Ma st m trn cc v nh hng ca n i vi cng trnh xy dng

TS. Trnh Vit Cng Vin KHCN Xy dng

Tm tt: Nghin cu nc ngoi cho thy ma st m l nguyn nhn hng u gy h hng ca mng su. S c nn mng do ma st m trn cc cng c ghi nhn ti mt s cng trnh Vit Nam. V vy khi thit k mng cc trong khu vc nn t ang b ln do ti trng b mt hoc do h mc nc ngm cn xt n nh hng ca ma st m i vi sc chu ti ca cc v nghin cu p dng bin php gim ma st m. Bo co ny trnh by thng tin v kt qu nghin cu nc ngoi cng vi mt s kt qu nghin cu thc nghim v ma st m do Vin KHCN Xy dng thc hin. 1. Hin tng ma st m trn cc Hng tc dng ca ma st bn gia cc v t ph thuc vo chuyn v tng i gia t v cc. Trong iu kin thng gp, chuyn v ca cc di tc dng ca ti trng t kt cu bn trn ln hn ln ca t nn ma st bn gia cc v t c xu hng cn tr ln ca cc. Lc ma st pht sinh trong iu kin ny c hng tc dng ngc vi hng ca ti trng ca kt cu bn trn v c gi l ma st dng. Trng hp cc nm trong nn t ang b ln do ti trng ca ti trng b mt (t mi san lp, kho bi, v.v.) hoc do h mc nc ngm, ln ca t nn ln hn ln ca cc. Khi mt phn t nn xung quanh c xu hng "treo" ln cc nn trng lng ca khi t c truyn sang cc thng qua ma st bn. Ma st bn gia cc v t pht sinh trong iu kin ny c cng hng tc dng vi ti trng ca kt cu bn trn v c gi l ma st m. Theo Zeevaert (1972), nh hng ca ma st m i vi s lm vic ca cc th hin 2 kha cnh: - Lm tng ti trng tc dng ln cc: Ngoi ti trng t kt cu bn trn N KC , cy cc cn phi chu tc dng ca ma st m N ; - Lm gim kh nng chu ti ca cc: Do mt phn trng lng ca t c truyn ln cc nn p lc ca ct t ti su mi cc gim i, lm gim kh nng chu ti ca lp t ta cc. 2. S c do ma st m trn cc Tu theo ln ca ma st m so vi sc chu ti ca cc, mc nh hng ca n i vi s lm vic ca cc c th nh sau: - Khi tng ti trng t kt cu, N KC , v ma st m, N , nh hn kh nng chu ti ca cc ( Q N KC + N ) th ln ca mng cc khng ln, khng xy ra s c. y 92

cn lu l sc chu ti ca cc c ly bng gi tr nh hn ca sc chu ti ca t nn Q NEN v bn ca kt cu cy cc Q KC , ngha l Q = Min(Q NEN , Q KC ) ; - Khi Q < ( N KC + N ) c th xy ra cc trng hp: Q KC ( N KC + N )> Q NEN : Trong trng hp ny lp t ta cc khng kh nng chu ti, ln ca cc tng theo ln do ma st m gy ra cho t nn. Q KC ( N KC + N ) Q NEN : V sc chu ti ca kt cu cy cc nh hn ti trng ca kt cu bn trn v ma st m, kt cu cy cc b ph hoi do ti trng nn. S c ca mng cc do ma st m gy ra c ghi nhn nhiu nc nh M (Moore, 1947; Roberts & Darragh, 1963; Garlander 1974), Php (Florentin & L'Heriteau, 1948), Argentina (Moretto Bolognesi, 1960), Lin X (Iovchuk & Babitskii, 1967), Canada (Stermac, 1968) v Nht Bn (Kishida & Takano, 1976). Cc s c thng gp l mt s cy cc trong cm cc b mt kh nng chu ti v b ko ri khi mng hoc nghim trng hn l ton b cng trnh xy dng trn mng cc b ln qu mc cho php. Vit Nam, hin tng ma st m trn cc c th l nguyn nhn chnh dn n s c nn mng ca mt s cng trnh xy dng nh: - Nh ca khoa vt l thuc trng i hc s phm H Ni s dng cc ng tit din 30x30 cm. Do nh hng ca hin tng h mc nc ngm xung quanh khu vc nh my nc Mai Dch, mng ca cng trnh b ln lm h hng kt cu bn trn. - Mt s chung c v cng trnh cng cng ti khu vc Ngc Khnh, Thnh Cng v ln cn: y l cc khi nh xy dng trn mng nng. Nn t khu vc ny rt yu, ton b khu vc b ln do ti trng ca t san nn v do h mc nc ngm gy ra. Sau khi a vo s dng, nhiu nh b ln v h hng nn c u t chng ln bng mng cc. Ti mt s nh cng tc chng ln pht huy hiu qu, tuy vy ti mt vi nh khc ln vn tip tc pht trin sau khi chng ln bng cc. Nguyn nhn gy ra ln sau khi gia cng mng bng cc c th do ma st m cha c xt n y khi tnh ton ti trng tc dng ln cc. - Mt nh my ti khu cng nghip nh V, Hi Phng: Cng trnh c xy dng khu vc mi san lp trn nn t yu vi b dy ln. Cc mng vi chiu di khc nhau c s dng cho cc hng mc ca cng trnh. i vi kt cu chnh ca nh, cc c ng ta vo trong khi cc cc thuc h thng dy chuyn cng ngh ngn hn nn ch ta vo lp st cng nm di lp bn st. Trc khi thi cng i tr ngi ta tin hnh ng cc th v nn tnh, kt qu th nghim cho thy tt c cc cc th nghim c sc chu ti t yu cu vi h s an ton FS=2. Sau khi thi cng mng v bt u lp t thit b pht hin mng thuc h thng dy chuyn cng ngh b ln trn 10 cm v ln vn tip tc pht trin. Nguyn nhn gy ln mng cc c xc nh l do ma st m cha c xt n khi tnh ton ti trng ln cc. - S c cc b xy ra 1 cy cc mng cng trnh B Ra - Vng Tu: Theo thit k, cc cc ca cng trnh c tit din 40x40 cm di 32 m c ng qua lp ct san nn dy 3-4 m v lp t yu dy 11-12 m v ta vo lp ct ht trung pha di. Trong thit k cc xt n ti trng ph thm do ma st m v cc c qut bi tum nha gim ma st, v vy cc kt cu t trn mng cc u n nh. 93

