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CH 1: CU TO NGUYN T A. L thuyt c bn
- Nguyn t: + Ht nhn:
proton (p, in tch +) mp = mn = 1,67.10-27kg = 1u Notron (n, khng mang in) + Lp v: electron (e, in tch -) me = 9,1.10-31kg
N 1,5 ( tr H) P
- ng v: l nhng loi nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t , c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s notron nn s khi khc nhau. - Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh:
MA =
A .a % a %
i i i
- Lp electron: Gm cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 nhn Lp .. K L M N O P Q Trt t nng lng tng dn + S el ti a lp th n l 2n2 e + Lp th n c n phn lp + S el ti a phn lp l: s (2), p(6), d(10) , f(14) - C s in electron vo nguyn t: Cc electron c sp xp trong nguyn t theo nguyn l vng bn, nguyn l Pauli v quy tc Hund + Nguyn l vng bn:Cc electron phn b vo cc AO c mc nng lng t thp n cao + Nguyn l Pauli: Trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht 2 electron v 2 el ny phi c chiu t quay khc nhau + Quy tc Hund: Cc electron s c phn b trn cc AO sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau Trong mt phn lp, nu s e s AO th cc e u phi l c thn c s e oocj thn l ti a * Cc phn lp c s e ti a (s2, p6, d10, f14): Phn lp bo ha * Cc phn lp cha s e ti a : Phn lp cha bo ha * Cc phn lp c s e c thn = s AO (d5, f7): Phn lp bn bo ha - Cu hnh electrron nguyn t: l s phn b cc e theo lp, phn lp v AO. Cc e thuc lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ca cht: + Cc kh him, tr Heli, nguyn t c 8 e ngoi cng u rt bn vng kh tham gia phn ng ha hc + Cc kim loi, nguyn t c t (1, 2, 3) e ngoi cng d cho e to thnh ion dng c cu hnh e ging kh him + Cc phi kim, nguyn t c nhiu (5, 6, 7) e ngoi cng d nhn thm e to thnh ion m c cu hnh e ging kh him + Cc nguyn t cn c th dng chung e ngoi cng to ra cc hp cht trong cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t cng ging cc kh him
=> R =
3V 4
3A (cm) 4Nd
AD CT trn khi coi nguyn t l nhng hnh cu chim 100% th tch nguyn t. Thc t, nguyn t rng, phn tinh th ch chim a%. Nn cc bc tnh nh sau: + V mol nguyn t c khe rng: V mol (c khe rng) = + V mol nguyn t c kht: + V 1 nguyn t: + Bn knh nguyn t:
A = Vo. d A .a% d
3V = 4
B. Bi tp
I. Mt s dng bi tp thng gp
1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v ngt ca cc ngt c in tch ht nhn ; a) Z = 3 ; 11 ; 19. b) Z = 9 ; 17 ; 35 2) Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht (p,n,e) l 115. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht. Tm s proton, s khi v tn R. 3) Tng s ht (p,n,e) ca mt nguyn t l 34. Xc nh KLNT v cu hnh electron ca nguyn t . 4) Bo c hai ng v
10 5
6) Phn t MX3 c tng s ht bng 196, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l l 60. Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 8. Ion X- nhhiu ht hn ion M3+ l 16. Xc nh M, X, MX3, vit cu hnh electron, obitan ca M. 7) Hp cht A c cng thc MX2, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. Ht nhn ca M c n - p = 4, cn ht nhn ca X c n= p > Bit tng s ht proton trong MX2 l 58. a. Xc nh s khi ca M v X b. Cho bit CTHH ca MX2 8) Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RO3, vi hiro n to thnh hp cht kh cha 94,12% R v khi lng. Tm KLPT v tn nguyn t. 9) a. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca Fe 20oC, bit nhhit ny d = 7,87 g/cm3. Cho Fe=55,85 b. Thc t Fe chim 75% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Tnh bn knh ngt Fe 10) Mt ngt X c bn knh l 1,44 Ao, khi lng ring thc tnh th l 19,36g/cm3. Ngt chim 74% th tch tinh th. Hy: a. Xc nh khi lng ring trung bnh ton ngt, khi lng mol ngt b. Bit X c 118 ntron. Tnh s proton
II. Bi tp t luyn
1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v ngt ca cc ngt c in tch ht nhn ; a) Z = 4 ; 12 ; 20. b) Z = 7 ; 15 ; 33
63 29
2) KLNT ca Cu l 63,54. ng c 2 ng v l
Cu v
65 29
Cu , tm % s nguyn t ca mi ng v.
24 12
3) Bit Mg c KLTB l 24,2. Trong t nhin c 2 ng v s khi ca ng v th 2 a. Trong 1000 ngt O c bao nhiu 16O, 17O, 18O ? b. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Oxi
Mg v
A 12
5) Ho tan 6,082g kim loi M(II) bng dung dch HCl thu 5,6 lt H2 (ktc) a. Tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca M, gi tn b. M c 3 ng v vi tng s khi l 75. Bit s khi 3 ng v lp thnh 1 cp s cng. ng v 3 chim 11,4%, s notron ln hn proton l 2, ng v 1 c p=n. - Tm s khi v notron mi ng v - Tm % ng v cn li 6) Mt nguyn t A to thnh hai loi oxit AOx v AOy ln lt cha 50% v 60% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh A v cng thc ca 2 oxit. 7) Bit tng s ht proton, ntron v electron trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tm s proton, ntron v s khi ca nguyn t. 8) Tng s ht mang in trong ion (AB3)2- bng 82. S ht mang in trong ht nhn A nhiu hn s ht mang in trong ht nhn B l 8. Xc nh s hiu ngt A, B. Vit cu hnh e v nh v 2 ngt trong BTH. 9) Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong hai nguyn t kim loi A, B l 142 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 ht. S ht mang in ca nguyn t A nhiu hn nguyn t B l 12 ht. Xc nh A, B v v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH. 10) Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong mt nguyn t A l 16, trong nguyn t B l 58. Tm s Z v s khi ca A, B; gi s s chnh lch gia s khi vi KLNT trung bnh khng qu 1 n v. 11) Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p,n,e) l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v tn nguyn t. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v cc ion to ra t X. 12) Hp cht Z c to bi hai nguyn t M, R c cng thc MaRb, trong R chim 6,67% khi lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c n = p + 4, cn trong ht nhn R c n = p; trong n, p, n, p l s ntron v proton tng ng ca M v R. Bit rng tng s ht proton trong phn t Z bng 84 v a + b = 4. Tm CTPT ca Z. (S : p=26, p = 6; Fe3C). 13) Kim loi M tc dng v vi 4,032 lt Clo thu 16,02g MCl3. a) Xc nh KLNT ca M b) Tnh KLR ca M. Tnh t l % ca Vthc vi V tinh th. Bit m c R=1,43Ao; d thc = 2,7g/cm3.
- Bn knh nguyn t:
* Quy lut: Theo chiu tng THN, trong 1 CK, R nguyn t gim dn; trong 1 nhm A, R nguyn t tng dn * Gii thch: Trong cng 1 CK, theo chiu tng THN s e lp ngoi cng tng lc ht gia ht nhn vi e ngoi cng tng R gim dn Trong 1 nhm, theo chiu tng THN, s lp e tng R tng dn
cng ha hc 1O nng cao + Trong 1 chu k: Kim loi gim, phi kim tng + Trong 1 nhm A: Kim loai tng, phi kim gim
- Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 (nng lng cn thit tch 1e ra khi nguyn t trung ha)
* Quy lut: Theo chiu tng THN, trong 1 CK, I1 tng; trong 1 nhm A, I1 gim * Gii thch: Trong 1 CK, theo chiu tng THN, R , kh nng gi e I
Trong 1 nhm, theo chiu tng THN, R , kh nng gi e I
- Ha tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 7(a), ha tr ca phi kim vi hiro gim t 4 1 (b). Mi
lin h l a + b = 8 B. BI TPVN DNG I. Mt s dng bi tp thng gp
1) Cho cc ngt c Z = 11, 24, 27, 35 a. Vit s mc nng lng ca e b. Vit cu hnh e v nh v trong BTH ( , CK, N) 2) Bit rng lu hunh chu k 3, nhm VIA. Hy lp lun vit c hnh e ca S? 3) Da vo v tr trong BTH, d on cu to ca cc ngt sau: 20Ca, 16S, 18Ar, 30Zn. 4) Da vo v tr trong BTH, d on tnh cht ho hc c bn ca: 19K, 6C, 5) Hy so snh tnh cht ho hc ca: a) Mg ( Z =12) vi Na ( Z=11) v Al (Z=13) b) Ca (Z = 20) vi Mg ( Z=12) v K (Z = 19) c) Cl ( Z = 17) vi F ( Z = 9) v S ( Z = 16) 6) Cation R2+ c cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6 a. Vit cu hnh e ca R b. Nguyn t R thuc CK? Nhm? ? c. Anion X- c cu hnh e ging R2+, X l ngt g? Vit cu hnh e ca n 7) Oxit cao nht ca mt ngt ng vi cng thc RO3, vi hiro n to thnh mt hp cht kh cha 94,12%R. Tm khi lng ngt v tn ngt? 8) Ho tan hon ton 0,3gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y 2 chu k lin tip ca nhm IA vo nc thu c 0,224 lit kh (ktc). Tm X, Y 9) Ngi ta dng 14,6gam HCl th va ho tan 11,6gam hiroxit ca kim loi A(II) a) nh tn A b) Bit A c p = n. Cho bit s lp e, s e mi lp? 10) Ho tan hon ton 2,73gam mt kim loi kkim vo nc thu c 1 dung dch c khi lng ln hn s vi khi lng nc dng l 2,66gam. Xc nh tn kim loi 11) T l khi lng phn t gia hp cht kh vi hidro ca ngt R so vi oxit cao nht ca ns l 17:40. Hy bin lun xc nh R
30
Zn.
II. Bi tp t luyn
1) Nguyn t M thuc phn nhm chnh, M to ra c ion M3+ c tng s ht = 37. Xc nh M v v tr ca M trong bng HTTH. 2) Cho nguyn t A c Z = 16. Xc nh v tr ca A trong bng HTTH. A l kim loi hay phi kim, gii thch. 3) Mt kim loi M c s khi bng 54, tng s ht (p,n,e) trong ion M2+ l 78. Hy xc nh s th t ca M trong 54 54 54 Mn , 54 Cr , 25 bng HTTH v cho bit M l nguyn t no trong cc nguyn t sau y : 24 26 Fe , 27 Co . 4) Cho bit cu hnh electron ca A : 1s 22s22p63s2, ca B : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH; A, B l cc nguyn t g ? 5) Nguyn t X, cation Y2+, anion Z- u c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p6. a, X, Y, Z l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him ? Ti sao. b, Vit phn t phn ng minh ho tnh cht ho hc quan trng nht ca X v Y. 6) X v Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt phn nhm v hai chu k lin tip trong bng HTTH. Tng s cc ht mang in tch trong nguyn t X v Y l 52. Xc nh v tr ca X, Y trong bng HTTH. 7) Mt nguyn t X ca nguyn t R c tng s ht bng 54 v c s khi nh hn 38. Xc nh s Z, s khi v v tr ca X trong bng HTTH. 8) Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc R2O5, hp cht ca n vi hiro c %H = 17,6% v khi lng. Xc nh nguyn t . 9) Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R thuc nhm VII c %O = 61,2%. Xc nh R. 10) Khi cho 5,4g mt kim loi tc dng vi oxi khng kh ta thu c 10,2g oxit cao nht c cng thc M2O3. Xc nh kim loi v th tch khng kh cn dng trong phn ng trn (ktc), bit khng kh c 20%O2. 11) Hai nguyn t A, B to ra cc ion A3+, B+ tng ng c s electron bng nhau. Tng s cc ht trong 2 ion bng 76. Xc nh A, B v v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH, vit cu hnh electron, obitan ca A, B. 12) Hn hp X gm 2 mui clorua ca hai kim loi kim A, B (MA<MB) hai chu k lin tip. Cho 19,15g hn hp X tc dng va vi 300g dung dch AgNO3, sau phn ng thu c 43,05g kt ta v dung dch D. a, Xc nh C% dung dch AgNO3. b, C cn dung dch D ta thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. c, Xc nh A, B. 13) Hp cht M c to ra t cation X+ v anion Y2--. Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t ca hai nguyn t to nn. Tng s proton trong X+ l 11, cn tng s electron trong Y- l 50. Hy xc nh CTPT cv gi tn M. Bit rng 2 ngun t trong Y- thuc cng phn nhm v hai chu k lin tip.
