Tieu luan.

ai so tuyen tnh nang cao

Phan I. (Bai tap-Khong gian Euclide)
Cho E la khong gian Euclide n chieu.
E E f :
la phep bien oi tuyen tnh trc giao.
Chng minh rang trong tng trng hp di ay ton
tai c s trc chuan cua f sao cho ma tran cua f (K hieu
Mat(f)) oi vi c s nay co dang:
Trng hp 1. n=2

,
_

+


cos ) 1 ( sin
sin ) 1 ( cos
) (
1
k
k
f Mat
Trnghp 2. n=3

,
_

cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0
) (

f Mat
1 t
Trng hp n>3.
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 1
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao

) (A 0

) (A


) (A

) (A
) (A

) (A
1
1
1 0
.
0 1
) (
r
r
2
2
1
1

,
_

f Mat
(*)
Trong o cac (A
i
) la cac ma tran vuong cap 2 dang:

,
_

i
cos sin
sin cos
) (


i
i i
i
A
(**)
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 2
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
Giai:
Nhan xet:
A=Mat(f), do f la trc giao nen
1
2
1


I AA A A A A A
C C C
Suy ra
1 t A
Trng hp 1. n=DimE=2;

,
_

,
_

d c
b a
A
d b
c a
f Mat A
C




) (

,
_

+ +
+ +

2 2
2 2


.
d b cd ab
cd ab c a
A A
C
;
bc ad A
Do f la trc giao nen ta co
1 ;
1
t

A A A
C
cho nen:

'

t
+
+
+
1
0
1
1
2 2
2 2
bc ad
cd ab
d b
c a
(i) Ta xet trng hp ad bc =1
at a=cos; c=sin; b=cos; d=sin trong o ,
[0,2]
Suy ra:
2
'
1 ) ' sin(
0 ) ' cos(
1 sin ' cos cos ' sin
0 ' sin sin ' cos cos






+

'

+
+

'

+

Nh vay b=cos=sin; d=sin=cos
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 3
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
Tc la:

,
_

cos sin
sin cos
A
(ii) Ta xet trng hp ad bc =1
at a=cos; c=sin; b=cos; d=sin th ta cung
co:

,
_

'

+
+

cos sin
sin cos
2
'
1 ) ' sin(
0 ) ' cos(
A

Ngc lai, cac ma tran dang nh trong (i) va (ii), ta de dang
kiem tra c A
1
=A
C
, do o no la ma tran cua phep bien
oi tuyen tnh trc giao.
Trng hp 2. n=DimE=3.
A=Mat(f), a thc ac trng cua A la mot a thc bac
3, nen a thc luon co nghiem thc, gia s nghiem thc
o la . (Ta de thay 0 la do A kha nghch, AI=0). Goi e
la vec t rieng cua f ng vi gia tr rieng . Ta co:
1 1 , , ) ( ), ( ,
2 2
t e e e e e f e f e e
Goi L la khong gian con sinh bi
e
e
e
1
1

; oi vi c s
nay cua L, ma tran cua phep bien oi thu hep cua f len L
co dang (); (trong o =t1)
Goi F la phan bu trc giao cua L (F=L

). Nh vay
DimF=2.Ta chng minh F bat bien qua f.
Trc het ta chng L bat bien qua f. That vay,
xL, x=e
1
nen f(x)=f(e
1
)=()e
1
L do o f(L)=L va do
oton tai aL e f(a)=e
1
(v e
1
L).
xF, ta co
0 , ) ( ), ( ), (
1
a x a f x f e x f
(V xF, aL, F=L

). Suy
ra f(x)F. Tc la F bat bien qua f.
Goi h la thu hep cua f len khong gian con bat bien F, f
la phep bien oi trc giao nen h la phep bien oi trc
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 4
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
giao t F vao F. Theo ket qua a chng minh trong trng
hp 1. th ton tai c s trc chuan
{ }
3 2
, e e
e ch ma tran cua
h oi vi c s nay co dang:

,
_

cos sin
sin cos

Vay oi vi c s trc chuan
{ }
3 2 1
, , e e e
ma tran cua f
co dang nh yeu cau (Chu y trong o =t1, bi v la
gia tr rieng cua f, ma nh tren ta a chng minh gia
tr rieng nay bang t1)
Trng hp 3. DimE=n>3. (Ta se chng minh bang qui
nap)
Gia s menh e can chng minh ung cho tat ca
cac khong gian Euclde co so chieu be hn n. Ngha la,
neu DimE<n th vi mot phep bien oi trc giao cho trc
luon ton tai c s trc chuan e cho ma tran cua phep
bien oi ooi vi c s nay co dang (*).
Ap dung nh ly: oi vi moi phep bien oi cua
khong gian vec t E ( ay la phep bien oi trc giao
f) th ton tai mot khong gian con bat bien L mot
chieu hoac hai chieu cua E.
(i) Xet trng hp L la khong gian con mot chieu.
Gia s
e L
, at F=L

, theo cach chng minh nh

trng hp n=3 th F la khong gian con bat bien qua f.
Goi h la thu hep cua f len khong gian con F, nh vay h
la phep bien oi trc giao trong khong gian F,
dimF=n1<n, nen theo gia thiet qui nap th ton tai mot
c s trc chuan
{ }
n
e e e ,......, ,
3 2
cua F va ma tran cua h
oi vi c s nay dang (*). at
e
e
e
1
1

; th
{ }
n
e e e e ,......, , ,
3 2 1
la c s trc chuan cua E, va ma tran
cua f oi vi c s nay la dang (*).
(ii) Xet trng hp L la khong gian con hai chieu.
at F= L

, dimF=n2 va F bat bien qua f. Goi h la thu

hep cua f len F. theo gia thiet qui nap th ton tai c s
trc chuan
{ }
2 2 1
,......, ,
n
e e e
.
Theo chng minh trng hp n=2 th ton tai
{ }
n n
e e ,
1
la
c s trc chuan cua L, va ma tran cua phep thu hep
cua f len L co dang (**).
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 5
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
Vay vi c s trc chuan
{ }
n
e e e ,......., ,
2 1
cua E th ma
tran cua f co dang (*)
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 6
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
Phan II. (Bai tap-Khong gian Unita)
Bai 1.
Cho f la phep bien oi chuan tac cua khong gian
Unita U. x la vec t rieng cua f ng vi gia tr rieng th x
la vec t rieng cua phep bien oi tuyen tnh lien hp f
*
ng vi gia tr rieng .
Chng minh:
Ta co:

x x f x x f x x f x x f x x f f x x f f ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )), ( ( ), (
* * * * * *

) ( ), ( )), ( ( ), ( ), (
* * * * *
x f x f x x f f x x f f x x f f
T hai ieu tren suy ra
0 ) ( ), (
* *
x x f x f
(1)

0 ) ( , , , , ), ( ) ( ,
* *
x x f x x x x x x x x x f x f x

suy ra:
0 ) ( , 0 ) ( ,
* *
x x f x x x f x
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
x x f x x f x x f x x f ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( , ) (
* * * *

