Study Notes #1

Mr. Weber Chemistry

ATOMIC STRUCTURE The nucleus is located in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. A proton has a positive charge (+) and may be abbreviated p+ A neutron as a neutral charge and may be abbreviated n0 Electrons surround the nucleus and have a tiny mass (~2000x less) than protons and neutrons. Therefore, the nucleus is extremely dense, it has relatively high mass and small volume. Most of the volume of an atom is due to the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.

Periodic Table of Elements

C
12.011

atomic number

chemical symbol for carbon

average atomic mass of carbon isotopes

An elements atomic number is equal to its number of protons. Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Each element has a unique atomic number. Isotopes of a particular element have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons. The mass number of an element = # of protons + # of neutrons. The periodic table lists the average atomic mass of all the isotopes of the element and takes into account their relative abundance. valence electrons are the e- in an atoms outermost energy level (shell), involved in bonding
ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom atomic radius is the distance between the center of the nucleus and outer most electron electronegativity is a measure of an atoms tendency to draw bonding electrons towards itself

LOOK at your Periodic Table of Elements:

Notice the boldface, stairstep line that runs from boron (B) to astatine (At). Elements to the right of the boldface line are non metals Elements to the left of the boldface line are metals (Fe, Ti, Cu, etc..) Elements touching the boldface line are metalloids or semimetals except for aluminum (Al) which is a metal. (Semi means half in Latin, so semimetals have properties of both metals & nonmetals.)

Group 1 elements have 1 valence e-, Group 2 elements have 2 valence e-, Group 3 elements have 3 valence e-, Group 4 elements have 4 valence e-, Group 5 elements have 5 valence e-, etc

TRENDS in the Periodic Table

atomic radius DECREASES as you go across a period and INCREASES as you go down a group electronegativity INCREASES as you go across a period and DECREASES as you go down a group Ionization energy INCREASES as you go across a period and DECREASES as you go down a group

Writing Electron Configurations

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Each energy level has one s orbital which can hold 2 electrons (1)(2e-) = 2e-

There are 3 p orbitals which can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (3)(2e-) = 6eThere are 5 d orbitals which can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (5)(2e-) = 10eThere are 7 f orbitals which can hold a maximum of 14 electrons (7)(2e-) = 14e-

To write an electron configuration, determine how many electrons you need to park then park the electrons in the orbitals using the chart shown above.

According to the above chart, the first orbital to be filled is the 1s orbital. Notice that the top red line (where it says Start Here) goes through the 1s orbital.

Since K has atomic number = 19, we know that K has 19 p+ Since the overall charge on K is neutral or 0, we know that K has 19eEXAMPLE: Write the electron configuration for potassium (K). The next red line goes through the 2s orbital, so that is where the next electrons go. The next red line goes through the 2p orbital then through the 3 s orbital.

Therefore, the electron configuration for K is 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Note that the superscripts are the number of electrons they add up to 19.

TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE