I.

PHNG PHP TH
Khi trong h phng trnh c mt phng trnh cho php ta c th biu din bin ny thng qua
bin kia, hoc biu thc ny thng qua mt biu thc khc, ri th vo phng trnh cn li tm
nghim. hiu r iu chng ta xt cc v d sau.
x 2 + 3x 2y + y 2 = 5 (1)

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh

2x 2 + y = 3
(2)

Li bnh: Quan st thy t phng trnh (2) ta c th rt y theo x v th vo phng trnh mt

tm nghim. (h phng trnh ny cn c th gii bng pp cng i s c cp phn sau)
Li gii:
Th y = 3 - 2x 2 t phng trnh (2) vo phng trnh (1) ta c

) (

x 2 + 3x 2 3 - 2x 2 + 3 - 2x 2

= 5

x + x - 2= 0 x = 1
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:
4

(x ; y ) = (1; - 1), (- 1; - 1)
(y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 3x -

2
x 2
4x + 1 (1)
V d 2: Gii h phng trnh:

xy + x + 1 = x
(2)

Li bnh: T phng trnh (2) cho ta hai la chn: rt x theo y hoc rt y theo x. Nu la chn
cch rt x theo y v th vo phng trnh (1) th ta cn lm vic vi bnh phng v tch nh vy
vic tnh ton ca mnh nhiu v phc tp. Ta nn la chn cch rt y theo x th vo phng trnh
(1) th ta ch lm vic vi cc tch a thc m thi.
Li gii:
D thy x = 0 khng tho mn phng trnh (2). Do x 0 , t phng trnh (2) ta c

y + 1=

x2 - 1
x

Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c

2
x2 - 1
x + x x
x
2
2
x - 1 2x - 1 =

x2

)(
(x - 1)(2x

= 3x 2 - 4x - 1

) (x - 1)(3x - 1)
+ 2x - 4x ) = 0
2

x = - 2

x = 0 (l )

x = 1
T ta tm c nghim ca h phng trnh l

(x ; y ) = (1; - 1), - 2;

Nhn xt: Khi chia hoc nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh cho mt biu thc ta cn phi xt
trng hp bng khng v khc khng ca biu thc , trnh trng hp lm xut hin nghim

ngoi lai. Khi gii h phng trnh trn ta xt hai trng hp ca x, nu ta khng lm bc ny
th nghim ca h phng trnh xut nghim ngoi lai l x = 0 .
x 4 + 2x 3y + x 2y 2 = 2x + 9 (1)

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 + 2xy = 6x + 6
(2)

Li bnh: Nhn vo phng trnh (2) ta c th rt y theo x v th vo phng trnh (1) tm

nghim, nhng ta thy rng vic rt th vn cha c ti u cho lm, bi v khi th vo bc
ca phng trnh (1) l bc 6 v vic gii phng trnh bc cao nh th s rt kh khn.
Quan st thy rng nu ta coi xy l mt bin th vic rt th ca ta tr nn n gin hn
Li gii:
Rt xy =

6x + 6 - x 2
t phng trnh th 2, th vo phng trnh th nht ta c
2
2

2
6x + 6 - x 2
6x + 6 - x 2

x + 2x
+
= 2x + 9 x (x + 4) = 0

2
2

x = 0

x = - 4

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:

17

(x ; y ) = - 4; 4
x 3 - 8x = y 3 + 2y (1)

V d 4: Gii h phng trnh: 2

x - 3 = 3 y 2 + 1 (2)

Li bnh:
Thot nhn ta thy rng h phng trnh ny khng th s dng phng php rt th.
Vy ta th bin i h phng trnh
H phng trnh cho vit li
x 3 - y 3 = 2 (4x + y )
2
x - 3y 2 = 6

Ta thy v phi phng trnh (1) ng bc 3 cn v tri ng bc nht, nu ta c th a phng

trnh (1) v phng trnh ng bc 3 th h phng trnh s c gii quyt, quan st thy nu
nhn thm v phi ca phng trnh (1) vi mt biu thc ng bc hai m khng lm thay i
bc ca v tri l c.
Ta nhn hai v ca phng trnh (1) vi s 3 nhm lm xut hin s 6 v phi ta c h
phng trnh.
3 x 3 - y 3 = 6 4x + y
(
)