D. Cl-
Cu 4: T k hiu 73Li ta c th suy ra: A. Ht nhn nguyn t Li c 3 proton v 7 notron B. Nguyn t Li c 2 lp electron, lp trong c 3 v lp ngoi c 7 electron C. Nguyn t Li c 3 electron, ht nhn c 3 proton v 4 notron D. Li c s khi l 3, s hiu nguyn t l 7 Cu 5: Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hiro l RH 3. Trong oxit m R c ho tr cao nht th oxi chim 74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R l A. N. B. S. C. P. D. As. 63 65 Cu 6: Trong t nhin Cu tn ti hai loi ng v l Cu v Cu.Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cu bng 63,546.S nguyn t 63Cu c trong 32 gam Cu l ( bit s Avogaro = 6,022.1023) A. 12,046.1023 B. 1,503.1023 C. 2,205.1023 D. 3,0115.1023 Cu 7: Tng s ( p, n, e) ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 21. Tng s obitan ca nguyn t nguyn t l: A. 5 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 Cu 8: 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z c tng s in tch ht nhn l 16, hiu in tch ht nhn X v Y l 1. Tng s e trong ion ( X3Y)- l 32 .X, Y, Z ln lt l : A. O, N, H B. O, S, H C. C, H, F D. N, C, H Cu 9: Ion no sau y c cu hnh e ca kh him Ne? A. ClB. Be2+ C. Ca2+ D. Mg2+ Cu 10: Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l: A. P, N, O, F. B. N, P, F, O. C. N, P, O, F. D. P, N, F, O Cu 11: Tng s ht proton, notron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi A, B l 142. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca A l 12. Hai kim loi A, B ln lt l: A. Na v K B. Mg v Fe C. Ca v Fe D. K v Ca 1 2 3 9 Cu 12: Hiro c 3 ng v H, H, H. Be c 1 ng v Be. C bao nhiu loi phn t BeH cu to t cc ng v trn? A. 18 B. 12 C. 6 D. 1 11 10 Cu 13: Nguyn t Bo c 2 ng v t nhin l: B v B ng v 1 chim 80% ng v 2 chim 20%. Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t Bo l: A. 10,2 B. 10,6 C. 10,8 D. 10,4 Cu 14: Nguyn t nguyn t Y c tng cc ht c bn l 52, trong s ht khng mang in trong ht nhn ln gp 1,059 ln s ht mang in dng. Kt lun no sau y l khng ng vi Y? A. Y l nguyn t phi kim B. Trng thi c bn ca Y c 3 e c thn C. Y c s khi l 35 D. in tch ht nhn ca Y l 17+ Cu 15: Hp cht vi nguyn t H c dng RH4,Trong oxit cao nht vi oxi, R chim 27,27% v khi lng .R l nguyn t no sau y? A. Sn B. Si C. C. D. Pb
Cu 16: Nguyn t R thuc nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.Trong hp cht R vi hiro( khng c thm nguyn t khc) c 5,882 % H v khi lng.R l nguyn t no sau y? A. Se B. O C. Cr D. S Cu 17: Oxit B c cng thc l X O.Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) trong B l 92 trong s ht mang
2
C. K O
2
D. Cl O
2
Cu 18: Nguyn t ca nguyn t no c s e c thn ln nht: A. Cl ( Z= 17) B. P ( Z= 15) C. S ( Z= 16) D. Mg ( Z= 12) Cu 19: Cc ng v c tnh cht no sau y? A. Tt c cc tnh cht a ra B. C cng s proton trong ht nhn C. C cng s e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t D. C cng tnh cht ho hc Cu 20: X. Y l hai nguyn t thuc thuc cng mt phn nhm v 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Bit Z + Z = 32.S proton trong nguyn t nguyn t, Y ln lt l : A. 8 v 14 B. 7 v 25 C. 12 v 20 D. 15 v 17 Cu 21: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X to ion X .Tng s ht ( p, n, e ) trong X bng 116. X l nguyn t ca nguyn t no sau y? B. 17Cl A. 34 C. 35 D. 33 Cu 22: Nguyn t nguyn t Y c cu to bi 36 ht trong s ht mang in gp i s ht khng mang in.Cu hnh ca Y l : A. 1s22s22p63s13p1 B. 1s22s22p63d2 C. 1s22s22p63s2 D. 1s22s22p6 Cu 23: M c cc ng v sau: 55 s notron = 13:15 l A. 5726M M, 56 M,58 M, 57 M. ng v ph hp vi t l s proton:
26 26 26 26 X Y
Se
Br
As
B. 5626M
C. 5526M
D. 5826M
Cu 24: Cc ion v nguyn t Ne, Na+, F- c: A. S electron bng nhau B. S notron bng nhau C. S proton bng nhau D. S khi bng nhau Cu 25: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t R l 79,91. Bit R c hai ng v trong 54,5% s nguyn t. Nguyn t khi ca ng v cn li c gi tr bao nhiu? A. 81 B. 80 C. 82 D. 85 Cu 26: Trong cc pht biu sau y pht biu no ng? A. ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s ht notron B. ng v l cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s notron C. ng v l cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nhng khc nhau v s notron D. ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng v tr trong bNg tun hon Cu 27: Tng s e ho tr ca nguyn t Nit ( N) l: A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7 2+ Cu 28: Ion Mn c cu hnh electron l:
79z
R chim
A. 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d44s1 B. 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d34s2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s0 26 23 27 63 Cu 29: Cho 4 nguyn t c k hiu nh sau 12 X, 11Y, 13 Z, 29T . Hai nguyn t no c cng s ntron? A. X v Z B. Y v Z C. X v Y D. Z v T 2 2 6 2 Cu 30: Mt nguyn t c cu hnh e l: 1s 2s 2p 3s s: A. Tng kch thc khi to ra ion dng B. Tng kch thc khi to ra ion m C. Gim kch thc khi to ra ion dng D. Gim kch thc khi to ra ion m
Cu 31: Nhng tnh cht no sau y bin i tun hon? A. S lp e B. S e lp ngoi cng C. in tch ht nhn D. khi lng nguyn t Cu 32: Ion X c 10 e . Ht nhn nguyn t nguyn t X c 10 notron. Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t X l: A. 19u B. 20u C. 21u D. Kt qu khc Cu 33: Cu hnh no sau y l ca ion Fe3+? A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d6 B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2 Cu 34: Hai nguyn t X, Y nm k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. X, Y thuc chu k v nhm no trong HTTH? A. Chu k 2 nhm IIA B. Chu k 3 nhm IA v nhm IIA C. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IIA v IVA D. Chu k 3 nhm IIA v nhm IIIA Cu 35: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O9F, 11Na c xp theo th t tng dn t tri sang phi l A. F, O, Li, Na. B. Li, Na, O, F. C. F, Li, O, Na. D. F, Na, O, Li. Cu 36: Cu hnh e nguyn t ca 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z ln lt l: 1s22s22p63s1, 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1, 1s22s22p63s23p1. Nu sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh kim loi th cch sp xp no sau y l ng? A. Z < X < Y B. Z < Y < X C. X < Y < Z D. Y < Z < X Cu 37: Ion no c cu hnh e ging cu hnh e ca nguyn t Ar ? A. O2B. Mg2+ C. K+ D. Na+ Cu 38: Cation X+ c cu hnh e lp v ngoi cng l 2s22p6 .Cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t X l: A. 3s2 B. 3p1 C. 2p5 D. 3s1 Cu 39: Cho cu hnh e nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: 3) 1s22s22p63s23p1 4)1s22s22p63s2 5) 1s22s22p63s23p4 1) 1s22s22p1 2) 1s22s22p5 Cu hnh ca cc nguyn t phi kim l? A. 3,4 B. 1,2 C. 2,3 D. 1,2,5 Cu 40: Cu hnh e no sau y ca nguyn t nguyn t X ( Z = 24)? A. [Ar]4s24p6 B. [Ar]4s14p5 C. [Ar]3d54s1 D. [Ar]3d44s2 Cu 41: Hiro c 3 ng v 11H, 21H, 31H v oxi c 3 ng v 16 8O, 17 8O, 18 8O. Khi lng nh nht c th c ca phn t nc l: A. 19u B. 17u C. 20u D. 18u Cu 42: Tng s ht ( p, n, e) trong phn t MX 3 l 196, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60.Khi lng nguyn t ca X ln hn M l 8.Tng ( p, n, e) trong X - nhiu hn trong M3+ l 16.M v X ln lt l : A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl C. Cr v Br D. Cr v Cl Cu 43: Cu hnh e no di y khng ng? A. Cr( Z = 24) : [Ar] 3d54s1 B. Fe ( Z= 26): [Ar]3d64s2 2 2 C. C. ( Z = 6): [He] 2s 2p D. O2- ( Z = 8) : [He]2s22p4 Cu 44: Hp cht Y c cng thc l M 4 X 3 bit: -Bit tng s ht trong phn t Y l 214 ht -Ion M3+ c tng s electron bng s electron ca X4-Tng s ht ( p, n, e) trong nguyn t nguyn t M nhiu hn s ht trong nguyn t nguyn X trong Y l 106. Y l cht no di y? A. Fe Si B. Al C C. Fe C D. Al Si Cu 45: Cu hnh e no di y vit khng ng? A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 C. 1s22s22p63s23p5
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
B. 1s22s22p5 D. 1s22s22p63s1
