VLA2 - Bai 3 - Dong Dien Khong Doi

106 Th.
S Quc Huy_ Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

Bi 3: DNG IN KHNG I
3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
3.1.1 Dng in, chiu ca dng in
3.1.2 Cng dng in
3.1.3 Mt dng in
3.1.4 Ngun in, sut in ng
3.2 NH LUT OHM
3.2.1 Dng vi phn ca nh lut Ohm
3.2.2 nh lut Ohm i vi on mch ng cht
3.2.3 nh lut Ohm cho ton mch (mch kn)
3.2.4 nh lut Ohm tng qut
3.2.5 Ghp cc in tr
3.2.6 Ghp cc ngun in
3.3 PHNG TRNH LIN TC CA DNG IN
3.4 QUI TC KIRCHHOFF
3.4.1 Cc khi nim
3.4.2 Cc quy tc Kirchhoff
3.4.3 Vn dng quy tc Kirchhoff phn gii mch in
3.5 NH LUT JOULE - LENZ
3.6 CNG V CNG SUT CA DNG IN
3.7 CNG SUT V HIU SUT CA NGUN IN
3.8 PHN GII MT S DNG MCH IN
3.8.1 Vn dng nh lut Ohm v quy tc Kirchhoff
3.8.2 Mch sao tam gic
3.8.3 Mch cu
3.8.4 o in tr bng cu Wheatstone

Bi 3: DNG IN KHNG I 107

3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
3.1.1 Dng in, chiu ca dng in
Trong mi trng dn, tc l mi trng c cc in
tch t do, khi khng c in trng ngoi, cc ht mang
in t do lun lun chuyn ng nhit hn lon. Khi c
in trng ngoi t vo, di tc dng ca lc in
trng F q E

= , cc in tch dng s chuyn ng
theo chiu vect cng in trng E
, cn cc in
tch m chuyn ng ngc chiu vi vect E
to nn
dng in.
Vy, dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in. Chiu ca
dng in c quy c l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in dng.
Trong cc mi trng dn khc nhau th bn cht ca dng in cng khc nhau.
Bn cht ca dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc
electron t do; trong cht in phn l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ion
dng v ion m; trong cht kh l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc electron, cc
ion dng v m (khi cht kh b ion ha); trong cht bn dn l dng chuyn di
c hng ca cc electron v cc l trng.
Tuy c bn cht khc nhau, song dng in trong mi mi trng lun c cc tc
dng c trng c bn ging nhau, l tc dng nhit, tc dng t, tc dng ha
hc v tc dng sinh l.
3.1.2 Cng dng in
nh ngha cng dng in mt cch
chnh xc, ta xt din tch S vung gc vi
hng chuyn ng ca cc in tch nh
hnh 3.2 (din tch S cn gi l tit din
ngang). Trong thi gian t, nu in lng
chuyn qua din tch S l Q th t s
Q
I
t
(3.1)
c gi l cng dng in trung bnh
qua din tch S.
Nu xt trong thi gian t nh th gii hn ca t s Q/t c gi l cng
dng in tc thi qua din tch S
S
Hnh 3.1: Chiu ca
dng in l chiu
chuyn ng c hng
ca cc in tch dng
I
Hnh 3.2: Cng dng in
l i lng v hng, o bng
in lng chuyn qua tit din
S trong mt n v thi gian
S
108 Th.S Quc Huy_ Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

t 0
Q dQ
I lim
t dt

= =
(3.2)
Cc cng thc nh ngha (3.1) v (3.2) chng t rng, cng dng in l i
lng v hng, bng in lng chuyn qua din tch S trong mt n v thi
gian. Trong h n v SI, n v o cng dng in l ampe (A) l mt trong
by n v c bn ca h SI.
i vi dng in c chiu khng i, ta gi l dng in mt chiu. i vi
dng in c cng I khng i theo thi gian th ta gi l dng in khng
i. D nhin, vi dng in khng i th chiu ca dng in cng khng i.
T nh ngha (3.2) suy ra, in lng Q chuyn qua tit din S trong thi gian
t = t
2
t
1
l:
2
1
t
t
Q Idt =
(3.3)
i vi dng in khng i, in lng Q chuyn qua tit din S trong thi gian
t c tnh bi cng thc:
Q I. t = hay Q = It (3.4)
Lu , khi ta ni dng in I chy qua mt
vt dn no , c ngha l dng in c
cng I chy qua tit din ngang ca vt
dn . Chng hn, ni dng in 5A chy
qua bng n, c ngha l dng in c
cng I = 5A chy qua bng n tit din
ngang ca dy tc bng n.
Cng dng in lin quan n chuyn
ng ca cc ht in. tm mi quan h
ny, ta xt dng in khng i I chy qua
dy dn thng hnh tr c tit din ngang S
(hnh 3.3). Trong thi gian t, s ht mang
in N chuyn qua tit din S phi nm trong
hnh tr c chiu cao x = v
d
.t, vi v
d
l
thnh phn vn tc ca ht in tnh dc theo
chiu ca dng in, cn gi l vn tc ca
chuyn ng c hng ca in tch (xem
hnh 3.4). Gi n
0
l mt hay nng ht
ti in ca vt dn (tc l s ht ti in c
trong mt n v th tch ca vt dn), V l
th tch ca hnh tr ang xt th
Hnh 3.3: Dng in chy
qua on dy hnh tr
S
Hnh 3.4: Vn tc ca chuyn
ng c hng ca electron

0 0 0 d
N n . V n S. x n Sv . t = = =
Gi s trong vt dn ch c mt loi ht ti in th in lng chuyn qua tit din
S trong thi gian t l: Q = Nq = n
0
Sv
d
.t.q
Do cng dng in trung bnh qua tit din S l:
0 d
Q
I n qv S
t
= =
(3.5)
trong , q l in lng ca ht in.
V d 3.1: Gi s trong mi giy c 2.10
18
ion dng ha tr 2 v 4.10
18
electron
chy qua mt n ng. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cng dng in qua n. Gi
s tc ca cc ht in khi p vo cc in cc l 2.10
5
m/s, ng knh tit
din ca n ng l 2cm. Hy c tnh nng cc ht in.
Gii
Ta bit, mi electron c in lng e = 1,6.10
19
C; mi ion dng ha tr 2 c
in lng 2e. in lng Q chuyn qua tit din ngang ca n bao gm in
lng Q
+
ca cc ht ion dng v in lng Q
ca cc ht electron. Gi tr cc
in lng ny li t l vi s ht ion v electron tng ng. Do , gi tr trung
bnh ca cng dng in qua n l:
Q Q N .2e N .e (2N N )e Q
I
t t t t
+ + +
+ + +
= = = =

18 18 19
(2.2.10 4.10 ).1, 6.10
I 1, 28A
1
+
= =
Gi n
1
l mt ht electron v n
2
l mt ion dng ha tr 2 c trong bng n.
Cc in tch ny sinh ra trong qu trnh va chm gia cc ion vi nguyn t cht
kh nn tha mn nh lut bo ton in tch. Ta c n
1
= 2n
2
.
Mt khc, theo (3.5) ta c
2
1 2 d 2 d
d
I (n e n .2e)v S 4n ev .
4
= + = .
Do , mt ht ion dng ha tr 2 l:
2 2 19 5 2
d
I 1, 28
n
ev .d 3,14.1, 6.10 .2.10 .0, 02
= = =
3,2.10
16
ht/m
3
.
Mt ht electron l n
1
= 2n
2
= 6,4.10
16

ht/m
3
.
3.1.3 Mt dng in
Cng dng in c trng cho mnh, yu ca dng in trn ton tit din
S, m khng din t c mnh, yu ca dng in ti tng im trn tit din
S. c trng cho dng in ti tng im trn tit din S, ngi ta a ra khi
nim mt dng in.
Gi I l cng dng in qua tit din S t vung gc vi hng chuyn ng
ca cc in tch. T s:
I
j
S
= (3.6)
c gi l mt dng in trung bnh qua tit din ngang S.
tnh mt dng in ti mi im M trong cht dn in, ta xt mt tit din
ngang S nh bao quanh M v gi I l cng dng in qua tit din S
ny th gii hn ca t s I/S khi S tin ti khng uc gi l mt dng in
ti M:
S 0
I dI
j lim
S dS

= =
(3.7)
Cc cng thc nh ngha (3.6) v (3.7) chng t rng, mt dng in chnh l
cng dng in qua mt n v din tch S t vung gc vi hng chuyn
ng ca cc in tch. Trong h SI, n v o mt dng in l ampe trn mt
vung (A/m
2
).
Kt hp cc cng thc (3.6) v (3.7) vi (3.5), suy ra, mt dng in j ph thuc
vo mt ht in n
0
, in lng q ca ht in v vn tc ca chuyn ng c
hng v
d
ca cc ht in bi cng thc:
0 d
j n qv = (3.8)
hay di dng vect:
0 d
j n q v

= (3.9)
Vy, vect mt dng in ti mi im t l thun vi vect vn tc chuyn ng
c hng ca ht in ti im .
Nu bit mt dng in, ta s tnh c cng dng in qua tit din ngang
S theo cng thc:
S S
I dI jdS = =

(3.10)
Gi n
l php vect n v ca din tch dS v quy c d S dS. n

= th ta c th
vit (3.10) di dng:
S S
I j .d S j.dS.cos

= =

(3.11)

trong , l gc to bi vect mt dng in j
vi php vect n v n
ca
din tch S.
Cng thc (3.11) c th dng tnh cng
dng in qua mt mt ct c din tch S
bt k, khng nht thit phi l tit din
ngang.
Trng hp mt dng in phn b u
ti mi im trn din tch S (gi tr j khng
i ti mi im), th ta c:
n
I j.S.cos j.S = = (3.12)
trong , S
n
l hnh chiu ca din tch S ln phng vung gc vi vect mt
dng (S
n
chnh l tit din thng hay tit din ngang).
V d 3.2: Mt dy ch tit din ngang S = 2mm
2
, c dng in I = 5A chy qua.
Tnh mt dng in qua dy ch. Dy ch ny c th chu c dng in ti a
l bao nhiu, nu mt dng cho php l 450A/cm
2
? Mt ng c in c gii
hn dng l 18A th phi dng dy ch c ng knh tit din ngang bao nhiu
bo v ng c?
Gii
Mt dng in qua dy ch:
2
I 5A
j 2, 5
S 2mm
= = = (A/mm
2
) = 2,5.10
6
(A/m
2
).
Dng in ti a cho php qua dy ch ny:
2 2
max gh
I j .S 450(A/ cm ).0, 02(cm ) 9(A) = = = .
Nu ng c c gii hn dng I
max
= 18A th tit din ngang ca dy ch l:
2 2 max
2
gh
I 18A
S 0, 04cm 4mm
j 450(A/ cm )
= = = = .
bo v ng c, phi dng dy ch c ng knh tit din ngang l:
2
2
d 4S 4.4
S d 2, 26mm
4 3,14
= = = =
.
Hnh 3.5: Vect mt dng in