2
2
x - 3y = 6

2
2
By gi nu ta thay s 6 = x - 3y vo phng trnh (1) th ta s c mt phng trnh ng
cp bc 3.
Li gii:
Vit li h phng trnh cho di dng
x 3 - y 3 = 2 (4x + y ) 3 x 3 - y 3 = 6 (4x + y )
2
2
x - 3y 2 = 6
x - 3y 2 = 6

Th 6 = x 2 - 3y 2 t phng trnh th (2) vo phng trnh th nht ta c

) (

3 x 3 - y 3 = x 2 - 3y 2 (4x + y )
x + x y - 12xy = 0
3

x (x - 3y )(x + 4y ) = 0
x = 0

x = 3y

x = - 4y
T ta tm c cc nghim ca h phng trnh

6
6
6

x
;
y
=
3;1
,
3;
1
,
4
;
,
( ) ( )(
) 13 13 4 13 ;

13

Nhn xt: Qua 4 v d trn ta thy vic s dng pphng php th vo gii h phng trnh t
ra ht sc hiu qu, li gii th hin c tnh t nhin, song ngi lm cn phi tinh t trong vic
chn biu thc biu din qua mt biu thc khc, iu n cn tu vo tng h phng trnh
ta chn c c biu thc thch hp cho phng php th.
Sau y l mt s bi tp vn dng phng php trn gii h phng trnh
Bi tp vn dng:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
x 3 + 4y = y 3 + 16x
1)
1 + y 2 = 5 1 + x 2

x - y x 2 - y 2 = 7
)
(
3)
(x + y ) x 2 + y 2 = 175

x (x + y ) = 6

5) 3
x + y 3 + 18y = 27

x 2 + y 2 - xy = 1
7) 3
2x = x + y

y 3 - x 3 = 1
9) 5
x - y 5 + xy = 0

(
(

)
)

x 2 - xy + y 2 = 13
11) 2 2
x y - xy 3 + y 4 - 13y 2 + y - 4 = 0

II.

x 2 + 3y = 9

2) 4
y + 4 (2x - 3)y 2 - 48y - 48x + 155

x 3 + y 3 + 2xy (x + y ) = 6
4) 5
x + y 5 + 30xy = 32

x 2 + y 2 = 2
6) 3
x + y 3 + xy 2 = x + 2y

x 2 + y 2 + xy = 3
8) 3
x + 2y 3 = y + 2x

x 2 + y 4 - 2xy 3 = 0
10) 2
x + 2y 2 - 2xy = 1

(x - 1) + 6 (x - 1)y + 4y 2 = 20
12)
x 2 + 2y + 1 2 = 2
(
)

PHNG PHP CNG I S- H S BT NH

Phng php ny t ra kh hiu qu i vi lp bi ton h phng trnh hu t.

 tng ca pp cng i s - H s bt nh: Khi ta tng phng trnh trong h ring l th n

khng c mi quan h mt thit no, nhng nu ta cng, tr, nhn hoc chia vo cc phng trnh
mt lng thch hp th ci n b n bn trong ca h phng trnh dn h l. Sau y chng ta
s xt mt vi v d thy c iu .
x 2 + 3x 2y + y 2 = 5

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:

2x 2 + y = 3

(1)
(2)

Li gii:
Ly phng trnh (2) nhn cho s -2, ri cng v theo v ca hai phng trnh ta c
- 3x 2 + 3x 2y + y 2 - 2y = - 1

y 2 + 3x 2 - 2 y - 3x 2 + 1 = 0

(y - 1) y + 3x 2 - 1 = 0
y = 1

2
y = 1 - 3x

Thay y=1 vo phng trnh (2) ta c:

2x 2 + 1 = 3 x 2 = 1 x = 1

Thay y = 1 - 3x 2 thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c

(V N )

2x 2 + 1 - 3x 2 = 3 - x 2 = 2

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim: (x ; y ) = (1;1), (- 1;1)