Cu 46: Nguyn t Cacbon trng thi c bn c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng: A. 6 electron B. 3 electron C. 4 electron D. 2 electron 2Cu 47: Ion ( O ) c to thnh t nguyn t O .Ion oxi ny c: A. 10 proton, 8 notron, 8 electron B. 8 proton, 10 notron, 8 electron C. 8 proton, 10 notron, 10 electron D. 8 proton, 8 notron, 10 electron Cu 48: Tng s ( p, n, e) trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 58. Sp gn bng s notron. X c s khi bng: A. 40 B. 38 C. 39 D. Kt qu khc Cu 49: Nhng cp cht no c cu hnh e ging nhau: A. Na v Al3+ B. F v O2C. Se2- v Kr D. Na+ v ClCu 50: Anion Y- c cu hnh e l : 1s22s22p63s23p6 Trong bng tun hon Y thuc: A. Chu k 3 nhm VIIA B. Chu k 3 nhm VIA C. Chu k 4 nhm IA D. Chu k 3 nhm VIIIA + 2 2 6 2 6 Cu 51: Cation M c cu hnh e l: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Trong bng tun hon M thuc: A. Chu k 3 nhm VIIA B. Chu k 3 nhm VIA C. Chu k 3 nhm VIIIA D. Chu k 4 nhm IA Cu 52: Nguyn t nguyn t trong nhm VA c bn knh nguyn t ln nht l: A. ( Z = 7) B. P ( Z = 15) C. As ( Z = 33) D. Bi ( Z = 83) 40 39 41 Ca, K, Sc Cu 53: Nhng nguyn t 20 c cng: 19 21 A. S khi B. S hiu nguyn t C. S electron D. S notron Cu 54: Cu no biu th ng kch thc ca nguyn t v ion: A. Na > Na+ ; F < F- B. Na < Na+ ; F < F- C. Na > Na+ ; F > F- D. Na < Na+ ; F > FCu 55: Nguyn t trung bnh ca nguyn t cu l 63,5.Nguyn t Cu c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu trong t nhin.T l phn trm ng v 63Cu l: A. 50% B. 75% C. 25% D. 90% Cu 56: Nguyn t nguyn t R c tng s ht mang in v khng mang in l 34 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10 ht.K hiu v v tr ca R trong bng tun hon: A. Mg, chu k 3 nhm IIA B. F, chu k 2 nhm VIIA C. Ne, chu k 2, nhm VIIIA D. Na, chu k 3, nhm IA Cu 57: Nguyn t X, ion Y+ v ion Z- u c cu hnh e l:1s22s22p6 X, Y, Z l nhng ngt no sau y? A. Cu, Ag, Au B. Ne, Na, F C. Na, Mg, Al D. Na,K, Cl 2 2 6 2 6 1 Cu 58: Nguyn t no di y c cu hnh e l : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s A. Na B. K C. Ba D. Ca Cu 59: Ion no di y khng c cu hnh e ca kh him? A. Na+ B. Al3+ C. ClD. Fe2+ Cu 60: Hiro c 3 ng v 11H, 21H, 31H v oxi c 3 ng v 16 8O, 17 8O, 18 8O.S phn t nc khc nhau c th c to thnh l: A. 16 B. 19 C. 18 D. 17 Cu 61: Anion X2- c cu hnh e l 1s22s22p6.Cu hnh e ca X l : A. 1s22s2 B. 1s22s22p63s2 C. 1s22s22p63s1 D. 1s22s22p4 Cu 62: Nguyn t nguyn t X c Z= 12 ; cu hnh e ca ion X2+ l : A. 1s22s22p6 B. 1s22s22p3 C. 1s22s22p63s23p1 D. 1s22s22p63s23p2
10
CH 3: LIN KT HA HC
A. L THUYT C BN 1. Lin kt kim loi - L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cation kim loi ti cc nt ca mng li tinh th vi cc e ho tr - Lin kt kim loi ph thuc vo s e ha tr ca kim loi 2. Lin kt ion. - Khi nim: l lin kt c hnh thnh t 2 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t c m in rt khc nhau. thng l: - kim loi ( m in rt b ) - phi kim ( m in rt ln ) - V d: kim loi kim, kim th vi cc halogen hoc oxy. - Khi to lin kt ion th kim loi nhmg hn e cho nguyn t phi kim to thnh cc cation v anion; cc ion ngc du ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in. VD: Na - 1e Na+; Cl + 1e Cl-. Sau : Na+ + Cl- NaCl - Bn cht ca lin kt ion l lc ht tnh in gia 2 ion mang in tri du. - c im: + Mi ion to ra nt in trng xung quanh n, lin kt vi ion xy ra theo mi hng suy ra lin kt ion l lin kt v hng ( khng c hng ) + Khng bo ha; mi ion c th lin kt vi nhiu ion xung quanh + L lin kt bn vng. 3. Lin kt cng ha tr. - Khi nim: l lin kt c hnh thnh do nguyn t 2 nguyn t b ra nhng cp e dng chung khi tham gia lin kt. - Khi to lin kt cc e b ra s e cn thiu gp chung to thnh lin kt VD: C c 4 e ngoi cng (thiu 4) b ra 4 e O c 6 e ngoi cng (thiu 2) b ra 2 e Vy phi c 2 O mi gp vi 1C, to thnh hp cht O::C::O c 4 cp e dng chung - Bn cht: l s gp chung cc cp e - Gm 2 loi: + Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc: cp e dng chung khng b lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t no. c hnh thnh t nhng nguyn t phi kim c m in bng nhau. VD: H2: H H , H : H ( 1 cp e dng chung, khng lch v pha no) Cl2: Cl Cl , Cl : Cl hoc O2: O = O , O :: O ( 2 cp e dng chung) + Lin kt cng ha tr c cc: cp e dng chung lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c ln hn. c hnh thnh t nhng nguyn t khc nhau pk pk, pk kl VD: HCl: H :Cl, H Cl ( 1 cp e dng chung, lch v pha Cl c ln hn)
11
- Lin kt xichma ( ): l nhng LK CHT c hnh thnh do s xen ph my e ha tr gia 2 nguyn t m cc i xen ph nm trn trc lin kt. (xen ph trc) VD: H: 1s1 HCl: - Lin kt pi ( ): l lin kt c hnh thnh bi s xen ph my e ha tr ca cc nguyn t tham gia m cc i xen ph nm 2 bn ca trc lin kt. (xen ph bn) VD: O2: Z = 8, 1s22s22p4 (c nh hng v bo ha)
Cl: 3s23p5
4. Lin kt hiro - Khi nim: L lin kt c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia nguyn t hiro trong lin kt phn cc gia nguyn t c ln ca phn t ny vi nguyn t c ln ca phn t khc. (l LK gia nguyn t O ca OH ny vi nguyn t H ca OH kia). K hiu: ... VD: - Gia H2O vi H2O: ...H O ... H O ... H O ... H O ... H H H H - Gia ru vi ru (ROH): ...H O ... H O ... H O ... H O ... R R R R - Gia ru vi nc: ...H O ... H O ... H O ... H O ... R - c im: + L lin kt km bn + bn gim khi nhit tng v khi phn t khi tng - Mt s hp cht c lin kt hiro: H2O, ru, axit cacboxylic, axit v c cha oxi, hp cht cha nhm chc amino (NH2) 5. Lin kt cho nhn - Khi nim: L lin kt c hnh thnh bi cp e ha tr cha tham gia lin kt ca nguyn t ny vi AO trng ca nguyn t khc. VD: HNO3
7 8
N: 1s22s22p3 O: 1s22s22p4
6. C s phn loi lin kt - Da vo ngun gc hnh thnh lin kt + Gia cc nguyn t kim loi lin kt kim loi + Gia nguyn t kim loi nguyn t phi kim lin kt ion + Gia cc nguyn t phi kim
12
cng ha hc 1O nng cao - 2 nt PK cng 1 nguyn t, cng LKCHT khng cc - 2 nt PK khc nhau LKCHT c cc (phn cc) - Da vo hiu m in Xt lin kt gia 2 nguyn t A, B : = A B * 0 < < 0, 4 : lin kt A B l lin kt CHT khng cc * 0, 4 < 1, 7 : lin kt A B l lin kt CHT c cc *
1, 7 : lin kt A B l lin kt ion
Ch : Dng hiu m in ch c tnh cht tng i, 1 s trng hp ngoi l Cch vit CTCT ca 1 cht:
- Xc nh bn cht lin kt: ion hay CHT - Da vo cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t xc nh s e c thn, e ghp
i, s AO trng S lin kt L lin kt ion: dng in tch lin kt. l lin kt CHT: dng gch ni i vi baz: Kim loi O H ha tr II: 1KL thay cho 2H, KL ha tr III: 1KL thay cho 3H) II. BI TP VN DNG
- i vi axit c oxi bao gi cng c nhm H O lin kt PK trung tm - Mui: Thay H bi kim loi trong phn t axit tng ng (KL ha tr I: 1KL thay cho 1H, KL
1. Bi tp thng gp
1) Vit cng thc e v CTCT ca cc cht sau: F2, N2, H2S, NH3, CH4, C2H4, CO2, CH4O 2) Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt ion trong cc cht sau y: KCl, AlF3, Al2O3, CaCl2, Na2S, K2O, Zn3P2, BaO. 3) Hy nu bn cht ca cc loi lin kt trong phn t cc cht : H2, HBr, H2O2, AgCl, NH3, CH4, SO3, NH4NO3, NaOH. Cho bit ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong tng cht. 4) Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn phn cc trong cc phn t sau y : CaO, MgO, CH4, N2, NaBr, BCl3. Cho m in ca : O(3,5); Cl(3); Br(2,8); Na(0,9); Mg(1,2); Ca(1); C(2,5); H(2,1), Al(1,5), N(3), B(2). 5) Cc lin kt trong phn t sau: KBr, Br2, BaF2, CaO, H2O, K2O, Na2O, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, CS2, KHS, H2O2, FeCl2, C2H6, CH2O2 thuc loi no? 6) Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau : a, Cl2, N2, C2H2, CO2, C2H6O, CS2, C3H8, PCl3, SO3. b, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, HClO, HClO4. 7) Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau v nu bn cht lin kt Al2O3, CaC2, P2O5, SO2, Na2SO4, Ba(NO3)2, NH4Cl, (Al2SO4)3, CaCO3.
13
CH 4. PHN NG OXI HA - KH
A. L THUYT C BN I. Ha tr v s oxi ha. 1. Hp cht ion: ha tr l in ha tr = s in tch ion = 2 s e trao i ( e nhng or nhn ) 2. Cht cng ha tr. ha tr l cng ha tr = s e gp chung = s lin kt cng ha tr 3. S oxi ha - L s in tch ca nguyn t nu gi nh rng tt c cc hp cht u l kim loi; - S oxi ha ch l ha tr hnh thc. 4. Cch tnh s oxi ha. - Hp cht ion: Soh = in tch ion. - Hp cht cng ha tr c cc: Soh = s e gp chung. - Soh n cht = 0; c phn t = 0. - Hp cht: H ( tr cc hirua kim loi : NaH CaH2 H )
O ( tr peoxit, Na2O2; BaO2; H2O2 ; O . c bit trong OF2; O )
2 1 +2 +1 1
Kim loi kim (IA): +1; kim loi kim th (IIA): +2 - Dng Soh trung bnh tnh cho C trong hp cht hu c. - Ch : phn bit cch ghi Soh v in tch ion. II. Phn ng oxi ha kh nh ngha: l phn ng xy ra trong c s thay i Soh ca cc nguyn t. ( phn ng sy ra ng thi c qu trnh oxi ha v qu trnh kh ). Cht oxi ha: L cht: - nhn e - c Soh gim sau phn ng. VD: Cl2 + 2e 2ClCht kh: L cht: - cho e - c Soh tng sau phn ng VD: Na Na+ +1e Qu trnh oxi ha ( s oxi ha )
Kh cho O nhn
Cht Qu trnh th ngc li
14
6.
cng ha hc 1O nng cao Cch cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh. + Bc 1: xc nh Soh. xc nh cht oxi ha, cht kh. + Bc 2: Vit qu trnh cho, nhn e + Bc 3: Thng bng e:
cho
= e nhn
( cn bng mi trng nu c ) Mi trng: l phn t c cha nguyn t c Soh khng i sau phn ng, thng thng cn bng theo th t: 1/ ion kim loi
2/ gc axit
3/ H ca H2O
7. -
iu kin phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra. Phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra c cht nhng v nhn e Cht oxi ha mnh + cht kh mnh cht kh yu + cht oxi ha yu. Lu : Mt s trng hp sau c th dng phn ng oxi ha- kh + oxi ha: thng l phi kim hoc kim loi mang in tch dng ( kim loi c s oxi ha cng ln d nhn e hn, kim loi cng yu th ion kim loi cng d nhn e ) . + Kh: Kim loi , kim loi cng mnh cng d nhng e.
