HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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SCH HNG DN HC TP

X L TN HIU S
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

SCH HNG DN HC TP

X L TN HIU S
Bin son : Ths. NG HOI BC

LI NI U
X l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing) l mn hc cp n cc php x l cc dy s c c cc thng tin cn thit nh phn tch, tng hp m ho, bin i tn hiu sang dng mi ph hp vi h thng. So vi x l tn hiu tng t, x l tin hiu s c nhiu u im nh : chnh xc cao, sao chp trung thc, tin cy. Tnh bn vng: khng chu nh hng nhiu ca nhit hay thi gian Linh hot v mm do: thay i phn mm c th thay i cc tnh nng phn cng. Thi gian thit k nhanh, cc chip DSP ngy cng hon thin v c tch hp cao.

Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu, nhng ni dung chnh c cp bao gm cc khi nim v tn hiu v h thng, cc php bin i c bn dng trong x l tn hiu s nh bin i z, bin i Fourier, bin i FFT, cc phng php tng hp b lc FIR, IIR v cu trc b lc. Ti liu ny c bin son phc v mc ch hng dn hc tp cho sinh vin i hc h o to t xa ngnh in t Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin trong mn hc X l tn hiu s vi ch trng ngn gn, nhiu v d, d hiu. Ni dung ti liu da trn gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s ca tc gi Nguyn Quc Trung v mt s ti liu khc chia thnh 9 chng: Chng I: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n. Chng II: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min z. Chng III: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s . Chng IV: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s ri rc k. Chng V: Tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn FIR. Chng VI: Tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di v hn IIR. Chng VII: Bin i Fourier nhanh - FFT. Chng VIII: Cu trc b lc s. Chng IX: Lc s nhiu nhp. ln bin son u tin, chc ti liu cn mt s cc s st, mong ngi c thng cm v ng gp cc kin cho tc gi trong qu trnh hc tp, trao i. H Ni, thng 5 nm 2006 NHM BIN SON 1

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

CHNG I: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN THI GIAN RI RC n

GII THIU
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cp n cc vn biu din tn hiu v h thng trong min thi gian ri rc n, y l min biu din tn hiu sau khi ly mu tn hiu. nm c kin thc ca chng ny, chng ta s nhc li mt s ni dung chnh sau. a. Khi nim v tn hiu V mt vt l: tn hiu l dng biu din vt l ca thng tin. V d: - Cc tn hiu ta nghe thy l do m thanh pht ra gy nn s nn dn p sut khng kh a n tai chng ta. - nh sng ta nhn c l do sng nh sng chuyn ti cc thng tin v mu sc, hnh khi n mt chng ta. V mt ton hc: tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin s c lp. V d: - Tn hiu m thanh x(t) l hm ca mt bin c lp trong x l hm t l bin. - Tn hiu nh x(i,j) l hm ca hai bin c lp i v j. Trong mn hc ny chng ta ch tp trung nghin cu i vi cc tn hiu l hm ca mt bin c lp. b. Phn loi tn hiu Cc tn hiu trn thc t c phn loi nh sau: TN HIU

Tn hiu lin tc

Tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu lng t ho

Tn hiu ly mu

Tn hiu s

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

- nh ngha tn hiu lin tc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l lin tc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu lin tc. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm hay bin ta c tn hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ho. + nh ngha tn hiu tng t: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l lin tc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu tng t. Nhn xt: Tn hiu tng t lin tc theo c bin v hm. + nh ngha tn hiu lng t ho: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu lng t ho. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lng t ho lin tc theo bin v ri rc theo bin .
xa ( t )

xs ( nTs )

Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts

nTs

xq ( t )

xd ( nTs )

Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts

nTs

Ts

Hnh 1.1 Minh ho s phn loi tn hiu

- nh ngha tn hiu ri rc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ri rc. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm ta c tn hiu ly mu v tn hiu s. + nh ngha tn hiu ly mu: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l lin tc v khng b lng t ho th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ly mu. Nhn xt: Tn hiu ly mu ri rc theo hm, lin tc theo bin. 4