Li bnh: Bi ton ny gii bng phng php th mc I. Ta xt cch gii h phng trnh theo
hng s dng pp cng i s - H s bt nh ri t rt ra c ci hay ca tng phng php.
Chc cc bn s thc mc l: ti sao phi nhn phng trnh (2) vi s -2 ? M khng phi l mt con
s no khc? C phi l nh kinh nghim ? hay l may ri?
gii p thc mc , chng ta cng i tm tng gii quyt bi ton trn.
Bc 1: Ta nhn phng trnh (2) vi mt s thc m v cng v theo v ca hai phng trnh
ta c:
x 2 + 3x 2y + y 2 + 2mx 2 + my = 5 + 3m

Sp xp li phng trnh v coi phng trnh sau l mt phng trnh bc hai theo bin y

y 2 + 3x 2 + m y + (1 + 2m )x 2 - 3m - 5 = 0

C D x = 3x 2 + m

) - 4 (1 + 2m )x

(*)

+ 12m + 20 = 9x 4 - 2 (m + 2)x 2 + m 2 + 12m + 20

Bc 2: n y ta mong mun bit thc D x biu din c di dng mt biu thc bnh
phng. iu c ngha l nu xem D x l mt phng trnh trng phng th ta cn D = 0

m = - 2
2
2

(
)
(
)
D
=
m
+
2
9
m
+
12
m
+
20
=
0

V vy ta c:
m = - 11

Vy l ta lm sng t iu ta thc mc trn.

Lu rng ta cng c th chn -11 nhn vo phng trnh (2)
Ta tip tc v d 2 thy r hiu qu ca phng php ny.

(1)
x 3 - y 3 = 35

V d 2: Gii h phng trnh: 2

2x + 3y 2 = 4x - 9y (2)

Phn tch, tng:

Nhn phng trnh (2) cho s thc m v cng v theo v hai phng trnh ta c
x 3 - y 3 + 2mx 2 + 3my 2 = 35 + 4m - 9my
x 3 + 2mx 2 - y 3 + 3my 2 + 9my - 4m - 35 = 0

(*)

n y nu xem phng trnh (*) l mt phng trnh bc 3 theo bin x dn n ta khng th s

dng bit thc .
Ta nn nh rng tng ca pp ny l lm cch no khi ta cng hai v phng trnh ca h ta
c mt phng trnh c th phn tch thnh tch ca cc nhn t.
Vy ta gi s phng trnh (*) c nghim x = ay + b thay vo (*) ta c

(a - 1)y 3 + (3a 2b + 2ma 2 + 3m )y 2 + (3ab2 + 4abm + 9m - 4ma )y + b3 - 4mb - 35 = 0,

V phng trnh trn ng vi " y khi v ch khi

a = 1
a = 1

a = 1
3a 2b + 2ma 2 + 3m = 0
3b + 5m = 0

b = 5

3ab2 + 4abm + 9m - 4ma = 0

3b2 + 4mb + 5m = 0

3
3
m = - 3

b - 4mb - 35 = 0
b - 4mb - 35 = 0

Vy ta cn nhn phng trnh (2) vi s -3 v cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta

c phng trnh sau

(x -

y - 5)P (x ) = 0

Li gii:
Ly phng trnh (2) nhn vi s -3 v cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c phng trnh
sau
x 3 - y 3 - 6x 2 - 9y 2 = 35 - 12x + 36y
x 3 - 6x 2 + 12x - y 3 - 9y 2 - 36y - 35 = 0

Ly phng trnh (*) chia cho (x - y - 5) ta c

(*)

"y

(x -

y - 5)(x 2 + (y - 1)x + y 2 + 4y + 7 ) = 0

x = y + 5
2
2
x + (y - 1)x + y + 4y + 7 = 0

(* *)

Th x = y + 5 vo phng trnh (2) ta c

y = - 2 x = 3
y 2 + 5y + 6 = 0
y = - 3 x = 2

Phng trnh (**) c D y = - 3 (y + 3) 0 , vy pt(**) c nghim khi y = - 3 thay vo

phng trnh (2) ta c
x = 0
2x 2 - 4x = 0
x = 2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = (3; - 2), (2; - 3)