Nhng ion mc oxi ha trung gian va th hin tnh kh, va th hin tnh oxi ha. * ion mc oxi ha ln tnh oxi ha. * ion mc oxi ha nh tnh kh. 8. Hon thnh phng trnh phn ng - Xc nh cht kh, cht oxi ha, mc thay i Soh - Cn c vo mi trng xc nh ng sn phm - Cn bng ng cc phng trnh phn ng III. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php mi trng 1. Mi trng axit - Du hiu nhn bit mi trng: VT ca PTP c mt ca 1 trong cc axit v c mnh tham gia nh HX, H2SO4, HNO3 - Qui tc: (Trong qu trnh oxi ha kh) * Nu cht no tha Oxi th kt hp vi H+ H2O (S ion H+ = 2 s O tha) * Nu cht no thiu Oxi th ly O ca H2O H+ (S phn t H2O = s O thiu) - Lu : nhng qu trnh oxi ha kh cc cht rn, kh v cht t tan, in li yu c vit dng phn t, cc cht tan trong nc vit dng ion tn ti thc ca chng trong dung dch. - p dng:
15
VD1:
VD2:
1e 3Fe3+ + 4H2O (Tha 4O thm 8H+) + 3e NO + 2H2O (Tha 2O thm 4H+) 15e Fe3+ +2SO42- + 16H+ (Thiu 8O) + 1e NO2 + H2O (Tha 1O )
VD3:
2. Mi trng baz - Du hiu nhn bit mi trng: VT ca PTP c mt ca 1 trong cc baz mnh tham gia nh KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, - Qui tc: (Trong qu trnh oxi ha kh) * Nu cht no tha Oxi th kt hp vi H2O OH- (S phn t H2O = s O tha) * Nu cht no thiu Oxi th ly O ca OH- H2O - Lu : nhng qu trnh oxi ha kh cc cht rn, kh v cht t tan, in li yu c vit dng phn t, cc cht tan trong nc vit dng ion tn ti thc ca chng trong dung dch. - p dng: VD1: 3 Cl2 + 6 KOH 5 KCl + KClO3 + 3 H2O 5x 1x VD2: Cl2 Cl2 + 12 OH+2e 2Cl(Khng tha, khng thiu) - 10e 2ClO3- + 6H2O (Thiu 6O ) (S OH- = 2 s O thiu)
3. Mi trng trung tnh - Du hiu nhn bit mi trng: VT ca PTP khng c mt ca axit mnh cng nh baz mnh nhng c H2O tham gia - Qui tc: (Ch xt v tri ca qu trnh oxi ha kh) * Nu VT tha Oxi th kt hp vi H2O OH* Nu VT thiu Oxi th ly O ca H2O H+ - Lu : nhng qu trnh oxi ha kh cc cht rn, kh v cht t tan, in li yu c vit dng phn t, cc cht tan trong nc vit dng ion tn ti thc ca chng trong dung dch. - p dng: VD1: VD2: S + 3 Cl2 + 4 H2O 6 HCl + H2SO4 2 KMnO4 + 5 SO2 + 2 H2O 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2 H2SO4 (S phn t H2O = s O tha) (S phn t H2O = s O thiu)
B. BI TP VN DNG
16
cng ha hc 1O nng cao I. Cn bng PTP theo phng php mi trng axit
1) Cu + H2SO4 2) Al + HNO3 3) Zn + HNO3 4) Mg + HNO3 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O Al(NO3)3 + N2 + H2O Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + H2O Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + H2O
5) Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O 6) FexOy + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O 7) FexOy + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O 9) FeS2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + N2Ox + H2O 10) Cu2S + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + CuSO4 + NO + H2O 11) KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + O2 + H2O 8) FeS + HNO3 12) KNO3 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + NO + H2O FeCl3 + NaCl + Cl2 + NO + H2O 13) FeCl2 + NaNO3 + HCl 14) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O H3AsO4 + H2SO4 + N2Ox 15) As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O II. Cn bng PTP theo phng php mi trng baz NaCl + NaClO + H2O 1) Cl2 + NaOH 2) Cl2 + KOH 3) S + NaOH KCl + KClO3 + H2O Na2S + Na2S2O3 + H2O CrO42- + Cl- + H2O MnO4- + Cl- + H2O N2 + Cl- + H2O KAlO2 + NH3 NaAlO2 + NH3+ H2 K2MnO4 + KNO2 + H2O CH3COOK + K2CO3 + MnO2 + H2O
4) Cr(OH)3 + ClO- + OH5) MnO2 + ClO- + OH6) NH4Cl + ClO- + OH7) Al + KNO3 + KOH 9) MnO2 + KNO3 + KOH
II. Cn bng PTP theo phng php mi trng trung tnh HCl + H2SO4 1) S + Cl2 + H2O 2) H2S + Cl2 + H2O HCl + H2SO4 3) FeCl3 + SO2 + H2O FeCl2 + HCl + H2SO4 4) SO2 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O FeSO4 + 5) MO2 + H2O M+ + OH- + O2 + H2O2 6) KMnO4 + SO2 + H2O MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2SO4 7) KMnO4 + C2H4 + H2O C2H4(OH)2 + MnO2 + KOH 8) KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O MnO2 + K2SO4 + KOH 9) CuFeS2 + O2 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O CuSO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 10) As2S3 + KClO3 + H2O H3AsO4 + H2SO4 + KCl
17
18
(1) O 3 + dung dch KI (2) F2 + H2O (3) MnO2 + HCl c (4) C l 2 + dung dch H2S (5) FeCl2 + H2S Cc phn ng xi ha kh l A. (1), (3), (5). B. (2), (4), (5). C. (1), (2), (3), (4). D. (1), (2), (4). Cu 13: Cho cc phn ng sau: 4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O. 2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2. 14HCl + K2Cr2O7 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O. 6HCl + 2Al 2AlCl3 + 3H2. 16HCl + 2KMnO4 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O. S phn ng trong HCl th hin tnh oxi ha l A. 1. B. 2. C. 4. D. 3. Cu 14: Khi nhit phn cc cht sau: NH 4NO3, NH4NO2, NH4HCO3, CaCO3, KMnO4, NaNO3, Fe(NO 3)2. S phn ng thuc phn ng oxi ho kh l: A. 3. B. 6. C. 5. D. 4. Cu 15: Mnh khng ng l: A. Fe kh c Cu
2+
B. Fe
+
2+
oxi ho c Cu.
3+ 2+
C. Tnh oxi ha ca cc ion tng theo th t: Fe , H , Cu , Ag . D. Fe c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Cu . Cu 16: Cho phn ng ha hc: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu. Trong phn ng trn xy ra 2+ 2+ 2+ A. s oxi ha Fe v s kh Cu . B. s kh Fe v s kh Cu . 2+ C. s kh Fe v s oxi ha Cu. D. s oxi ha Fe v s oxi ha Cu. Cu 17: Phn ng lun khng thuc loi oxi ha - kh l: A. Phn ng thy phn B. Phn ng th C. Phn ng kt hp D. Phn ng phn hy
5. nh lut bo ton e
Trong p oxi ha kh, s mol electron c bo ton n echo = n e nhn Thng p dng i vi bi ton ca: Axit HNO3, axit H2SO4 c nng, kl Fe ( bi ton ca kl, hh kl tc dng vi axit c tnh oxi ha mnh)
19
CH 5. NHM HALOGEN
A. L THUYT C BN 1. Tnh cht ha hc ca n cht
Cc phn ng Flo (F2) Clo (Cl2) Brom (Br2) Iot (I2)
Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi nhit cao hoc cn xc tc
Vi kim loi
Tc dng vi tt c kim Tc dng vi hu ht Tc dng vi hu ht loi k c Au, Pt. Phn kim loi. Phn ng kim loi. Phn ng ng ta nhit mnh ta nhiu nhit ta nhit t hn clo nht. 2 Na + X2 2 NaX Phn ng n mnh ngay -252oC, trong bng ti
Vi H2
Phn ng n khi Phn ng xy ra Phn ng ch xy ra chiu sng hoc un nhit cao, khng nhit cao, nng (t l 1:1) n thun nghch H2 + X2 2HX H2 + I2 2 HI X2 + H2O HX + HXO Phn ng kh dn t Cl2 n I2 Cl2+2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O
70 C 3Cl2+6KOH
o
Vi H2O
Vi dd kim
5KCl+KClO3+3H2O Vi mui halogen P m X2 ch th hin tnh kh Nhn xt F2 kh kh c Cl-, Kh c Br-, I- trong Kh c I- trong Br-, I- trong mui nng dung dch mui dung dch iotua: chy: Cl2 + 2NaBr Br2+2NaI F2+2NaCl 2NaF+Cl2 2NaCl+Br2 2NaBr+I2 Br2 +5Cl2 + 6H2O
Khng phn ng
Khng c
2HBrO3 + 10HCl
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Flo (F2)
khng iu ch in phn hh lng gm KF v HF 2HF H2 + F2
Clo (Cl2)
Brom (Br2)
MnO2 + 4HX MnX2 + X2 + 2H2O
Iot (I2)
Cho dung dch HX c t/d vi cht oxi ha (MnO2, KClO3, KMnO4) in phn dd NaCl Sau phi nc bin Rong bin kh em c mng ngn ly NaCl, cn NaBr t to tro + H2O dd NaI 2NaCl + 2H2O Cl2 + 2NaBr H2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH
Trong CN
2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2NaI 2NaCl+I2
20
HF
Yu Khng SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O Khng phn ng
HCl
Mnh AgCl trng
HBr
Mnh hn HCl AgBr vng nht Khng phn ng
HI
Mnh hn HBr AgI vng
P th kh c xt 4HCl+O2 2H2O+Cl2
Dd HX t/d vi O2 ca khng kh: 4HX + O2 2H2O + 2X2 2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
HBr
HI
Tnh axit tng dn, tnh kh tng dn CaF2 + H2SO4 * NaCl(r)+ H2SO4(c) CaSO4 + 2HF NaHSO4 +2HCl(k) * H2 + Cl2 2HCl * RH +Cl2 RClHCl PX3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HX Thc t: 3X2 + 2P + 6H2O 2H3PO3 + 6HX
iu ch v sn xut
4. Hp cht c oxi ca halogen a) Trong cc hp cht vi oxi, flo c Soh m, cc halogen khc c Soh dng (+1,+3,+5,+7) b) Cc axit c oxi ca clo: HClO(+1) HClO2(+3) HClO3(+5) HClO4(+7) bn v tnh axit tng dn, kh nng oxi ha gim dn c) Hp cht c oxi ca halogen quan trng nht: * Nc Gia-ven: NaCl + NaClO + H2O C tnh oxi ha mnh: dng ty trng si, vi, giy, st trng * Clorua vi: CaOCl2 hay Cl Ca O Cl C tnh oxi ha mnh: dng ty trng, x l cht c, tinh ch du m * Kali clorat: KClO3 C tnh oxi ha mnh: dng lm thuc pho, thuc n, thuc u que dim, dng iu ch oxi trong PTN
B. BI TP VN DNG
1. Bi tp trc nghim:
Cu 1:Cho cc axit : HCl(1);HI(2);HBr(3).Sp xp theo chiu tnh kh gim dn: A.(1)>(2)>(3) B.(3)>(2)>(1) C.(1)>(3)>(2) D.(2)>(3)>(1) Cu 2: Tnh oxi ho ca cc halogen gim dn theo th t sau: A. Cl2 > Br2 >I2 >F2 B. F2 > Cl2 >Br2 >I2 C. Br2 > F2 >I2 >Cl2 D. I2 > Br2 >Cl2 >F2 Cu 3: S oxy ho ca clo trong cc cht: HCl, KClO3, HClO, HClO2, HClO4 ln lt l:
21
22
2. Bi tp t lun:
1) Hon thnh cc ptp sau: a) HCl Cl2 FeCl3 NaCl HCl CuCl2 AgCl Ag b) KMnO 4 Cl2 HCl FeCl2 AgCl Cl2 Br2 I2 ZnI2 c) KCl Cl2 KClO3 KCl KNO 3 KNO 2 d) Cl2 KClO3 KCl Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 CaCl2 Cl2 e) F2 CaF2 HF SiF4 f) NaCl HCl Cl2 MgCl2 Mg MgI2 MgBr2 Mg(OH)2 MgO MgCl2 AgCl Cl2 NaClO NaCl Cl2 g) MnO 2 Cl2 FeCl2 FeCl3 Fe2(SO 4)3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 FeCl3 H2S HBr HCl CuCl2 Cu(NO 3)2 Cu(OH)2 CuO Cu
Zn(NO 3)3
I2
2. Bng phng php ha hc, hy nhn bit cc l ng ha cht ring bit sau: a). HCl, NaCl, NaOH b). NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3 c) HCl, H2SO3, H2SO4 3. Cho 19,4 gam ZnS tc dng dd HCl va c kh A v dd B, cho ton b kh A vo 300 ml dd NaOH 1M c dd C. kt ta hon ton dung dch B cn dng V ml dung dch AgNO 3 1M. Tt c cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Tnh V v nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch C. 4. Ha tan hon ton hn hp A gm Zn, ZnO phi dng ht 336 ml dung dch HCl 3,65 % thu c dung dch B v 2,24 lt kh thot ra ktc. Cho ton b dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d c 57,4 gam kt ta . a. Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A. b. Tnh khi lng ring ca dung dch HCl dng 5) Cho 1,92g hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg tc dng va vi dung dch HCl th thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch A. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch th thu c kt ta B. em nung kt ta B trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 0,8g cht rn C. a) Vit cc ptp xy ra v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u b) T hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg vit ptp iu ch ring 3 mui clorua 6) Ho tan 2,08g mt mui halogenua ca kim loi ho tr II vo H2O, sau chia lm 2 phn bng nhau. Mt phn cho tc dng vi AgNO3 (d) thu c 1,435g kt ta. Mt phn cho tc dng vi Na2CO3 (d) thu c 0,985g kt ta. Xc nh cng thc ca mui. 7) Dung dch A cha NaI v NaBr. Cho Br2 d vo dung dch A thu c mui X c khi lng nh hn khi lng ca hai mui ban u l a(g). Ho tan X vo nc c dung dch B. Sc Cl 2 va vo B, thu c mui Y c khi lng nh hn khi lng ca mui X l a(g). Xc nh % khi lng cc cht trong dung dch A. 8) Cho mt mui to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v halogen. Ho tan a(g) mui vo nc ri chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c 5,74g kt ta. Nhnh mt thanh st vo phn 2, sau khi mui phn ng ht thy thanh st nng thm 0,16g. Xc nh cng thc ca mui v tnh a ?