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

+ nh ngha tn hiu s: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu s. Nhn xt: Tn hiu s ri rc theo c bin v theo c hm. Lu : Vic phn loi tn hiu s l c s phn loi h thng x l, chng hn nh ta c h thng ri rc hay h thng tng t c phn loi tng ng vi loi tn hiu m h thng x l l tn hiu ri rc hay tn hiu tng t. Cc tn hiu c nghin cu trong mn hc ny, chng ta ch cp n tn hiu ri rc do vy chng ta cn quan tm n nh l ly mu ca Shannon. ly mu ti tc Fs > 2 Fmax 2 B , th xa (t ) c th c phc hi mt cch chnh xc t gi tr cc mu ca n nh hm ni suy. Khi Fs=Fmax = 2B ta gi Fs lc ny l tn s ly mu Nyquist, K hiu l FNyquist hay FN. Sau khi nhc li cc kin thc c bn v tn hiu nh trn, chng ta s nghin cu cc kin thc ca mn hc X l tn hiu s bt u vic biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min n chng I ny. Nhng ni dung kin thc c cp trong chng I bao gm: - Biu din tn hiu - Cc tn hiu c bn - H thng tuyn tnh bt bin. - Php chp (Convolution). - Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng biu din h thng tuyn tnh bt bin. - Php tng quan (Correlation). nh l ly mu: Nu mt tn hiu tng t xa (t ) c tn s cao nht l Fmax = B , c

NI DUNG
1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC
1.1.1. Cc cch biu din tn hiu ri rc Trc khi biu din ta c th chun ho x(nTs) nh sau
Ts =1 X (nTs ) x(n) tc l chun ha Ts =1.

a. Biu din theo ton hc Biu thc ton hc

x(n) =

N1 n N 2
n

0 V d 1.1: Ta c th biu din tn hiu 5

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

n 1 x(n) = 4 0
y ta thy:

0n4 n

x(0)=1; x(1)=3/4; x(2)=1/2; x(3)=1/4; x(4)=0. b. Biu din bng th Cch biu din ny cho ta cch nhn trc quan v mt tn hiu ri rc. V d 1.2 Vi tn hiu nh v d 1.1, ta c th biu din bng th nh sau:

1 3/4 1/2 1/4

Hnh 1.2 Biu din tn hiu bng th c. Biu din bng dy s

x ( n ) = ..., x ( n 1) , x G ( n ) , x ( n + 1) ,...
0

Lu y, ta phi c mc nh du

G 0 th hin thi im gc.

Do cch biu din ny, ta cn gi tn hiu ri rc l dy V d 1.3: Biu din bng dy s tn hiu trong v d 1.1 v 1.2:

3 1 1 x ( n ) = 1, , , G 0 4 2 4 Ta thy, c ba v d trn u biu din mt tn hiu theo ba cch khc nhau.

1.1.2. Mt s dy c bn (Tn hiu ri rc c bn) a. Dy xung n v:

Trong min n, dy xung n v c nh ngha nh sau:

( n) =

1 0

n=0 n

(1.1)

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

(n)

-1

Hnh 1.3 Dy xung n v ( n ) V d 1.4: Hy biu din dy ( n 1)

( n 1)

-1

Hnh 1.4 Dy xung ( n 1) b. Dy nhy n v

Trong min n, dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau:

1 n 0 u ( n) = 0 n

(1.2)

Hnh 1.5 Dy nhy n v u(n) V d 1.5

Hy biu din dy u ( n + 3) =

1 n 3 0 n < 3

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.6 Dy u(n+3) c. Dy ch nht:

Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:

1 0 n N 1 rect N ( n ) = n cn lai 0

(1.3)

rectN ( n)

Hnh 1.7 Dy ch nht rectN(n)

V d 1.6: Hy biu din dy rect3(n-2)

1 0 n 2 2 rect3 ( n 2 ) = n cn lai 0

rect3 ( n 2 )

Hnh 1.8 Dy ch nht rect3(n-2) d. Dy dc n v:

Trong min n, dy dc n v c nh ngha nh sau:

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

n r ( n) = 0

n0 n cn lai

(1.4)

Hnh 1.9 Dy dc n v r(n) V d 1.7

Hy biu din dy r(n-1).

n 1 n 1 0 ( n 1) r ( n 1) = n cn lai 0

Hnh 1.10 Dy dc n v r(n-1) e. Dy hm m:

Trong min n, dy hm m c nh ngha nh sau:

a n n0 e (n) = 0 n cn lai
V d 1.8: Hy biu din e(n) vi 0 a 1.

