19-Feb-11

Ging vin
L Ch Thng B mn in t; Khoa in-in t i hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM T: 0902-445-012 Email: chithong@gmail.com chithong@hcmut.edu.vn Website: sites.google.com/site/thongchile tinyurl.com/thongchile

Gii thiu h thng nhng

Ging vin: L Ch Thng Son slides: H Trung M

Ni dung
nh ngha v h thng nhng Nhng c tnh chung ca cc h thng nhng Cc lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhng Thit k h thng nhng

nh ngha v h thng nhng

nh ngha v h thng nhng (embedded system)

Mt s nh ngha v h thng nhng: H thng nhng l h thng x l thng tin c nhng vo trong mt sn phm ln hn v bnh thng ngi dng khng thy n mt cch trc tip [1]. H thng tnh ton nhng (embedded computing system) l h thng tnh ton c nhng trong thit b in t (hu nh l cc h thng tnh ton khc my tnh) [2]. Thng thng cc h thng nhng l nhng ng dng n chc nng [3]. H thng nhng l h thng m chc nng chnh ca n khng ch c tnh ton m c iu khin bi my tnh c nhng trong n [4]. ... Trong cc nh ngha trn, chng ta thy nh ngha th nht c th m t tng qut v h thng nhng. Ngy nay cc h thng nhng khp ni, chng xut hin trong nh, vn phng, nh my, xe hi, bnh vin,
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Embedded systems overview

Embedded computing systems
Computers are in here...

Computing systems embedded within electronic devices Hard to define. Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units Perhaps 50 per household and per automobile

and here...

and even here...

Lots more of these, though they cost a lot less each.

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A short list of embedded systems

Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic transmission Avionic systems Battery chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base stations Cordless phones Cruise control Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras Disk drives Electronic card readers Electronic instruments Electronic toys/games Factory control Fax machines Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems Life-support systems Medical testing systems Modems MPEG decoders Network cards Network switches/routers On-board navigation Pagers Photocopiers Point-of-sale systems Portable video games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Smart ovens/dishwashers Speech recognizers Stereo systems Teleconferencing systems Televisions Temperature controllers Theft tracking systems TV set-top boxes VCRs, DVD players Video game consoles Video phones Washers and dryers

Examples of Embedded Systems

Engine Control Medical Implants Avionics Sensor Networks Electronic Equipment

And the list goes on and on

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Examples of Non-Embedded Computing General use PC Presentations, word processing, etc. Mainframe-based accounting Generic databases Scientific computing Data mining

Differences Between General Purpose Computer Systems and Embedded Systems PCs can be reprogrammed very quickly/easily PCs are more robust PCs have several inputs/outputs which allow users to interface easily with the device PCs are not designed to be application specific PCs make up less than 1% of the microprocessor industry

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Why This Field is Important

Embedded computers are cheap, reliable, and efficient Embedded computing is growing much faster than desktop computing
1 billion 8051 CPUs/year 500 million cell phones/year and growing

Nhng c tnh chung ca cc h thng nhng

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Nhng c tnh chung ca cc h thng nhng

Cc h thng nhng c cc c tnh chung sau: [1] Thng thi cc h thng nhng c ni vi mi trng vt ly qua cc cm bin thu thp thng tin t mi trng o va qua cc b iu khin/tc ng iu khin mi trng. Cc h thng nhng phi tin cy c. Tin cy c bao gm tin cy, tnh bo tr, tnh kha dng, an ton va bo mt. Cc h thng nhng phi c hiu sut cao. nh gia hiu sut, ngi ta da vo cc tiu ch sau: nng lng, kch thc m chng trnh/ti nguyn s dng, hiu sut lc chy tht (run-time efficiency), khi lng va gia. Dnh ring cho ng dng c th. Th d b x ly chy chng trnh iu khin trong xe hi s lun lun chy 13 chng trnh m khng chuyn sang chng trnh khc.

