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CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.
Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng in thun chy qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:
Trong :
I0 l dng in r nghch
=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln) =1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge =2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c: T c E - VD - VR = 0 E = VD + RID (1.2)
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Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode ID = f(VD) l im iu hnh Q.
Mt vi v d:
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Dng sng
Tr trung bnh
1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng: Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.
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Vi th d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh v hiu dng
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Hnh 1.6
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1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k) Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch mch. Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7
Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch Ta c: - Bin nh ca vo(t) Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V - in th trung bnh ng ra:
(1.6)
(1.8)
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1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b
- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)
- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)
l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l: VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V - Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11
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(1.9) (1.10)
Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca 2 diode li. 1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode Mch c bn
- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1 v D2 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c v li nh hnh 1.13
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- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)
T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy: - in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l: Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V - in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l: VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13) (1.12)
l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2 dng in trung bnh qua ti.
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1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn trn: - in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V - in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng 2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).
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* H s sng d: (ripple factor) Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.
V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic
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H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu. * Phng trnh in th sng d Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t i n th:
chiu.
Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC. chnh l dng in qua ti
Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr
1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho thy p ng ca mch ct cn bn i vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.
By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh 1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)
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Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng (diode l tng)
* Mch c phn cc Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode. Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l tng
- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V - Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li - Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V - Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi
Hnh ca ng ra
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Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy: - Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V - Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V
im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng nhau. Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29
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Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc: - Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h
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Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi (1.23) Pz=Vz.Iz Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng) Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i 2 u RL. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch iu khin, bo v...
Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh: VR=Vi - Vz Do dng IR cng c nh:
Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho bit, do dng in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:
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Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax 1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30
- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn ,D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh Vm - bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th C2=Vm+VC1=2Vm - Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li np in 2Vm. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th nh nghch 2 u diode l 2Vm. - Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i in th.
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- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng. - bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng. - in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn
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u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn in, C2 np in n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k dng k tip D2 dn, C3 np in n VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th 2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D2, D4 dn, in th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ... in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm 2 u C1+C= l 3Vm 2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm
BI TP CUI CHNG 1
****** Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8 Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36
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a. Xc nh VL, IL, IZ v IR nu RL=180 b. Xc nh gi tr ca RL sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca RL zener c th hot ng c. Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t 0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.
Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.
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