gn:

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 21

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Ho keo 22

Hnh II.6: hin tng