Nhng c tnh chung ca cc h thng nhng (2)

Hu ht cc h thng nhng khng dng bn phm, chut hay mn mnh giao tip vi ngi dng. Thay vo , chng c cc giao tip dnh ring cho ngi dng nh cc nt nhn, bn p, Nhiu h thng nhng phi tha cc rng buc thi gian thc. Nhiu h thng nhng l nhng h thng hn hp (hybrid systems) theo ngha gm c hai phn analog v s. Cc h thng nhng l nhng h thng c phn ng li (reactive systems). Chng c th c nh ngha nh sau: h thng c phn ng li l h thng m c tng tc lin tc vi mi trng ca n v thc thi vi tc c xc nh bi mi trng [Berg et al., 1995].
Tht ra khng phi mi h thng nhng s c tt c cc c tnh trn. Chng ta cng c th nh ngha thut ng h thng nhng theo cch sau: Nhng h thng x l thng tin tha phn ln cc c tnh trn c 14 gi l nhng h thng nhng.

Some common characteristics of embedded systems

Single-functioned
Executes a single program, repeatedly

An embedded system example - a digital camera

Digital camera chip CCD CCD preprocessor A2D lens JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum Pixel coprocessor D2A

Tightly-constrained
Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.

DMA controller

Display ctrl

Reactive and real-time

Continually reacts to changes in the systems environment Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
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Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

Single-functioned -- always a digital camera Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent
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Cc lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhng

Chng ta c th thy cc h thng nhng trong nhiu lnh vc: in t gia dng: my git, t lnh, my chp hnh s, in t -t: h iu khin ng c, h iu khin thng, h GPS, in t trong my bay: h thng tin cho phi cng, h chng va chm, in t y sinh: o nhit , ECG, chn on t xa, Xe la: h t li, h thng, Vin thng: in thoi di ng, h thng tng i, iu khin ngten, thit b GPS, Cc ngi nh thng minh: tit kim nng lng, iu khin nhit , chiu sng, . . . Cc h thng nhng to c s cho k nguyn hu PC (post-PC era), cc h thng x l thng tin chuyn dn t PC sang h thng nhng 18 cho cc ng dng c th.

Cc lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhng

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Where Embedded Systems are Used..?

Thit k h thng nhng

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Thit k h thng nhng [3]

Cc h thng nhng thng l cc ng dng on chc nng. Nhiu rng buc chc nng khc nhau cho h thng nhng l gi thnh thp, mt n mt t thnh phn/linh kin, cng sut thp, c p ng thi gian tht, v h tr ng tn ti phn cng v phn mm. Phng php tng qut thit k h thng nhng c cho trong bng 1.

Bng 1. Lung thit k h thng nhng [5]

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Vic quyt nh cng ngh nn cho thit k s phn kin trc ph thuc vo mt s rng buc sau: Tc cp nht thi gian tht Cng sut Gi Gii php n chip D lp trnh Tnh kh chuyn ca m (Portability of code) Cc th vin m c th ti s dng Cc cng c lp trnh Bng 2 cho thy cc c tnh ca cc cng ngh nn cho thit k s, m t chng ta c th chn la s dng trong cc thit k ca mnh.
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Bng 2. Cc cng ngh nn dng cho thit k s

Vi cc thit k h thng nhng da trn vi iu khin th ngi ta thng gi phn mm ca chng l firmware. Chng ta c th vit firmware bng hp ng hoc bng ngn ng lp trnh cao hn nh C/C++ hoc C nhng (nh SystemC,..)....
c thm Cc cng ngh h thng nhng
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Technology Employed in Embedded Systems

Processors
Microprocessors Micro-controllers Digital signal processors (DSP) Programmable logic controllers (PLC) Softprocessors (FPGA)

Technology Employed - Continued

Operating Systems Embedded LINUX NT- EMBEDDED (Microsofts Embedded OS) WINDOWS CE (Consumer Electronics) Palm OS p-SOS (plug-in Silicon Operating System) RTOS created in 1982 for Motorola chips Others Development Tools Assembly VHDL, VERILOG - Hardware Description Languages C/C++ JAVA UML 2000.(New Language for RTS)[6] Others

Memory
PROM EPROM FLASH RAM
DRAM SRAM

PLD: SPLD, CPLD, and FPGA (SoPC, Softprocessors)