+
+
+
j
S
S
n
n

3.1.4 Ngun in, sut in ng
Xt vt A tch in dng v vt B tch in m. Dng
dy dn, ni A vi B thng qua mt bng n nh
hnh 3.4. Do gia AB c s chnh lch in th nn c
dng in I chy qua bng n lm n sng. Tuy
nhin, trong thi gian tch tc, A v B s cn bng v
in th v dng in s khng cn na.
duy tr dng in qua n lu di, ta phi gi cho
A lun c in th cao hn B. Mun vy, ta phi
bm cc in tch dng chy ngc t B v A. V
lc in trng khng th lm cc in tch dng
chy t ni c in th thp v ni c in th cao nn
vic bm cc in tch dng chy ngc t B tr v
A c thc hin bi cc ngun lc bn ngoi nh lc
t, lc ha hc ta gi l nhng lc l. C cu to ra trng lc l gi l
ngun in. B v A c gi l hai cc ca ngun in, B c in th thp nn gi
l cc m, A c in th cao nn gi l cc dng.
Vy, ngun in l c cu to ra trng lc l duy tr dng in.
c trng cho mi ngun in l sc mnh ca ngun in hay kh nng bm
cc in tch mnh hay yu, ta gi l sut in ng ca ngun in, v c
nh ngha l:
A *
*
B
A
E .d
q

= =
(3.13)
trong , A
*
l cng ca trng lc l sinh ra khi dch chuyn in tch q t B n
A;
*
E
l cng ca trng lc l; d
l vi phn ca ng i; tch phn ng

(3.13) c ly t cc m n cc dng ca ngun in.
Vy, sut in ng ca ngun in l i lng c trng cho kh nng sinh
cng ca ngun in, o bng cng ca trng lc l khi dch chuyn mt n v
in tch dng t cc m sang cc dng ca ngun in.
Trong h n v SI, n v o sut in ng l vn (V), trng vi n v o in
th, hiu in th.
Khi ngun in lm vic, cc in tch dng s c bm t cc m sang cc
dng, ngha l c dng in chy qua ngun in. Dng in ny s lm ngun
in nng ln. Ni cch khc, cc nguyn t, phn t ca cht cu to nn ngun
Bm
X
A
B
I
Hnh 3.6: Ngun in
Ngun in

in cn tr dng in qua ngun in. Nh vy, mi ngun in, ngoi sut
in ng u c in tr ni r.
Trn s mch in, ngun in c k hiu
nh hnh 3.7
3.2. NH LUT OHM
3.2.1 Dng vi phn ca nh lut Ohm
Mt dng in j
trong cc cht ph thuc vo cng in trng E
v bn
cht ca cc cht . i vi mt s cht, c bit l kim loi, mt dng in ti
mi im trong cht dn in t l thun vi cng in trng ti im :
j E

= (3.14)
H s t l trong (3.14) c trng cho kh nng dn in ca cht kho st nn
gi l in dn sut ca cht .
S t l thun gia mt dng j v cng in trng E i vi kim loi mt
nhit nht nh c pht hin vo nm 1827 bi George Simon Ohm (1787
1854), nh vt l hc ngi c, nn c gi l nh lut Ohm. Cc cht tun
theo nh lut Ohm c gi l cht dn in tuyn tnh hay thun tr; tri li l
cht dn in phi tuyn hay khng thun tr.
3.2.2 nh lut Ohm i vi on mch ng cht
Xt mt on mch ng cht c
dng hnh tr, tit din ngang S,
chiu di (hnh 3.8). Gi U l
hiu in th t vo hai u on
mch th in trng trong lng
hnh tr l in trng u, c
cng
U
E =
. Do on mch
+

S
Hnh 3.8: nh lut Ohm i vi on
mch ng cht, tit din u
+
+
+ V
1
V
2
A B
, r
Hnh 3.7: K hiu ngun in
+ -
l ng cht nn mt dng in phn b u trn tit din ngang S ca on
mch, ta c
I
j
S
= . Thay vo (3.14), ta c
I U
S
=
, hay

S U
I U kU
R
| |
= = =
|
\
(3.15)
trong , k l h s t l,
1
R
k S
= =
(3.16)
gi l in tr on mch ang xt.
Vy, cng dng in qua mt on mch t l thun vi hiu in th hai u
on mch.
Biu thc (3.15) l nh lut Ohm i vi mt on mch ng cht, n cng c
dng nh ngha in tr ca mt on mch bt k. in tr ca mt on
mch l t s gia hiu in th p vo hai u mch vi cng dng in qua
n:
U
R
I
= (3.17)
i vi mt on mch hay dy dn ng cht tit din u, in tr c tnh bi
cng thc: R
S S
= =

(3.18)
trong , = 1/ l in tr sut ca cht cu to nn on mch hay dy dn ang
xt.
Trong h SI, n v o in tr l m (), n v o in tr sut l m mt (m),
n v o in dn sut l (m)
1
.
in tr sut ca cc kim loi ph thuc vo nhit theo quy lut:
0
(1 t) = + (3.19)
v do , in tr ca vt dn cng bin thin theo nhit :
0
R R (1 t) = + (3.20)
trong , l h s nhit in tr, c n v o l (1/
0
C hay
0
C
1
);
0
, R
0
l in
tr sut, in tr 0
0
C; , R l in tr sut, in tr t
0
C.

Bng 3.1 cho bit in tr sut v h s nhit in tr ca mt s cht.
Bng 3.2: in tr sut 20
0
C v h s nhit in tr ca mt s cht
Cht in tr sut ( m) H s nhit in tr (
0
C
1
)
Vng (Gold) 2,44.10
8
3,4.10
3

Bc (Silver) 1,59.10
8
3,8.10
3

ng (Copper) 1,7.10
8
3,9.10
3

Nhm
(Aluminum)
2,82.10
8
3,9.10
3

St (Iron) 10.10
8
5,0.10
3

Ch (Lead) 22.10
8
3,9.10
3

Tungsten 5,6.10
8
4,5.10
3

Platin
(Platinum)
11.10
8
3,92.10
3

Silic (Silicon) 640 75.10
3

V d 3.3: Mt cun dy in di 200 mt, tit din u, bng nhm. Tnh in tr
ca cun dy ny, bit ng knh tit din ngang ca dy l 0,8 milimt. Nu ni
hai u dy vi hiu in th U = 6V th cng v mt dng in trong si
dy l bao nhiu? Cho bit in tr sut ca nhm l 2,82.10
8
m.
Gii
Cho: 200m = ; d = 0,8mm = 8.10
4
m; U = 6V; = 2,82.10
8
m.
Hi: R, I, j?
Din tch tit din ngang ca dy:
2 4 2
7 2
d (8.10 )
S 3,14. 5, 024.10 m
4 4
= = = .
in tr ca cun dy:
8
7
200
R 2, 82.10 . 11, 23
S 5, 024.10
= =
.
Cng dng in qua dy dn:
U 6
I 0, 534A
R 11, 23
= = .
Mt dng in trong si dy:
6 2 2
7
I 0, 534
j 1, 063.10 (A/ m ) 1, 063(A/ mm )
S 5, 024.10
= = = .
3.2.3 nh lut Ohm i vi mch in kn
Xt mt mch in kn (C) nh hnh 3.9. Ta vit li
(3.14) di dng: j E

= (3.21)
Nhn c hai v ca (3.21) vi di d
theo chiu
dng in, ri ly tch phn trn ton mch kn, ta c:

(C) (C)
j d Ed

=

hay:
(C) (C)
jd Ed

=

Gi I l cng dng in trong mch th ti mi im trn tit din S, mt
dng in c gi tr
I
j
S
= . Do ta c:
tm
(C) (C) (C)
I d
Ed . d I IR
S S

= = =

(3.22)
trong
tm
(C)
d
R
S
=
(3.23)
l in tr ca ton mch.
(3.22) chng t rng
(C)
Ed 0

. Ni cch khc, trong mch kn phi tn ti

thm mt trng lc l, khc vi lc in trng (v nu ch c in trng th
(C)
Ed 0

=
). Chnh trng lc l ny sinh ra cng duy tr dng in. Ngun

sinh ra trng lc l trong mch c gi l ngun in.
Gi
e
E
l cng in trng v
*
E
l cng trng lc l th:

e
(C) (C) (C) (C)
Ed E d E*d 0 E*d

= + = + =

(3.24)
d
I
(C)
Hnh 3.9: nh lut Ohm
cho mch kn (C)

trong
(C)
E*d

=
(3.25)
c gi l sut in ng ca ton mch.
Kt hp (3.25) vi (3.22) ta c biu thc ca nh lut Ohm i vi mch in kn
nh sau:
tm
I
R
= (3.26)
i vi mt mch in kn n gin nh hnh 3.10, ta c:

tm
I
R R r

= =
+
(3.27)
trong , R l in tr tng ng ca mch ngoi v
r l in tr ni hay in tr trong ca ngun in; l
sut in ng ca ngun in.
Trng hp mch kn c nhiu ngun mc ni tip th:
i
i
i
i
I
R r
=
+
(3.28)
Trong (3.28), nu dng in i ra t cc dng ca ngun no th sut in ng
ca ngun c du dng, tri li l du m.
V d 3.4: Cho mch in kn nh hnh 3.11. Trong
,
1
= 12V, r
1
= 2,
2
= 3V, r
2
= 1, R
1
= 5, R
2

= 7. Tnh cng dng in trong mch,
gim th trn cc in tr v hiu in th U
AB
, U
AM
,
U
BM
.
Gii
p dng nh lut Ohm mch kn, ta c cng
dng in trong mch l:
i
i 1 2
i 1 2 1 2
i
12 3
I 0, 6A
R r R R r r 5 7 2 1

= = = =
+ + + + + + +
.
gim th trn in tr R
1
: U
1
= IR
1
= 0,6.5 = 3V.
gim th trn in tr R
2
: U
2
= IR
2
= 0,6.7 = 4,2V.