23
t C 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 + Trong CN: - Chng ct phn on khng kh lng - in phn nc c mt cht in li + Trong t nhin: S quang hp ca cy xanh ASMT C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O chatdiepluc
2. Ozon UV - L cht kh mu xanh nht, mi tanh to thnh t kh quyn: 3O2 2O3 - C tnh oxi ha mnh hn O2 O3 + 2Ag Ag2O + O2 O3 + 2KI + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2 3. Hiro peoxit (H2O2) - L cht lng khng mu, tan v hn trong nc, khng bn, d phn hy MnO 2 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
24
- Sn xut SO3:
- Sn xut H2SO4: nSO3 + H2SO4(98%) H2SO4.nSO3 (leum) H2SO4.nSO3 + nH2O (n+1) H2SO4 d) Ch - H2SO4 long: ion H+ ng vai tr cht oxi ha gii phng H2. Kim loi t Soh thp - H2SO4 c: * S ng vai tr cht oxi ha nn khng gii phng H2. Kim loi t Soh cao * Sau phn ng to SO2, S, H2S. Kim loi cng mnh, S c Soh cng thp * Kim loi sau H, ch to ra SO2
+6
25
2. Bi tp t lun a. oxi
1) B tc cc chui phn ng sau a) KNO3 O2 Fe3O4 Fe2O3 b) KClO3 O2 CO2 CaCO3 c) Al2O3 O2 P 2O 5 H3PO4 d) KMnO4 O2 Na2O NaOH e) CuSO4 O2 Fe3O4 Fe2O3 f) AgNO3 O2 O3 I2 KI 2) Nhn bit cc cht kh sau: a) O2, Cl2, HCl, NH3, N2 3) Nhn bit cc cht sau: KClO3, CaSO3, Ag2O, Cu(NO3)2 4) Trong mt bnh kn cha mt hn hp gm: O2 (thu c khi phn hu hon ton 4,9g KClO3); H2 (thu c khi cho 8,45g Zn phn ng vi dung dch HCl long); Cl 2 (thu c khi cho 1 lt dung dch HCl 0,04M tc dng MnO2 d). Cc kh o (ktc). t nng cho 3 kh thu c vi nhau. Tnh C% ca dung dch thu c khi lm lnh sn phm. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. 5) T khi ca mt hn hp gm O2 v O3 i vi He bng 10,24. Nu cho hn hp i t t qua dung dch KI (d) th thu c 50 lt kh. a) Xc nh th tch ca O2 v O3 trong hn hp b) Cn thm vo hn hp trn bao nhiu lt O3 thu c mt hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi He l 10,667. 6) Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 11,2 lt cha y O2 (ktc) v 6,4g S. Sau khi t chy hon ton S, a nhit bnh v 00C a) Tnh p sut trong bnh sau phn ng FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 Fe CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 O2 Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 O2 SO2 SO3 H2SO4 H2O O2 O3 Ag2O I2 b) O2, O3, N2, Cl2
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B. Lu hunh
1) Hon thnh cc ptp sau: a) S SO2 S H2S CuS SO2 HCl b) H2S SO2 H2SO4 KHSO4 K2SO4 KCl KNO3 c) S ZnS SO2 Ca2SO3 Ca(HSO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4 d) S FeS H2S S SO2 H2SO3 H2SO4 H3PO4 e) S SO2 H2SO4 CuSO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(OH)2 Na2SO3 Na2SO4 BaSO4 f) SO2 K2SO3 SO2 S FeS H2S H2SO4 g) FeS2 SO2 H2SO4 H2S S SO2 HCl Fe2O3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe FeCl3 FeCl2 h) S S+4 S+6 S+4 S S-2 S+4 S-2 S k) S S-2 S+4 S+6 S+4 S S-2 S S+6 l) Ba(NO3)2 BaSO3 SO2 H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 AlCl3 Al(NO3)3 m) ZnSO3 SO2 H2SO4 S H2S H2SO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 2) Nhn bit cc dung dch sau: a) Na2SO3, NaCl, Na2S, AgNO3 c) CuCl2, H2SO4, Ba(NO3)2, (NH4)2S, NaSHO4 e) NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, MgSO4, BaCl2 b) K 2S, Na2SO3, (NH4)2SO4, MgCl2, Cu(NO3)2 d) Na2S, Na2SO3, Na2SO4, NaCl, CuSO4 f) I2, Br2, KI, Na2S, NaCl
3) Ch dng mt thuc th, nhn bit cc dung dch sau : a) K 2SO4, K2SO3, K 2CO3, KHS, Ba(HCO3), (BaHCO3)2 b) FeCl2, Na2SO3, (NH4)2HS, Pb(NO3)2 c) KOH, ZnCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, AgNO3, HCl, HI e) Na2CO3, NaHSO4, NaOH, Ba(OH)2 d) NH4OH, NaOH, HCl, HI, Na2CO3 f) BaCl2, MgSO4, Na2SO3, KNO3, K 2S
4) un nng hon ton hn hp bt gm Fe v S thu c hn hp A. em ho tan A trong dung dch HCl thy c 4,48 lt kh thot ra (ktc). Nu cho lng kh ny vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 d th cn li 2,24 lt kh (ktc). Tnh % khi lng ca Fe v S trong hn hp ban u. 5) Cho sn phm to thnh khi nung 5,6g Fe v 1,6g S vo 500ml dung dch HCl th thu c hn hp kh bay ra v dung dch A (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). a) Tnh % theo th tch ca hn hp kh b) trung ho lng HCl cn d trong dung dch A cn 125ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch HCl dng. 6) Cho S phn ng va vi 16,8g kim loi A c ho tr II. em sn phm thu c cho phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 d th thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc). a) Xc nh kim loi A b) Xc nh th tch kh Cl2 (ktc) cn dng phn ng ht 16,8g A. 7) Ho tan mt oxit ca kim loi A ho tr II bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 10% thu c dung dch mui c nng 11,8%. Xc nh kim loi A. 8) Ho tan 3,82g hn hp 2 mui sunfat ca 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr tng ng I v II vo H2O, sau thm BaCl2 va to thnh BaSO4 kt ta, lc thu c 6,99g BaSO4. b) Tnh khi lng mui clorua thu c b) Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B; bit A, B cng thuc mt chu k. c) Xc nh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
27
9) Ho tan hon ton 146,25g kim loi B c ho tr khng i vo 758,25g dung dch H2SO4 va thu c 50,4 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Xc nh kim loi B v C% ca dung dch D 11) Ho tan 4,86g hn hp gm 3 kim loi Mg, Al, Fe trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch A. Cho dung dch tc dng vi NaOH d, lc ly kt ta em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 3,2g cht rn. Xc nh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp. 12) C 200ml dung dch long A cha HCl v H2SO4. Cho a(g) Mg vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B v V lt kh H2 (ktc). Chia dung dch B thnh 2 phn bng nhau. a) Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo 1/2 dung dch B n khi ht axit th cn 40ml, nu tip tc cho NaOH n d th thu c 1,45g kt ta. Tnh a v V. b) Cho d dung dch BaCl2 vo 1/2 dung dch B cn li th c 1,165g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong hn hp A ban u. 13) Trn 13g mt kim loi M (ng trc H trong dy hot ng ca kim loi) vi S ri un nng phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c cht rn A. Cho A phn ng vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 1M (d) thu c hn hp kh B nng 5,2g c t khi so vi O2 l 0,8124 v dung dch C. a) Xc nh M v nng mol/l ca dung dch C. Bit rng MSO4 tan trong H2O b) Cho 250ml dung dch NaOH vo 1/2 dung dch C th thu c mt kt ta. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn D nng 6,075g. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH 14) Ho tan hon ton m(g) hn hp FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 va ht Vml dung dch H2SO4 long thu c dung dch A. Chia A lm 2 phn bng nhau. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo phn 1, thu c kt ta, em nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 8,8g cht rn. Phn th 2 lm mt mu va 100ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1M trong mi trng H2SO4. Tnh m. Tnh V nu nng dung dch H2SO4 l 0,5M 15) Cho 1,608g hn hp A gm Cu v Fe tc dng vi dung dch H 2SO4 loang (va ) thu c V lt H2 (ktc), dung dch X v cht khng tan. Cng lng hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng, va thu c dung dch Y v kh SO2. Cho kh SO2 tc dng vi dung dch Br2 d, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi BaCl2 d thu c 8,0385g kt ta trng. a) Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong A, tnh V? b) Nu nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr III vo dung dch X cho n khi phn ng hon ton th khi lng thanh kim loi M tng ln l 0,57g. Tm kim loi M. 16). Cho 1,84 gam hn hp Fe v Cu vo 40 gam H2SO4 c nng d thu c kh SO2. Dn ton b kh SO2 vo dung dch Brm d c dung dch A. Cho ton b dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d c 8,155 gam kt ta. a.Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u. b.Tnh C% dd H2SO4 lc u bit lng axit tc dng vi kim loi ch 25 % so vi lng H 2SO4 trong dung dch.