(1)
x 4 - y 4 = 240
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh: 3
x - 2y 3 = 3 (x 2 - 4y 2 ) - 4 (x - 8y ) (2)

Phn tch:
Ly phng trnh (2) nhn cho s thc m ri cng v theo v ca hai phng trnh trong h ta
c:

x 4 + mx 3 - y 4 - 2my 3 = 240 + 3mx 2 - 12my 2 - 4mx + 32my = 0

(*)

Gi s phng trnh (*) c nghim x = ay + b , khi ta c

(a 4 - 1)y 4 + (4a 3b + ma 3 - 2)y 3 + (6a 2b2 + 3a 2bm - 3ma 2 + 12m )y 2

+ (4ab3 + 3ab2m - 6mab + 4ma - 32m )y + b4 + mb3 - 3mb2 + 4mb - 240 = 0
Phng trnh (**) ng vi mi y nn ta c
a =

b =
a 4 = 1

k =
4a 3b + 3a 2bm - 3ma 2 + 12m = 0

3
2
4ab + 3ab m - 6mab + 4ma - 32m = 0
a =

4
3
2
b =
b + mb - 3mb + 4mb - 240 = 0

k =

1
- 2
- 8
- 1
6
- 8

Vy phng trnh (*) s vit li di dng

(x -

y + 2)(x + y - 6)P (x ) = 0
Li gii:

(* *)

Nhn phng trnh (2) vi s -8 v cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c

x 4 - 8x 3 + 24x 2 - 32x - y 4 + 16y 3 - 96y 2 + 256y - 240 = 0

(x - y + 2)(x + y - 6)(x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 8y + 20) = 0
x = y - 2

x = - y + 6
x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 8y + 20 = 0 (* * *)

Phng trnh (***) c D y = - (y - 4) 0;

Dy = 0 y = 4 x = 2

Hai trng hp cn li bn c lm tip.

Ta tip tc xt mt h phng trnh vn dng pp phn tch nh trn, nhng khng phi ta nhn vo
mt trong hai phng trnh ca h l mt s thc m na m l mt biu thc. V d sau nhm mc
ch cho ta mt hng x l mi m thi, (h phng trnh trong mi phng php c th s dng
cc pp khc gii quyt vn c cng l quan im ca nhm vit chuyn ny).

x 2 + 2y 2 = xy + 2y
(1)

V d 4: Gii h phng trnh: 3

2x + 3xy 2 = 2y 2 + 3x 2y (2)

Li gii
Vi y = 0 x = 0 l mt nghim ca h phng trnh.
Vi y 0 , nhn phng trnh (1) vi - y ri cng theo v vi phng trnh (2) ta c
2x 3 - 4x 2y + 4xy 2 - 2y 3 = 0 x = y

Th li vo phng trnh (1) ca h ta c: 2y 2 = 2y y = 1 x = 1

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh (x ; y ) = (0;0), (1;1).
Phn tch li gii:
D thy rng h phng trnh c nghim (x ; y ) = (0;0), (1;1) ( Bc on nghim)
Quan h tuyn tnh gia hai nghim ny l: y = x (phng trnh ng thng)

(
x 2 + 2x 2 = x 2 + 2x
)
2x x - 1 = 0

Thay vo h phng trnh ta c 3

2x + 3x 3 = 2x 2 + 3x 3
2x 2 (x - 1) = 0

Ta thy rng phng trnh th nht thiu i mt biu thc l x v biu thc ny cng tng
ng vi y . Ta s chn mt trong hai biu thc ny nhn vo phng trnh (1) v ta
chn biu thc y to nn a thc ng bc vi bin x phng trnh (2)
Lu : H phng trnh ny gii c bng phng php t n ph m ta cp mc tip theo.
Mt s h phng trnh tng t

