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Chng 1: Mch Diode

CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.

1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):


Xem mch hnh 1.1a

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng in thun chy qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

Trong :

I0 l dng in r nghch

=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln) =1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge =2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c: T c E - VD - VR = 0 E = VD + RID (1.2)

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Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode ID = f(VD) l im iu hnh Q.

1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU


- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn: ID = IR = 0mA ; VR = R.IR = 0V ; VD = E - VR = E

1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU


Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu. 1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng 1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m) chia cho chu k. Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:

Mt vi v d:

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

Dng sng

Tr trung bnh

1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng: Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.

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Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Vi th d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh v hiu dng

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Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Hnh 1.6

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k) Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch mch. Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7

Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch Ta c: - Bin nh ca vo(t) Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V - in th trung bnh ng ra:

(1.6)

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm

(1.8)

Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b

- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)

- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)

l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l: VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V - Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11
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(1.9) (1.10)

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca 2 diode li. 1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode Mch c bn

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1 v D2 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c v li nh hnh 1.13

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Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)

T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy: - in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l: Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V - in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l: VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13) (1.12)

l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2 dng in trung bnh qua ti.

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn trn: - in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V - in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng 2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).

Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

* H s sng d: (ripple factor) Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu. * Phng trnh in th sng d Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t i n th:

chiu.

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt

Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC. chnh l dng in qua ti

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c

Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr

1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)


Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt th d n gin v mch ct.
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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho thy p ng ca mch ct cn bn i vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.

By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh 1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)

1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng

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Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng (diode l tng)

* Mch c phn cc Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode. Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l tng

- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V - Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li - Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V - Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi
Hnh ca ng ra

1.26 l dng v bin v0

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)


y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt diode v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu th 2 u t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng dn in). Mch ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27

Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy: - Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V - Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V

im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng nhau. Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:


Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th mt chiu vz (in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h. 1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh
Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30

Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc: - Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi (1.23) Pz=Vz.Iz Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng) Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i 2 u RL. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch iu khin, bo v...

1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i


Khi Vi c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti RL

Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh: VR=Vi - Vz Do dng IR cng c nh:

Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho bit, do dng in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax 1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30

Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:

1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P


1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn ,D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh Vm - bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th C2=Vm+VC1=2Vm - Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li np in 2Vm. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th nh nghch 2 u diode l 2Vm. - Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i in th.

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng. - bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng. - in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn in, C2 np in n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k dng k tip D2 dn, C3 np in n VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th 2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D2, D4 dn, in th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ... in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm 2 u C1+C= l 3Vm 2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm

BI TP CUI CHNG 1
****** Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8 Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36

Bi 2: Xc nh VD2 v ID trong mch in hnh 1.37

Bi 3: Xc nh V0, v ID trong mch in hnh 1.38

Bi 4: Xc nh I, V1, V2 v V0 trong mch hnh 1.39

Bi 5: Xc nh V0, V1, ID1 v ID2 trong mch hnh 1.40

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Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 6: Xc nh V0 trong mch hnh 1.41

Bi 7: Xc nh I1, I2, ID2 trong mch hnh 1.42

Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43

Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V0 trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b

Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 1.45

Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47


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Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

a. Xc nh VL, IL, IZ v IR nu RL=180 b. Xc nh gi tr ca RL sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca RL zener c th hot ng c. Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t 0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.

Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.

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