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CH 7. L THUYT V PHN NG HA HC
A. L THUYT C BN
I. HIU NG NHIT PHN NG 1. nh ngha
Cc bin i ha hc thng km theo s ta ra hay s hp th nng lng (thng dng nhit)
Hiu gia nhit cht sinh ra vi nhit cht ban u gi l hiu ng nhit phn ng. K hiu: VH : Ch lng nhit km theo mi phn ng VH = H cht cui - H cht u 2. Phn ng thu nhit, phn ng ta nhit - Phn ng ta nhit: l phn ng ha hc gii phng nng lng di dng nhit Trong phn ng, cc cht phn ng ha hc phi mt bt nng lng VH < 0 - Phn ng thu nhit: l phn ng ha hc hp th nng lng di dng nhit Trong phn ng, cc cht phn ng ha hc phi ly thm nng lng VH > 0
II. TC PHN NG HA HC 1. Khi nim L i lng c trng cho phn ng din ra nhanh hay chm. N c xc nh bng s bin thin nng (CM) ca 1 cht trong 1 thi gian. Ci v= t Xt p: aA + bB cC + dD a b c d - Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng: v t = k t .[ A ] .[ B] , v n = k n .[ C] .[ D] - Tc TB ca p: v = 1 Ci ( : h s t lng) t
Cio : Nng ban u ca cht i t t o Trong : Ci = Ci Ci Ci : Nng cht i thi im t C :Bin thin nng cht i i
1 CA 1 CB 1 CC 1 CD = = = a t b t c t d t 2. Phn ng thun nghch, bt thun nghch - Phn ng thun nghch: L nhng phn ng m mt iu kin nht nh v nhit v p sut c th xy ra theo 2 chiu ngc nhau Ngha l song song vi qu trnh cc cht phn ng tc dng vi nhau to thnh sn phm cn c qu trnh cc cht sn phm kt hp vi nhau to thnh cht ban u K hiu: VD: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 - Phn ng bt thun nghch: L nhng phn ng m mt iu kin nht nh v nhit v p sut ch c th xy ra theo 1 chiu duy nht - Vy: v pu =
29
K hiu:
III. CN BNG HA HC 1. Khi nim - CBHH l trng thi ca p thun nghch khi tc p thun bng tc p nghch
- S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng - CBHH l mt cn bng ng v khi trng thi cn bng c thit lp th phn ng khng dng li m xy ra vi tc phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch nn nng cc cht trong h phn ng khng i. 2. Hng s cn bng P: aA + bB cC + dD a b c d Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng: v t = k t .[ A ] .[ B] , v n = k n .[ C] .[ D]
a b c d trng thi cn bng: vt = vn k t .[ A ] .[ B] = k n .[ C] .[ D]
[ A ] , [ B] , [ C ] , [ D ]
a b c
Ch : i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, nng cht rn l hng s nn khng c trong biut thc tnh KC. VD: C (r) + CO2 (k) 2 CO (k )
3. Cc yu t nh hng
[ CO] KC = [ CO2 ]
2
a) Nguyn l L Sa-t-li- Mt p thun nghch ng trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng t bn ngoi, nh bin i nng , p sut, nhit th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi . b) Cc yu t nh hng * Nhit : Khi tng (gim) nhit ca h cn bng th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim (tng)
nhit .
Tng nhit nghch Lu : 1 CBHH: Gim nhit thun thun l ta VH <0 - P thu nhit ( VH > 0): Tng nhit thun nghch l thu VH >0 Gim nhit nghch * p sut: Khi tng (gim) p sut chung ca h cn bng th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim (tng) p sut chung ca h * Nng : Khi tng (gim) nng 1 cht trong cn bng th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim (tng) nng cht . - P ta nhit ( VH < 0):
B. MT S DNG BI TP C BN
VD ptp: N2 (k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) , VH = -92kJ 1. Tc phn ng tmg hay gim bao nhiu ln nu tng nng N2 gp 3 ln? 2. Tc phn ng tmg hay gim bao nhiu ln nu tng nng H2 gp 3 ln? 3. Khi tng p sut H2 ln 4 ln th tc phn ng thay i nh th no?
30
C. BI TP VN DNG 1. Bi tp t lun
Cu 1. phn ng: 3O2 2O3 . Nng oxi ban u l 0,024 mol/l . Sau 5 giy xy ra phn ng ,
nng ca cht l 0,02 mol/l.Tnh tc phn ng trung bnh? Cu 2. Xt phn ng : 2SO2(k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k) < 0 Cn bng ho hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v pha no khi: a) Tng nhit ca bnh phn ng? b) Tng p sut chung ca hn hp? c) Tng nng kh oxi? d) Gim nng kh sunfur? Cu 3. Xt phn ng: A +B C Tc phn ng: v = [A]. [B] thay i nh th no nu: a. Tng gp i nng cht A v gi nguyn nng cht B. b. Tng gp i nng ca c cht A v cht B c. Nng cht A tng gp i v nng cht B gim i 2 ln. Cu 4*. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng: CO(k) + H2O (k) CO2(k) + H2 (k) 6500C c K = 1. Bit nng ban u ca CO l 1 mol/l, ca H2O l 0,4 mol/l. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht trng thi cn bng. Cu 5 : Phn ng gia hai cht kh A , B c biu din bng phng trnh sau A + B = 2C Tc phn ng l V = K . [A].[B] . Thc hin phn ng ny vi s khc nhau nng ban u mi cht Trng hp 1 : Nng mi cht l 0,01 mol/l Trng hp 2 : Nng mi cht l 0,04 mol /l Trng hp 3 : Nng ca cht A l 0,04 mol/l ca cht B l 0,01 mol/l . Tnh tc ph ng ca mi trng hp . So snh Cu 6 : Tc phn ng ha hc c biu din theo phng trnh v = K . [A]x.[B]y . Giu nng B khng i , tng A ln hai ln th tc phn ng tng 2 ln Giu nng A khng i , tng B ln hai ln th tc phn ng tng 4 ln . hy tnh x , y Cu 7 : Cho phn ng ca cc cht kh sau : Ak + 2Bk Ck + Dk Hi tc phn ng tng hay gim bao nhiu ln i vi mi trng hp sau [A] = 2[A] v [B] = 2[B] [A] = [A] v [B] = 2[B] b.Nu nng ca A , B ban u khng i th tc phn ng (1) tng bao nhiu ln nu nhit tng ln 40 C . Bit rng c tng ln nhit thm 10 C th phn ng tng 2 ln . Cu 8 : Xt phn ng : m A + n B p C + q D TN1 : [A] = 0,5M , [B] = 0,5 M , v1 = 62,5 .10-4 mol/l.S TN2 : [A] = 0,5M , [B] = 0,8 M , v2 = 16 .10-3 mol/l.S
31
2. Bi tp trc nghim
1: Phn ng tng hp amoniac l: N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) H = 92kJ Yu t khng gip tng hiu sut tng hp amoniac l : A. Tng nhit . B. Tng p sut. C. Ly amoniac ra khi hn hp phn ng. D. B sung thm kh nit vo hn hp phn ng. 2: Trong cc phn ng sau y , phn ng no p sut khng nh hng n cn bng phn ng : A. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 B. N2 + O2 2NO. C. 2NO + O2 2NO2. D. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 3: S chuyn dch cn bng l : A. Phn ng trc tip theo chiu thun . B. Phn ng trc tip theo chiu nghch. C. Chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny thnh trng thi cn bng khc. D. Phn ng tip tc xy ra c chiu thun v chiu nghch. 4: Cho phn ng trng thi cn bng : H2 (k) + Cl2 (k) 2HCl(k) + nhit ( H<0) Cn bng s chuyn dch v bn tri, khi tng: A. Nhit . B. p sut. C. Nng kh H2. D. Nng kh Cl2 5: Khi bt u phn ng , nng mt cht l 0,024 mol/l . Sau 10 giy xy ra phn ng , nng ca cht l 0,022 mol/l. Tc phn ng trong trng hp ny l : A. 0,0003 mol/l.s. B. 0,00025 mol/l.s. C. 0,00015 mol/l.s. D. 0,0002 mol/l.s. * 6 : H s cn bng k ca phn ng ph thuc vo : A. p sut B. Nhit . C. Nng . D. p sut, nng , nhit . 7) M t no din t ng cho phn ng ho hc sau: N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 (H < 0) A. Phn ng to nhit, gii phng nng lng. B. Phn ng to nhit, hp th nng lng. C. Phn ng thu nhit, gii phng nng lng. D. Phn ng thu nhit, hp th nng lng. 8) Cho phn ng ho hc: 2 X(k) +Y(k) X2Y(k) Tc phn ng s tng, nu: A. Tng p sut. B.Tng th tch ca bnh phn ng. C. Gim p sut. D. Gim nng kh X. 9) Cho phn ng A2 + 2B 2AB , xy ra trong bnh kn . Tc ca phn ng s thay i nh th no khi p sut tng ln 6 ln. Bit rng cc cht u th kh: A. 64 ln B. 126 ln C. 216 ln D. 621 ln 10)) Tc ca phn ng H2 + I2 2HI tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit t 1100C n 1700C , bit rng khi tng nhit ln 100C th tc phn ng tng ln3 ln A. 72 ln B. 29 ln C. 972 ln D. 729 ln 11) Trong h phn ng trng thi cn bng: 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k) + nhit ( H < 0) Nng ca SO3 s tng, nu: A. Gim nng ca SO2. B. Tng nng ca SO2. C. Tng nhit . D. Gim nng ca O2. 12) nhit khng i, h cn bng no s dch chuyn v bn phi nu tng p sut: A. 2H2(k) + O2(k) 2H2O(k) B. 2SO3(k) 2SO2(k) + O2(k) C. 2NO(k) N2(k) + O2(k) D. 2CO2(k) 2CO(k) + O2(k) 13) i vi mt h trng thi cn bng, nu thm cht xc tc th: A. Ch lm tng tc phn ng thun. B. Ch lm tng tc phn ng nghch.
