MC LC

t vn ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

I. Thc trang nhim bin v i dng............................................................ 2
1. Thc trng nhim bin v i dng trn th gii ..................................... 2
2. Thc trng nhim bin Vit Nam ............................................................. 3
II. Nguyn nhn gy nhim bin v i dng ................................................. 4
1. nhim bin bt ngun t t lin ................................................................ 4
2. Trn du trn bin ........................................................................................... 4
3. v x cht thi xung sng ........................................................................ 6
4. Nc thi th ............................................................................................... 7
5. Rc thi ca ngi dn ................................................................................... 8
6. Tc ng ca ngnh thy sn ......................................................................... 8
7. Cng nghip ph d tu .................................................................................. 8
8. Mt s nguyn nhn khc ............................................................................... 9
III. nh hng ca nhim bin v i dng ............................................... 10
IV. Bin php phng chng v khc phc ........................................................ 11
1. Bin php phng chng ................................................................................. 11
2. Bin php khc phc..................................................................................... 11
2.1. Cc bin php chung ................................................................................ 11
2.2. Cc bin php c th ................................................................................ 12
V.

KT LUN ..................................................................................................... 12

t vn
Hng nm loi ngi thi ra bin hn 10 triu tn du bn, trong c khong 5 triu tn
c thi ra qua cc dng sng v cc khu cng nghip ven bin, khong 1 triu tn do
ra khoang cha ca cc tu ch du v du bn ca cc tu thuyn khc thi ra. Hng
ngy, con ngi cn khng ngng ra bin mt khi lng ln cc cht thi cng
nghip nh kim loi nng, thuc tr su, nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot, cht thi th
rn v cc cht thi phng x, v.v... Bin tr thnh mt thng rc khng l khng y.
Bin rng mnh mng v su thm, c th lm trong sch rt nhiu cht nhim do con
ngi vo. Nhng nu con ngi khng ngng vo bin cc loi cht thi vi khi
lng rt ln v lin tc nh vy th bin d rng ln n my cng khng th chu ni.
Trong thp k 70, vng bin i Ty Dng v bin Bc c hng chc vn chim
bin v v s c bin cht v nhim du. Con ra bin ln nht th gii nng hn 900 kg
tm thy b bin x Gan b tc rut cht v mt chic ti nilon kh 15x22cm. Cc kim
loi nng ra bin s tch t trong c th sinh vt bin. Khi con ngi n nhng con c
c kim loi nng s b nhim c. Cht thi phng x ra bin cn ng lo ngi hn.
Cc cht phng x ny trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh hot ng thay i s sng ca
sinh vt hi dng, qua xm nhp vo c th con ngi, lm tng nguy c b bnh ung
th.
Vn nhim bin v i dng cn nhiu im cn phi bn bc v tho lun,
chnh v th nhm chng ti chn ti nhim bin v i dng tm hiu
nguyn nhn gy ra nhim cng nh phn tch v a ra nhng bin php hiu qu nht
hn ch s nhim cho bin v i dng.
I. Thc trang nhim bin v i dng
1. Thc trng nhim bin v i dng trn th gii
Theo bo co v cc bin php ngn chn nhim mi trng bin ca chng trnh mi
trng LHQ (UNEP) c cng b ti Hi ngh quc t Bc Kinh (Trung Quc) gn
90% lng nc thi t chu c thng xung bin m khng qua x l ang gy
lo ngi v mi trng, e da sinh thi cc vng b bin c tm quan trng sng cn i
vi hot ng kinh t ca loi ngi, c bit l ngh c. Cng vi cht thi t cc nh
my ln t ti cc vng b bin, vng bin Nam v ng cn phi tip nhn 2/3 khi
lng t v ph sa, iu ny khng nhng gy nh hng trc tip n sc khe con
ngi, n cn ph hy cc h sinh thi ven bin c gi tr ln v kinh t, nh cc vng
rng ngp mn, cc va san h v nhng thm rong bin.
Mc d c hn 60 nc trn th gii c cc chng trnh hnh ng quc gia
ngn chn nhng ngun nhim bin xut pht t t lin, song kt qu t c khng
b p ni nhng thit hi do tnh trng bng n dn s, qu trnh th ha v cng
nghip ha qu nhanh ti cc vng duyn hi. Theo gim c iu hnh UNEP Achim
Steiner, khong 80% cht gy nhim bin c ngun gc t t lin v chiu hng ny

