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Chuyn : HIROCACBON

GIO KHOA HA HU C THUC CHNG TRNH TRUNG HC PH THNG I. HIROCACBON (HIROCACBUA)


I. nh ngha:
Hirocacbon l mt loi hp cht hu c m trong phn t ch gm cacbon (C) v hiro (H).

1. Cng thc tng qut (CTTQ, Cng thc chung)


CxHy x : s nguyn, dng, khc 0. x = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 ;... y : s nguyn, dng, chn, khc 0. y = 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12;... y 2x + 2 (ymax = 2x + 2) y 2 (ymin = 2) nu x chn. y 4 (ymin = 4) nu x l, mch h. x 4 : Hirocacbon dng kh iu kin thng. Tt c hirocacbon u khng tan trong nc.

Th d: CHy C2Hy C3Hy C4Hy C5Hy C10Hy

CH4 duy nht C2H2 ; C2H4; C2H6 C3H4 ; C3H6 ; C3H8 (mch h) C4H2 ; C4H4 ; C4H6 ; C4H8 ; C4H10 C5H4 ; C5H6 ; C5H8 ; C5H10 ; C5H12 (mch h) C10H2 ; C10H4 ; C10H6 ; C10H8 ; C10H10 ; C10H12 ; C10H14 ; C10H16 ; C10H18 ; C10H20 ; C10H22 Hoc: CnH2n + 2 m n1 m : s nguyn, dng, chn, c th bng 0. m = 0 ; 2 ; 4 ; 6 ; 8 ; 10 ;... (m = 0 : ankan; m = 2: anken hoc xicloankan; m = 4: ankin hoc ankaien hoc xicloanken;...) Hoc: CnH2n + 2 2k n1 k: s t nhin ( k = 0; 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5;...) ( k = 0: ankan; k = 1: c 1 lin kt i hoc 1 vng; k = 2: c 2 lin kt i hoc 1 lin kt ba hoc 2 vng hoc 1 vng v 1 lin kt i;...)

II. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng chy


Phn ng chy ca mt cht l phn ng oxi ha hon ton cht bng oxi (O 2). Tt c phn ng chy u ta nhit. S chy bng (chy nhanh) th pht sng. Tt c hirocacbon khi chy u to kh cacbonic (CO2) v hi nc (H2O). CxHy + (x +4y )O2 t xCO2 +2y H2O + Q (H < 0) (Tanhit)
0

3n + 1 m )O2 t nCO2 + (n + 1 -2m)H2O 2 4 3n +1 k CnH2n + 2 - 2k + ( )O2 t nCO2 + 2