 x 4 + 2 (3y + 1)x 2 + (5y 2 + 4y + 11)x - y 2 + 10y + 2 = 0

a) 3
y + (x - 2)y + x 2 + x + 2 = 0

(x - y ) + x + y = y 2
b) 4
x - 4x 2y + 3x 2 = - y 2

Nhn xt: Qua v d ny chng ta c thm mt hng x l mi khi m hng x l c i khi

khng cn ph hp na. Nhc im ca hng i ny l ta phi nhm c nghim ca h phng
trnh.
Bi tp vn dng:

x 3 + y 3 = 9
1) 2
x + 2y 2 = x + 4y

x 3 + y 3 = 91
2) 2
4x + 3y 2 = 16x + 9y

2
x + y 2 = 1
5
3)
2
57
= - y (3x + 1)
4x + 3x 25

x 3 + 3xy 2 = - 49
4) 2
x - 8xy + y 2 = 8y - 17x

6x 2y + 2y 3 + 35 = 0
5) 2
5x + 5y 2 + 2xy + 5x + 13y = 0

x 2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 3x = 0
6)
xy + y 2 + 3y + 1 = 0

III.

PHNG PHP T N PH

tng ca phng php ny l qui l v quen bng cch t n ph a bi ton c hnh thc
khng quen thuc v mt bi ton c hnh thc quen thuc v gii c sau mt s php bin i
hng ng thc hay l php chia cho mt biu thc khc 0 hoc thm bt. Sau y ta s xt mt s
bi ton thy r iu .

x 2 + 2y 2 = xy + 2y
(1)

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh: 3

2x + 3xy 2 = 2y 2 + 3x 2y (2)

Li bnh:
y l h phng trnh m ta xt mc trc, by gi ta s gii quyt bi ton ny bng cch t
n ph.
Li gii
H phng trnh cho c vit li

x 2 + 2y 2 - xy = 2y
(1)

3
2x + 3xy 2 - 3x 2y = 2y 2 (2)

Vi y = 0 x = 0 l mt nghim ca h phng trnh.

Vi y 0 , chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) v (2) ln lt cho y 2 v y 3 ta c


x2
x
2

+ 2=
2

y
y
y
3
2
x
x
x
2
2 3 + 3 - 3 2 =
y
y
y
y

t a =

x
,
y

b=

1
ta vit h li
y

a 2 - a + 2 = 2b
(1)

3
2a - 3a 2 + 3a = 2b (2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra: 2a 3 - 3a 2 + 3a = a 2 - a + 2 a 3 - 2a 2 + 2a - 1 = 0 a = 1 b = 1

T tm c nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = (0;0), (1;1)

x 2 + 1 + y (x + y ) = 4y (1)

V d 2: Gii h phng trnh: 2

(x + 1)(y + x - 2) = y (2)

Li gii:
D thy y = 0 khng tho mn h phng trnh, ta vit h di dng
x 2 + 1

+x+y= 4
y
2
x + 1
(x + y - 2) = 1

t a =

x2 + 1
, b = x + y - 2 ta c
y
2
a + b = 2
a = 1 x + 1 = 1

y

ab = 1
b = 1

x + y - 2 = 1

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = (1;2), (- 2;5)

y + xy 2 = 6x 2

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh:

1 + x 2y 2 = 5x 2

Li gii:
D thy x = 0 khng tho mn h phng trnh, ta vit h di dng

= 1
= 2
= - 2
= 5

 y 1

y
y2
+ y

= 6
+
= 6

x x

x 2

2
1
1

2
y

2 + y = 5
+ y
- 2 = 5

x
x
x

t a =

y
1
, b = + y h phng trnh cho tr thnh
x
x

y
y
2

= 2
ab = 6
a = 2

a = b - 5

x




3
b2 - 2a = 5
3
b = 3
1
x

b - 5b - 12 = 0
+ y = 3

x
y

= 1
= 2
1
2
= 1
=

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = (1;2), ;1

2

Nhn xt: Qua 3 v d trn ta thy rng im chung ca cc h phng trnh ny l v phi ca
mi phng trnh trong h c cng biu thc bc bng nhau hoc khc nhau.
2
2
x + xy + y 2 = 19 (x - y )
V d 4: Gii h phng trnh: 2
x - xy + y 2 = 7 (x - y )

