CM NANG HO HC PH THNG

I.PHI KIM % 1 HALOGEN A, Mt s tnh cht FLO CLO BROM IOT

1, K hiu F Cl Br I 2, KLNT 19 35,5 80 127 3,in tch 9 17 35 53 Z 4, Cu 2s22p5 3s23p5 4s24p5 5s25p5 hnh e ho tr 5, CTPT I2 Cl2 Br2 I2 6, Trng Kh, lc Kh, vng lng, rn, tm than thi mu nht lc nu 7, si -188 -34+59 +185 8, Axit c Khng HClO HBrO HIO oxi HClO2 HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3 HClO4 HIO4 9, m 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.6 in B, Ho tnh ca Clo v cc Halogen 1. Vi kim loi mui Halogenua nX2 + 2M = 2MXn n: S oxi ho cao nht ca M 2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3 2.Vi hir Hiro halogenua H2 + X2 -> 2 HX 3.Vi H2O X2 + H2O HX + HXO ( X: Cl,Br,I) HXO HX + O 2X2 + 2H2O 4HX + O2 Nc Clo c tnh oxi ho mnh nn c dng st khun, ty ra C, iu ch HX+MnO2 MnX2 + X2 + 2H2O

Cl2+H2+ 2NaOH 2NaCl+H2O co m/n D. Axit Clohiric: L mt Axit mnh 1.Ho tnh: *Vi kim loi (trc Hiro) mui + H2 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2 *Vi Oxit Baz, baz mui + nc 2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 CuCl2 + H2O *Vi mui: HCl + AgNO3 AgCl(trng) + HNO3 *c bit dng Axt HF v ln thu tinh 4HF + SiO2 SiF4( tan) + H2O 2.iu ch: *Tng hp: H2 + X2 2HX *Dng H2SO4 c: H2SO4() + NaCl NaHSO4 + HCl H2SO4() + 2NaCl Na2SO4 + 2HCl --------------o0o--------------% 2 OXI-LU HUNH ( NHM VI A ) A.Mt s tnh cht
pdd

OXI 1.K hiu 2.KLNT 3.in tch Z 4.Cu hnh e ho tr 5.CTCT 6.Trng thi 7.Axit c Oxi O 16 8 2s22p4 O2 Kh -

LU HUN H S 32 16 3s23p4 S rnvng H2SO4 H2SO3

SELE N Se 79 34 4s24p4 Se rn H2Se O4 H2Se O3 2,4

TELU Te 127,6 52 5s25p4 Te rn H2Te O4 H2Te O3 2,1

8. n in 3,5 2,5 B.OXI 1.Ho tnh: K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 *Vi H2 + 7H2O + 2KCl 2H2 + O2 2H2O *Vi cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt) 2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl+2MnO2 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 + 5HCl + 8H2O 2Cu + O2 2CuO(en) *Vi phi kim( tr F2,Cl2) 2,Dng hot ng: + O2 2NO Cl2 + 2 HBr = Br2 + 2 HCl S + O2 SO2 Br2 + 2 NaI = I2 + 2NaBr *Vi cht khc: 3.Phng php in phn: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2NaCl = 2Na + Cl2 2CO + O2 2CO2 4Fe3O4 + O2 6Fe2O3

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
2.iu ch: G. Anhirit sunfur SO2: S=SO a,Chng ct phn on khng kh lng. 1.L tnh: Kh khng mu, mi hc tan trong b,Nhit phn cc mui giu oxi nc Axit sunfur 2KClO3 2KCl + O2 2.Ho tnh: a,Tnh oxi ho: 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + SO2 + Mg 2MgO + S O2 c,in phn H2O ( c pha H+ hoc OH ) SO2 + H2 2H2O + S H2O 2H2 + O2 SO2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 3S d,in phn oxit kim loi b,Tnh kh: 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 C. Lu hunh SO2 + 2H2O +Cl HSO + 2HCl 1.Ho tnh: to thng lu hunh hot ng km. 5SO + 2KMnO +2HO 2MnSO *Vi kim loi ( tr Au, Ag, Pt ) mui sunfua. +2KHSO + HSO Fe + S FeS(en) c,l oxit axit: Cu + S CuS (en) SO + HO HSO *Vi Hir 3,iu ch: S + H2 H2S (mi trng thi) S + O2 SO2 *Vi phi kim ( tr N2,I2 ) sunfua 2H2SO4() + S 3SO2 + 2H2O C + 2S CS2 4FeS2 + 11O2 8SO + 2FeO 5S + 2P P2S5 Cu + 2HSO() CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O *Vi axit c tnh oxi ha mnh H.Axit sunfuric: H2SO4 2H2SO4 + S 3SO2 + 2H2O 1.L tnh : H2SO4 khan l cht lng, khng mu, snh nh 6HNO3 + S H2SO4 + 6NO2+2H2O du, khng bay hi, khng mi v, tan tt, trong nc to 2.iu ch: nhiu nhit. Khai thc t qung 2.Ho tnh: L axit mnh Lm qu tm H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S *Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, vi mui. 2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S *Tc dng vi kim loi ng trc H, gii phng H2. D. OZN O3 2SO4 m c : 1.Ho tnh: *B phn tch: C tnh oxi ho mnh hn Oxi SO4 SO3 + H2O O3 + 2 Ag Ag2O + O2 2KI(trng)+ O3+ H2O2KOH+I2(nu) *Ho nc: HO + H2SO4 C + H2SO4.nH2O +O2 *C tnh oxi ho mnh: ( Nhn bit Ozn) Vi phi kim : C,S,P CO2, SO2, P2O5 2.iu ch: 3O2 2O3 Vi kim loi mui , khng gii phng kh hir. E.Hirsunfua H2S Nhit thng: Khng phn ng vi Al,Fe,Cr. 1.L tnh: Cht kh khng mu, mi trng thi, c, d tan trong nc un nng: Tc dng hu ht vi cc kim loi axit sunfuahiric (tr Au,Pt) 2.Ho tnh *Vi nhit : H2SO4() + Cu CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O H2S H2 + S 6 H2SO4()+2Al Al2(SO)4+SO2+ 6H2O *Vi Oxi 2H2S +3O2 > 2SO2 + 2H2O Vi kim loi kh mnh ( Kim, kim th, 2H2S + O2 > 2S + 2H2O Al,Zn) c th cho SO2, S, H2S. *Tnh kh : H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S H2SO4() + 3Zn 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O H2S + H2SO4() SO2 + 2H2O + S H2SO4() + 4Zn 4ZnSO4+ H2S + 4H2O 3.iu ch: H2 + S H2S 3.Sn xut H2SO4 FeS + 2HCl H2S + FeCl2