c th tng ln ng k vo nm 2050 nu nh s dn sng ti vng duyn hi tng ln

gp i
Lin Hip Quc (LHQ) ku gi cc nc nhanh chng hnh ng nhm gim bt tnh
trng nhim bin do cht thi t t lin gy nn, thng qua s hp tc cht ch gia
chnh ph v chnh quyn cc a phng, gia cc t chc t nhn v t chc phi chnh
ph, coi vic ngn chn nhim bin nh trch nhim hng u. Trong 10 nm qua,
Chng trnh hnh ng ton cu (GPA) do LHQ khi xng gp phn tch cc
vo vic thc y cam kt ca cc quc gia trong vic ngn chn nhim bin, huy ng
c ngun ngn qu ln vo vic bo v mi trng, trong c vic tm ngun u t
400 triu USD bo v cc vng bin ng , 380 triu USD cho vng a Trung Hi
v 400 triu USD bo v vng Bin en v sng a-nup
2.
Thc trng nhim bin Vit Nam
Hin nay, mi trng bin nc ta ang c du hiu b nhim v suy thoi. Mi trng
vng nc ven b b nhim du, km, v cht thi sinh hot. Cc cht rn l lng
nh Si, NO3, NH4 v PO4 cng mc ng lo ngi. Cht lng trm tch y bin ven
b- ni c tr ca nhiu loi thu hi sn- cng b nhim. Hm lng ho cht bo v
thc vt chng anrin v enrin trong cc mu sinh vt y cc vng ca sng ven bin
pha bc u cao hn gii hn cho php.
Lng ho cht bo v thc vt tn lu trong c th cc loi thn mm hai mnh v
c xc nh cao nht l ti Sm Sn v ca Ba Lt (11,14- 11.83 mg/kg tht ngao), thp
nht l ti Tr C (1,54 mg/kg).Cc cht anrin, enrin, ienrin, c bit l anrin v
enrin c hu ht cc mu phn tch, bin i t 0,12 n 3,11 mg/kg. Hin tng thu
triu cng xut hin nc ta t thng su n trung tun thng by m lch ti
vng bin nam trung b, c bit l ti Khnh Ho, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun. Thit hi do
thu triu gy ra rt ln.
Hng nm, trn 100 con sng nc ta thi ra bin 880 km3 nc, 270-300 triu tn
ph xa, ko theo nhiu cht c th gy nhim bin, nh cc cht hu c, dinh dng,
kim loi nng v nhiu cht c hi t cc khu dn c tp trung, t cc khu cng nghip
v th, t cc khu nui trng thu sn ven bin v cc vng sn xut nng nghip. n
nm 2010, d tnh lng cht thi s tng rt ln cc vng nc ven b, trong du
khong 35.160 tn/1 ngy, nit tng s 26-52 tn/ngy v tng amoni 15-30 tn/ngy.
Trc y con ngi khng bao gi hi n san h nhng nay nhu cu xy m
ngh, hn non b, trang tr ni ngoi tht ngy cng nhiu nn tnh trng khai thc, vn
chuyn, bun bn san h cc a phng ven bin ang din ra rt phc tp. . Nhiu khu
vc bin min Trung, ng dn i ly san h thnh mt loi ngh sinh sng. V li
nhun, khng t ngi lm nh hng n s hnh thnh t nhin ca di san h gy
nh hng n mi trng sinh thi.