R
I
, r
Hnh 3.10: S
mch kn n gin

R
1
I
1 1
, r
Hnh 3.11

2 2
, r
R
1
A B
M
Hiu in th gia hai im A, B: U
AB
= U
1
+ U
2
= 7,2V.
tnh hiu in th gia hai im A, M hoc gia hai im B, M ta p dng nh
lut Ohm tng qut (xem mc 3.2.4):
U
AM
=
1
Ir
1
= 12 0,6.2 = 10,8V.
U
BM
=
2
+ Ir
2
= 3 0,6.1 = 3,6V.
3.2.4 nh lut Ohm tng qut (i vi on mch bt k)
Xt mt on mch AB bt k c th c nhiu dng in v nhiu ngun in. Ta
cng nhn c hai v ca (3.21) vi di d
, ri ly tch phn trn on AB, ta

c:

e e
(AB) (AB) (AB) (AB) (AB)
I
Ed (E E*)d E d E*d d
S

= + = + =

S hng
i
i
(AB)
E*d

=
chnh l tng i s sut in ng ca cc ngun in

trn on AB; s hng
e A B AB
(AB)
E d V V U

= =
l hiu in th gia hai im

A v B; s hng
i i
i
(AB) (AB)
I d
d I I R
S S
= =

l tng i s cc gim th
trn mi in tr. Do , ta c:
AB i i i
i i
U I R + =

(3.29a)
trong ,
i
i
l tng i s cc sut in ng v
i i
i
I R
l tng i s cc
gim th trn cc in tr.
Trong (3.29a), sut in ng
i
s c du dng khi chiu ly tch phn i xuyn
t cc m sang cc dng ca ngun in. thun tin, ta vit:

AB i i i
i i
U I R = +

(3.29b)
vi quy c nh sau: i t A n B, nu gp cc dng ca ngun no trc th
sut in ng ca ngun ly du dng, tri li ly du m; nu i cng chiu
dng in ca nhnh no th cng dng in ca nhanh ly du dng; tri
li ly du m.
D dng nghim ra rng, trong trng hp on mch AB ch c mt dng in
duy nht v khng c ngun in (
i
= 0) th t (3.29) ta tm c nh lut Ohm

cho on mch thun tr:
AB i
i
U I R IR = =
. Nu mch kn, A trng vi B v

U
AB
= 0 th t (3.29) ta tm c nh lut Ohm cho mch kn. Tm li (3.29) c
p dng cho mt on mch bt k. Chnh v vy n c gi l nh lut Ohm
tng qut.
p dng nh lut Ohm, ta c th phn gii c cc mch in phc tp.
V d 3.5: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.12. Bit
1
= 10V; r
1
= 1;
2
= 20V; r
2
=
2;
3
= 30V; r
3
= 3; R
1
= 4, R
2
= 3, R
3
= 7. Tnh hiu in th gia hai
im A, B v hai im M, N. Ngun no pht in, ngun no thu in?
Gii
Gi s dng in trong cc nhnh c chiu nh hnh v. p dng nh lut Ohm
tng qut ln lt cho cc nhnh 1, 2, 3, ta c:
AB 1 1 1 1 1
U I (r R ) 10 5I = + + = + (1)
AB 2 2 2 2 2
U I (r R ) 20 5I = + + = + (2)
AB 3 3 3 3 3
U I (r R ) 30 10I = + = (3)
Mt khc, ti im A, ta c: I
3
= I
1
+ I
2
(4)
Rt I
1
, I
2
, I
3
t cc phng trnh (1), (2), (3) ri thay vo (4), ta c:
AB AB AB
30 U U 10 U 20
10 5 5

= +
hay:
AB AB AB
30 U 2U 20 2U 40 = +
T ta c:
AB
U 18V = . Thay vo cc phng trnh (1), (2), (3) ta c:
I
1
= 1,6A; I
2
= 0,4A; I
3
= 1,2A
Hiu in th gia hai im M, N:
U
MN
= U
MB
+ U
BN
= I
1
R
1
I
2
R
2
= 1,6.4 ( 0,4).3 = 7,8V
Do I
1
, I
3
> 0 nn dng in trong cc nhnh R
1
, R
3
c chiu ng nh chn trn
hnh v. Vy ngun 3 ang pht in, ngun 1 ang thu in. Dng I
2
< 0 nn dng
in qua ngun 2 c chiu ngc vi trn hnh v. Vy, ngun 2 ang pht in.
(Lu , dng in i ra t cc dng ca ngun no th l ngun pht, tri li l
ngun thu).

3
, r
3
R
1
Hnh 3.12

1
, r
1

2
, r
2
R
2
R
3
A

B
M
N
I
1
I
3
I
2
Vn dng nh lut Ohm ta c th thay th cc in tr ghp phc tp thnh mt
in tr tng ng, hoc thay th cc ngun ghp phc tp bng mt ngun duy
nht tng ng vi ngun cho.
3.2.5 Ghp cc in tr
a) Ghp ni tip
Phn t X c gi l ghp
ni tip vi phn t Y nu u
ra ca X c ni trc tip
ngay vo Y, gia chng
khng c nhnh r. Do tnh
lin tc ca dng in nn
cng dng in qua cc
phn t mc ni tip th bng nhau.
Gi s gia hai im A, B c n in tr R
1
, R
2
, , R
n
ghp ni tip. Ta c th thay
th n in tr ny bng mt in tr duy nht c vai tr tng ng, ngha l
cng dng in trong hai s hnh 3.13 lun bng nhau vi mi gi tr ca
hiu in th U
AB
.
Ta c:
AB 1 2 n
U U U ... U = + + + .
Hay:
td 1 2 n
IR IR IR ... IR = + + +
Vy
n
td 1 2 n k
k 1
R R R ... R R
=
= + + + =
(3.30)
H qu: Nu R
1
= R
2
= = R
n
= R
0
th
td 0
R nR = (3.31)
Tm li, on mch gm cc in tr ghp ni tip th:
- Cng dng in qua mi in tr th bng nhau;
- in p hai u mch bng tng cc in p ri trn cc in tr;
- in tr tng ng ca on
mch bng tng cc in tr thnh
phn.
b) Mch song song
Hai phn t X v Y c gi l ghp
song song vi nhau nu chng c chung
im u v chung im cui. Nh vy,
R
1 R
2
A
B
Hnh 3.13: on mch ni tip

R
n
A
B
R
t
I

I

I
1
B
Hnh 3.14: on mch song song
R
td
I I
A
R
n
R
1
I
n
A B
I

cc phn t mc song song c cng hiu in th.
Gi s gia hai im A, B c n in tr R
1
, R
2
, , R
n
ghp song song. Ta c th
thay th n in tr ny bng mt in tr duy nht c vai tr tng ng, ngha l
cng dng in mch chnh trong hai s hnh 3.14 lun bng nhau vi
mi gi tr ca hiu in th U
AB
.
V in tch c bo ton nn ti im A ta c I = I
1
+ I
2
+ . . . + I
n

hay:
td 1 2 n
U U U U
...
R R R R
= + + +
Vy:
n
k 1
td 1 2 n k
1 1 1 1 1
...
R R R R R
=
= + + + =

(3.32)
H qu:
- Nu R
1
= R
2
= = R
n
= R
0
th
0
td
R
R
n
= (3.33)
- Nu ch c hai in tr R
1
v R
2
mc song song vi nhau th
1 2
td
1 2
R R
R
R R
=
+
(3.34)
Tm li, i vi on mch gm cc in tr ghp song song th:
- Cng dng in qua on mch (mch chnh) bng tng cng dng
in trong cc nhnh;
- in p hai u mi in tr l bng nhau;
- Nghch o in tr tng ng ca on mch bng tng nghch o cc
in tr thnh phn.
T (3.30) v (3.32) suy ra, khi ghp ni tip th in
tr tng ng tng, cn khi ghp song song th in
tr tng ng gim so vi cc in tr thnh phn.
V d 3.6: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.15, trong
ngun c sut in ng = 8,2V, in tr trong r =
0,5; R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= 3, R
4
= 6; in tr ca ampe
k v dy ni khng ng k.
a) Tnh s ch ca ampe k. Ni r chiu dng
in qua ampe k.
A
R
2

, r

B
Hnh 3.15
I
R
4
R
3 R
1
A
M
N
b) Thay ampe k bng vn k c in tr rt ln th vn k ch bao nhiu?
Nm (+) ca vn k ni vo im M hay N?
Gii
a) Gi s chiu dng in trong cc nhnh c chiu
nh hnh 3.16. V in tr ca ampe k bng khng
nn U
MN
= I
A
.R
A
= 0. Suy ra M v N c cng in
th. Ta chp M v N li, v li mch tng ng
nh hnh 3.17.
Ta c:
1 2
12
1 2
R R 3.3
R 1, 5
R R 3 3
= = =
+ +

3 4
34
3 4
R R 3.6
R 2
R R 3 6
= = =
+ +

R
AB
= R
12
+ R
34
= 1,5 + 2 = 3,5
AB
8, 2
I 2, 05A
R r 3, 5 0, 5
= = =
+ +

U
AM
= I.R
12
= 2,05.1,5 = 3,075V
AM
1
1
U 3, 075
I 1, 025A
R 3
= = =
U
MB
= I.R
34
= 2,05.2 = 4,1V
MB
3
3
U 4,1
I 1, 367A
R 3
= = =
Ti im M trn hnh 3.16, ta c: I
A
= I
1
I
3
= 1,025 1,367 = 0,342 A
Vy ampe k ch 0,342A v dng in qua ampe k
c chiu t N n M (ngc vi chiu trn hnh
3.16).
b) Thay ampe k bng vn k (hnh 3.18).
Do vn k c in tr v cng ln nn dng in
khng i qua vn k. Ta g b vn k ra khi mch
(hnh 3.19).
Ta c: (R
1
ni tip R
3
) // (R
2
ni tip R
4
).
Ta c R
13
= R
1
+ R
3
= 6; R
24
= R
2
+ R
4
= 9
A
R
2