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
*iu ch SO2: 4FeS2 + 11O2 8SO + 2FeO S + O2 SO2 1.K hiu 2.KLNT 3.in tch Z 4.Cu hnh e ho tr 5.CTCT 6.Trng thi N 14 7 2 2s 2p4 P 31 15 3s23p4 As 75 33 4s24p4 Sb 122 51 5s25p4

*Oxi ho SO2 SO3: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 *To ra H2SO4 t SO3 : SO3 + H2O H2SO4 --------------o0o--------------% 3 NIT- PHT PHO (NHM VA A. Mt s tnh cht: NIT PHT ASEN PHO B.NIT: N 1.Ho tnh: *Vi Oxi: N2 + O2 <> 2NO *Vi H2: N2 + 3H2 > 2NH3 *Vi kim loi in hnh ( hot ng mnh) N2 + 3Mg Mg3N2 (Maginitrua)
3

N2 P As Sb Kh Rn , rn rn khng trng mu 7.Axit c Oxi HNO3 H3PO4 H3AsO4 H3AsO HNO2 4 8. n in 3,0 2,1 2,0 1,9 ( khng gii thiu nguyn t BITMUT Bi)

N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)3 + NH3 ) 2.iu ch: Chng ct phn on KK lng NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O 2NH4NO2 2N2 + O2 + 4H2O (NH4)Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O

C.Cc oxit ca Nit CTPT Tnh cht NO Kh khng mu, c rt t NO2 N2O5 Rn trng tan , to thng hoa 32,3oC L oxit axit *N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3 mu N2O N2O3 Cht lng xanh thm -

Kh nu, hc c tan nhiu nhiu trong H2O Kh khng trong H2O L Oxit axit 2HNO3+NO

vt l tan trong H2O Tnh Khng tc dng vi H2O cht Ho hc mui

Axit, kim l oxit khng to *2NO2+H2O

*4NO2+2H2O+O24HNO3 *N2O5 + 2NaOH *2NO2+ 2NaOH NaNO3 2NaNO3 +

H2O + NaNO2+ H2O iu *N2+ O2 2NO *4NH4NO3 *NO + NO2 *Cu+4HNO3()Cu(NO3)2 * 2HNO3 > N2O5 ch N2O3 *3Cu+8HNO3(l)Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 2H2O + H2O N2O+2 + 2NO + 4H2O H2O

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
D.Amoniac NH3 1.L tnh: Kh khng mu, mi khai, xc, tam tt trong nc. 2.Ho tnh: * Hu: 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 *Vi axit: NH3 + HCl NH4Cl *Vi H2O: NH3 + H2O NH + OH*Axit NITRIC HNO3 1.L tnh: L cht lng khng mu, mi tt t= 86oC v phn hu: 4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 2.Ho tnh: a.Tnh axit: ( nh axit thng thng) b.Tnh oxi ho mnh. *Vi kim loi (tr Au,Pt) mui c s oxi ho cao. HNO3() + M M(NO3)n + NO2 + H2O HNO3(l) + M M(NO3)n + (c th : *Tnh kh: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl 2NH3 + 3CuO N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O 3.iu ch: *Dung dch NH3 NH3 *NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O *N2 + H2 > 2NH3 E.Dung dch NH3- Mui Amoni 1.Dung dch NH3: Ho xanh qu tm. *Vi axit mui: NH3 + H+ + SO 2NH + SO *Vi dung dch mui: FeSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 *Ch : Vi cc dung dch mui cha Cu2+, Zn2+, Ag+ c th to phc cht, tan. CuCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 ( Xanh thm) 2.Mui Amni: a.L tnh: Tinh th, khng mu, v mn, d tan. b.Ho tnh: *Tnh cht chung ca mui *Hu: NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
2+ 4