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33
A.PHN TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN ( 3 im) Cu 1: Khi cho kh Cl2 tc dng vi dung dch KOH iu kin thng thu c cc sn phm l: A. KCl, KClO3, H2O B. KCl, KClO, H2O C. KCl, KClO4, H2O D. Kt qu khc Cu 2:Oxy c th thu c khi nhit phn cc cht no sau y: A. CaCO3 B.(NH4)2SO4 C. NaHCO3 D. KMnO4 Cu 3: Trong cc hidrohalogenua di y, cht no c tnh kh mnh nht: A. HI B. HBr C. HCl D. HF Cu 4: Kt lun no sau y khng ng: A. SO2 lm qu tm m B. SO2 lm mt mu nc Brom C. SO2 l cht kh c mu vng C. SO2 lm mt mu cnh hoa hng Cu 5: Cho 1 lt hn hp kh H2, Cl2, HCl i qua dung dch KI th thu c 2,54 gam I 2 v cn li 500ml kh (ktc). Phn trm v s mol ca mi kh trong hn hp theo th t nh trn l: A. 50; 22,4; 27,6 B.25; 50; 25 C. 30; 40; 30 D.21; 34,5; 44,5 Cu 6: Phn ng no di y khng ng: to A.2H2S +3O2 2SO2+2H2O C. H2S+2NaClNa2S+ 2HCl B. H2S+ Pb(NO3)2PbS+ HNO3 D.H2S+4Cl2+4H2OH2SO4+HCl Cu 7: H2SO4 c lm kh c kh no sau y: A. H2S B. CO2 C. HBr D.SO3 Cu 8: Trong phn ng: HCl + K2Cr2O7 KCl + CrCl3+ Cl2+H2O Tng h s cc sn phm ca phn ng l: A. 8 B. 14 C.16 D.21 Cu 9: Ch dng mt thuc th no di y phn bit cc l ring bit ng tng kh SO2 v CO2: A. dd NaOH B. dd brom C.dd Ba(OH)2 D. dd CuSO4 II- PHN T LUN(7 IM) Cu 1:(2) Cho ln lt tng cht HCl, H2SO4 c nng tc dng vi cc cht sau y: FeO, Cu2O, ZnO, Cu, NaBr, Al. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Cu 2: (1) Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau: a. KMnO4+ A kh X c. FeS+ B Kh Z to b. Na2SO3 +A Kh Y d. KClO3 Kh E Cho kh X tc dng vi kh Z; Kh Y tc dng vi kh Z. Hy vit cc phng trinh phn ng xy ra. Cu 3: (1) Ch dng mt thuc th hy nhn bit cc dung dch b mt nhn sau: NaCl, K 2SO4, HCl, BaCl2, Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, NaOH. Cu 4: (3) Chia 33 gam hn hp X gm bt St v mt kim loi M c ha tr khng i thnh 3 phn bng nhau. Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi HCl d th thu c 8,96 lt kh Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c 10,08 lt mt kh duy nht c mi xc(cc kh u o ktc) Phn 3: Trn vi bt Fe2O3 ri nung nng trong bnh kn, sau lm ngui hn hp rn thu c v ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 30%(c) d, un nng th thu c hn hp kh SO2 v H2S c t khi hi i vi oxy l 1,6875. a. Kim loi M ng trc hay ng sau H trong dy hot ng ca kim loi b. Xc nh kim loi M v tnh s gam mi kim loi trong hn hp X c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v tnh th tch kh SO2 v H2S trong hn hp kh thu c. (Fe=56; H=1; O=16; S=32; Cl=35,5)
34
B. BI TP P DNG
Bi 1. Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam mui clorua. Vy m c gi tr l A. 2,66 g B. 22,6 g C. 26,6 g D. 6,26 g Bi 2. Ha tan 10,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt kh A (ktc) v 1,54 gam cht rn B v dung dch C. C cn dung dch C thu c m gam mui, m c gi tr l: A. 33,45 B. 33,25 C. 32,99 D. 35,58 Bi 3. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra 2,24 lt kh H 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Khi lng mui khan thu c l A. 1,71 g B. 17,1 g C. 3,42 g D. 34,2 g Bi 4. Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe 2O3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm. Sau phn ng ta thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l A. 2,24 g B. 9,40 g C. 10,20 g D. 11,40 g Bi 5. Cho 0,52 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch H 2SO4 long, d thy c 0,336 lt kh thot ra (ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c l A. 2 gam B. 2,4 gam C. 3,92 gam D. 1,96 gam Bi 6. Cho 2,81 gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300 mL dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan to ra l A. 3,81 g B. 4,81 g C. 5,21 g D. 4,8 g Bi 7. Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO, Fe 2O3, FeO, Al2O3 nung nng thu c 2,5 gam cht rn. Ton b kh thot ra sc vo nc vi trong d thy c 15 gam kt ta trng. Khi lng ca hn hp oxit kim loi ban u l A. 7,4 gam B. 4,9 gam C. 9,8 gam D. 23 gam Bi 8. Chia 1,24 gam hn hp hai kim loi c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1: b oxi ha hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit. Phn 2: tan hon ton trong dung dch H 2SO4 long thu c V lt H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c m gam mui khan. 1. Gi tr ca V l A. 2,24 L B. 0,112 L C. 5,6 L D. 0,224 L
35
C. Bi tp t rn luyn k nng
1. Cho 11,36g hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dd HNO3 long d thu c 1,344lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) kc v dd X. C cn dd X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l A. 38,72 B. 35,50 C. 49,09 D. 34,36 2. Ha tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt Mg, Al bng 500ml dd hn hp HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,28M thu c dd X v 8,736 lit H2 kc. C cn dd X thu c lng mui khan l A. 38,93g B. 103,85g C. 25,95g D. 77,86g 3. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS 2 v a mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 va thu c dd X (ch cha 2 mui sunfat khan) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l A. 0,04 B. 0,075 C. 0,12 D. 0,06 4. Nung hn hp bt gm 15,2g Cr2O3 v m gam Al nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 23,3g hn hp rn X. Cho ton b hn hp X phn ng vi axit HCl d thy thot ra V lit kh H2 (kc). Gi tr ca V l A. 4,48 B. 7,84 C. 10,08 D. 3,36 5. Ha tan hon ton 2,81g hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500ml dd H2SO4 0,1M va . C cn dd sau phn ng th thu c s gam mui khan l A. 6,81 B. 4,81 C. 3,81 D. 5,81 6. Cho 0,52g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Fe tan hon ton trong dd H 2SO4 d thy c 0,336 lit kh thot ra (kc). Khi lng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c l A. 2g B. 2,4g C. 3,92g D. 1,96g 7.. Ly 33,6 g hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3 ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 d thu c dung dch Y v 6,72 L CO 2 (ktc). Khi lng mui khan sau khi c cn dung dch Y l A. 33,6 g B. 44,4 g C. 47,4 g D. 50,2 g 8. Ho tan ht m (g) hn hp gm M2CO3 v RCO3 trong dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch Y v V (L) kh CO 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch Y th c (m + 3,3)g mui khan. Vy th tch kh CO2 l A. 2,24 L B. 3,36 L D. 4,48 L D. 6,72 L 9. Cho kh CO i qua m (g) hn hp gm Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 un nng, sau khi phn ng xong hn hp rn thu c c khi lng 5,5g, kh i ra dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thy c 5g kt ta. Vy m c gi tr l A. 6,3g B. 7,3g C. 5,8g D. 6,5g 10. Ly 2,81 g hn hp X gm Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO ho tan va trong 500 mL dung dch H 2SO4 0,1M. Dung dch sau phn ng em c cn c m (g) mui khan. Vy m c gi tr l A. 6,81 B. 4,81 C. 3,81 D. 5,81
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37
B. Bi tp rn luyn k nng
1. Tin hnh 2 th nghim: - TN1: Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V1 lit dd Cu(NO3)2 1M. - TN2: Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V2 lit dd AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton khi lng cht rn thu c 2 TN u bng nhau. Gi tr ca V 1 so vi V2 l A. V1 = V2 B. V1 = 10 V2 C. V1 = 5V2 D. V1 = 2V2 2. Nung 1 hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO3 v b mol FeS2 trong bnh kn cha khng kh d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy nht l Fe2O3 v hn hp kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau. Mi lin h gia a v b (bit sau phn ng, lu hunh mc oxi ha +4, th tch cht rn khng ng k). A. a = 0,5b B. a = b C. a = 4b D. a = 2b 3. Cho 2,81g hn hp gm 3 oxit Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300 ml dd H2SO4 0,1M th khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat to ra l A. 3,81g B. 4,81g C. 5,21g D. 4,86g 4. em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian thy khi lng hn hp gim 0,54g. Khi lng Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l A. 0,5g B. 0,49g C. 9,4g D. 0,94g 5. Nhit phn hon ton 9,4g mt mui nitrat kim loi thu c 4g oxit rn. Cng thc mui dng l A. Fe(NO3)3 B. Al(NO3)3 C. Cu(NO3)2 D. AgNO3 6. Nung nng 66,2g Pb(NO3)2 thu c 55,4g cht rn. Hiu sut phn ng phn hy l A. 25% B. 40% C. 27,5% D. 50% 7. Ha tan hon ton a gam Fe3O4 trong dd HCl thu c dd D. Cho D tc dng vi dd NaOH d, lc kt ta ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i th thy khi lng kt ta tng ln 3,4g. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i c b gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a, b ln lt l A. 46,4g v 48g B. 48,4g v 46g C. 64,4g v 76,2g D. 76,2g v 64,4g 8. Ha tan 12g mui cacbonat kim loi bng dd HCl d thu c dd A v 1,008lit kh bay ra (kc). Khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dd A l A. 12,495g B. 12g C. 11,459g D. 12,5g 9. Cho a gam hn hp gm FeS2 v FeCO3 vi s mol bng nhau vo 1 bnh kn cha oxi d. p sut trong bnh l P1 atm. Nung nng bnh phn ng xy ra hon ton ri a bnh v nhit ban u, p sut kh trong bnh lc ny l P2 atm. Bit th tch cht rn trc v sau phn ng khng ng k. T l P1/P2 l A. 0,5 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2,5 10. Ha tan hon ton 4g hn hp MCO3 v MCO3 vo dd HCl thy thot ra V lit kh (kc). Dd thu c em c cn thu c 5,1g mui khan. Gi tr ca V l A. 1,12 B. 1,68 C. 2,24 D. 3,36 11. Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl 3 to thnh dd Y. Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim i 4,06g so vi dd XCl3. Cng thc ca XCl3 l A. InCl3 B. GaCl3 C. FeCl3 D. GeCl3 12. Nhng thanh Zn vo dd cha 8,32g CdSO4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+ khi lng thanh Zn tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Khi lng thanh Zn ban u l A. 80g B. 72,5g C. 70g D. 83,4g 13. Nhng thanh kim loi R ha tr II vo dd CuSO4. Sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Bit s mol R tham gia 2 trng hph nh nhau. R l A. Cd B. Zn C. Fe D. Sn
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39
40
41
42
Bi tp rn luyn k nng
