PETE 203

DRILLING ENGINEERING
Drilling Hydraulics
Drilling Hydraulics
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
Rheological Models
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
Nonstatic Well Conditions
Physical Laws:
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law
Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas
Average Fluid Velocity

Pipe Flow Annular Flow
WHERE
v = average velocity, ft/s
q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d
2
= internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d
1
=external diameter of inner pipe, in.
2
448 . 2 d
q
v =
( )
2
1
2
2
448 . 2 d d
q
v

=
Law of Conservation of Energy
States that as a fluid flows
from point 1 to point 2:
Q W
v v D D g
V p V p E E
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
2
1
In the wellbore, in many cases Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
{
In practical field units
this equation simplifies to:


( )
( )
f p
p P v v
D D p p
A A +
+ =
2
1
2
2
4
1 2 1 2
10 * 074 . 8
052 . 0

p
1
and p
2
are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v
1
and v
2
are velocities in ft/sec.
Ap
p
is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
Ap
f
is frictional pressure loss in psi
D
1
and D
2
are depths in ft.
where
Determine the pressure at the
bottom of the drill collars, if
psi 000 , 3 p
in. 5 . 2
0 D
ft. 000 , 10 D
lbm/gal. 12
gal/min. 400 q
psi 1,400
p
1
2
= A
=
=
=
=
=
= A
DC
f
ID
p

(bottom of drill collars)

(mud pits)
Velocity in drill collars

) (in
(gal/min)
d 448 . 2
q
v
2 2
2
ft/sec 14 . 26
) 5 . 2 ( * 448 . 2
400
v
2
2
= =
Velocity in mud pits, v
1

0








400 , 1 000 , 3 6 . 6 240 , 6 0
400 , 1 000 , 3 ) 0 14 . 26 ( 12 * 10 * 8.074 -
0) - (10,000 12 * 052 . 0 0 p
P P ) v v ( 10 * 074 . 8
) D D ( 052 . 0 p p
2 2 4 -
2
f p
2
1
2
2
4 -
1 2 1 2
+ + =
+
+ =
A A +
+ =
Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig
NOTE: KE in collars

May be ignored in many cases
0

f p
P P v v
D D p p
A A +
+ =
) ( 10 * 074 . 8
) ( 052 . 0
2
1
2
2
4 -
1 2 1 2

0 P
v v 0 P
0 v D D
f
n 2 p
1 1 2
~ A
= = A
~ ~
Fluid Flow Through Nozzle
Assume:

A
=
=

4
n
2
n
4
1 2
10 * 074 . 8
p
v and
v 10 * 074 . 8 p p
If
{ } 95 . 0 c
10 * 074 . 8
p
c v
as written be may Equation
d
4
d n
~

A
=

0 = A
f
P
This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.
Example: ft/sec 305
12 * 10 * 074 . 8
000 , 1
95 . 0 v
4
n
= =

For multiple nozzles in //
V
n
is the same for each nozzle
even if the d
n
varies!
This follows since Ap is the same across
each nozzle.
t
n
A 117 . 3
q
v =
2
t
2
d
2 -5
bit
A C
q 10 * 8.311
p

=

10 * 074 . 8
p
c v
4
d n

A
=

&
Hydraulic Horsepower
HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?

Power
( )
p q P
A
q
A * p
t / s * F
work doing of rate
H
A =
A =
=
=
hp 700
1714
000 , 3 * 400
1714
p q
HHP = =
A
=
In field units:
Hydraulic Impact Force
What is the HHP Developed by bit?

Consider:
psi 169 , 1 p
lb/gal 12
gal/min 400 q
95 . 0 C
n
D
=
=
=
=
Impact = rate of change of momentum
( )
60 * 17 . 32
v q
v
t
m
t
mv
F
n
j

= A
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
A
A
=
psi 169 , 1 p
lb/gal 12
gal/min 400 q
95 . 0 C
n
D
=
=
=
=
lbf 820 169 , 1 * 12 400 * 95 . 0 * 01823 . 0 F
j
= =
p q c 01823 . 0 F
d j
A =
Newtonian Fluid Model
Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate

A
F
,
L
V
ally Experiment =
t =
Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids

A
F

L
V
=
Newtonian Fluid Model
In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is directly
proportional to the shear rate (in laminar flow):


i.e.,
The constant of proportionality, is the
viscosity of the fluid and is independent of
shear rate.
|
.
|

\
|
=
sec
1
2

cm
dyne

t =
.
Newtonian Fluid Model
Viscosity may be expressed in poise or centipoise.
poise 0.01 centipoise 1
s cm
g
1
cm
s - dyne
1 poise 1
2
=

= =
2
cm
sec dyne -

t
=
.
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for a Newtonian
Fluid
Slope of line =
.
t =
Example - Newtonian Fluid
Example 4.16
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
2

Distance between plates = 1 cm
Force reqd to move upper plate at 10 cm/s
= 100 dynes.

What is fluid viscosity?
Example 4.16
poise 5 . 0
cm
s dyne
5 . 0
10
5
2
=

= =
1 -
2
sec 10/1
dynes/cm 20 / 100
/
/
rate shear
stress shear
= = =
L V
A F

cp 50 =
t =
Bingham Plastic Model
Bingham Plastic Model
- if
- if 0
if
y y p
y y
y y p
t < t t = t
t s t s t =
t > t t + = t

t and t
y
are often expressed in lbf/100 sq.ft
Power-Law Model
Power-Law Model
n = flow behavior index
K = consistency index
0 if K
0 if K
1 n
n
< =
> =

t
t
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:



2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:

= t
rate shear
viscosity absolute
stress shear
=
=
=

+ = t t * ) (
p y
viscosity plastic
point yield
=
=
p
y

t
What if
y
= 0?