CnH2n + 2 - m + (

(n + 1 - k) H2O Hi nc 1

Hirocacbon

Kh cacbonic

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

2. Phn ng nhit phn


Phn ng nhit phn mt cht l phn ng phn tch cht thnh hai hay nhiu cht khc nhau di tc dng ca nhit. Tt c hirocacbon khi em nung nng nhit cao (trn 10000C) trong iu kin cch ly khng kh (cch ly O2, y np bnh phn ng) th chng u b nhit phn to Cacbon(C) v Hiro (H2). Bi tp 1: t chy hon ton 1 mol hirocacbon A, thu c 6 mol CO2. a. Tm cc cng thc phn t (CTPT) c th c ca A. b. Vit mt cng thc cu to (CTCT) c th c ca A c cha H nhiu nht trong phn t trong cc CTPT tm c trn. c. Vit mt CTCT c th c ca A c cha H t nht trong cc CTPT tm c cu (a). S: C6Hy (7 CTPT) Bi tp 2: t chy hon ton 0,15 mol hirocacbon A mch h, thu c 1,05 mol CO2. a. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca A. b. Vit mt CTCT ca A nu A cha s nguyn t H nhiu nht v mt CTCT ca A nu A cha s nguyn t H t nht trong phn t trong cc CTPT tm c cu (a). S: C7Hy (7 CTPT) Bi tp 3: t chy hon ton 2,8 lt kh hirocacbon X (ktc). Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo nc vi lng d, thu c 50 gam kt ta. a. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca X. b. Vit CTCT ca X, bit rng X c cha s nguyn t nh nht trong cc CTPT tm c cu (a). (C = 12 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; Ca = 40) S: C4Hy (5 CTPT) Bi tp 4: t chy hon ton 3,136 lt (ktc) mt hirocacbon X mch h dng kh. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 lng d, thu c 82,74 gam kt ta. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca X. Vit CTCT ca X. Bit rng X ch gm lin kt n. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O =16 ; Ba = 137) S: C3Hy (3 CTPT) Bi tp 5: Y l mt hirocacbon. T khi hi ca Y so vi hiro bng 57 (d Y/H2 = 57). t chy ht 13,68 gam Y, thu c 19,44 gam H2O. Xc nh CTPT ca Y. Xc nh CTCT ca Y. Bit rng cc nguyn t H trong phn t Y u tng nhau (cc nguyn t H u lin kt vo nguyn t C cng bc). (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) S: C8H8 Bi tp 6: Y l mt hirocacbon. T khi hi ca Y so vi Heli bng 18. t chy hon ton 9,36 gam Y, thu c 28,6 gam CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca Y. Xc nh CTCT ca Y. Bit rng Y mch cacbon phn nhnh v c mt tm i xng trong phn t. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; He = 4) S: C5H12 Bi tp 7: A l mt hirocacbon. T khi hi ca A so vi metan bng 4,5. t chy hon ton 14,4 gam A. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH) 2 c d, khi lng bnh tng thm 65,6 gam. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT ca A. Bit rng phn t A ch cha mt loi H duy nht. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) S: C5H12 Bi tp 8: A l mt hirocacbon, dA/O2 = 2,6875. t chy ht 8,6 gam A ri cho sn phm chy hp th hon ton vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, khi lng bnh tng thm 39 gam. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca A. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) S: C6H14 2 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Bi tp 9: Phn tch nh lng hai cht hu c A, B cho cng kt qu: C 3 phn khi lng ca C th c 0,5 phn khi lng H v 4 phn khi lng O. T khi hi ca B bng 3,104. T khi hi ca B so vi A bng 3. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) S: C3H6O3 (B) ; CH2O (A) Bi tp 10: Phn tch nh lng hai hirocacbon X, Y cho thy c cng kt qu: c 0,5 phn khi lng H th c 6 phn khi lng C. T khi hi ca Y l 3,586. T khi hi ca X so vi Y l 0,25. Xc nh CTPT ca X, Y. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: C8H8 ; C2H2 Bi tp 11: t chy hon ton 112 cm3 (ktc) hi mt hirocacbon A ri dn sn phm chy ln lt i qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 m c v bnh (2) ng KOH lng d. Khi lng bnh (1) tng 0,18 gam v bnh (2) tng 0,44 gam. a. C th hon i v tr hai bnh trong th nghim trn c hay khng? Ti sao? b. Xc nh CTPT v tnh khi lng ring ca A ktc. c. Lm th no phn bit cc bnh ring bit mt nhn cha: A, kh hiro v kh cacbon oxit? Vit phn ng. (H = 1 ; O = 16 ; C = 12) S: C2H4 ; 1,25g/l Bi tp 12: t chy hon ton 448 ml (ktc) mt hirocacbon X dng kh ri cho sn phm chy ln lt hp th vo bnh (1) ng P2O5 d, bnh (2) ng NaOH d. Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 0,36gam , khi lng bnh (2) tng 1,76 gam. a. C th thay i v tr hai bnh (1), (2) c hay khng? Gii thch. b. Xc nh CTCT ca X. Tnh t khi ca X. Tnh khi lng ring ca X ktc. c. Nhn bit cc kh, hi sau y ng trong cc bnh khng nhn: X, CO2, C2H4, SO2, SO3. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O =16) S: C2H2 ; 1,16g/l Bi tp 13: A l mt hirocacbon hin din dng kh iu kin thng. t chy A, thu c CO 2v nc c t l s mol l nCO2 : nH2O = 2 : 1. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca A. S: C2H2 ; C4H4 Bi tp 14: Hirocacbon A hin din dng kh iu kin thng. T khi hi ca A so vi hiro ln hn 28 (dA/H2 > 28). Xc nh CTPT ca A. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: C4H10 Lu Khi biet khoi lng phan t cua mot hirocacbon (khong qua ln, M < 108), th ta co the xac nh c CTPT cua hirocacbon nay. Cung nh khi biet khoi lng goc hirocacbon, ta co the xac nh c goc hirocacbon nay.