NO3 N2O + 2H2O

hc, tan

NO,N2,N2O,NH4NO3) + H2O V d: *4Mg + 10HNO3(l) 4Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O *4Zn(NO3)2 + 10HNO3(l) 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O HNO3(c,ngui) khng phn ng Al, Fe *Ch : Au, Pt ch c th tan trong nc cng toan (HCl + HNO3 ) Au + 3HCl + HNO3 AuCl3 + NO+ 2H2O *Vi phi kim: *4HNO3() + C CO2 + 4NO2 +2 H2O
*

6HNO3() + S H2SO4 +6NO2 + 2H2O

*4HNO3() + P H3PO4 +5NO2 + H2O 3.iu ch: *KNO3 + H2SO4() KHSO4 + HNO3 *NH3 NONO2 HNO3 *4NH3 + 5O2 > 4NO + 6H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO Hoc: 4NO2 + O2 + H2O 4HNO3 H.Mui NITRAT 1.L tnh: Tinh th khng mu d tan ( Phn m)

+ OH-

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
2.Ho tnh: Nhit phn phn phn tch theio 3 kiu: a, M(NO3) M(NO2)n + O2 M trc Mg b,M(NO3) M2On + NO2 + O2 Mg ( t Mg Cu) c, M(NO3)n M + NO2+ O2 M ng sau Cu I. PHT PHO V HP CHT 1.Pht pho a.L tnh: P (trng) -Rn, ging sp D=1,8; t=44oC t = 281oC -khng tan trong H2O. Tan trong CS2, C2H2, te -Rt c, d gy bng nng. V vy phi ht sc cn thn khi dng P trng. -Khng b, t bc chy to thng, lu, bin chm thnh . P (en) -Rn, en D=2,7 -Khng tan trong H2O - Khng c P () -Bt sm D= 2,3 Khng tan trong H2O v trong CS2 Khng c Mui phtphua d b thu phn. Zn3P2 +6H2O 3Zn(HO)3 + PH3 c.iu ch: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO2 + P( hi) 2.Hp cht ca P mi, khng c, ht nc mnh *L Oxit axit: P2O5 + H2O 2HPO3 (Axitmetaphotphoric) HPO4 + H2O H3PO4 (Axitphotphoric) tt. d: NH4 + H3PO4 SP NH4H2PO4 : Amoni_ihirophtpht. (NH4)2HPO4 : Amni_hirphtphat (NH4)3PO4 : Amni_phtphat. Tu thuc vo t l mol cc cht tham gia p *iu ch: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4(c,d) -Khng bn lu chuyn thnh P Bn to 2H3PO4 +3CaSO4( t tan) thng, bc ------ ---- chy 240oC. o 416 C khng % 4. CACBON - SILIC c kk P A.Mt s tnh cht NHM CACBON SILIC GECMANI THIC CH Si 28 14 Ge 72,6 32 Sn 118,7 50 5s25p2 rn 1,8 Pb 207 82 6s26p2 rn 1,8

a.Anhirit photphoric P2O5: L cht bt trng, khn

b.Axit photphoric H3PO4: Cht rn, khng mu, ta

*L mt axit trung bnh (3 ln axit) to 3 mui. V

b.Ho tnh: P (trng, ) *Vi cc cht oxi ho:

K hiu C KLNT 12 4P(t) +3O2 2P2O5 + ln quang. inh 6 tch Z 4P(t) + 5O2 2P2O5 + ln quang 2s22p2 2P(t) + 5Cl2 2PCl5 hnh e ho tr 3P() + 5HNO3 + H2O3H3PO4 + 5NO Trng Rn *Vi cht kh: m 2,5 2P(t) + 3H2 > 2PH3 Phtphuahir (PH3 : Phtphin mi c thi rt c) 2P(t) +3Mg Mg3P2 2P(t) + 3Zn Zn3P2 ( thuc chut)

3s23p2 4s24p2 rn 1,8 rn 1,8

*Cc bon c 3 dng th hnh; kim cng ( rt cng), than ch ( dn in), Cc bon v nh hnh ( than, m hng) c kh nng hp th tt. Mi pht hin gn y C60, dng tri bng( hnh cu).