II. Nguyn nhn gy nhim bin v i dng

1. nhim bin bt ngun t t lin
Cc s liu thng k cho thy, khong 70% nhim bin v i dng c ngun gc t
t lin, xut pht t nhng cht x thi ca cc thnh ph, th x, th trn, t cc ngnh
cng nghip, xy dng, y t, ha cht..., trong ng k nht v nguy hi nht l cht
thi t cc nh my thng qua h thng thot nc x thng ra bin v i dng mt
lng ln cc cht bi lng, ha cht, kim loi, nha, cn du v thm ch c cc cht
phng x. Hng nm, trn 100 con sng nc ta thi ra bin 880km3 nc, 270 - 300
triu tn ph sa, ko theo nhiu cht c th gy nhim bin, nh cc cht hu c, dinh
dng, kim loi nng v nhiu cht c hi khc.
Nm 2010, lng cht thi tng rt ln vng nc ven b, trong du khong
35.160 tn/ngy, nit 26 - 52 tn/ngy v amonia 15 - 30 tn/ngy.
nhim dn n s cn kit cc ti nguyn c, nht l nhng loi c ven b; tnh a
dng sinh hc ngy cng b e da do ph hy mi trng sng nh rng ngp mn, rn
san h; axt ha t do pht quang rng ven bin trn cc vng t phn lm nng
nghip v nui trng thy sn; nhim do nc thi th khng qua x l; s dng trn
lan v khng kim sot ha cht trong nng nghip v cng nghip
Thm vo , thin tai nh bo, l v xm nhp mn cng tc ng ln ti mi
trng bin v c xu hng trm trng thm bi cc hot ng ca con ngi.
2.
Trn du trn bin
Bin l mt trong nhng a im thm d v khai thc du kh nhn nhp nht.. Trong
tng lai, do khan him ngun trn lc a, sn lng khai thc khong sn y bin s
gia tng ng k. Trong s , vic khai thc du kh trn bin c tc ng mnh m nht
n mi trng bin. Hin tng r r du t gin khoan, cc phng tin vn chuyn v
s c trn du c xu hng gia tng cng vi sn lng khai thc du kh trn bin.
ng quan ngi l tnh trng nhim bin do du c xu hng gia tng, phc tp
hn, s lng tu thuyn gn my loi nh, cng sut thp, c k v lc hu tng nhanh,
nn kh nng thi du vo mi trng bin nhiu hn.
Cc tu nh chy bng xng du thi ra bin khong 70% lng du thi. Ngoi
ra, hot ng ca tu thng mi trn tuyn hng hi quc t cng thi vo bin Vit Nam
mt lng ln du r r, du thi v cht thi sinh hot m n nay cha th thng k y
.
Vt du loang trn nc ngn cn qu trnh ho tan oxy t khng kh. Cn du lng
xung y lm nhim trm tch y bin. Nng du cao trong nc c tc ng xu
ti hot ng ca cc loi sinh vt bin. Cc hot ng thm d v khai thc du kh
ngoi khi Vit Nam ang tng ln hng nm. Cc vng c cc hot ng du kh l vng
bin Vit Nam, vnh Bc B, vnh Thi Lan v Qun o Trng Sa. Cc hot ng
thng thng km theo vic khai thc v vn chuyn du gy ra tnh trng nhim
nghim trng do du.

Hnh 1: Trn du i dng

Hnh 2: ng vt gp ha v trn du

Hin nay, hm lng du trong nc bin ca Vit Nam nhn chung u vt gii
hn tiu chun Vit Nam v vt rt xa tiu chun ASEAN. c bit, c nhng thi im
vng nc khu vc cng Ci Ln c hm lng du mc 1,75 mg/lt, gp 6 ln gii hn
cho php; 1/3 din tch mt nc vnh H Long c hm lng du thng xuyn t 1 n
1,73 mg/lt.
Cc v tai nn tu du v tai nn hng hi l mt trong nhng ngun chnh gy nn
tnh trng nhim bin do du ti Vit Nam. 5 nm qua, ch tnh ring s v tai nn gy
s c trn du trn 50 tn c hn 50 v. ng ch l cc v trn du nghim trng
nhng nm gn y c xu hng tng, gy thit hi nghim trng cho mi trng, nht l
cc vng nui trng thy sn.
Theo thng k, giai on 1992-2006 xy ra 35 s c trn du ti Vit Nam, trong ,
in hnh l v tu Neptune Aries m vo cu cng Ct Li-TP. H Ch Minh lm trn
1.864 tn du DO, hay v tu Kasco Monrovia ti Ct LiTP. H Ch Minh lm trn 518
tn du DO ra bin. Do thi tit xu, tu c Tr ch 1.700 tn du FO b chm ti
vng bin Bnh Thun trong khi vo khu vc Mi N (Phan Thit) trnh gi. Phn ln
cc s c trn du l do m va ca tu du.
Bn cnh , vng bin nc ta c khong 340 ging khoan thm d v khai thc du
kh, ngoi vic thi nc ln du vi khi lng ln, trung bnh mi nm hot ng ny
cn pht sinh khong 5.600 tn rc thi du kh, trong 20 - 30% l cht thi rn nguy
hi cha c bi cha v ni x l.
Cc v trn du xy ra v nhiu nguyn nhn:
+ Gia tng mt i li, thiu s kim sot giao thng v cc bin php an ton khng
ph hp trn mt s tu ch du.
+ Do v sinh tu ch du bng nc bin
+ Do qu trnh khai thc v ch bin du ti cc dn khoan v c s ven bin.