(1.5)

Hnh 1.11 Dy hm m e(n)

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha a. Dy tun hon:

Ta ni rng mt dy x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N nu tha mn iu kin sau y: x(n) = x (n + N)= x (n + lN) l: s nguyn; N: chu k

 ( n)N . Khi cn nhn mnh tnh tun hon, ngi ta k hiu du ~ pha trn. K hiu: x
V d 1.9

 ( n ) vi N = 4. Biu din dy tun hon x

 ( n )4 Hnh 1.12 Dy tun hon x

b. Dy c chiu di hu hn:

Mt dy c xc nh vi s hu hn N mu ta gi l dy c chiu di hu hn vi N l chiu di ca dy. L: Ton t chiu di L[x(n)] = [0, 3] = 4

Hnh 1.13 Dy c chiu di hu hn c. Nng lng ca dy:

Nng lng ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

Ex =
V d 1.10

n =

x ( n)

(1.6)

10

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Tm nng lng ca 3 dy

x1 ( n ) = ( n ) x2 ( n ) = rect N ( n ) x3 ( n ) = u ( n )
Gii:

Ex1 =
Ex2 =

n =

( n)

=1
2

Dy c nng lng hu hn

n =

rect N ( n ) = N
2

Dy c nng lng hu hn

Ex3 =

n =

u (n)

Dy c nng lng v hn (khng tn ti thc t)

d. Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu

Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

1 P = lim N 2N + 1

n=N

x(n )

(1.7)

Nu ta nh ngha nng lng ca tn hiu x(n ) trong mt khong hu hn N n N l:

EN =

n=N

x (n )

(1.8)

Th c th biu din nng lng tn hiu E nh sau:

E lim E N
N

(1.9)

v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(n) l

P lim

1 EN N 2 N + 1

(1.10)

Nh vy, nu E l hu hn th P = 0 . Mt khc, nu E l v hn th cng sut trung bnh P c th l hu hn hoc v hn. Nu P l hu hn (v khng zero) th tn hiu gi l tn hiu cng sut.
e. Tng ca 2 dy:

Tng ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch cng tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr s ca bin c lp.

V d 1.11

11

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n Hy thc hin x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) + x2 ( n )

x1 ( n )

x2 ( n )

x3 ( n )

Hnh 1.14 Tng ca hai dy f. Tch ca 2 dy:

Tch ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch nhn tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr s ca bin c lp.

V d 1.12

Hy thc hin x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) .x2 ( n )

12

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

x1 ( n )

x2 ( n )

x3 ( n )

Hnh 1.15 Tch ca hai dy

g. Tch ca mt dy vi hng s:

Tch ca mt dy vi cc hng s nhn c bng cch nhn tt c cc gi tr mu ca dy vi hng s .

V d 1.13

x2 ( n ) = .x1 ( n ) , l hng s gi s cho bng 2 ta c:

x1 ( n )

x2 ( n )

Hnh 1.16 Tch ca dy vi hng s 2 h. Tr:

Ta ni rng dy x2 ( n ) l dy lp li tr ca dy x1 ( n ) nu c quan h sau y:

x2 ( n ) = x1 ( n n0 )
V d 1.14

n0 : nguyn

13

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Biu din tn hiu x(n) c m t nh sau:

3 1 1 x ( n ) = ( n ) + ( n 1) + ( n 2 ) + ( n 3 ) 4 2 4
Gii:

Ta biu din ln lt cc thnh phn trong m t trn, sau thc hin php cng nh minh ha di y xc nh x(n).

( n)

3 ( n 1) 4

1 ( n 2) 2

1 ( n 3) 4

n 0n4 1 x ( n) = 4 n 0

Hnh 1.17 Minh ho x(n) trong v d 1.14

T v d 1.14, ta thy rng: Mt dy x(n) bt k u c th biu din di dng sau y:

x ( n) =

k =

x ( k ) . ( n k )
14

(1.11)

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Trong ta ch x(k) l gi tr x(n) ti thi im n = k, do vy v mt bn cht x(k) v x(n) khc nhau (n l bin thi gian ri rc, k l ch s), nhng v mt th hin x(n) v x(k) l nh nhau.

1.2. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN

1.2.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh a. Mt s khi nim

Kch thch v p ng:

+ Dy vo ca h thng c gi l kch thch + Dy ra c gi l p ng ca h thng ng vi kch thch ang kho st.

Ton t T:

+ Mt h thng tuyn tnh c trng bi ton t T lm nhim v bin i dy vo thnh dy ra.