, r

B
Hnh 3.16
I
R
4
R
3 R
1
A
M
N
I
A
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
3
R
1

, r

A
Hnh 3.17
I
1
I

N M
I
3
I
4
I
2
R
2
R
4
R
2
B
V
R
2

, r

B
Hnh 3.18
I
R
4
R
3 R
1
A
M
N

13 24
AB
13 24
R .R 6.9
R 3, 6
R R 6 9
= = =
+ +

AB
8, 2
I 2A
R r 3, 6 0, 5
= = =
+ +

U
AB
= IR
AB
= 2.3,6 = 7,2V
AB
1
13
U 7, 2
I 1, 2A
R 6
= = = ;
AB
2
24
U 7, 2
I 0,8A
R 9
= = =
MN MB BN 1 3 2 4
U U U I R I R 1, 2.3 0, 8.6 1, 2V = + = = =
Ta c U
MN
= V
M
V
N
< 0 nn V
N
> V
M
: im N c in th cao hn im M. Vy
vn k ch 1,2V v nm (+) ca vn k phi ni vo im N.
3.2.6 Ghp cc ngun in
a) Ghp ni tip
t vn : Cho hai ngun in c sut in ng
1
,
2
, in tr trong r
1
, r
2
mc
ni tip, cp in ra mch ngoi l mt in tr R (hnh 3.20). Tm mt ngun thay
th tng ng vi hai ngun . M rng trong trng hp c n ngun mc ni
tip.
Gii
p dng nh lut Ohm i vi mch kn, ta c
cng dng in qua in tr R l:

1 2
1 2
I
R r r
+
=
+ +

Nu ta thay hai ngun trn bng mt ngun c sut in ng , in tr trong r th
cng dng in qua R l: I '
R r
=
+
. Ngun c gi l tng ng vi
hai ngun
1
v
2
khi v ch khi I = I vi mi gi tr ca R, ngha l:
1 2
1 2 1 2
I
R r r R r r
+
= =
+ + + +
vi mi gi tr ca R.
Suy ra: =
1
+
2
v r = r
1
+ r
2
(3.35)

1
, r
1

2
, r
2

I
Hnh 3.20
R
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

, r

M
N
B A
Hnh 3.19
I
1
I
2
I
M rng: nu c n ngun mc ni tip th sut in ng v in tr trong tng
ng ca b ngun l:
n n
i i
i 1 i 1
; r r
= =
= =

(3.36)
Ch : trong (3.36), nu c mt ngun no mc ngc cc th sut in ng ca
ngun c du m.
H qu: nu c n ngun ging nhau, mi ngun c sut in ng
0
v in tr
trong r
0
th khi ghp ni tip, b ngun ny tng ng vi mt ngun c sut
in ng v in tr trong l:
0 0
n ; r nr = = (3.37)
b) Ghp song song
t vn : Cho hai ngun in sut in ng
1
,
2
in tr trong r
1
, r
2
mc song
song, cp in ra mch ngoi l mt in tr R (hnh 3.21). Tm mt ngun thay
th tng ng vi hai ngun . M rng trong trng hp c n ngun mc song
song.
Gii
Gi s dng in qua cc ngun v qua mch chnh c
m t nh trn hnh 3.21. p dng nh lut Ohm tng
qut cho cc on mch AB cha ngun
1
,
2
v cha R
ta c:
U
AB
=
1
I
1
r
1
(1)
U
AB
=
2
I
2
r
2
(2)
U
AB
= IR (3)
Mt khc: I
1
+ I
2
= I (4)
Rt I
1
, I
2
, I t (1), (2), (3) ri thay vo (4), ta c:

1 AB 2 AB AB
1 2
U U U
r r R

+ = hay:
1 2
AB
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
U
R r r r r
| |
+ + = +
|
\
.
Rt ra:
1 2
1 2
AB
1 2
r r
U
1 1 1
R r r

+
=
+ +
(3.38)
Thay vo (3), ta suy ra c cng dng in qua R l:
1
, r
1

I
Hnh 3.21
R

2
, r
2

A B
I
2
I
1

1 2
AB 1 2
1 2
U r r
I
R
1 1
1 R
r r

+
= =
| |
+ +
|
\
(3.39)
Nu ta thay hai ngun trn bng mt ngun c sut in ng , in tr trong r th
cng dng in qua R l:
r
I '
1
R r
1 R.
r
= =
+
+
(3.40)
Ngun c gi l tng ng vi hai ngun
1
v
2
khi v ch khi I = I vi
mi gi tr ca R. T (3.39) v (3.40) suy ra:

1 2
1 2
1 2
r r r
1 1 1
r r r

= +
= +
(3.41)
Cng thc (3.41) cho php xc nh sut in ng v in tr trong ca mt
ngun in tng ng vi hai ngun mc song song.
M rng: nu c n ngun mc song song th sut in ng v in tr trong r
tng ng ca b ngun c xc nh bi:
n
i
i 1
i
n
i 1
i
r r
1 1
r r
=
=

=
(3.42)
H qu: nu c n ngun ging nhau, mi ngun c sut in ng
0
v in tr
trong r
0
th khi ghp song song, b ngun ny tng ng vi mt ngun c sut
in ng v in tr trong l:

0
0
r
r
n
=
(3.43)
T (3.37) v (3.43) suy rng ra, trong trng hp cc ngun ging nhau, ghp
thnh n dy song song, trong mi dy c m ngun ni tip (ghp hn hp i
xng) th sut in ng v in tr trong tng ng ca b ngun l:

0
0
m
mr
r
n
=
(3.44)
V d 3.7: C 15 pin ging nhau, mi pin c sut in ng 12V, in tr trong
3. Hi c bao nhiu cch ghp cc pin ny thnh mt b hn hp i xng? Tnh
sut in ng v in tr trong tng ng ca b ngun trong mi cch ghp
.
Gii
Gi s cc pin c mc thnh n dy song song, mi dy c m pin ni tip. Sut
in ng ca b ngun c tnh theo (3.44). Do m v n l cc s nguyn dng
nn ta c bn trng hp sau:
S dy song
song: n
1 3 5 15
S pin mt
dy: m
15 5 3 1
Sut in
ng ca b
ngun:
0
m =
180V 60V 36V 12V
in tr
trong ca b
ngun:
0
mr
r
n
=
45 5 1,8 0,2
3.3 PHNG TRNH LIN TC CA DNG IN
Xt mt mt kn (S) trong mi trng c mt dng in j
(hnh 3.22). in
lng di chuyn qua mt kn (S) trong mt n v thi gian l:
(S)
j d S

. Gi q l
in tch cha trong mt kn (S) th theo nh lut bo ton in tch, ta c:

(S)
dq
j d S
dt

=

(3.45)

Theo quy c, php tuyn ti mi im ca mt kn (S) lun hng ra ngoi. Do
1
j dS 0

> v
2
j dS 0

< . Mt khc,
theo hnh 3.22, ti dS
1
dng in i
ra khi mt kn (S) v ti dS
2
, dng
in i vo mt kn (S). V vy, cn
c vo du ca
(S)
j d S

ta c th
bit c chiu bin thin ca in
tch q trong mt kn (S). C th, nu
(S)
j d S

> 0 th in lng i ra
khi mt (S) ln hn in lng i
vo, do in lng q cha trong
mt kn (S) s gim v
dq
0
dt
< ;
ngc li, nu
(S)
j d S

< 0 th in lng i vo (S) s ln hn in lng i ra
khi (S), khi
dq
0
dt
> .
Tm li, phng trnh (3.45) tr thnh:
(S)
dq
j d S
dt

=

(3.46)
Gi l mt in tch th q =
V
dV
v
V V
dq d
dV dV
dt dt t
| |

= =
|

\

Vn dng nh l Gauss trong ton hc, bin tch phn mt v tch phn khi, ta c:
(S) (V)
j d S div jdV

=

. Do (3.46) tr thnh:
V V
div jdV dV
t

.
Biu thc ny ng vi mi th tch V.
V th ta c: div j hay div j 0
t t

= + =

(3.47)
(3.47) din t nh lut bo ton in tch dng vi phn, n cn c gi l
phng trnh lin tc ca dng in.
dS
1
dS
2
Hnh 3.22
(S)

Trong trng hp dng in khng i (dng dng) th 0
t
, ta c:
div j 0
= (3.48)
Phng trnh (3.48) cho bit, vi bt k mt kn (S) no trong mi trng c dng
dng th trong cng mt khong thi gian, in lng i vo (S) lun bng in
lng i ra khi (S).
3.4 QUY TC KIRCHHOFF
tm c cng dng in trong cc nhnh ca mt mch in phc tp, ta
c th vn dng cc nh lut c tnh cht tng qut v dng in l nh lut
Ohm v nh lut Kirchhoff. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff thc cht ch l h qu ca
nh lut Ohm tng qut v nh lut bo ton in tch, nn gi chnh xc l
nhng quy tc Kirchhoff .
3.4.1 Cc khi nim
Mch phn nhnh l mch in gm nhiu nhnh, mi nhnh c mt hay nhiu
phn t (ngun, in tr, my thu, ) mc ni tip. Trong mi nhnh, dng in
chy theo mt chiu vi cng xc nh. Ni chung, dng in trong cc nhnh
khc nhau th khc nhau.
Nt mng l ch ni ca cc u nhnh giao im ca ba nhnh tr ln.
Vng kn (mt mng) l tp hp cc nhnh lin tip to thnh ng khp kn trong
mch in.
3.4.2 Cc qui tc Kirchhoff
a) Quy tc th nht (v nt mng): Tng dng in i ti mt nt mng bt k
bng tng dng in i ra khi nt mng :
in out
I I =