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
- Silic c th dng tinh th (mu xm, dn, hot H2O + C CO + H2 -Q tnh thp) hay dng v nh hnh ( bt nu, kh *c bit: hot ng). CO + NaOH >HCOONa B.HO TNH CA C V Si 2.Kh cacbonic CO2: 1.Vi n cht. *Kh khng mu, ho lng khi nn n 60atm, *Kim loi ( nhit cao > tnngchy). lm lnh to tuyt cacbonic ( nc kh). Ca + 2C CaC2 (Canxicacbua) *L oxt axit tc dng vi baz v oxit baz 2Mg + Si Mg2Si ( Magi xilixua) CO2 + CaO CaCO3 *Vi H: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O C + H2 CH4 (Mtan) 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 Si + H2 SiH4 ( Silan) *B nhit phn hu t *Vi Oxi: CO2 2CO + O2 C + O2 CO2 *Tc dng vi cht kh mnh t: CO2 + 2Mg > 2MgO + C C + CO2 2CO CO2 + C 2CO Si + O2 SiO2 *Vi nhau: CO2 + H2 CO + H2O 3.Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat: Si + C SiC a,H2CO3 l axit yu, khng bn 2.Vi hp cht: ( ch lm qu tn hi hng) ch tc dng vi baz mnh. *Vi H2O: b,Mui cacbonat (trung tnh v axit). H2O + C CO + H2 *Mui cacbonat trung ho ca kim loi kim u bn vng vi hay 2H2O + C CO2 + 2H2 nhit, cc mui cacbonat khc b phn hu khi un nng. *Vi Axit: MgCO3 MgO + CO2 C + 2H2SO4(cnng) CO2 + 2SO2+ 2H2O *Mui cacbonat axit d b phn hu: C + 4HNO3(cnng) CO2 + 4NO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Si khng tc dng vi Axit to thng. *Trung ho axit: *Vi baz: Ch Si tc dng. 2HCl + K2CO3 2KCl + H2O + CO2 Si + 2KOH + H2O K2SiO3 + H2 *C l cht kh tng i mnh nhit cao: HCl + KHCO3 KCl + H2O + CO2 *B thu phn to dung dch c tnh kim. CO2 + C 2CO CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH C + CuO Cu + CO NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + CO2 + H2O C + CaO CaC2 + CO C + 4KNO3 CO2 + 2K2O + 4NO2 *Ch : NaHCO3 l mui tan, tan t hn Na2CO3 v kt ta trong dung dch NH4Cl bo ho; C.HP CHT CA CACBON. NaCl + NH4HCO3 NaHCO3 + NH4Cl I. Oxit: (Dung dchbo ho) 1.Ccbonmonoxit CO: D.HP CHT CA Si: a,L cht kh mnh. I.Silicioxit SiO2 : Cht rn khng mu c trong thch anh, ct *CuO + CO Cu + CO2 trng. * Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 (qua 3 Khng tan, khng tc dng vi nc v axit ( tr axit giai on) Fe2O3Fe3O4FeOFe Flohiric). *CI + H2O + PdCl2 Pd + 2HCl + 2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O CO2 *Tc dng vi baz nhit cao. (Dng Phn ng ny rt nhy, nhn SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O bit CO, lm xanh thm dd PdCl2 ) II.Silan SiH4 : l kh khng bn, t bc chy trong kk: *CO + O2 2CO2 + 135Kcal 4 + O2 SiO2 + 2H2O b.Phn ng kt hp: III.Axit silicic H2SiO3 v mui Silicat: CO + Cl2 COCl2 ( phosgen) 2SiO3 l axit rt yu ( yu hn H2CO3), to kt ta keo trong 3CO +Cr Cr(CO)3 (Cacbonyl Crm) nc v b nhit phn: c.iu ch kh than: SiO3 SiO2 + H2O *Kh than kh: 2.Mui Silicat: C + O2 CO2 + Q *Dung dch c ca Na2SiO3 hay K2SiO3 gi l thu tinh lng, C + CO2 2CO -Q dng tm vo vi, g l cho chng khng chy, dng ch to keo *Kh than t: dn thu tinh C + O2 CO2 + Q

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
----------*Cht oxi ho mnh nht s oxi ho cht kh mnh nht, sinh ra cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
2+

+ Zn Cu 2+ + Zn2+ OXI KH KH OXI II. KIM LOI mnh mnh yu yu % 1I CNG V KIM LOI Ch : 2Fe3+ + Cu 2Fe2+ + Cu2+ I.Cu to nguyn t.: C t e lp 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 ngoi cng ( n 3). ----------*Bn knh nguyn t ln hn so vi phi % 2. KIM LOI KIM -KIM TH kim cng chu k. NHM *in tch ht nhn tng i ln cho I.Kim lo kim (nhm IA) nn kim loi c tnh kh: M -n.e Mn+ 1.L tnh: II.Ho tnh: Liti Natri Kali Rubidi Cesi 1.Vi Oxi Oxit baz 1,K Li Na K Rb Cs K Ba Ca Na Zn G Fe Ni Sn Ag Pt Au Mg Pb (He)2s1 (ne)3s1 (Ar)4s1 (Kr)5s1 (Xe)6s1 (H) Cu Hg -Phn ng Phn ng khi Khng phn mnh nung ng m 1 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 -t: chy sng t: khng chy BKNT 1,55 1,89 2,36 2,48 2,68 2.Ho tnh: M-1e M+ a.Vi phi kim: M + O2 M2O K Ba Ca Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe 4.Vi dung dch axit: Na phn ng C k Phc tp Phn ng a, M tr Pb + Axit thng thng khng nhit cao mui + H2. iu kin *100oCMg(OH)2 ( 200--500O, b, M ( tr Au, Pt) + axit oxi ho mnh +H2 to Hi nc) To Mui, khng gi phng H2 . hyroxit kim loi Oxit 5.Vi dung dch mui: Tr K, Na, Ca, O * 200 C MgO + v kh H2 v kh H2 Ba) cc kim loi ng trc y kim H 2 loi ng sau ra khi mui ca n. III.Dy in ho ca kim loi b.Vi H2O: 2M + H2O 2M(OH) + H2 Tnh oxi ho tng c.Vi axit: 2M + 2HCl 2MCl + 2H2 Li+ K+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn+ d.Vi dung dch mui:Tc dng vi nc trc. Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ 2M + H2O 2M(OH) + H2 Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn NaOH + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2+ Na2SO4 Zn Cr Fe Ni 3.iu ch: Tnh kh gim 2MCl 2M + Cl2 2MOH 2M + O2 + H2O (hi) Tnh oxi ho tng 4.Mt s hp cht ca Natri. Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Hg2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ a.Natrihiroxit NaOH: L Baz mnh. Au3+ 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag NaOH : nCO2 2 : to mui trung tnh Hg Pt Au NaOH : nCO2 = 1:Mui Axit Tnh kh gim NaOH + CO2 NaHCO3 *Da vo dy in ho xt chiu phn 1< nNaOH : nCO2 < 2: C 2 mui ng: 2.Vi Cl2: Tt c u tc dng MCln 3.Vi H2O