S c ch xy ra cc b 1 cy cc b tr di ct mt kt cu nh. Do ti trng ca kt cu bn trn nh nn di mi ct ch b tr 01 cy cc. ct nn cng trnh c h ging vi cng kh cao tng bao che v truyn ti trng tng xung cc mng. Cy cc gp s c c th b h hi khi thi ng nn b gim yu. Cy cc c xu hng b ko ln do ma st m trong khi phn c ct c lin kt vi kt cu bn trn c cng ln nn phn c ct chu lc ko trn 40 T, ln ko t 4 thanh thp 16 ca c ct (Hnh 1).

Hnh 1. H hng ca mng cc do ma st m ti B Ra - Vng Tu 3. Nghin cu v ma st m trn cc Nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim v ma st m pht sinh do ti trng ca t p v do nh hng ca h mc nc ngm c thc hin nhiu nc. Cc nghin cu cho thy s pht trin ca ma st m ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong c yu t thi gian. Theo Poulos (1980), cc yu t c nh hng ln nht n ma st m l: a) Cc c im ca cc: Loi cc, phng php thi cng, chiu di, mt ct tit din, bin php x l b mt (nu c); b) Cc c im ca t nn: Cng , tnh nn ln, su ca lp, cng ca lp t ta cc; c) Nguyn nhn gy ln nn; d) Thi gian k t khi thi cng cc; Poulos (1980) tng kt mt s kt qu quan trc ma st m tc dng ln cc trong nhng iu kin t nn khc nhau (bng 1). Cc quan trc cho thy lc ma st m rt ln (ln ti hng trm tn) pht sinh trn cc nh trng hp c Johannesen & Bjerrum (1965), Bjerrum & Johannesen (1969), Endo, Minou, Kawasaki, Shibata (1969), Bozozuk & Labreque (1969) ghi nhn. Vi cng ca ma st bn ln nh vy, nu sc chng ca lp t ta cc khng ln th cy cc c kh nng b ph hoi ngay c khi khng chu ti trng ca kt cu bn trn nh trng hp xy ra i vi cy cc th hin trn hnh 2.