(3.49)
Quy tc ny c suy ra t nh lut bo ton in tch.
b) Quy tc th hai (v mt mng): Trong mt mt mng bt k, tng i s cc sut
in ng v cc gim th trn cc in tr lun bng khng:

i i i
I R 0 + =

(3.50)
Trong (3.50), ta quy c v du nh sau: Chn mt chiu i ty . Theo chiu i
, nu gp cc dng ca ngun no trc th sut in ng ca ngun mang
du dng; nu i cng chiu dng in ca nhnh no th cng dng in

ca nhnh mang du dng. Tri li chng mang du m. (3.50) chnh l h
qu ca nh lut Ohm tng qut.
3.4.3 Vn dng quy tc Kirchhoff phn gii mch in
Vn dng quy tc Kirchhoff phn gii mch in, ta tin hnh tun t cc bc
sau:
1. Gi nh chiu cho dng in trong mi nhnh, gi thit cch mc cc ca cc
ngun cha bit. T xc nh s n s phi tm. Nu c N n s, phi thit
lp N phng trnh c lp.
2. Thnh lp h phng trnh Kirchhoff:
- Vit cc phng trnh cho nt mng: Nu c m nt, ta vit (m 1) phng
trnh (v nu vit m phng trnh th phng trnh cui cng s l h qu
ca cc phng trnh trc).
- Vit cc phng trnh cho mt mng: Cn li [N (m 1)] phng trnh
cho cc mt mng. cc phng trnh c lp nhau th mi mt mng
sau phi cha t nht mt nhnh mi. Thng ta vit cho cc mt mng
n gin nht.
3. Gii h N phng trnh v bin lun kt qu: Nu nghim I hoc sut in
ng mang du dng th chiu hoc cch mc ca n trng vi gi nh ban
u; tri li th ngc vi chiu gi nh ban u.
V d 3.8: Cho mch in nh
hnh 3.23, trong cc ngun c
sut in ng
1
= 8V,
3
= 5V;
R
1
= 2, R
2
= 4, R
3
= 3; b
qua in tr ca cc dy ni v
in tr trong ca cc ngun in.
Phi mc ngun
2
c sut in
ng bao nhiu v mc nh th
no vo hai im A, B ampe
k ch 1A v dng in qua ampe
k c chiu t M n N ?
Gii :
Gi s cc dng ca ngun
2
mc vo im A v dng in trong cc nhnh c
chiu nh trn hnh 3.24. Bi ton c 3 n s l I
1
, I
3
v
2
, vy ta cn lp 3 phng
trnh.
C 2 nt mng M v N, nn ta vit c 1 phng trnh cho nt: I
1
+ I
2
= I
3

hay I
3
I
1
= 1 (1)

R
1
R
2
N

1
Hnh 3.23
A
A B

3
M
R
3
Chn chiu i ngc chiu kim ng h, ta vit c hai phng trnh cho hai mt
(1) v (2) :
1
+
2
I
1
R
1
+ I
2
R
2
= 0
hay 8 +
2
2I
1
+ 4 = 0 (2)

2
+
3
I
2
R
2
I
3
R
3
= 0
hay
2
+ 5 4 3I
3
= 0 (3)
Gii (1), (2), (3) ta c:
2
= + 1,6V ;
I
1
= 1,2A ; I
3
= 0,2A .
Vy: ngun
2
= 1,6V, mc nh
gi thit ban u: cc (+) ni vo
A, cc m ni vo B; dng I
1
= 1,2A; dng I
3
= 0,2A v c chiu ngc vi chiu
trn hnh 3.24.
3.5 NH LUT JOULE LENZ
Dng in chy qua vt dn lm vt dn nng ln. l tc dng nhit ca dng
in. Nhit lng ta ra c xc nh bi nh lut Joule Lenz:
Nhit lng ta ra trn mt on mch t l thun vi bnh phng cng dng
in, vi in tr ca on mch v thi gian dng in chy qua.
Q = I
2
Rt (3.51)
3.6 CNG V CNG SUT CA DNG IN
Dng in chy qua mt on mch no s sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in
sinh ra trn on mch MN chnh l cng ca lc in trng lm di chuyn in
tch q gia hai im .
Ta c A
MN
= qU
MN
, thay q = It, ta c: A = UIt (3.52)
Cng sut ca dng in trn on mch MN l:
A
P UI
t
= = (3.53)
Trong (3.52) v (3.53) th U l in p hai u mch v I l cng dng in
qua mch.
Trong h SI, n v o cng l jun (J), n v o cng sut l ot (W). Trong thc
t, ngi ta cn dng n v kil ot gi (kWh) o in nng hay cng ca dng
in. Ta c: 1kWh = 10
3
w x 3600s = 3,6.10
6
(J).

R
1
R
2
N

1
Hnh 3.24
A
A B

3
M
R
3
+ -

2

I
1
I
3
I
2
(1)
(2)

* i vi on mch thun tr: ta c U = IR, do cng sut l:

2
2
U
P I R
R
= = (3.54)
* i vi on mch ch cha my thu: My thu in l thit b d tr in nng
nh pin, acqui ang c sc in (hnh 3.25). T nh lut Ohm tng qut suy ra
U
MN
= + Ir. Do cng sut tiu th ca my thu l:
P = I + I
2
r (4.55)
S hng I chnh l cng sut chuyn ho in
nng thng dng nng lng khc (v d ha
nng); cn s hng I
2
r chnh l cng sut ta nhit
trn my thu. Trong trng hp ny, cn c
gi l sut phn in ca my thu in.
* i vi mch kn: Ngun in cung cp nng
lng cho mch ngoi hot ng, ng thi dng
in trong mch cng lm ngun in nng ln
(ta nhit trn ngun). Do cng sut ca dng in sinh ra trong ton mch kn
l:
P = UI + I
2
r = I
2
(R + r) (3.56)
3.7 CNG SUT V HIU SUT CA NGUN IN
Xt mch kn nh hnh 3.26. Trng lc l sinh cng
bm dng in chy trong mch. Cng ca
ngun in chnh l cng ca trng lc l v cng ny
chuyn ho thnh cng ca dng in. Do , cng
sut ca ngun in bng cng sut ca dng in
trong ton mch:
P
n
= P
ton mch
= UI + I
2
r = I
2
(R + r)
M theo nh lut Ohm mch kn: I
R r
=
+

Do cng sut ca ngun in l:
n
P I = (3.57)
Vy, cng sut ca mt ngun in bng tch sut in ng ca ngun vi cng
dng in qua ngun .
Khi ngun pht in, mt phn nng lng ca ngun cung cp cho mch ngoi
hot ng nng lng ny l c ch; mt phn nng lng chuyn thnh nhit
lm nng ngun (do ngun c in tr ni) nng lng ny l v ch. Gi P
n
l
cng sut ca ngun in, P
hi
l cng sut hu ch th t s
M N
-
+
r ,
Hnh 3.25: on mch ch
cha my thu

R
I
, r
Hnh 3.26: S
mch kn n gin
hi
n
P
H
P
= (3.58)
c gi l hiu sut ca ngun in.
Ta c:
2 2
hi n
n n
P P I r I I r Ir R
H
P P I R r

= = = = =
+
(3.59)
T (3.59) suy ra, hiu sut ca ngun in cng cao khi in tr ni r ca ngun
cng nh.
Vn t ra by gi l vi mt ngun in c sut in ng v in tr trong r
cho trc th n c th cp ra mch ngoi mt cng sut ti a l bao nhiu? Kho
st vn ny, ta thit lp mch kn nh hnh 3.26. Cng sut m ngun pht ra
chnh l cng sut tiu th mch ngoi:
P = I
2
R =
2
2
2
2
)
R
r
R (
R .
) r R (
+
=
+
(3.60)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy:
r
R 2 r
R
+ , du = khi R = r.
Do :
r 4
P
2
(3.61)
Vy, cng sut ln nht m ngun c th pht ra mch ngoi l:

r 4
P
2
max
= (3.62)
khi in tr mch ngoi bng vi in tr trong ca ngun in.
Cng thc (3.62) cho php ta c tnh s
ngun t nht c th cung cp cho mt
mch hot ng bnh thng. V d, phi
dng t nht bao nhiu pin loi (6V 1)
c th thp sng bnh thng bng n (6V
24W)? tr li cu hi ny, trc tin ta
tnh cng sut ln nht m mi pin c th
cung cp l
2 2
max
6
P 9W
4r 4.1
= = = . M n
sng bnh thng th n phi tiu th cng
sut 24W. Vy s pin khng th nh hn 3.
S bin thin cng sut P m ngun cp ra
R
P
2
max
P
4r
=
0 r
Hnh 3.27: Cng sut tiu
th ca mch ngoi bin
thin theo gi tr R
P
R
1
R
2

mch ngoi c biu din trn th hnh 3.27. Theo ta nhn thy:
- Khi gi tr in tr R ca mch ngoi tng t 0 n r th cng sut tng t 0
n gi tr cc i, ri gim dn n 0 khi R rt ln.
- Lun c hai gi tr in tr R
1
, R
2
ca mch ngoi cng tiu th cng mt
cng sut P < P
max
. Hai gi tr chnh l nghim ca phng trnh (3.60). D
dng ta chng minh c:
2
1 2
R .R r = (3.63)
V d 3.9: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.28, trong
ngun in c sut in ng = 12V, in tr trong r
= 3; in tr R
1
= 1 v in tr R thay i c.
a) Tm R cng sut tiu th ca mch ngoi t gi
tr cc i; tnh gi tr cc i v tnh hiu sut ca
ngun in kh .
b) Tm R cng sut tiu th trn R l cc i, tnh
ga tr cc i .
c) Tm R bit cng sut tiu th ca mch ngoi l 9W.
Gii
a) Cng sut tiu th ca mch ngoi t gi tr cc i khi in tr mch ngoi
bng in tr trong ca ngun in: R + R
1
= r.
Do : R

= r R
1
= 3 1 = 2.
Cng sut cc i m mch ngoi tiu th l:
2 2
max
12
P 12W
4r 4.3
= = = .
Hiu sut ca ngn in khi :
R r
H 0, 5 50%
R r 2r
= = = =
+
.
b) Cng sut tiu th ca R:

2 2 2
2
R 2
2 1
1 1
P I R .R
R r
(R R r) 4(R r)
( R )
R

= = =
+
+ + +
+

Do , gi tr ln nht
2 2
Rmax
1
12
P 9W
4(R r) 4.4
= = =
+
khi R = R
1
+ r

= 4.
c) Khi cng sut ca mch ngoi l 9W, ta c:
2 2
2 1
1 2 2
1
(R R ) 12 .(R 1)
P I (R R ) 9
(R R r) (R 4)
+ +
= + = =
+ + +
hay
2
R 8R 0 = .
Suy ra R = 8.
Vy, khi R = 8 th cng sut tiu th mch ngoi l 9W.