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
*iu ch: 2NaCl + 2H2O >2NaOH + H2 +Cl2 Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaCO3 b.Natrihircacbonat NaHCO3: *Phn tch: 2NaHCO3 Na2CO2 + CO2 + H2O *Thu phn: Be + 2NaOH NaBeO2 (Natriberilat) + H2 3.iu ch: MX2 M + X2 4.Mt s hp cht ca Canxi Ca: a.Canxi oxit CaO: L oxit baz ( cn gi l vi sng).

NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + H2CO3 *Phn ng c bit: Lng tnh: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO NaHOC3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O c.Natri cacbonat Na2CO3 (x a). *iu ch: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 *Thu phn: b.Canxihiroxit Ca(OH)2: ( Vi ti). Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH CO + H2O HCO3 + OH Ca(OH)2 l cht rn mu trng, t tan. *iu ch: Phng php Solvay. CO2 + H2O + NH3 NH4HCO3 *Dung dch Ca(OH)2 gi l nc vi trong, tinh baz yu hn NH4HCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + NH4Cl NaOH. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O II.Kim loi nhm IIA ( kim th) *Phn ng c bit: iu ch Clorua vi. 1.L tnh: Beri Magi Canxi Stronti2Ca(OH) Bari 2 + 2Cl2 CaCl2+ Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O. 1.k Be Mg Ca Ba *iu ch: hiu 2 2 2 2 Cu (He)2s (ne)3s (Ar)4s (Kr)5s (Xe)6s CaCl2 + H2O > H2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O hinh e m 1,5 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,9 CaCl 2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaCl in 2.Ho tnh: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 M -2e M2+ ( kh mnh) a.Vi oxi v cc phi kim: c.Canxicacbonat CaCO3 2M + O2 2MO M + H2 M2+ H ( Hirua kim *Phn ng c bit: loi) CaCO3+ H2O+ CO2 M + Cl2 MCl2 M + S MS Ca(HCO3)2(tan) 3M + N2 M3N2 3M + 2P M3P2 Chiu (1) gii thch s xm thc ca nc b.Vi dung dch axit: ma. *Vi axit thng thng mui + H2 *Vi HNO3,H2SO4() Mui khng Chiu (2) Gii thch s to thnh thch nh gii phng H2. trong hang ng, cn vi trong m. c.Vi H2O ( tr Be) : *iu ch: Mg + H2O (hi) MgO + H2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2 Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O d.Vi dung dch baz: Ch c Be tc 5.Nc cng: dng to mui tan. a.nh ngha: Nc cng l nc cha nhiu ion Ca2+,Mg2+