Ly khi lng ca phn t hirocacbon hay ca gc hirocacbon em chia cho 12 (chia tay), c bao nhiu ln, th l s nguyn t C ( phn trn ), cn l bao nhiu, l s nguyn t H ( phn d ).

V d: A l mt hirocacbon c khi lng phn t l 44 u A c CTPT l C3H8. B l mt hirocacbon c MB = 92 B l C7H8. X l mt gc hirocacbon, khi lng gc hirocabon ny bng 27 X l C2H3. Y l mt gc hirocacbon, My = 71 Y l C5H11 Bi tp 15: X la mot hirocacbon mach h. dX/He = 10. Xac nh cac CTCT co the co cua X. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; He = 4) S: C3H4 (2 CTCT) Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 3

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Bi tp 16: X la mot hirocacbon. Mot the tch hi X co cung khoi lng vi 5,75 the tch kh metan (cac the tch hi, kh tren o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat). Xac nh CTPT cua X. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: C7H8 Bi tp 17: A la mot chat hu c c tao bi bon nguyen to C, H, O, N. Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng cua C, H va N trong A lan lt la 32%, 6,67% va 18,67%. a. Xac nh CTPT cua A, biet rang CTPT cua A cung la cong thc n gian cua no. b. Tnh t khoi hi cua A. Tnh khoi lng rieng cua hi A 136,50C, 1 atm. ( C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; N = 14 ) S: C2H5NO2 ; 2,586 ; 2,232g/l Bi tp 18: ot chay hoan toan 9 gam chat hu c A, thu c 6,72 lt CO 2 (ktc) va 5,4 gam H2O. a. Xac nh cong thc thc nghim (cong thc nguyen) cua A. b. Xac nh CTPT cua A, biet rang t khoi hi cua A so vi nit ln hn 3 va nho hn 4 (3 < dA/N2 < 4). Xac nh cac CTCT co the co cua A, biet rang A co cha nhom chc axit (COOH) va nhom chc ru (OH). c. Tnh t khoi hi cua A. Tnh khoi lng rieng cua hi A 136,50C, 1,2atm. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; N = 14) S: (CH2O)n ; C3H6O3 ; 3,1 ; 3,214g/l CU HI N PHN 1. Hirocacbon l g? Vit cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon theo 3 cch. 2. Phn ng t chy mt cht thc cht l phn ng g? Mun mt cht chy c cn iu kin g? T hy cho bit cc phng php phng ha hon. 3. Phn ng nhit phn l g? Hirocacbon b nhit phn to ra cht g? Ti sao khi nhit phn mt hirocacbon cn cch ly cht ny vi khng kh? 4. Hp cht hu c l g? Ti sao gi hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon? Nh vy c phi tt c hp cht cha cacbon u l hp cht hu c khng? C ngoi l no? 5. Ti sao s nguyn t H trong phn t mt hirocacbon phi l mt s nguyn dng chn, khc khng? 6. Cng thc thc nghim (Cng thc nguyn), cng thc n gin (cng thc n gin nht), cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to ca mt cht l g? Mi trng hp cho mt th d c th. 7. Phn tch nh tnh, phn tch nh lng mt cht ha hc l g? 8. T khi hi hay t khi ca mt cht kh l g? Cho 2 th d minh ha. 9. T khi ca mt cht rn hay mt cht lng l g? Cho th d minh ha. 10. Khi lng ring ca mt cht l g? Ti sao khi lng ring c n v, cn t khi th khng c n v? C phi tr s ca t khi v ca khi lng ring ging nhau? 11. Phn bit khi nim khi lng vi trng lng. 12. Hy cho bit ngha ca cc s liu sau y: T khi ca thy ngn (lng) l 13,6; Khi lng ring ca thy ngn (lng) l 13,6g/ml; T khi hi ca thy ngn l 6,9; T khi hi ca thy ngn so vi metan l 12,5. Khi lng ring ca hi thy ngn ktc l 8,9 g/l. (Hg = 200 ; C = 12 ; H = 1) 13. Tnh t khi ca nc (lng); Khi lng ring ca nc (lng); T khi hi ca nc; T khi hi ca nc so vi hiro (H2); Khi lng ring ca hi nc ktc. (H = 1 ; O = 16) S: 1 ; 1g/ml ; 0,62 ; 9 ; 0,8g/l 4 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON 14. t chy hon ton 1 mol hirocacbon A, thu c 8 mol kh CO2. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca A. Nu trong sn phm chy ca lng A trn c cha 9 mol nc. Xc nh CTPT ng ca A. Khi cho A tc dng kh clo theo t l mol nA : nCl 2 = 1 : 1, th ch thu mt sn phm th hu c. Xc nh CTCT ca A. S: C8Hy ; C8H18 15. Khi cho xng hay du hi vo nc th thy c s phn lp v xng hay du hi nm lp trn. Gii thch v nu hai tnh cht vt l quan trng ca hirocacbon. 16. Khi dng cy thc vo mt vng nc cng th thy c hin tng si bt kh? Th gii thch hin tng ny. 17. Pht biu nh lut Avogadro. Ti sao nh lut Avogadro ch p dng cho cht kh hay cht hi m khng p dng c cho cht lng hay cht rn? H qu quan trng ca nh lut Avogadro l g? 18. Cht kh hay cht hi c khc nhau khng? Ti sao khi th gi cht kh, khi th gi l cht hi? 19. Mt phn t nc c khi lng bao nhiu n v Cacbon (vC, n v khi lng nguyn t, amu, u)? bao nhiu gam? Mt mol nc c khi lng bao nhiu n v Cacbon, bao nhiu gam? 1 mol nc cha bao nhiu phn t nc? C bao nhiu nguyn t ha hc to nn nc? C bao nhiu nguyn t trong phn t nc? C bao nhiu nguyn t H c trong 18 gam nc? (H = 1 ; O = 16) MA 20. Ti sao p dng c cng thc d A / B = xc nh t khi hi ca cht A so vi cht B? MB 21. Khi ni t khi hi ca A so vi B th nht thit A hay B phi l cht kh iu kin thng hay khng?