R
1
Hnh 3.28
R
I
, r
3.8 PHN GII MT S MCH IN
3.8.1 Vn dng nh lut Ohm v quy tc Kirchhoff
Mi bi ton v mch in u c phn gii da vo nh lut Ohm v quy tc
Kirchhoff, nh trnh by trong mc 3.4.3. Sau y l mt v d minh ha thm
cho iu .
V d 3.10: Cho s mch in nh hnh 3.10. Bit
1
= 25V,
2
= 16V, r
1
= r
2
=
2; R
1
= R
2
= 10, R
3
= R
4
= 5, R
5
= 8. Tnh cng dng in qua mi
nhnh v cc hiu in th U
AB
, U
AN
, U
BN
.
Gii
Gi s dng in trong cc nhnh c chiu nh hnh v. Ta c 6 n s l I
1
, I
2
, ..., I
6

nn phi thit lp 6 phng trnh c lp.
Ln lt vit cc phng trnh cho nt A, B, M ta c:
I
6
= I
1
+ I
5

hay I
1
+ I
5
I
6
= 0 (1)
I
2
+ I
5
= I
4

hay I
2
+ I
5
I
4
= 0 (2)
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

hay I
1
I
2
I
3
= 0 (3)
Chn chiu i l chiu kim ng h,
ln lt vit cc phng trnh cho mt
(1), (2), (3) ta c:

2
+ I
1
R
1
+ I
3
R
3
+ I
6
r
2
= 0 hay 16 + 10I
1
+ 5I
3
+2I
6
= 0 (4)
I
2
R
2
+ I
4
R
4
I
3
R
3
= 0 hay 10I
2
+ 5I
4
5I
3
= 0 (5)

1
+
2
I
5
(R
5
+ r
1
) I
6
r
2
I
4
R
4
= 0 hay 41 10I
5
2I
6
5I
4
= 0 (6)
T (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) ta c h 6 phng trnh. gii h ny ta c thit lp
mt ma trn 6 dng 7 ct, ri dng cc php bin i s cp a v dng ma trn
bc thang. T tm c nghim ca h phng trnh:
I
1
= 0,5A; I
2
= 0,5A; I
3
= 1A; I
4
= 2A; I
5
= 2,5A; I
6
= 3A
(dng in I
2
c chiu ngc vi chiu chn)
Vn dng nh lut Ohm tng qut, ta tnh c cc hiu in th:

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
2
, r
2

A

B

M

N

1
, r
1

I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
Hnh 3.29
(1)
(2)
(3)

AB 1 5 1 5
U I (r R ) 25 2, 5.(2 8) 0 V = + + = + + = ;
AN 2 6 2
U I r 16 3.2 10 V = = = ;
BN 4 4
U I R 2.5 10 V = = = .
3.8.2 Mch tam gic sao
Vic vn dng cc quy tc Kirchhoff gii mch in, i khi dn n gii mt
h rt ln cc phng trnh. Trong mt s trng hp, chng ta c th dng cc
phng php bin i mch tng ng trc khi vn dng cc quy tc Kirchhoff
gim bt s lng cc phng trnh. Mt trong nhng php bin mch tng
ng l chuyn mch t dng hnh sao sang hnh tam gic v ngc li.
Mt mch in c dng nh hnh 3.30a) gi l mch tam gic (), nh hnh 3.30b)
l mch sao (Y). Trong mt s trng hp ta phi chuyn i qua li gia hai mch
ny. Mun vy chng phi tng ng nhau, ngha l in tr ca hai nt bt k
trong hai s phi bng nhau.
Ta c:
C A B
A B
A B C
AB/ AB/ Y
B A C
AC/ AC/ Y A C
A B C
BC/ BC/ Y
A B C
B C
A B C
R (R R )
r r
R R R
R R
R (R R )
R R r r
R R R
R R
R (R R )
r r
R R R
+
= +
+ +
=

+
= = +

+ +

=

+
= +
+ +
(3.64)
(3.64) din t quan h gia cc in tr ca mch tam gic v mch sao tng
ng. Nu cho trc ba in tr ca mch ny, ta s tm c ba in tr ca
mch kia.
Gi s ba in tr ca mch () bit, tm ba in tr ca mch (Y) tng
ng, gii h phng trnh (3.64), ta c:
B C
A
R
A
R
B
R
C
a)
B C
A
O
r
A
r
B
r
C
b)
Hnh 3.30: a) mch tam gic; b) mch sao.

B C
A
A B C
C A
B
A B C
A B
C
A B C
R R
r
R R R
R R
r
R R R
R R
r
R R R
+ +
+ +
+ +
(3.65)
Trng hp c bit: Nu R
A
= R
B
= R
C
= R
0
th r
A
= r
B
= r
C
=
0
R
3
(3.66)
3.8.3 Mch cu
Nu on mch AB c dng nh hnh
3.31 th ta gi l mch cu. Gi s cc
gi tr in tr bit, ta phi tnh cng
dng in qua in tr R
5
theo cng
mch chnh I.
Chn chiu dng in trong mi nhnh
nh trong hnh 3.32. Ln lt p dng
quy tc Kirchhoff th nht cho cc nt
A, B, M ta c:
I
2
= I I
1
(1)
I
4
= I I
3
(2)
I
1
= I
3
+ I
5
(3)
p dng quy tc Kirchhoff th hai cho
cc mt mng (1) v (2) ta c:
I
2
R
2
I
5
R
5
I
1
R
1
= 0 (4)
I
5
R
5
+ I
4
R
4
I
3
R
3
= 0 (5)
Thay (1), (2), (3) vo (4) v (5) ta c h phng trnh:
3 5 2 5 5 3 5 1
5 5 3 4 3 3
(I I I )R I R (I I )R 0
I R (I I )R I R 0
+ =
+ =

hay
3 1 2 5 1 2 5 2
3 3 4 5 5 4
I (R R ) I (R R R ) IR
I (R R ) I R IR
+ + + + =
+ =
(6)
Gii (6) ta tm c cng dng in qua in tr R
5
l:
R
1
Hnh 3.31: Mch cu

R
3
R
4
R
2
R
5
B

A

M

N

I

R
1
Hnh 3.32

R
3
R
4
R
2
R
5
B

A

M

N

I
1
I
3
I
4
I
2
I

(1)
(2)
I
5

2 3 1 4
5
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
R R R R
I I
(R R )(R R ) R (R R R R )
=
+ + + + + +
(3.67)
Gi tr ca dng in qua nhnh cu R
5
ph thuc vo quan h gia cc gi tr ca
cc in tr khc trong mch. T kt qu (3.67), ta a ra cch gii bi ton mch
cu nh sau:
a) Trng hp 1
Nu R
2
R
3
R
1
R
4
= 0 hay
3 1
2 4
R R
R R
= (3.68)
th I
5
= 0 v in th V
M
= V
N
. Ta ni mch cu ang trng thi cn bng v
(3.68) c gi l iu kin cn bng ca mch cu.
Trng hp ny ta c th bin i mch cu v cc mch n gin nh sau: hoc l
b R
5
ra khi mch in v c s nh hnh (3.33); hoc l chp M vi N
c s nh hnh (3.34). Vi cc s (3.33) hoc (3.34), vic phn gii l
n gin, bn c t lm tip.
b) Trng hp 2:
5
4
2
1
R
R
R
R
, mch cu khng cn bng.
Ta c th bin i ba nt A, M, N t dng mc
tam gic sang mc hnh sao v do , mch
cu c a v dng nh hnh 3.35, trong
r
A
, r
M
, r
N
lin h vi R
1
, R
2
, R
5
bi (3.65). Vic
phn gii mch (3.35) cng rt n gin, bn
c t lm tip.
V d 3.11: Cho mch cu nh s hnh
3.31, trong R
1
= 10, R
2
= 20, R
3
= 4,
R
4
= 60, R
5
= 10, U
AB
= 12V. Tnh in tr trng ng ca on mch AB,
cng dng in qua mi in tr.
Gii
R
1
Hnh 3.33

R
3
R
4
R
2
B

A

M

N

I

R
1
Hnh 3.34

R
3
R
4
R
2
B

A

I

M
N

r
M
Hnh 3.35
R
3
R
4
r
N
B

A

O

M

N

r
A
D thy mch cu khng cn bng. Ta chuyn mch v s hnh 3.35.
Ta c:
1 2
A
1 2 5
R R 10.20
r 5
R R R 10 20 10
= = =
+ + + +

1 5
M
1 2 5
R R 10.10
r 2, 5
R R R 10 20 10
= = =
+ + + +

5 2
N
1 2 5
R R 10.20
r 5
R R R 10 20 10
= = =
+ + + +

Vi s hnh (3.5) ta c:

M 3 N 4
OB
M 3 N 4
(r R )(r R ) (2, 5 4)(5 60) 65
R 5, 91
r R r R 2, 5 4 5 60 11
+ + + +
= = =
+ + + + + +

R
AB
= r
A
+ R
OB
= 5 + 5,91 = 10,91.
Cng dng in qua r
A
:
AB
AB
U 12
I 1,1A
R 10, 91
= = =
Hiu in th gia hai im O, B:
OB OB
U IR 1,1.5, 91 6, 5V = = =
Cng dng in qua R
3
:
OB
3
M 3
U 6, 5
I 1A
r R 2, 5 4
= = =
+ +