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
*Nc cng tm thi: Cha Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2. *Nc cng vnh cu: Cha MCl2, MSO4 ( M : Ca, Mg). * Nc cng ton phn: Cha c 2 loi trn. Cch lm mm nc cng: *Dng ho cht lm kt ta cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, hoc un si. *Trao i ion: Dng nha ionit. III, NHM. 1.Ho tnh: Kh mnh: Al -3e Al3+ a.Vi oxi v cc phi kim: 4Al + O2 2Al2O3 4Al + 3C Al4C3 2Al + 3S Al2S3 2Al + N2 2AlN b.Vi H2O : 2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H3 Phn ng dng li v to Al(OH)3 khng tan. c.Vi kim NatriAluminat. 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 Chnh xc hn: 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na + 3H2 (Natritetrahirxaluminat) d.Vi dung dch axit: Nh cc kim loi khc. e.Vi oxit km hot ngPhn ng nhit Nhm: Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + Fe + Q Cr2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + Cr 3CuO + 2Al Al2O3 + Cu 2,iu ch: 2Al2O3 4Al + O2 3.Hp cht ca Nhm : a.Nhm oxit Al2O3 : L hp cht lng tnh. Al2O3 + 6HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O HalO2.H2O ( axit aluminic) ----------2.Ho tnh: Cr - 2e Cr2+ ( ho tr II) Cr - 3e Cr3+(ho tr III) a.Vi oxi v Clo 4Cr + 3O2 Cr2O3 2Cr + 3Cl2 3CrCl3 b.Vi H2O: 2Cr + 3H2O Cr2O3 + H2 c.Vi dung dch axit: Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2 4Cr + 12HCl + O2 4CrCl3+ 2H2O+ 4H2 d.Vi dd Kim: Cr + NaOH + NaNO3 Na2CrO4 + 3NaNO2 + H2O 3.Hp cht ca Crm: a.Crm (III) oxit Cr2O3: *L oxit lng tnh: 2O3 + 6HCl 2CrCl2 + 3H2O 2O3 + 2NaOH NaCrO2 + H2O *iu ch: (NH4)2Cr2O7 CrO3 + N2 + 4H2O Na2Cr2O7 + 2C Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO 2Cr2O7 + S Cr2O3 + K2SO4 b.Crm (III) hiroxit Cr(OH)3 (xanh) *L hidroxit lng tnh: Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + H2O Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O *B oxi ho: 2NaCrO3 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 4H2O *B nhit phn: 2Cr(OH)3 Cr2O3 + H2O c.Crm (VI) oxit CrO3 ( rn, sm) rt c . *L oxit axit : CrO3 + H2O H2CrO4 ( axit Crmic) 2NaOH + CrO3 Na2CrO4 + H2O *L cht oxi ho mnh: 4CrO3 2Cr2O3 + O2 d.Kali bi crmat K2Cr2O7( da cam) *4K2Cr2O7 4K2CrO4 + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2 K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl3 + 7H2O II. ST 5626Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 1.L tnh; Trng xm, do, nhim t. 2.Ho tnh: a.Vi oxi v cc phi kim. 3Fe +2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 Fe + S F 2Fe + C Fe3C ( xe men tit) b.Vi H2O : 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

% 3 CRM -ST - NG I,Crm Cr: Cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2. 1.L tnh: Trng bc, rt cng Sx thp

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
Fe + H2O FeO + H2 2Fe + 1,5O2 + nH2O = Fe2O3.nH2O(d) 2Fe + 2O2 + nH2O Fe3O4.nH2O (thiu) c.Vi dung dch axit: *Nh cc kim loi khc st (II) + H2 *c bit: Fe + 2HNO3 longlnh Fe(NO3)2 + H2 4Fe + 10HNO3 longlnh 4Fe(NO3)2 +N2O + 5H2O Fe + 4HNO3 longnng Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 8Fe + 30HNO3rtlong 8Fe(Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O 2Fe + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2+ 6H2O d.Vi mui: ( Mui kim loi yu hn) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu 3.iu ch: *FeCl2 Fe + Cl2 *FeSO4 + H2O Fe+ O2+ H2SO4 *FeSO4 + Mg Fe + MgSO4 FeO + H2 Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + 4CO Fe + 4CO2 Fe3O4 + CO FeO + CO2 Fe(CO2)2 FeO + CO2 + CO .St t oxit Fe2O3 ( hay FeO.Fe2O3) rn, en, khng tan, nhim t. *L oxit baz
3

O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + FeCl3 + 4H2O

*B kh bi: CO, H2, Al Fe *B oxi ho : 3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ 14H2O *iu ch: 3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2 c.St (III) oxit Fe2O3 : Rn nu, khng tan. *L oxit baz: Tc dng vi axit mui st(III). *B kh bi H2, CO, Al Fe *iu ch: 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O d. St (II), (II) hiroxit Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Rn, trng xanh rn nu L nhng baz khng tan: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 4Fe(OH)3 e.Mui St (II), (III) *Mui st (II) c tnh kh 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 3Fe(NO3)2 + 4HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O FeSO4 + H2SO4 n Fe(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 +8H2O 5Fe2(SO4) + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O (dng phn ng ngy nh lng st) 6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO)3 + 7H2O *Mui st III c tnh oxi ho: 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 2FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl2 + 2KCl + I2 2FeCl3 + H2S 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S 5.Sn xut gang thp: a.Cc phn ng xy ra trong l luyn gang ( l cao). *Than cc chy: C + O2 CO2 + Q CO2 + C 2CO - Q *CO kh Fe2O3 Fe 3Fe2O3 + CO Fe3O4 + CO2 Fe3O4 + CO 2FeO + CO2 FeO + CO Fe + CO2 *Sau :

4.Hp cht ca St a.St (II) oxit FeO (rn en) khng tan *L oxit baz. *B kh bi CO, H2, Al ..- Fe *B Oxi ho: FeO + O2 2Fe2O3 3FeO + 10 HNO3 long 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O *iu ch:

10

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
Fe + C Fe3C + CO2 3Fe + 2CO Fe3C (Fe3C: xementit) *Ch : V trong nguyn liu c tp cht l oxit SiO2, MnO, P2O5.. nn: SiO2 + C Si + 2CO P2O5 + 5C 2P + CO Nh vy St nng chy c ho tan mt lng nh C, (< 4% ) Si, P ,S gi l gang. *Cht chy tc dng vi cc tp cht qung) ni ln trn mt gang nng chy. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 b.Cc phn ng xy ra trong l luyn thp. Oxi ho cc tp cht c trong gang ( C, Si, P, Mn) Si + O2 SiO2 2Mn + O2 MnO2 C + O2 CO2 3Cu + 8HNO3( long) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO+ 4H2O Cu + 4HNO3(c) Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + 2H2O *Vi dung dch mui: Cu + Hg(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 + Hg 2.iu ch: 2Cu + C 2Cu + CO2 CuS + O2 2CuO + SO2 (Cancozin) *CuFeS2 + 2O2 + SiO2 Cu + FeSiO2 + SO2 (Cancopirit) *Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 *CuCl2 Cu + Cl2 3.Hp cht ca ng: a.ng (I) oxit Cu2O ( mu ) *Vi oxit axit: Cu2O + H2SO4 CuSO4 + Cu + H2O *Vi axit: Cu2O + HCl 2CuCl2 + H2O *Vi Cu2S: 2Cu2O + S 4Cu + SO2 *iu ch: 4Cu + O2 2Cu2O 4CuO 2Cu2O + O2 b. ng (I) clorua: CuCl rn trng, khng tan *D phn hu: 2CuCl CuCl2 + Cu *D b oxi ho: 4CuCl + O2 + 4HCl 4CuCl2 + 2H2O *To phc vi dung dch NH3: CuCl + 2NH3 Cl c.ng (II) oxit CuO (rn, en, khng tan) *B kh bi Al, H2, CO, C, NH3 to cao Cu 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O *L oxit baz ( Baz theo Bronsted) CuO + 2H+ Cu2+ + H2O *iu ch: Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O d.ng (II) hiroxit Cu(OH)2 mu xanh lam *Km bn: CuO + H2O *L baz: *To phc: Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 (OH)2 Xanh m e.Cc mui ng (II) u c, dung dch c mu xanh lam ca Cu2+ b hirat ho Cu(H2O)2+ . Cho phn ng to phc Cu(H2O)Cl2 -----------

Sau : 2Fe + O2 FeO FeO + SiO2 FeSiO2 X thp MnO + SiO2 P, S it b loi do phn ng: S + O2 SO2 4P + 5O2 P2O5 Do nn chn gang t S, P luyn thp. III, NG_Cu 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 1.Ho tnh: Tnh kh yu: Cu - 1e Cu+ Cu - 2e Cu2+ *Vi oxi: 2Cu + O2 2CuO (en) 2Cu + O2 Cu2O ( ) *Vi Clo: Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 ( mu hung) Cu + CuCl2 2CuCl ( mu trng) *Vi S: Cu + S C (en) *Vi axit c tnh oxi ho mnh mui , khng c H2 Cu + 2H2SO4 () CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O 4Cu + 10 HNO3(rt long) Cu(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O

11

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
a.Bc oxit Ag2O: Rt t tan trong nc, tan tt trong dd NH3 Ag2O 4NH3 + H2O 2 OH b.Mui Bc: AgF, AgNO3, AgClO3,AgClO4 : Tan tt trong nc Ag2SO4, CH3COOAg t tan. AgCl, AgBr, AgI khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong ung dch NH3 v dung dch thiosunfat Na2SiO3. AgCl + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2Cl AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 Na3+NaBr Ag2 + 4KCN 2K + K2S IV.CH Pb 1.Ho tnh: 2Pb + O2 PbO Pb + S PbS 3Pb + 8HNO3 3Pb(NO3)2+2NO+ 4H2O Pb + H2SO4(long) PbSO4 + H2 Pb + 2HCl PbCl2 + H2 ( Hai phn ng ny chm dn dn v dng li v to cht khng tan. 2.Hp cht ca CH: a.Ch (II) oxit PbO: Bt vng hay , khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit , baz. PbO + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O PbO + 2NOH + H2O Na2 PbO(nngchy) + 2NaOH NaPbO2 + H2O b.Ch (II) hiroxit Pb(OH)2: Cht rn mu trng, tan trong axit, baz. Pb(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO2)2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O c.Ch (IV) oxit PbO2: Cht mu da ln, kh tan trong axit, tan trong baz kim.: PbO2(nu si) + 2H2SO4() Pb(SO4)2 + 2H2O PbO2 + 2NaOH + H2O Na2(tan) PbO2 + 2NaOH(nngchy) Na2PbO3 + H2O PbO2 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2SO4 2HMnO4 + 5PbSO4 + 2H2O V.KM Zn .Ho tnh: Kim loi hot ng kh mnh: -Trong khng kh ph 1 lp ZnO mng. -t nng: 2Zn( bt) + O2 2ZnO Zn + Cl2 ZnCl2 Zn + S ZnS Zn + H2O ZnO + H2 Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + H2SO4(l) ZnSO4 + H2