Hnh 3: Tu Racer Express gy ra s

c du FO ti cng Dung Qut

Hnh 4: Mt nc bin lnh nh vn du

c trn qunh, en s

3.
v x cht thi xung sng
Hin nay, cc ngnh cng nghip u trc tip cht thi cha c x l, kim loi nng
v c t vo mi trng.
Cht thi khng c x l ang c xung sng ca Vit Nam. Kim loi v
nhiu thuc tr su (DDT) tch lu sinh hc trong c v cc dng vt khc. Tnh trng ny
c hi cho sc kho cc ng vt bin v c th gy t vong. Con ngi s dng chng
lm thc n s chu nh hng ca s tch lu sinh hc ny v c nguy c gp ri ro nguy
hi n sc kho.

Hnh 5: Nhiu bi rc ven bin cha c x l lm nhim vng bin

Nc cng rnh khng c x l v cc cht nhim t cng nghip v nng nghip
ang vo sng ca Vit Nam . Cc con sng ny ra bin, l nhim mi trng
bin v i b.

Hnh 6: Mt t l ln din tch i dng b nhim v nhiu rng san h ang dn cht i

4. Nc thi th
+ Nc thi th thi xung cng hoc rnh l thin ao, h, sng, sui bin.

Hnh 7: nhim mi trng bin Nng

Hnh 8: nhim nc knh Th Ngh

5. Rc thi ca ngi dn

Hnh 9: Rc dy c trn sng An Cu, TP Hu

6. Tc ng ca ngnh thy sn
+ Nui trng thu sn l mt hng pht trin mnh mang tnh t pha ca ngnh thu
sn v vy rt nhiu din tch rng ngp mn, t trng la v ang chuyn i sang
m nui tm, cng vi cc cht thi t ao nui tr thnh nguy c gy nhim hu c
nghim trng cho cc vng ven bin.
+ Nc ta, cht thi t nui tm l vn ln cn c quan tm. Vic x nc thi cha
qua x l cn tu tin, a s c thi trc tip ra bn ngoi. Nu quy m nh th trong
mt vi nm u c th cha gy ra nh hng ng k. Nhng nu din tch nui ln, tp
trung v vic pht thi din ra trong thi gian di th s gy nhim mi trng bin ven
b, gy ph dng, nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca ngun li hi
sn t nhin
7. Cng nghip ph d tu