Cng dng in qua R
4
:
OB
4
N 4
U 6, 5
I 0,1A
r R 5 60
= = =
+ +

Hiu in th gia hai im A, M: U
AM
= Ir
A
+ I
3
r
M
= 1,1.5 + 1.2,5 = 8V
Cng dng in qua R
1
:
AM
1
1
U 8
I 0, 8A
R 10
= = =
Hiu in th gia hai im A, N: U
AN
= Ir
A
+ I
4
r
N
= 1,1.5 + 0,1.5 = 6V
Cng dng in qua R
2
:
AN
2
2
U 6
I 0, 3A
R 20
= = =
Hiu in th gia hai im M,N:
U
MN
= U
MA
+ U
AN
= U
AM
+ U
AN
= 8 + 6 = 2V

iu ny chng t im N cao th hn im M v dng in qua R
5
c chiu t N
in M.
Cng dng in qua R
5
:
NM
5
5
U 2
I 0, 2A
R 10
= = =
3.8.4 o in tr bng cu Wheatstone
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca mch cu l o
in tr. o gi tr ca in tr R
x
, ta mc
thnh mch cu Wheatstone nh hnh 3.36, trong
R
0
l in tr mu bit gi tr, AB l mt
on dy dn ng cht tit din u, G l mt
in k hoc ampe k. Di chuyn con chy C trt
t t trn on AB, ta s xc nh c v tr m
ti in k ch s khng. Lc ny mch cu
ang cn bng, ta c t s:
0 x
AC BC
R R
R R
= hay
AC
x 0
BC
R
R R
R
=
Do dy dn AB l ng cht, tit din u nn in tr R
AC
v R
BC
t l thun vi
chiu di ca chng. Do ta c:
AC
x 0 0
BC
R AC
R R R
R BC
= = (3.69)
o chiu di AC, BC ta s tnh c R
x
.
V d 3.12: Dng mch cu Wheatstone nh hnh 3.36 o in tr R
x
. Bit R
0
=
60, dy AB di 100cm. Dch chuyn con chy C n khi in k G ch s khng,
o khong cch AC = 40cm. Tnh gi tr ca R
x
.
Gii
Thit lp iu kin cn bng ca mch cu, ta rt ra cng thc 3.39. T tnh
c gi tr
x 0
AC 40
R R 60. 60
BC 100 40
= = =
.
R
X

B

, r
+
-
I
A
G
C
R
0

Hnh 3.36: o in tr
bng cu Wheatstone
A
B
C
D
Hnh 3.38
BI TP
B3.1 Mt dy ng cht, in tr sut l , tit
din u S, c un thnh mch in hnh
ch nht cnh a, b, ng cho BC nh hnh
3.37. Tnh in tr ca mch in khi:
a) Dng in vo C, ra B.
b) Dng in vo C ra D.
c) Dng in vo A, ra D.
d) Xt li cc trng hp trn khi a = b.
B3.2 Cho s mch in nh hnh 3.38, mi in tr
c gi tr R. Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch
theo R khi:
a) Dng in vo A ra C.
b) Dng in vo A ra B.
c) Dng in vo B ra D.
theo R khi:
a) Dng in vo A ra C.
c) Dng in vo A ra O.
theo R khi:
a) Dng in vo A ra D.
c) Dng in vo B ra C.
B3.5 Cho on mch nh hnh 3.41. Tnh in th
ti im P
1
, P
2
trc v sau khi t mch ti P.
B3.6 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.42: E
1
= 3V, E
2

= 12V, R
1
= 4, r
1
= r
2
= 1, R
2
= 3. Tnh
gim th hai u cc in tr R
1
, R
2
v
hiu in th gia hai im PQ.
B3.7 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.43: E = 12V, r =
2, R
V
rt ln, R
1
= 8, R
2
= 16, R
3
= 2.
Tnh s ch ca vn k khi R
4
= 4 v khi R
4

= 10.
A
C
B
D
b
a
Hnh 3.37
A
B
O
C
D
Hnh 3.39

C
A D
* *
B
Hnh 3.40

P
P
2
P
1
+
-
24V
6
9
2
1
3
Hnh 3.41

B3.8 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.44: E = 9V, r = 2,1, R
A
= 0, R
1
= 6, R
2
= 15,
R
3
= 4; Tnh s ch ca ampe k khi R
4
= 10 v khi R
4
= 15.
B3.9 Cho mch in nh hnh
3.45, trong : E
1
= 3V, r
1

= 1, E
2
= 6V, r
2
= 1, R
1

= R
2
= 5. R
A
= 0. Tnh
s ch ca ampe k. o
cc ngun E
1
, tm li s
ch ca ampe k.
B3.10 Cho mch in nh
hnh 3.46: E
1
= 3V, r
1
= 1, E
2
= 6V, r
2
= 1,
R
1
= R
2
= 5, R
V
rt ln. Tnh s ch ca vn
k. o cc ngun E
1
, tm li s ch ca vn
k.
B3.11 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.47: E
1
= 9V, E
2

= 3V, r
1
= r
2
= 1, R = 2. Tnh cng
dng in qua cc nhnh v hiu in th gia
hai im A, B. Tm li k qu trn, nu o cc
ngun E
1
.
B3.12 Hnh 3.48 l s o in tr bng cu
Wheatstone. R
0
l mt in tr mu bit,
R
x
l in tr cn o, AB l mt thanh kim
loi ng cht, tit in u. Di chuyn con
chy C n khi in k G ch s 0, o chiu
di AC = 20cm; BC = 40cm. Tnh R
x
, bit R
0

= 10.
B3.13 Cn ghp t nht bao nhiu ngun loi
6V, 1 v ghp nh th no thp sng
bnh thng mt bng n 6V 24W?
B3.14 Acqui c sut in ng 12V, in tr
A

E
1
, r
1

E

2

,

r
2

R
1

R
2

Hnh 3.45
A
B
V

E
1
, r
1

E

2

,

r
2

R
1

R
2

Hnh 3.46
R

E
2
, r
2
E
1
, r
1
B

A

Hnh 3.47

E ,r
G
A
B
C
R
0
R
x
Hnh 3.48
Hnh 3.44

E, r
R
1
R
2

R
4
R
3

A
Hnh 3.43

E, r
R
1
R
2

R
4
R
3

V
E
2

r
2

E
1

r
1

R
1
R
2
*
*
P

Q
Hnh 3.42
trong 3 th c th thp sng bnh thng ti a bao nhiu n loi 6V 3W,
mc chng nh th no?
B3.15 Mt acqui c sut in ng 24V, in tr trong 6, dng thp sng
bnh thng 6 bng n loi 6V 3W. Hi phi mc cc n nh th no
chng sng bnh thng? Cch mc no c hiu sut cao nht.
B3.16 C 10 pin ging nhau, mi pin c sut in ng 3V, in tr trong 1,
ghp thnh b hn hp i xng cp in ra mch ngoi l mt in tr R =
2,5. Xc nh cch ghp b ngun pht ra mch ngoi dng in ln nht.
Tnh cng dng in .
B3.17 Ghp song song R
1
= 2 v R
2
= 8 ri mc ni tip chng vi in tr
R
x
sau mc chng vo mt ngun in c sut in ng E = 12V v in
tr trong r = 4. a) Tnh R
x
cng sut to nhit mch ngoi l ln nht.
Tnh gi tr ln nht . b) Tnh R
x
cng sut to nhit trn R
x
l ln nht.
Tnh gi tr ln nht .
CU HI TRC NGHIM
Kin thc ct li
3.1 Chn pht biu SAI:
A) Dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in.
B) Dng in khng i l dng in c chiu v cng khng i theo thi
gian.
C) Dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc electron t
do.
D) Chiu ca dng in l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in.
3.2 n v o cng dng in trong h SI l:
A) coulomb (C). B) ampe (A).
C) vn (V). D) ampe trn mt vung (A/m
2
).
3.3 n v o mt dng in trong h SI l:
A) coulomb (C). B) ampe (A).
C) vn (V). D) ampe trn mt vung (A/m
2
).
3.4 n ng (n neon) pht sng l do cc phn t kh b ion ho thnh cc ion
+
,
ion

v electron; cc in tch ny chuyn ng v cc in cc, trn ng i
chng ti hp vi nhau, va chm vi nguyn t, phn t kh, vi cht hunh
quang trn thnh trong ca n ng v pht sng. Gi s trong qu trnh ion
ho do va chm, ch sinh ra cc ion mt in tch. Tnh cng dng in
qua n, bit rng c mi giy c 1,1.10
18
ion
+
ng thi c 3,1.10
18
ion
v
electron v n cc in cc.
A) 0,18A B) 0,32A C) 0,5A D) 0,68A


3.5 Trong 5 giy, c in lng 2C chuyn qua tit din thng ca dy dn. Tnh
gi tr trung bnh ca cng dng in trong dy dn.
A) 2,5 A. B) 0,4 A. C) 10 A. D) 0 A.
3.6 Mt dng in khng i I = 10A chy qua mt dy dn. Tnh in lng
chuyn qua dy dn trong 5 pht.
A) 50 C. B) 3000 C. C) 30 C. D) 0,5 C.
3.7 Mt dng in khng i I = 10A chy qua dy dn c tit din thng 2mm
2
.
Tnh mt dng in trung bnh qua dy dn.
A) 5 A/m
2
. B) 20 A/mm
2
. C) 5 A/mm
2
. D) 0,2 A/mm
2
.
3.8 Cu ch c dy ch tit din ngang 2mm
2
s b t khi dng in qua n l bao
nhiu, nu mt dng in gii hn ca ch l 450A/cm
2
?
A) 5 A B) 9 A C) 10 A D) 12A
3.9 Cu ch s b t ngay khi mt dng in qua dy ch l 450A/cm
2
. Mt
ng c in c dng gii hn l 9A. Hi phi dng dy ch c ng knh bao
nhiu bo v ng c?
A) 2,25 mm B) 1,6 mm C) 2 mm D) 2,5 mm
3.10 Hai cun dy dn ng cht, tit din dy cun 1 ln gp 2 ln tit din dy
cun 2. in tr ca cun 1 l R
1
= 10 v cun 2 l R
2
= 15. Tnh chiu
di mi cun dy, bit chng hn km nhau 20m.
A)
1
= 60 m;
2
= 80 m B)
1
= 80m;
2
= 60m
C)
1
= 40 m;
2

= 20 m D)
1
= 20 m
2
= 40 m
3.11 Hai in tr R
1
= 20, R
2
= 30 ghp ni tip. in tr tng ng ca
chng l bao nhiu?
A) 50. B) 12. C) 10. D) 25.
3.12 Hai in tr R
1
= 20, R
2
= 30 ghp song song. in tr tng ng ca
chng l bao nhiu?
A) 50. B) 12. C) 120. D) 10.
3.13 Hai in tr R
1
= 20, R
2
= 30 ghp ni tip vo ngun in U = 24V. Tnh
in p U
1
, U
2
hai u R
1
, R
2
.
A) U
1
= U
2
= 12V. B) U
1
= 9,6V; U
2
= 14,4V.
C) U
1
= 14,4V; U
2
= 9,6V. D) U
1
= U
2
= 24V.
3.14 Hai in tr R
1
= 20, R
2
= 30 ghp song song vo ngun in U = 24V.
Tnh cng dng in I
1
, I
2
qua R
1
, R
2
.
A) I
1
= I
2
= 0,48A. B) I
1
= 1,2A; I
2
= 0,8A.
C) I
1
= 0,8A; I
2
= 1,2A. D) I
1
= I
2
= 2A.
3.15 C 5 in tr ging nhau, mi in tr c gi tr 10, ghp thnh mch cu.
Tnh in tr ca mch cu .
A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 7,5
3.16 Tnh in tr ca 100m dy dn ng cht, tit din ngang 1mm
2
, in tr
sut 1,6.10
8
m
A) 1,6 . B) 1,6.10
6

. C) 16 . D) 0,16 .

