Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.

html

PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH CP I

I. H s hng:
1. Phng trnh thun nht
* Dng tng qut:
Ay(n + 1) + by(n) = 0 (*) Vi a, b l hng s 0
* Cch gii:
Cch 1: Xt phng trnh c trng: a + b = 0
= -b/a
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (*) l:
Y(n) = c(-b/a)n
Cch 2: Truy hi
VD: y(n + 1) 3y(n) = 0 (1)
- Cch 1: Xt phng trnh c trng ca (1) l 3 = 0 => = 3
=> Nghim tng qut ca (1) l: y(n) = C. 3n
- Cch 2: Truy hi: y(n) 0 n, y(n + 1) = 3y(n)
Ta c: y(1) = 3y(0)
Y(2) = 3y(1)
.
Y(n) = 3y(n-1)
Nhn v vi v ta c: y(n) = y(0) * 3n
t y(0) = C => y(n) = C. 3n
2. Phng trnh khng thun nht:
* Dng tng qut:

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

Ay(n + 1) +by(n) = f(n) (a.b 0; f(n) 0)

Cch gii:
- Cch 1: Phng php chn
Bc 1: Gii phng trnh thun nht ay(n+1) +by(n) = 0
Ta tm c nghim tng qut y(n) = (-b/a)n .c
Bc 2: Tm nghim ring (n) ca 1
Trng hp 1: Cho hm f(n) = n.Pm(n)
Vi Pm(n) l a thc bc m ca n
+ Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng, ngha l b/a. Nghim ring ca (1) c th tm di dng: (n) = n. Qm(n)
Trong Qm(n) l mt a thc bc m c h s cha bit v c th tm
bng phng php h s bt nh
+ Nu l nghim ca phng trnh c trng th tm nghim ring
dng:
(n) = n. n. Qm(n)
Trng hp 2: Cho hm f(n) = n. [ Pm(n)cos(n) + Ql(n).sin(n) ]
Nghim ring c th tm di dng (n) = n. [ Ph(n)cos(n) +
Qh(n).sin(n) ]
Trong h = max(l,m)
Cch gii 2: Phng php bin thin hng s:
Bc 1: Gii phng trnh thun nht ay(n+1) +by(n) = 0
Ta tm c nghim tng qut y(n) = (-b/a)n .c

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh thun nht bng bin

thin hng s
Coi C = C(n) khi :
Y(n) = C(n). (-b/a)n
y(n+1) = C(n+1). (-b/a)n+1
Thay vo phng trnh
Ay(n + 1) +by(n) = f(n) ta c: a.C(n+1).(-b/a)n+1 + b.C(n).(-b/a)n =
f(n)
C(n+1) C(n) = (-1/b).(-a/b)n.f(n)
y l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng i vi C(n) ta c
th gii bng cc cch bit
C(1) C(0) = (-1/b). f(0).(-a/b)0
C(2) C(1) = (-1/b). f(1). (-a/b)1

C(n) C(n-1) = (-1/b). f(n-1). (-a/b)n-1

Cng theo tng v ta c:
n-1

C(n) C(0) = (-1/b). f(i). (-a/b)i

i=0

Ly hng s t do l C(0) = C ta c
n-1

C(n) = C +(-1/b). f(i). (-a/b)i

i=0

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

Thay vo y(n) ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht

l

n-1

Y(n) = (-b/a)n.[ C +(-1/b). f(i). (-a/b)I ]

i=0

V d: Gii phng trnh: y(n+1) 5y(n) = 5n(n + 3)

Cch gii 1:
Bc 1: Xt phng trnh thun nht y(n+1) 5y(n) = 0
Xt phng trnh c trng: 5 = 0
=5
y(n) = C.5n
Bc 2: Ta c: f(n) = 5n(n+3)
=5 l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
Vy (n) = n5n.(An+B)
(n+1) = (n+1)5n+1(An +A + B).
Thay vo phng trnh ban u ta c:
(n+1)5n+1(An + A + B) - 5n5n.(An+B) = 5n(n + 3)
5(n+1)(An + A +B) 5n(An + B) = n+3
10An + 5(A + B) = n+3
10A = 1 v 5(A + B) = 3
A=1/10 v B =
(n) = n.5n(n/10 + 1/2)
Nghim ca phng trnh l y(n) = C.5n + n.5n(n + 5)/10
Cch gii 2: Xt phng trnh thun nht y(n+1) 5y(n) = 0

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

Xt phng trnh c trng: 5 = 0

=5
y(n) = C.5n
Coi C = C(n) ta c:
C(n+1) 5n+1- 5.5n.C(n) = 5n(n+3)
C(n+1) C(n) = 5-1(n+3)
C(1) C(0) = 5-1(0+3)
C(2) C(1) = 5-1(1+3)
..
C(n) C(n-1) = 5-1(n-1+3)
Cng v vi v ta c: C(n) C(0) = 5-1(3+4+5++n+2) = (n2 +
5n)/10
t C = C(0)
Thay C(n) vo y(n) ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng
thun nht l:
Y(n) = (C + (n2 + 5n)/10)
II. H s bin thin:
a. Phng trnh thun nht
Dng: a(n).y(n+1) + b(n).y(n) = 0
Cch gii: Truy hi
b. Phng trnh khng thun nht:
Dng: a(n).y(n+1) + b(n).y(n) = f(n) (1) f(n) 0
Cch gii: Dng truy hi

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

VD: Gii phng trnh:

Y(n+1) = (n+1)y(n) + (n+1)!.n
Li gii:
Xt phng trnh thun nht:
Y(n+1) = (n +1)y(n)
Ta c: y(1) = 1y(0)
Y(2) = 2y(1)

Y(n) = n.y(n-1)
Nhn v vi v, ly C = y(0) ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
thun nht
Y(n) = C.n!
Coi C = C(n) ta c: y(n) = n!.C(n)
Y(n+1) = (n+1)!.C(n+1)
Thay vo phng trnh khng thun nht ban u ta c:
(n+1)!.C(n+1) = (n+1)C(n)n! + n(n+1)!
C(n+1) C(n) = n
C(1) C(0) = 0
C(2) C(1) = 1

C(n) C(n-1) = n-1

Cng v vi v ta c: C(n) C(0) = n(n-1)/2
Coi C =C(0) => C(n) = C + n(n-1)/2

Trao i trc tuyn ti: http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html

Thay vo biu thc ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun

nht l:
Y(n) = (C + n(n-1)/2)

Trao i trc tuyn ti:

http://www.mientayvn.com/chat_box_toan.html