+ C s h tng ca cc doanh nghip ph d tu c th s lc hu, khng quan tm n

u t cng ngh x l, khc phc hu qu nhim mi trng.(ph d mt con tu em
li 90 - 95% ngun thp nhng "" ra c mt ni cht c c hi chim 15 _ 20% trng
lng tu gm: nc bn y tu, du v nghin liu gy ra do s c trn du, c bit
l sn v lp sn bo v thn tu, cc mnh kim loi,.)
+ Cc tu ng t nm 70 khi ph d s c nhiu cht c hi : thu ngn, thch tn, kim
loi nng,.
8. Mt s nguyn nhn khc
+ Qu trnh th ho tc ng n vng ven b v vng bin. Cc hot ng khai
thc nui trng thu sn, cc hot ng qua li ca cc loi tu ra vo cng cng tc ng
mnh m ti mi trng bin. Hot ng ca cc doanh nghip cng nghip cng to nn
nhng bt cp cho mi trng ven bin. Du lch pht trin s du khch ngy cng tng
cao cng l tc nhn i vi mi trng bin.
+ Bin b nhim bn do cc lung tu i v ti cc cng, nn nhim Hydrocacbon l kh
cao.
+ nhim khng kh c tc ng mnh m n mi trng bin. Nng CO2 trong
khng kh cao lm cho lng CO2 ho tan trong nc bin tng. Nhiu bi v kim loi
nng c khng kh mang ra bin. Hiu ng nh knh ko theo s dng cao mc nc
bin v thay i mi trng sinh thi bin
+ Ph hu ni c tr: Ph rng ngp mn ba bi nui tm vi tc 2,3% nm, ph
hu cc rn san h, cc thm c bin, cc vng triu ly...
+ Khai thc qu mc v khng hp l:
Mi trng sng ca sinh vt bin b bp nght do nhit i dng tng trong vi chc
nm tr li y. Kho hi sn i dng cng cn kit nhanh v con ngi ng trc nn
i v thiu lng thc x ra i dng tm s b p. Ngay c nhng loi c sn
mi nh c ng i dng cng t dn i do b khai thc qu nhiu ti tt c mi ng
trng trn tri t. Khi mi trng bin nhim v kh sng, bng Bc cc tan, khai
thc du kh di i dng, cuc sng ca sinh, thc vt bin ang giai on kh khn
cha tng thy. D tn thng nht l cc rn san h.
Vic bun bn cc hng m ngh t hi sn, pht trin cc trung tm du lch l nguyn
nhn dn n lm cn kit mt s loi san h cnh, trai c, tm hm v i mi. Vic
bun bn c cnh bin pht trin mnh ko theo vic nh bt qu mc c trn cc rn san
h.

Hnh 10: Rn san h ang ng trc nguy c bin mt hon ton.

Hnh 11: Mi trng bin ang b hy hoi mt cch nng n.

III. nh hng ca nhim bin v i dng
+ Gia tng nng ca cc cht nhim trong nc bin nh du, kim loi nng, cc ho
cht c hi
+ Gia tng nng cc cht nhim tch t trong trm tch bin vng ven b
+ Suy thoi h sinh thi bin nh h sinh thi san h, h sinh thi rng ngp mn, c
bin,.
+ Cn kit ngun tm ging v cc n c gn b.
Kt qu lm cho nhiu loi sv bin b tuyt chng hoc c nguy c b tuyt chng:
Loi Rng bin c nguy c b tuyt chng:
Suy gim tr lng cc loi sinh vt tnh a dng sinh vt bin.
Xut hin cc hin tng thu triu , tch t cht nhim trong thc phm ly t bin
+ Hin tng triu :
Xi l t ven bin: Nam nh hin c hn 25 km bao ang b e da do xi l. Cc
n ct ph Tam Giang v Qung Nam, Qung Bnh cng ang mt i, lm thay i a
mo ca vng ven bin.