3.17 Mt dy dn ng cht, tit din ngang 2mm
2
, c dng in I = 16A chy qua.
Tnh vn tc ca chuyn ng c hng ca cc electron trong dy dn. Gi s
rng, mt electron t do trong dy dn l 2.10
22
ht/cm
3
.
A) 2,5 m/s. B) 2,5 cm/s. C) 2,5 mm/s. D) 5 mm/s.
3.18 Ngun in c sut in ng 12V c th cung cp mt dng in ln nht l
15A. Tnh in tr trong ca ngun.
A) 0,8 B) 1,25 C) 0,5 D) 1,5
3.19 Pin c sut in ng 1,5V, in tr trong 1 th c th cung cp mt dng
in c cng ln nht bao nhiu?
A) 0,5A B) 1A C) 1,5A D) 2A
Xt on mch nh hnh 3.49. Bit: R = 8; r = 2; E = 6V; I = 2A. Tr li cc
cu 3.20 3.24.
3.20 Cng sut ca dng in trn on mch
AB l:
A) 52W B) 40W
C) 12W D) 32W
3.21 Hiu in th U
AB
l:
A) 10V B) 6V C) 16V D) 20V
3.22 Ngun in ang pht hay thu cng sut bao nhiu?
A) Pht cng sut P = 12W. B) Thu cng sut P = 12W.
C) Pht cng sut P = 20W. D) Thu cng sut P = 20W.
3.23 Cng sut ta nhit ca on mch AB l:
A) 40W B) 52W C) 32W D) 8W
3.24 Cng sut to nhit trn ngun l:
A) 12W B) 40W C) 8W D) 20W
3.25 Dng in c cng I = 1A ang np vo acqui c sut phn in E = 3V,
in tr trong l r. Hiu in th gia hai cc ca acqui l U
AB
= 4V. B qua
in tr dy dn. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca acqui.
A) 4W B) 3W C) 2W D) 7 W
3.26 Mt acqui c dung lng 12Ah. Gi s ban u acqui cha c in, ngi ta
np in cho acqui vi dng in khng i I = 2A. Hi sau bao lu acqui s
no in?
A) 6 h B) 12 h C) 24 h D) 3 h
3.27 Mt acqui c dung lng 12Ah. Gi s ban u acqui no in, cho acqui
phng in qua mt bin tr vi dng in khng i I = 0,5A. Hi sau bao lu
acqui s ht in?

E ,

r
R
I
A
B
+ -
Hnh 3.49

A) 6 h B) 12 h C) 24 h D) 48 h
3.28 Mt acqui c sut in ng E = 12V, in tr trong r = 3 th n c kh
nng pht ra mch ngoi mt cng sut cc i l:
A) 9W B) 12W C) 48W D) 4W
3.29 Mt acqui c sut in ng E, in tr trong 4, pht in ra mch ngoi l
mt bin tr R. Khi R = R
1
v R = R
2
th cng sut mch ngoi l bng nhau.
Tnh R
2
, bit R
1
= 2.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16
3.30 C 20 pin ging nhau, mi pin c sut in ng 12V, in tr trong 1, ghp
thnh b i xng cp in ra mch ngoi. C my cch ghp? Tnh sut
in ng nh nht ca b ngun trong cc cch ghp .
A) 4 cch; 12V B) 4 cch ; 60V C) 6 cch; 12V D) 6 cch; 48V
3.31 Mt acqui c sut in ng 12V, in tr trong 3, ang c np in vi
dng np l 2A. Dung lng ca acqui l 10Ah (mpe gi = 3600C). Tnh thi
gian np v in nng m ngun cung cp cho acqui khi acqui no.
A) 5 gi, 432 kJ B) 5 gi, 648 kJ
C) 10 gi, 432 kJ D) 10 gi, 648 kJ
Kin thc nng cao
3.32 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.50: E = 6V, r = 0,4,
R
A
= 0, R
1
= 8, R
2
= 4, R
3
= 2; S ch ca
ampe k l 0,45A v dng in qua ampe k c
chiu t di ln. Tnh R
4

A) 4 B) 1,12 C) 2 D) 5
3.33 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.51: E = 12V, r = 0.5,
R
A
= 0, R
1
= 1, R
2
= 3, R
3
= 2, R
4
= 6, R
5

= 2. Tnh s ch ca ampe k.
A) 1A B) 2A
C) 0A D) 3A
3.34 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.52: E = 12V, r = 0.5,
R
V
rt ln, R
1
= 5, R
2
= 3, R
3
= 15, R
5
= 2.
Vn k ch s 0. Tnh R
4
.

A) 10 B) 15 C) 25 D) 9
3.35 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.53: E
1
= 9V, E
2
= 6V,
r
1
= r
2
=1, R
1
= 2, R
2
= 6, R
A
= 0, R
V
= .
Tnh s ch ca ampe k.
A) 0A B) 1A
C) 1,5A D) 2A
Hnh 3.50

E ,r
R
1
R
2

R
4
R
3

A
A

E,r
R
5

R
1

R
3

R
4

R
2

Hnh 3.51
V

E,r
R
5

R
1

R
3

R
4

R
2

Hnh 3.52
3.36 Cho mch in hnh 3.53: E
1
= 9V, E
2
= 6V, r
1
= r
2
=1, R
1
= 2, R
2
= 6,
R
A
= 0, R
V
= . Tnh s ch ca vn k.
A) 9V B) 8V
C) 6V D) 9 V
3.37 Mt bin tr R mc vo hai cc ca ngun in
c sut in ng E v in tr trong r. Hiu in
th gia hai cc ca ngun s:
A) lun tng khi R tng.
B) lun gim khi R tng.
C) khng ph thuc R.
D) tng hoc gim ty theo R.
3.38 Cho s hnh 3.54: E = 68V, r = 4, R
1
=
2, R
2
= 8, R
3
= 58,4, R
4
= 60, R
A
=
0. Ampe k ch
A) 2A B) 1A
C) 0,8A D) 1,2A
3.39 Cho s hnh 3.54: E = 68V, r = 4, R
1
=
2, R
2
= 8, R
3
= 58,4, R
4
= 60, R
A
=
0. Hiu in th gia hai cc ca ngun
in l
A) 68V B) 60V
C) 64V D) 50V
3.40 Mt acqui c sut in ng 12V, in tr
trong 3, ang c np in vi dng np
l 2A. Tnh hiu sut np in ca acqui .
A) 75% B) 67% C) 50% D) 40%
3.41 Cho mch in nh hnh 3.55:
1
= 6V;
2
= 3V; r
1

= 1; r
2
= 1; C
1
= 3F; C
2
= 6F; R = 10. Tnh
in tch ca t in C
1
khi K ng v khi K m.
A) 15C v 16,6C. B) 13,5C v 15C.
C) 15C v 13,5C. D) 16,6C v 13,5C.
3.42 Cho mch in nhu hnh 3.56:
1
= 1,3V;
2
=1,5V;
3
= 2V; r
1
= r
2
= r
3
= 0,2; R = 0,55. Tnh cng
dng in qua ngun
1
.
A) 4A B) 2,5 A C) 1,5A D) 0 A
3.43 C hai loi in tr loi R
1
= 3 v loi R
2
= 5.
Hi phi cn mi loi my ci khi ghp ni tip, chng c in tr tng
ng l 55?
A) 5R
1
v 8R
2
B) 10R
1
v 5R
2

C) 15R
1
v 2R
2
D) A, B, C u ng.

R
E
3
, r
3
Hnh 3.56

E
1
, r
1

E
2
, r
2

R
C
2 C
1
1
, r
1
2
, r
2
B
A

K
Hnh 3.55
Hnh 3.53

V A
E
1
, r
1

R
1
R
2
E
2
, r
2
R
1

E, r

R
4
Hnh 3.54
R
3
A
R
2


3.44 Mt on dy dn ng cht, tit din u, in tr 100. Ngi ta ct ra
thnh 100 on nh lm ba loi in tr: loi 5, loi 3 v loi
3
1
. Hi
c mi loi c my ci?
A) 4 ci 5, 18 ci 3 v 78 ci 1/3.
B) 8 ci 5, 11 ci 3 v 81 ci 1/3.
C) 12 ci 5, 4 ci 3 v 84 ci 1/3.
D) A, B, C u ng.
3.45 Cho hai mch in (a) v (b) nh hnh 3.57. Trong mi s , hiu in th U
lun khng i, in tr ca ampe k v dy ni khng ng k,. Tnh R theo r
khi K
1
ng, K
2
m hoc khi K
1
m, K
2
ng th s ch ca ampe k trong
mi s u khng thay i.

K
1
K
1

K
2
K
2
r r
r
r
r
r
R
R
A
A
U
U
Hnh 3.57
(a)
(b)

VLA2 - Bai 3 - Dong Dien Khong Doi

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VLA2 - Bai 3 - Dong Dien Khong Doi

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106 Th.

S Quc Huy_ Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

l php vect n v ca din tch dS v quy c d S dS. n

l vi phn ca ng i; tch phn ng

trong cc cht ph thuc vo cng in trng E

. Ni cch khc, trong mch kn phi tn ti

). Chnh trng lc l ny sinh ra cng duy tr dng in. Ngun

l cng trng lc l th:

, ri ly tch phn trn on AB, ta

chnh l tng i s sut in ng ca cc ngun in

l hiu in th gia hai im

. Nu mch kn, A trng vi B v

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