T x ( n ) = y (n)
T x ( n ) y ( n)

(1.12)

b. H thng tuyn tnh:

i vi cc h thng tuyn tnh ton t T phi tun theo nguyn l xp chng, tc l phi tun theo quan h sau y:

T a.x1 ( n ) + b.x2 ( n ) = a.T x1 ( n ) + b.T x2 ( n )

= a. y1 ( n ) + b. y2 ( n )
c. p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh:

(1.13)

Trong (1.11) ta c biu din ca tn hiu u vo x ( n ) = Thc hin bin i theo ton t T ta xc nh y(n)

k =

x ( k ) . ( n k )

y ( n) = T x n T x k . n k = = ( ) ( ) ( ) x ( k ) .T ( n k ) k = k =

y ( n) =

k =

x ( k ) .h ( n )
k

(1.14)

15

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

hk ( n ) = T ( n k ) c gi l p ng xung.
p ng xung hk ( n ) c trng hon ton cho h thng thay cho ton t T.
1.2.2. Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin a. nh ngha:

(1.15)

Nu ta c y(n) l p ng vi kch thch x(n) th h thng c gi l bt bin nu y(n - k) l p ng ng vi kch thch x(n - k).
b. Php chp:

(n )
(n k )

y (n) = T ( n ) = h (n) T ( n h ) = h (n k )

y ( n) =

k =

x ( k ) .h ( n k )

(1.16) (1.17)

y ( n) = x ( n) * h ( n)
y h(n) c gi l p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB) Du hoa th (*) k hiu php chp.

h (n)
Nh vy, p ng ra ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB) s bng dy vo chp vi p ng xung.
Phng php tnh php chp

V nguyn tc chng ta phi tnh y(n) = x(n) * h(n) theo cch tm tng gi tr y(n) ng vi tng gi tr n c th t n = - n n = .

y ( n) =

k =

x ( k ) .h ( n k )
y ( 0) =
k =

(n: - )

n=0 n=1

x ( k ) .h ( 0 k )

y (1) =

k =

x ( k ) .h (1 k )

n=2 ..... C thay vo nh vy v nguyn tc ta phi tnh n gi tr n = . i vi cc gi tr n < 0 ta cng phi tnh ln lt

16

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

n = -1

y ( 1) =

k =

x ( k ) .h ( 1 k )

n = -2 v phi tnh n gi tr n = - Tp hp cc gi tr tm c ta c kt qu php chp y(n) cn tm. d dng trong vic tnh ton ngi ta a ra nhiu phng php tnh php chp trong c phng php th nh sau:
Cc bc tnh php chp bng th:

Bc 1: i bin n thnh bin k, x(n) -> x(k), h(n) -> h(k), c nh h(k) Bc 2: Quay h(k) i xng qua trc tung thu c h(-k), tc h(0-k) ng vi n=0. Bc 3: Dch chuyn h(-k) theo tng gia tr n, nu n>0 dch chuyn v bn phi, nu n<0 dch chuyn v pha tri ta thu c h(n-k). Bc 4 Thc hin php nhn x(k).h(n-k) theo tng mu i vi tt c cc gi tr ca k. Bc 5 Cng cc gi tr thu c ta c mt gi tr ca y(n), tng hp cc kt qu ta c dy y(n) cn tm.
Lu : ta c th c nh h(k) ri ly i xng x(k) qua trc tung ri tin hnh cc bc nh trn, kt qu s khng thay i do php chp c tnh cht giao hon.

Cc bc trn s c minh ho v d 1.15

V d 1.15

Cho mt HTTTBB c:

x ( n ) = rect5 ( n ) n 1 h (n) = 4 0 0n4 n cn lai

Hy tm p ng ra ca h thng y(n)?
Gii:

Ta thc hin theo phng php tnh php chp bng th: + i bin n thnh bin k + Gi nguyn x(k), ly i xng h(k) thnh h(-k) + Dch h(-k) sang tri (n<0) hoc sang phi (n>0) theo tng mu, sau tnh tng gi tr ca y(n) ng vi tng n c th nh th sau.

17

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

x ( k ) = rect5 ( k )

Hnh 1.18 Minh ho tnh php chp bng th trong v d 1.15

Tip tc tnh nh trn ta c cc gi tr: 18

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

y(3) = 2,5 y(4) = 2,5

y(5) = 1,5 y(6) = 0,75

y(7) = 0,25 y(8) = 0

y(-1) = 0

y(- ) = 0 y( ) = 0

Da vo kt qu tnh ton, ta v c p ng ra ca h thng:

Hnh 1.19 Kt qu php chp trong v d 1.15 c. Cc tnh cht ca php chp: - Tnh giao hon:

y ( n) = x ( n) * h ( n) = h ( n) * x ( n) =
ngha:

k =

h(k ) x (n k )

(1.18)

Trong mt h thng, ta c th hon v u vo x(n) v p ng xung h(n) cho nhau th p ng ra y(n) khng thay i.
- Tnh kt hp:

y (n) = x (n)* h1 ( n ) * h2 ( n ) = x ( n ) * h1 ( n ) * h2 ( n )
ngha:

(1.19)

19