1. Cho kh CO nng qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 mt thi gian c 6,72 g hn hp X gm st v cc oxit st. Ha tan hon ton X vo dd HNO3 d to thnh 0,448 lit kh NO (kc) (sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l A. 5,56 B. 6,64 C. 7,2 D. 8,8 2. Trn 0,5g bt Al vi hn hp bt Fe 2O3 v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh mt thi gian c hn hp rn X. Ha tan X trong dd HNO3 c nng d th th tch kh NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht) thu c kc l A. 0,672lit B. 0,896lit C. 1,12lit D. 1,344 3. Ha tan hon ton 11,2g Fe vo dd HNO3 c dd X v 6,72 lit hn hp kh Y gm NO v 1 kh Z (t l th tch 1 :1). Bit chr xy ra 2 qu trnh kh. Kh Z l A. NO2 B. N2O C. N2 D. NH3 4. Nung m gam bt Fe trong oxi khng kh thu c 3g hn hp rn X gm st v cc oxit st. Ha tan ht X trong dd HNO3 d thy thot ra 0,56 lit NO (kc, sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l A. 2,22 B. 2,32 C. 2,52 D. 2,62 5. m gam phoi Fe ngoi khng kh sau 1 thi gian thu c 12g cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3. Ha tan ht X trong dd H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,24 lit kh SO2 (kc). Gi tr ca m l A. 9,52 B. 9,62 C. 9,42 D. 9,72 6. Cho 11,2g Fe tc dng vi oxi c m gam hn hp X gm cc oxit. Ha tan ht X vo dd HNO 3 d thu c 896 ml NO (kc, sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l A. 29,6 B. 47,8 C. 15,04 D. 25,84 7. Ha tan m gam Al vo lng d dd hn hp NaOH v NaNO 3 thy xut hin 6,72 lit hn hp kh NH3 v H2 vi s mol bng nhau. Gi tr ca m l A. 6,75 B. 7,59 C. 8,1 D. 13,5 8. Ha tan hon ton 12g hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh X (kc) gm NO v NO2 v dd Y (ch cha 2 mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l A. 4,48 B. 5,6 C. 2,24 D. 3,36 9. Hn hp X gm Cu v Fe c t l khi lng tng ng l 7:3. Ly m gam X phn ng hon ton vi dd cha 0,7 mol HNO3. Sau phn ng cn li 0,75m gam cht rn v c 0,25 mol kh Y gm NO v NO2. Gi tr ca m l A. 40,5 B. 50,4 C. 50,2 D. 50 10. Hn hp gm 0,15 mol Cu v 0,15 mol Fe phn ng va vi dd HNO 3 thu c 0,2 mol kh NO (kc, sn phm kh duy nht). Tng khi lng cc mui trong dd sau phn ng l A. 64,5g B. 40,8g C. 51,6 D. 55,2 11. Ha tan 5,6g hn hp Cu v Fe vo dd HNO3 1M, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 3,92g cht rn khng tan v kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Bit trong hn hp ban u Cu chim 60% khi lng. Th tch dd HNO3 dng l A. 0,07 lit B. 0,08 lit C. 0,12 lit D. 0,16 lit 12. Ha tan 14,8 g hn hp Fe v Cu vo lng d dd hn hp HNO3 v H2SO4 c nng. Sau phn ng thu c 10,08 lit NO2 v 2,24 lit SO2 (u kc). Khi lng Fe trong hn hp ban u l A. 5,6g B. 8,4g C. 18g D. 18,2g 13. Cho hn hp cha 0,05 mol Fe v 0,03 mol Al tc dng vi 100ml dd Y gm AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 cng nng mol. Sau phn ng c cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi. Cho Z tc dng vi dd HCl d thu c 0,035mol kh. Nng mol mi mui trong Y l A. 0,3M B. 0,4M C. 0,42M D. 0,45M 14. Chia 10g hn hp X gm Mg, Al, Zn thnh 2 phn bng nhau : P1 : t chy hon ton trong O2 d thu c 21g hn hp oxit. P2 : ha tan trong HNO3 c nng d thu c V lit NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, kc). Gi tr ca V l A. 44,8 B. 22,4 C. 89,6 D. 30,8 15. Chia hn hp X gm Mg, Al, Zn thnh 2 phn bng nhau : P1 tc dng ht vi HCl d thu c 0,15mol H2. P2 cho tan ht trong dd HNO3 d thu c V lit NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca V l A. 2,24 B. 3,36 C. 4,48 D. 5,6
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PHNG PHP TH
Dng 1: Sc t t kh CO2 vo a mol dung dch Ca(OH)2 cho n d, Bi tp 1: Sc t t V (lt) kh CO2 iu kin tiu chun vo 1 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,2M th thu c 10 gam kt ta. V c gi tr ln nht l: A. 2,24 (l) B. 4,48 (l) C. 6,72 (l) D. 11,2 (l) Bi tp 2: Sc kh CO2 c s mol bin thin trong khong 0,1 nCO2 0,18 vo 1,5 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,1M. Lng kt ta ln nht thu c l: A. 10 gam B. 15 gam C. 20 gam D. 25 gam Bi tp 3: Nhit phn hon ton 20 gam mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II thu c cht rn A v kh B. Sc ton b kh B vo 150ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Khi lng A v cng thc ca mui cacbonat l: A. 11,2g v CaCO3 B. 12,2g v MgCO3 C. 12,2g v CaCO3 D. 11,2g v MgCO3 Dng 2: Rt t t dung dch c cha ion OH- vo dung dch c cha a mol Al3+, Bi tp 1: Cho 100ml dung dch NaOH tc dng vi 200ml dung dch AlCl3 0,2M thu c kt ta A. Sy kh v em nung A n khi lng khng i thu c 1,53 gam cht rn. Nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH dng l: A. 0,9M ; 0,5M B. 1,0M ; 0,9M C. 1,3M ; 0,5M D. 0,9M ; 1,3M Bi tp 2: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M thu c 15,6 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V l: A. 1,2 (l) B. 1,8 (l) C. 2,0 (l) D. 2,4 (l) Dng 3: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch cha a mol NaAlO2 cho n d, Bi tp 1: Cn t nht bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 1M khi tc dng vi 500ml dung dch NaAlO2 0,1M s thu c 0,78g kt ta? A. 10ml B. 15ml C.17ml D. 20ml HCl nh nht l: V = 10ml. - p n: A Bi tp 2: Cho p mol dung dch NaAlO2 tc dng vi q mol dung dch HCl. thu c kt ta sau phn ng th t l p : q l: A. p : q = 1 : 5 B. p : q = 1 : 4 C. p : q > 1 : 4 D. p : q < 1 : 4 Dng 4: Cho t t dung dch cha ion OH- vo dung dch cha a mol Zn2+ cho n d, Bi tp 1: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 0,1M tc dng vi 200ml dung dch ZnCl2 0,1M thu c 1,485g kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V l: A. 0,3 (l) B. 0,5 (l) C. 0,7 (l) D. 0,9 (l) Bi tp 2: Cho dung dch NaOH c s mol bin thin trong khong:0,12 nNaOH 0,18 mol tc dng vi 100ml dung dch Zn(NO3)2 0,5M. Khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c ln lt l: A. 7,29g v 1,89g B. 7,92g v 1,89g C. 7,29g v 1,98g D. 7,92g v 1,98g . Bi
tp rn luyn k nng: 44
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Bi tp rn luyn k nng
1. Trong 1 dd c cha a mol Ca2+, b mol Mg2+, c mol Cl-, d mol NO3- . Biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d l A. 2a + 2b = c + d B. a + b = 2c + 2d C. a + 2b = b + d D. 2a + b = c + 2d 2. Thm m gam kali vo 300 ml dd cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c dd X. Cho t t dd X vo 200ml dd Al2(SO4)3 0,1M thu c kt ta Y. thu c kt ta Y ln nht th m c gi tr l A. 1,59 B. 1,17 C. 1,71 D. 1,95 3. Dung dch A cha cc ion: Al3+ 0,6mol, Fe2+ 0,3mol, Cl- a mol, SO42- b mol. C cn dd A thu c 140,7g mui. Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l A. 0,6 v 0,9 B. 0,9 v 0,6 C. 0,3 v 0,5 D. 0,2 v 0,3 4. Ha tan hon ton 2,81g hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml dd H2SO4 0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng c cn dd th thu c s gam mui khan l A. 6,81 B. 4,81 C. 3,81 D. 5,81 5. Dung dch X cha cc ion Ca2+, Al3+, Cl-. kt ta ht ion Cl- trong 100ml dd X cn dng 700ml dd cha ion Ag+ c nng 1M. C cn dd X thu c 35,55g mui. Nng mol cc cation trong dd ln lt l A. 0,4 v 0,3 B. 0,2 v 0,3 C. 1 v 0,5 D. 2 v 1 6. Mt dd cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+, x mol Cl- v y mol SO42-. Tng khi lng cc mui tan c trong dd l 5,435g. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l A. 0,03 v 0,02 B. 0,05 v 0,01 C. 0,01 v 0,03 D. 0,02 v 0,05 7. Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau: - P1 tan ht trong dd HCl to ra 1,792 lit H2 (kc) - P2 nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84g cht rn. Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi ban u l A. 2,4g B. 3,12g C. 2,2g D. 1,8g 8. Dung dch A cha cc ion Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3-. Thm dn V ml dd Na2CO3 1M vo A n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr ca V l A. 150 B. 300 C. 200 D. 250 9. Dung dch A cha cc ion CO32-, SO32-, SO42-, 0,1 mol HCO3- v 0,3 mol Na+. Thm V lit dd Ba(OH)2 1M vo dd A n khi thu c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr ca V l A. 0,15 B. 0,2 C. 0,25 D. 0,5 10. Ha tan hon ton 15,6 g hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 trong 500 ml dd NaOH 1M thu c 6,72 lit H2 (kc) v dd D. Th tch dd HCl 2M cn cho vo D c kt ta ln nht l A. 0,175 lit B. 0,25 lit C. 0,255 lit D. 0,52 lit 11. Ha tan hon ton 10g hn hp Mg v Fe trong dd HCl 4M thu c 5,6lit H2 (kc) v dd D. kt ta hon ton cc ion trong D cn 300 ml dd NaOH 2M. Th tch dd HCl (lit) dng l A. 0,1 B. 0,12 C. 0,15 D. 0,2 12. Cho a gam hn hp 2 kim loi Na, K vo nc c dd X v 0,224 lit H2 (kc). Trung ha ht dd X cn V lit dd H2SO4 0,1M. Gi tr ca V l A. 0,15 B. 0,1 C. 0,12 D. 0,2 A. 16g B. 32g C. 8g D. 24g 13. Mt dd cha 2 cation l Fe2+ 0,1 mol, Al3+ 0,2 mol v 2 anion Cl- x mol, SO42- y mol. Khi c cn dd thu c 46,9g cht rn khan. Gi tr ca x v y l A. 0,02 V 0,03 B. 0,03 v 0,03 C. 0,2 v 0,3 D. 0,3 v 0,2 14. Cho x gam hn hp kim loi gm Na, K, Ba vo nc d c 500ml dd c pH = 13 v V lit kh (kc). Gi tr ca V l A. 0,56 B. 1,12 C. 2,24 D. 5,6 15. Mt dd cha cc ion: x mol M3+, 0,2 mol Mg2+, 0,3 mol Cu2+, 0,6 mol SO42-, 0,4mol NO3-. C cn dd ny thu c 116,8g hn hp cc mui khan. M l A. Cr B. Fe C. Al D. Zn 16. Cho mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc d thu c dd X v 3,36 lit H2 (kc). Th tch dd H2SO4 2M cn dng trung ha dd X l A. 150ml B. 75ml C. 60ml D. 30ml 17. Trn 100ml dd AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dd NaOH 1,8M thu c kt ta A v dd D. a. Khi lng kt ta A l A. 3,12g B. 6,24g C. 1,06g D. 2,08g b. Nng mol cc cht trong dd D l A. NaCl 0,2M v NaAlO2 0,6M B. NaCl 1M v NaAlO2 0,2M C. NaCl 1M v NaAlO2 0,6M D. NaCl 0,2M v NaAlO2 0,4M 18. Ly m gam hn hp 2 kim loi M v R c ho tr khng i, chia 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 ho tan va trong 100 mL H2SO4 1 M. Phn 2 cho tc dng vi Cl2 d th c 9,5 gam mui clorua. Vy m c gi tr l A. 4,8 g B. 11,2 g C. 5,4 g D. 2,4 g 19. Dung dch X gm 0,02 mol Cu2+ , 0,03 mol K+, x mol Cl-, y mol SO42- em c cn nhn c 5,435 gam mui khan. Vy x v y c gi tr l: A. 0,01 v 0,03 B. 0,02 v 0,05 C. 0,05 v 0,01 D. 0,03 v 0,02
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