% 4. CC KIM LOI KHC I. THIC Sn: *Sn l kim loi mu trng xm nh bc, rt mm, c 2 dng th hnh: Thic trng v thic xm. *Ho tnh Sn + O2 SnO2 Sn + 2S SnS2 Sn + HCl SnCl2 + H2 Sn + 4HCl + O2 SnCl4 + 2H2O Sn + 4HNO3 H2SnO3 + 4NO + H2O ( axit metastanics) Sn + 2KOH + 2H2O K2 +H2 (Sn + O2 + KOH K2SnO3 + H2O) II, THU NGN Hg 1.Ho tnh: *Phn ng vi O2 khi ung nng: 2Hg + O2 2HgO *Hg khng tc dng vi axit HCl,H2SO4(l) *Vi HNO3: Hg + 4HNO3 Hg(NO3)2 Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O Vi H2SO4 : Hg + 2H2SO4 HgSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Hg + HgCl2 Hg2Cl2 2.iu ch: HgS + O2 Hg + SO2 3.Cc hp cht ca thu Ngn. * HgO: rn, mu hoc vng, khng tan khng tc dng vi H2O. Tan trong axit. Khi nng b phn tch. 2HgO 2Hg + O2 *Hg(OH)2: khng bn, rt d b phn hu: Hg(OH)2 HgO + H2O *Mui sunfat, nitrat, clorua ca Hg2+ u tan nhiu trong H2O III. BC Ag *l kim loi mu trng bc, dn nhit dn nhit rt tt. 1.Ho tnh: *Khng trc tip tc dng vi Oxi. *Tc dng trc tip vi Halogen: 2Ag + Cl2 AgCl ( km bn) Khng tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4(long) Ch tc dng vi H2SO4 (c), HNO3: 2Ag + 2H2SO4 () Ag2SO4 + SO2 + H2O Ag + HNO3() AgNO3 + NO2+ H2O 2.Hp cht ca Bc .

12

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG
3Zn + 4H2SO4 ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O 4Zn + H2SO4() 4ZnSO4 + H2S+ 4H2O Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 ( Natri zincat) Zn: L nguyn t lng tnh. 2.iu ch: 1,Kh ZnO bi cacbon nhit cao: ZnO + C Zn + CO 2,in phn dung dch ZnSO4, Zn kim loi bn vo Catot. 3,Hp cht ca Zn: a. KmOxit ZnO: - Cht bt trng rt t tan trong H2O, kh bn vi nhit. -L Oxit lng tnh: ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O ZnO + NaOH NaZnO2 + H2O b.Km hiroxit Zn(OH)2 : Cht bt mu trng. -L hiroxit lng tnh: Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O Zn + 2NaOH NaZnO2 + H2O -B nhit phn Zn(OH)2 ZnO + H2O -Vi dung dch NH3 : Zn(OH)2 tan do phn t NH3 kt hp bng lin kt cho nhn vi ion Zn2+ to ra phc 2+: Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 2+ + 2OHc.Mui clorua: ZnCl2 : +Cht bt trng rt ho nc +D tan trong nc.: ZnCl2 + 2NaOH(va) Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl d.Mui phtphua ( P3-): Zn3P2 (Km phtphua): +Tinh th mu nu xm rt c +Vi axit Zn3P2 + 6HCl 3ZnCl2 + 3PH3 IV.MANGAN Mn: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 1.Ho tnh: Kim loi hot ng mnh hn Zn nhng km hn Al. -Trong khng kh : ph lp mng MnO2 -t nng : 2Mn + O2 2MnO Mn + Cl2 MnCl2 Mn + S MnS Mn + H2O Mn(OH)2 + H2 Mn + 2HCl MnCl2 + H2 Mn + H2SO4(long) MnSO4 + H2 Mn + H2SO4(c) MnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O 3Mn + 8HNO3 3Mn(NO3)2 + NO + H2O Mn + 4HNO3 Mn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 2.iu ch: Phn ng nhit nhm: 3MnO + 2Al Al2O3 + 3Mn 3.Hp cht ca Mn. a.Mangan (II) oxit MnO: Mu xanh lc. -Vi axit: MnO + 2HCl MnCl2 + H2O b.Mangan (IV) oxit MnO2 mu en: -L cht oxi ho mnh trong mi trng axit: 2FeSO4 + MnO2 +2H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + 2H2O MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O c.Anhdrit Pemanganic Mn2O7 : en lc (lng) -L cht Oxi ho cc k mnh: Mn2O7 + H2O 2HMnO4 (axit Pemanganic) d.Mangan (II) hidroxit Mn(OH)2: -Vi oxit axit : Mn(OH)2 + SO3 MnSO4 + H2O -Vi axit: Mn(OH)2 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + 2H2O -Vi oxi ca khng kh: Mn(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 2Mn(OH)4 Mangan (IV) hiroxit c mu nu. e.Mui clorua: MnCl2 -Tinh th nht, tan trong nc. -Vi baz kim: MnCl2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl g.Mui Pemanganat: MnO4-: KMnO4 -Tinh th mu tm co anh kim. -L cht Oxi ho mnh v ty theo mi trng m mc oxi ho khc nhau. #Trong mi trng axit: +7 Mn Mn+2 3K2SO4 +2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 3K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O #Trong mi trng trung tnh:Mn+7Mn+4 : 3K2SO4 +KMnO4 + H2O 3K2SO4 + MnO2 + 2KOH #Trong mi trng kim: Mn+7 Mn+6: K2SO4 + 2KMnO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2K2MnO4 + H2O -----------

13

CM NANG HO HC PH THNG

14