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Bng 1. Kt qu quan trc ma st m tc dng ln cc (theo Poulos, 1980) Ngun ti liu Loi cc iu kin t nn L (m) 53 57 41 Bjerrum & Cc A: ng Johannesen thp mi kn, (1969) ng chng vo Cc B: C mi m rng Cc D: C mi m rng 7 m t lp, st pha, ct pha 30 d (cm) 47 50 50 30 Ma st m (tn) 400 300 250 120 Khng qut bi tum C qut bi tum Khng qut bi tum Khng qut bi tum Ghi ch

Johannesen Cc ng thp, St yu, & Bjerrum mi kn, ng trm tch (1965) vo bin

Khng qut bi tum

27 30

30 30

10 100

Bjerrum & Hin trng Johannesen Sorenga: Cc C, ng thp (1969) ng chng vo Cc D: C m rng mi Fellenius, Broms (1969) Endo, Minou, Kawasaki, Shibata (1969) Cc BTCT c sn chng vo lp ct bi (1) Cc ng thp, mi kn, ng, chng vo t bi tch Cc ng thp, mi h, ng nh cc (1) Bozozuk & Cc hn hp, Labreque ng thp bn (1969) trong b tng

St trm tch bin, yu

57

50

300

57 St trm tch bin, rt yu v nhy Ct bi, bi 40

50 32

15 30

C qut bi tum

43

61

25030 0

43

61

180

Ct pha

82

99

920

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 Vit Nam, thc nghim v ma st m c thc hin ti mt s hin trng. Phng php th nghim thng c s dng l th nghim nh cc (hnh 2), ring ti hin trng Vin Bo v sc kho tr em H Ni tin hnh o lc phn b lc trong cc theo su nh gi hiu qu ca vic qut bi-tum chng ma st m (hnh 3). Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy ma st bn gia cc v st yu ( qc =13 kg / cm 2 ) dao ng mc 0.200.25 kg / cm 2 . Hn ch ca cc th nghim nu trn l chng c thc hin trong thi gian ngn nn cha xc nh c s bin ng ca ma st m theo thi gian.

Hnh 2. Th nghim nh cc ti hin trng B Ra - Vng Tu [7] Hnh 3. Phn b lc dc thn cc ti hin trng Vin BVSK tr em [4]

4. Tnh ton ma st m trn cc Theo Briaud (1997), trong nhng iu kin sau y cn xt n kh nng pht sinh ma st m:

ln ca t nn xung quanh cc ln hn 10 cm; ln ca nn sau khi ng cc hoc sau khi kt thc thi cng cc khoan nhi ln hn 1 cm; B dy lp t mi san lp ln hn 2 m; B dy lp t yu ln hn 10 m; Mc nc ngm h thp hn 4 m; Cc di hn 25 m.

Trong thit k mng cc, i tng ca vic tnh ton l phm vi chiu di cc chu ma st m v cng ca ma st m. Vic tnh ton c thc hin theo trnh t sau: a) Tnh ton tc ln ca t nn v ca cc theo thi gian theo cc phng php thng c s dng trong thit k nn mng 96

b) Tnh ton tc ln ca cc theo thi gian c) Xc nh khong chiu di thn cc chu ma st m: Trn c s kt qu tnh ton tc ln ca t nn v ca cc cc bc (a) v (b) xc nh c su ti tc ln ca t v cc bng nhau ( su trung ho). Phn thn cc chu ma st m nm trong khong t mt t n su trung ho. d) Tnh ton cng ca ma st m theo cc phng php sau: d1) Phng php tra bng: Tr s ca ma st m c xc nh bng cch tra bng theo b dy lp t san nn, st v su ca lp t trong phm vi khong chiu di thn cc chu ma st m. Cc bng tra phc v tnh ton ma st "dng" cng c s dng d bo ma st m. Phng php ny c Vin Nn mng v cng trnh ngm Lin X khuyn ngh s dng. p dng phng php ny cho mt s hin trng Vit Nam cho thy tr tnh ton ca ma st m thp hn gi tr xc nh theo kt qu th nghim. Mt hn ch na ca phng php ny l cc bng tra ch gii hn trong phm vi st I S 1 trong khi st ca cc lp t yu - lp t ch yu gy ma st m - thng ln hn 1.0. d2) Phng php d bo theo cng thc tnh:

Phng php ng sut ton phn: Tng quan gia ma st m, f s , v sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t, cu , c dng f s = .cu , trong l h s thay i t 1.0 i vi t yu n 0.4 i vi st cng.

Phng php ng sut hu hiu: Ma st m c xc nh t quan h vi ng sut hu hiu trong t, v' , theo cng thc f s = . v' .

Theo Chen (1999), h s xc nh nh sau:

= 0.200.25 i vi t st

= 0.250.35 i vi t bi = 0.350.50 i vi t ct
Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, cng c th p dng phng php tnh ton chi tit hn, trong c xt n nh hng ca hin tng trt ca t trn b mt cc gn mt t v ca s gim chnh lch ln gia cc v nn khu vc ln cn su trung ho (Tomlinson, 1981; Poulos & Davis, 1980). Bc u s dng phng php tnh ton nu trn phn tch s c ca cy cc b h hng do ma st m ti hin trng B Ra - Vng Tu v kt qu th nghim nh cc cng hin trng cho php nhn xt:

- Ph ng php tnh ton bng cch tra bng ca tiu chun Lin X cho kt qu thp hn thc t. Nu tnh ton theo ph ng php ny th lc ma st m khng ln c th ko t ct thp ct B-4 nh xy ra trong thc t; - Tnh ton theo phng php ng sut ton phn cho kt qu ph hp vi thc t s c xy ra v cng ph hp vi kt qu th nghim nh cc.