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Design challenge optimizing design metrics

Obvious design goal:
Construct an implementation with desired functionality

Design challenge optimizing design metrics

Common metrics
Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of
the system, excluding NRE cost

Key design challenge:

Simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics

NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost):

The one-time monetary cost of designing the system

Design metric
A measurable feature of a systems implementation Optimizing design metrics is a key challenge

Size: the physical space required by the system Performance: the execution time or throughput of the
system

Power: the amount of power consumed by the system Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the
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system without incurring heavy NRE cost

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Design challenge optimizing design metrics

Common metrics (continued)
Time-to-prototype:
version of the system the time needed to build a working

Design metric competition -- improving one may worsen others

Power

Performance

Size

Expertise with both software and hardware is needed to optimize design metrics
Not just a hardware or software expert, as is common A designer must be comfortable with various technologies in order to choose the best for a given application and constraints
Hardware Software
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Time-to-market: the time required to develop a system to

the point that it can be released and sold to customers
NRE cost

Maintainability:
initial release

the ability to modify the system after its

CCD lens JPEG codec DMA controller Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum Display ctrl Digital camera chip A2D CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A

Correctness, safety, many more

Memory controller

ISA bus interface

UART

LCD ctrl

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Current Accomplishments
Current products Automotive control Improved fuel efficiency Avionics Navigation, collision avoidance Medical monitoring systems Smart homes Washing machines, clocks, etc. Future uses Intelligent highways Chemical and biological sensors Etc.

Research Challenges
Designing configurable processors Developing new design tools and methodologies Efficient software synthesis and re-use Physics of miniaturization MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology

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Processor Bit Size in New Embedded Designs

32-64 bit Annual Processor Sales

Data was derived from EETimes and Embedded Systems Design Magazine 2006 Embedded Market Survey 33 34

Processors Used in New Embedded Designs

Use of Real-Time OS Kernels in New Embedded Designs

Data was derived from EETimes and Embedded Systems Design Magazine 2006 Embedded Market Survey 35

Data was derived from EETimes and Embedded Systems Design Magazine 2006 Embedded Market Survey 36

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Commercial Operating Systems Used in New Embedded Designs

Programming Languages Used in New Embedded Designs

Data was derived from EETimes and Embedded Systems Design Magazine 2006 Embedded Market Survey 37

Data was derived from EETimes and Embedded Systems Design Magazine 2006 Embedded Market Survey 38

Cc mn hc cn cho h thng nhng

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Thit k h thng nhng vi MPU Thit k h thng nhng vi MCU Thit k h thng nhng vi FPGA/CPLD Thit k h thng nhng vi DSP Thit k SoC/SoPC H iu hnh thi gian thc (RTOS) Lp trnh C cho h thng nhng Lp trnh h thng (vit cc device driver) Thit k h thng nhng vi PC cng nhip Giao tip phn cng Cm bin
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Lp hc nhanh h thng nhng

Phn cng: Kit VXL/VK pht trin c sn Phn mm: Vit ng dng bng C/C++ Khi ni dung hc ch cn cc phn sau:
1. Tm hiu VXL/VK 2. Lp trnh C cho kit 3. Tm hiu giao tip kit vi cc ngoi vi (TD: LCD, bn phm,...) 4. Tm hiu thm lp trnh hp ng nu cn vit m chy nhanh v t tn b nh hn!
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Kt lun
Vi cc ng dng phong ph v cc yu cu a dng ca ngi dng, cc h thng nhng , ang v s gii quyt c cc vn . Ngi ta d on rng trong tng lai h thng nhng s xut hin trong hu ht cc lnh vc!

Ti liu tham kho

1. Peter Merwedel, Embedded System Design, Springer Verlag, 2006. 2. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, 2002. 3. Rahul Dubey, Introduction to Embedded System Design Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays, SpringerVerlag, 2009. 4. Wilmshurst, T. , An Introduction to the Design of SmallScale Embedded Systems, Palgrave, 2001. 5. Wolf W., Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computer Systems Design, Morgan Kaufmann, 2005.
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