IV. Bin php phng chng v khc phc

1. Bin php phng chng
+ Nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng
Cn c nhiu chng trnh khuyn co cho ton dn ni chung v ngi dn ni ring
c bit r tc hi ca n.
+ Vic xy dng i ng bo co vin, cng tc vin v tuyn truyn vin v chnh sch,
php lut lin quan n vic khai thc, s dng bn vng, c hiu qu ti nguyn v bo
v mi trng bin l mt vic lm quan trng.
+ Trc mt tp trung tuyn truyn cho cn b, ng vin v nhn dn nhn thc y
v ch trng, chin lc bin, o; ng thi nm vng Lut bin Vit Nam v Quc t
khai thc tim nng bin c hiu qu v bo v vng chc ch quyn bin, o ca
Vit Nam; cao vai tr cp y, chnh quyn a phng, ng thi a cng tc tuyn
tuyn bin o vo nh trng gio dc hc sinh.
Cc bin php phng chng nhim bin:
+ Tng cng hp tc quc t
n nay, Vit Nam tch cc tham gia cc iu c phm vi th gii v khu vc v vn
bo v mi trng bin. Cc iu c quc t lnh vc ny m Vit Nam tham gia
bao gm:
Cng c nm 1982 ca Lin Hip Quc v Lut bin (UNLOSC)
Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim t tu (MARPOL 73/78)
Cng c quc t v trch nhim dn s i vi cc tn tht do nhim du - CLC
1969 v 1992
Cng c COLREG v cc quy tc quc t phng, trnh dm, va trn bin nm 1972
Cng c BASEL v kim sot vn chuyn xuyn bin gii cc cht c hi v vic
loi b chng nm 1989;
Cng c v a dng sinh hc nm 1992;
Cng c RAMSA v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit nh
l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc nm 1971, sa i theo Ngh nh th Paris nm
1982 v.v...
2. Bin php khc phc
2.1. Cc bin php chung
+ Cn thit phi c mt chin lc tng th lu di bo v Mi-Sinh Bin
+ Thnh lp thm c quan nghin cu v c s a phng p ng nhu cu bo v
mi trng ti ch.
+ Tuyn m v hun luyn chuyn gia v chng nhim bin.
+ Thit lp k hoch Quc gia phng nga v ng ph tai nn trn du.
+ Gia nhp cc cng c v t chc quc t lin h ti mi sinh bin nh IMO (T chc
hng hi quc t), IPIECA (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation

Association- Hip hi bo tn mi trng cng nghip du kh h gii), Cng c v

trch nhim dn s.
+ Ngn chn tnh trng cc khu cng nghip thi nc thi bn ra bin.
Cc bin php phng chng nhim bin
+ Dng cc loi thc vt thy sinh loi b cc cht dinh dng v hu c trong nc.
+ Cn bo v rng ven bin v tch cc trng cy hn ch qu trnh ra tri lp t ra
bin nht l nhng bi thi ca cc m khai thc khong sn.
+ Hn ch v khc phc nhng hu qu do trn du
+ Nng cao thc ca cng ng trong vic bo v mi trng bin
+ Xy dng h thng chnh sch, php lut v gio dc v bo v mi trng bin.
+ Tin hnh ci to cc vng t b hoang ho ven b nh o knh dn nc bin vo,
trng li rng ngp mn.
2.2. Cc bin php c th
+ a ra nhng vn bn mang tnh chin lc i vi tng giai on v tnh hnh c th:
Ngh quyt Trung ng 4 (kha X) v Chin lc bin Vit Nam n nm 2020 v
Ngh quyt Trung ng 8 (kha IX) v Chin lc bo v T quc trong tnh hnh mi
l nhim v quan trng hin nay ca cc cp, cc ngnh t Trung ng n c s, nht l
nhng a phng c bin.
xut cc ni dung ca d tho Lut Ti nguyn v mi trng bin theo hng bn
vng.
V. KT LUN

Bin l ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi nhng thc trng nhim bin Vit Nam
v ang tr thnh vn bo ng i vi ton x hi , nguyn nhn chnh l
do nhng hot ng ca con ngi.
Qua bi tiu lun ny, gip chng ta hiu c nhng hnh ng ca con ngi
d l v tnh hay c cng mt gy ra tnh trng nhim bin, gy suy thoi a
dng sinh hc bin v nh hng n sc kho con ngi. T thc c vic
bo v mi trng bin ni ring v mi trng ni chung, tm ra nhng gii php
ngn nga v khc phc tnh trng nhim.

MC LC
1. TS. L Quc Tun, Gio trnh c hc Mi trng, Khoa Mi Trng v Ti
Nguyn, H Nng Lm TP.HCM
2. on Th Thi Yn, Bi ging c hc Mi trng, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh
Mi trng, i hc Bch khoa H Ni.
3. GS.TSKH L Huy B , c hc mi trng 1 & 2 NXB Gio Dc
4. Nguyn Th Phng Anh , c hc Mi trng, H Bch Khoa Nng