3. Power Law Fluid:




When n = 1, fluid is Newtonian and K =
We shall use power-law model(s) to
calculate pressure losses (mostly).
n
) ( K

= t
K =consistency index
n =flow behavior index
Rheological Models
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:
(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow
It looks like concentric rings of fluid
telescoping down the pipe at different velocities
3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe
- Newtonian Fluid
Summary of Laminar Flow Equations for Pipes and Annuli
Fig 4.33: Critical Reynolds number for
Bingham plastic fluids.
Fig 4.34: Fraction Factors for Power-law
fluid model.
Total Pump Pressure
Pressure loss in surf. equipment
Pressure loss in drill pipe
Pressure loss in drill collars
Pressure drop across the bit nozzles
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
collars and the hole wall
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
pipe and the hole wall
Hydrostatic pressure difference ( varies)
Total Pump Pressure
PUMP SC DP DC
B DCA DPA HYD
P P P P
P P P ( P )
= A + A + A +
A + A + A +
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow

Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow)

Velocity at wall is ZERO

Produces minimal hole erosion

Types of Flow - Laminar
Mud properties strongly affect
pressure losses
Is preferred flow type for annulus
(in vertical wells)
Laminar flow is sometimes referred to
as sheet flow, or layered flow:



* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type
changes from laminar to turbulent.
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow

Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions)

Tends to produce hole erosion

Results in higher pressure losses
(takes more energy)

Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
Types of flow
Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses

Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars

Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall
Turbulent flow, contd
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
Turbulent Flow - Newtonian Fluid
The onset of turbulence in pipe flow is
characterized by the dimensionless group
known as the Reynolds number

d v
N
_
Re
=

d v 928
N
_
Re
=
In field units,
Turbulent Flow -
Newtonian Fluid
We often assume that fluid flow is
turbulent if N
re
> 2,100
cp. fluid, of viscosity
in I.D., pipe d
ft/s velocity, fluid avg. v
lbm/gal density, fluid where
_
=
=
=
=

d v 928
N
_
Re
=
P
PUMP
= AP
DP
+ AP
DC

+ AP
BIT NOZZLES

+ AP
DC/ANN
+ AP
DP/ANN

+ AP
HYD
Q = 280 gal/min


= 12.5 lb/gal


Pressure Drop Calculations
P
PUMP
"Friction" Pressures
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
"
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
"

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,


p
s
i
DRILLPIPE

DRILL COLLARS

BIT NOZZLES

ANNULUS

2103
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
Under what conditions do we get the
best hydraulic cleaning at the bit?
Maximum hydraulic horsepower?
Maximum impact force?

Both these items increase when the circulation
rate increases.
However, when the circulation rate increases,
so does the frictional pressure drop.
Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
Nozzle Size Selection for Optimum Bit
Hydraulics:
Max. Nozzle Velocity
Max. Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
Max. Jet Impact Force
Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
Proper bottom-hole cleaning
Will eliminate excessive regrinding of
drilled solids, and
Will result in improved penetration rates

Bottom-hole cleaning efficiency
Is achieved through proper selection of bit
nozzle sizes
Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
- Optimization -
Through nozzle size selection, optimization may
be based on maximizing one of the following:

Bit Nozzle Velocity
Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
Jet impact force
There is no general agreement on which of
these three parameters should be maximized.
Maximum Nozzle Velocity

From Eq. (4.31)


i.e.

so the bit pressure drop should be maximized in order
to obtain the maximum nozzle velocity

4
b
d n
10 * 074 . 8
P
C v

A
=
b n
P v A
Maximum Nozzle Velocity
This (maximization) will be achieved when the
surface pressure is maximized and the
frictional pressure loss everywhere is
minimized, i.e., when the flow rate is
minimized.

pressure. surface allowable maximum the and
rate n circulatio minimum the at
satisfied, are above 2 & 1 when maximized is v
n

Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower

The hydraulic horsepower at the bit is
maximized when is maximized. q) p (
bit
A
d pump bit
p p p A A = A
where may be called the parasitic pressure
loss in the system (friction).
d
p A
bit d pump
p p p A + A = A
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
. turbulent is flow the if
cq p p p p p p
75 . 1
dpa dca dc dp s d
= A + A + A + A + A = A
In general, where
m
d
cq p = A 2 m 0 s s
The parasitic pressure loss in the system,
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
0 ) 1 ( p when 0
1714 1714

pump
1
= + A =
A
=
A
=
+
m
Hbit
m
pump
bit
Hbit
q m c
dq
dP
cq q p
q p
P
d pump bit
p p p A A = A
m
d
cq p = A
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
when maximum is
1
1
p when ., .
) 1 ( p when ., .
d
pump
Hbit
pump
d
P
p
m
e i
p m e i

A
|
.
|

\
|
+
= A
A + = A
pump d
p
m
p A
|
.
|

\
|
+
= A
1
1
0 ) 1 ( p
pump
= + A
m
q m c
Maximum Jet Impact Force
The jet impact force is given by Eq. 4.37:
) ( c 0.01823
01823 . 0
d d pump
bit d j
p p q
p q c F
A A =
A =

Maximum Jet Impact Force

But parasitic pressure drop,
2 2
01823 . 0

+
A =
= A
m
d p d j
m
d
q c q p c F
cq p

) ( c 0.01823
d d pump j
p p q F A A =
Maximum Jet Impact Force
Upon differentiating, setting the first derivative
to zero, and solving the resulting quadratic
equation, it may be seen that the impact force is
maximized when,
p d
p
2 m
2
p A
+
= A