Vay x la vec t rieng cua
*
f
ng vi gia tr rieng .
Bai 2.
Trong khong gian Unita, hai vec t rieng cua mot phep
bien oi tuyen tnh chuan tac ng vi hai gia tr rieng
khac nhau la trc giao.
Chng minh:
Gia s f la phep bien oi tuyen tnh chuan tac cua
khong gian Unita va x, y la hai vec t rieng cua f tng
ng vi hai gia tr rieng , .
Ta can chng minh
0 , y x
. That vay,
Ta co:
y x y x y f x f , , ) ( ), (
(1)
Mat khac,
) ( . , ) ( , )) ( ( , ) ( ), (
* * *
y f x y f x y f f x y f x f
y x . . ,
(Theo ket qua cua bai 1)
y x, . .
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
0 , 0 , . ). ( y x y x
. (Do(, va
khac 0)
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 7
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
Bai 3.
Trong khong gian Unita U, e la vec t rieng cua phep
bien oi tuyen tnh chuan tac f. at
{ } e x U x L :
. Khi o
L la khong gian con bat bien qua f.
Chng minh:
L la khong gian con cua U.
(i)
0 0 0 , , , , , + + + e y e x e y x L y x
(ii)
0 , , , , e x e x L x C
L bat bien qua f.
Gia s e la vec t rieng cua f ng vi gia tr rieng ,
theo ket qua bai 1 th e cung la vec t rieng cua phep
bien oi lien hp
*
f
cua f ng vi gia tr rieng .
Khi o:
0 0 . , , ) ( , ), ( ,
*
e x e x e f x e x f L x
suy ra f(x)L. Vay L
bat bien qua f.
Bai 4.
Trong khong gian Unita, ieu kien can va u e phep
bien oi tuyen tnh f la chuan tac la moi vec t rieng
cua f cung la vec t rieng cua phep bien oi lien hp f
*
.
Chng minh:
(i) ieu kien can.
Gia s f la phep bien oi tuyen tnh chuan tac. Theo
ket qua bai 1, th x cung la vec t rieng cua f
*
.
(ii). ieu kien u.
Gia s moi vec t rieng cua f eu la vec t rieng
cua f
*

(*)
. Ta chng minh f chuan tac.
(*)
Trc het ta chng minh: Vi ieu kien
(*)
th ton tai
c s trc chuan cua U gom toan cac vec t rieng cua f
(**)
. (Ta quy nap theo so chieu cua khong gian Unita U).
Trng hp DimU=n=1.
U=<e>, f(e)U nen ton tai C sao cho f(e)=e. (e0) nen
e la mot vec t rieng cua f. at
e
e
e
1
1

. Th e
1
cung la
vec t rieng cua f. Vay {e
1
} la mot c s trc chuan cua
U gom toan vec t rieng cua f. Ngha la menh e (**)
ung khi DimU=n=1.
Trng hp DimU=n>1.
Gia s menh e (**) ung cho moi khong gian Unita
co so chieu bang n1. Ngha la, vi khong gian Unita co
so chieu bang n1, vi phep bien oi tuyen tnh cho
trc thoa (*) th luon ton tai c s trc chuan cua khong
gian gom toan vec t rieng cua phep bien oi o. Ta
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 8
Tieu luan. ai so tuyen tnh nang cao
chng minh menh e (**) ung cho trng hp so chieu
cua khong gian Unita bang n.
Gia s e
1
la mot vec t rieng cua f va co o dai
bang 1.Theo gia thiet th e
1
cung la vec t rieng cua
phep bien oi lien hp f
*
. Goi L la khong gian con sinh bi
vec t rieng e
1
, at F=L

. Ta chng minh F bat bien qua f.

That vay,
xF,
) ( , ), (
1
*
1
e f x e x f
, do e
1
la vec t rieng cua f
*
nen
ton tai C e cho f
*
(e
1
)=e
1
, nen
0 0 . , , ) ( ,
1 1 1
*
e x e x e f x

suy ra f(x)F. Vay F bat bien qua f. DimF=n1, h la thu hep
cua f len F, h la phep bien oi tuyen tnh cua F thoa moi
vec t rieng cua h cung la vec t rieng cua h
*
(v vec t
rieng cua h cung la vec t rieng cua f, vec t rieng cua
f
*
ma nam trong F cung la vec t rieng cua h
*
). Theo gia
thiet qui nap th ton tai c s trc chuan
{ }
n
e e e ,...., ,
3 2
cua F
gom toan vec t rieng cua h. He
{ }
n
e e e ,......, ,
2 1
gom toan
cac vec t rieng cua f la c s trc chuan cua U.
Nh vay ton tai mot c s cua U gom toan cac vec
t rieng cua f va cua f
*
, do o oi vi c s nay ma tran
A cua f va ma tran A
*
cua f
*
co dang ng cheo, nen
f f f f
* *

(v AA
*
=A
*
A) . Tc la f chuan tac.
Hoc vien: Vo Viet Tr Lp giai tch-khoa 15 Trang 9