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5. Phng php hn ch nh hng ca ma st m Cc phng php thng c p dng gim ma st m, qua gim thiu nh hng ca n i vi mng cc l: a) Gim din tch mt bn: V d c th s dng cc thp c cng vt liu cao, ng n lp t rt cng. V cc c din tch mt bn nh nn ma st m cng gim theo; b) S dng bin php thi cng thch hp: C th tin hnh h cc trong l khoan dn v s dng va bentonite cch ly thn cc vi t nn; c) X l b mt thn cc: Vt liu thng c s dng x l b mt thn cc l bi-tum asphalt. Nghin cu do Bjerrum (1969) thc hin cho thy nu c bin php bo v lp bi-tum khi b h hi khi ng (khoan dn v cch ly vi t bng va bentonite) th ma st m c th gim n 75%, tuy vy khi khng p dng bin php bo v th tc dng gim ma st ch cn 30%. Kt qu thc nghim do Vin KHCN Xy dng thc hin ti hin trng chng ln Vin Bo v sc kho tr em H Ni cho thy khi s dng lp bi tum dy 1 mm v khng p dng bin php bo v lp ny khi h cc th mc gim ma st ch t khong 10%. Hiu qu gim ma st m ca dung dch bentonite cng c chng minh qua nghin cu trong phng do Koerner v Mukhopadhyay (1972) thc hin, trong hiu qu chng ma st m ca lp bi tum ph thuc vo tnh do v b dy ca n. Va st bentonite cng c kh nng chng ma st m, trong iu kin thun li nu cc c qut bi tum v duy tr c lp va st cch ly th ma st m c th gim ti 85%. Tuy vy vic bo v lp ny khi b h hi do thi cng cc ln cn l rt kh khn. Th nghim do Brons, Amesz v Rinck (1969) thc hin cho thy khi cc ng cch nhau 1.8 m th hiu qu gim ma st m ca va bentonite ch cn mt na. Vic to lp bi tum trn thn cc tng i phc tp. Theo Tomlinson (1981), loi bitum dng chng ma st m phi mm nhit ca mi trng t v b dy ca lp bi-tum phi mc 10 mm th mi c hiu qu tt. Theo Briaud (1997), m bo cho s bm dnh ca lp bi-tum cn lm sch b mt cc v cn sn lt trc khi qut bi-tum. 6. Kt lun v kin ngh Ma st m trn cc l yu t khng th b qua khi thit k mng cc trong khu vc mi san nn trn t yu v trong vng chu nh hng ca hin tng h mc nc ngm; Ma st m bin ng theo thi gian, ph thuc vo tc c kt ca t v tc ln ca cc; o bi-tum nha ng l gii php thch hp gim ma st m trn cc. Khi p dng gii php ny cn lu n tnh cht ca bi tum, b dy v bin php bo v lp bi tum khi h cc; Nn thc hin cc nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim xc nh phng php tnh ton ma st m thch hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.

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Ti liu tham kho 1. J.L. Briaud. Bitumen selection for reduction of downdrag on piles, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 1997. 2. B. Broms. Negative Skin Friction, State of the Art Report, 1978. 3. R.W. Brown. Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 4. F.H. Chen . Soil Engineering, CRS Press, New York, 1999. 5. Trnh Vit Cng, Phm Quang Ho, Nguyn Hu Trung, Phm Quyt Thng. nh gi nh hng ca lp o bi tum i vi ma st trn thn cc, Thng bo khoa hc k thut xy dng, Vin KHKT Xy dng, 1994. 6. Poulos, H. G. & Davis, E. H. Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John Wiley and Sons, 1980. 7. M.J. Tomlinson. Pile Design and Construction Practice, View Point Publication, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1981. 8. Vin nghin cu nn mng v cng trnh ngm Lin X (1980). Hng dn thit k mng cc, NXB Xy dng, H Ni, 1993 (Nguyn B K, Nguyn Vn Quang & Trnh Vit Cng bin dch). 9. Phn vin KHCN Xy dng min Nam . Bo co kt qu th nghim nh cc ti Kho cng Th Vi, 2005.

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