Phn tch: Ta thy v phi ca hai phng trnh c biu thc (x - y ), v tri c dng bnh phng
thiu iu lm cho ta ngh n vic phn tch v tri lm xut hin biu thc (x - y ).
Li gii
H phng trnh cho vit li di dng
2
2

(x - y ) + 3xy = 19 (x - y )

(x - y )2 + xy = 7 (x - y )

t: a = x - y, b = xy h phng trnh tr thnh

a = 0 a = 1
a 2 + 3b = 19a 2
b = 6a 2

a 2 + b = 7a
a 2 + 6a 2 = 7a
b = 0 b = 6

a = 0
x - y = 0
x = 0

b = 0
xy = 0
y = 0

y
a = 1
x - y = 1

b = 6
xy = 6
x

= 3
= 2
= - 2
= - 3

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = (0;0), (3;2), (- 2; - 3)

7x + y + 2x + y = 5

V d 5: Gii h phng trnh:

2x + y + x - y = 2

Phn tch:
i vi h phng trnh c cn thc ta s t n ph lm cho h phng trnh khng cn cn thc
na hoc lm gim s lng cc cn thc c trong h.
Li gii
a =

t
b =

2
2

x = a - b
7x + y
5

khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh

7b2 - 2a 2
2x + y
y =
5

a =

a + b = 5
b =

a + b = 5
a = 5 - b

2
2
2
2

b + a - b - 7b - 2a = 2
3a 2 - 8b2 + 5b = 10
- 5b2 - 25b + 65 = 0

a =

5
5

b =

T , nghim ca h phng trnh: (x ; y ) = 10

77;

11 -

12x + 3y - 4 xy = 16

V d 6: Gii h phng trnh:

4x + 5 + y + 5 = 6

Li gii

77

- 5-

77

2
15 + 77
2
- 5 + 77
2
15 - 77
2

 xy 0

5
iu kin: x
4
y - 5

Ta bin i h phng trnh

3 (4y + y ) - 4 xy = 16

hpt
4x + y + 2 4xy + 5 (4x + y ) + 25 = 26

a = 4x + y
t
h phng trnh vit cho tr thnh
b = xy

3a - 4b = 16

a + 2 4b2 + 5a + 25 = 26

Gii phng trnh (2)

4b = 3a - 16

a + (3a - 16)2 + 20a + 100 = 26

a 26

2
9a - 76a + 356 = 26 - a 2
a - 3a - 40 = 0

(1)
4b = 3a - 16

9a 2 - 76a + 356 = 26 - a (2)

a = 8 b = 2

a = - 5 b = - 31

a = 8
4x + y = 8
x = 1
4x + y = 8
Vi



b = 2
xy = 2
xy = 4
y = 4

Vy h phng trnh c nghim: (x ; y ) = (1;4)

3
4xy + 4 x 2 + y 2 +
= 7
2

x
+
y

(
)
V d 7: ii h phng trnh:

2x + 1 = 3

x+y

Li gii
iu kin: x + y 0 .

3
3 x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + x 2 - 2xy + y 2 +
= 7
2

x
+
y

( )
hpt

(x + y ) + (x - y ) + 1 = 3

x+y

) (

(l )

2
2
1
3 (x + y ) +
+ (x - y ) = 7
2

x + y)
(

(x + y ) + x + y + (x - y ) = 3

1
u = (x + y ) +
2
1

x + y ) u 2 = (x + y ) +
t
+ 2,
(
2

(x + y )
v = x - y

(u

3 u 2 - 2 + v 2 = 7
3u 2 + v 2 = 13
3u 2 + 3 - u 2 = 13
( )

hpt


u + v = 3
v = 3 - u
v = 3 - u

3u 2 + 9 - 6u + u 2 = 13
4u 2 - 6u - 4 = 0
u = - 1 (L ) u = 2 (N )



v = 3 - u
v = 3 - u
v = 1 2

x + y + 1 = 2
x + y = 1
(x + y ) - 2 (x + y ) + 1 = 0

x+y

x - y = 1
x - y = 1
x
y
=
1

Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht l (x ; y ) = (1; 0).

Bi tp vn dng:

x = 1
.

y = 0