ANKAN (PARAFIN, NG NG METAN, HIROCACBON NO MCH H)


ng ng l hin tng cc hp cht hu c c tnh cht ha hc c bn ging nhau v CTPT gia chng hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm metylen (-CH2-). Tp hp cc cht ng ng to thnh mt dy ng ng. Hai cht k tip nhau trong cng mt dy ng ng hn km nhau mt nhm metylen. Th d: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12,... l cc cht thuc dy ng ng metan (ankan) CH3OH ; C2H5OH ; C3H7OH ; C4H9OH ;... l cc cht thuc dy ng ng ru n chc no mch h (ankanol)

I. nh ngha
Ankan l mt loi hirocacbon m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n mch h.

II. Cng thc tng qut (n 1) III. Cch c tn (Danh php)


CnH2n + 2
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 Metan (M) Etan (Em) Propan (Phi) Butan (Bn) Pentan (Phn) Hexan (Ho) Heptan (Hc) Octan () (M) (Em) (Phi) (B) (Ph) (Hc) (Hnh) (i) C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H38 Undecan Dodecan Tridecan Tetradecan Pentadecan Hexadecan Heptadecan Octadecan

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Chuyn : HIROCACBON
C9H20 C10H22 C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50 C25H52 C30H62 C31H64 C32H66 Nonan Decan (Ngoi) (Ngi) (ng) (p) C19H40 C20H42 C33H68 C42H86 C43H88 C50H102 C60H122 C70H142 C80H162 C90H182 Nonadecan Eicosan Tritriacontan Dotetracontan Tritetracontan Pentacontan Hexacontan Heptacontan Octacontan Nonacontan

Heneicosan Docosan Tricosan Tetracosan Pentacosan Triacontan Hentriacontan Dotriacontan

Nn thuc tn ca 10 ankan u, t C1 n C10 c tn ca cc cht hu c thng gp (c mch cacbon t 1 nguyn t C n 10 nguyn t C). Nguyn tc chung c tn ankan v dn xut: - Chn mch chnh l mch cacbon lin tc di nht. Cc nhm khc gn vo mch chnh coi l cc nhm th gn vo ankan c mch cacbon di nht ny. - Khi c th c tn ca cc nhm th trc, c s ch v tr ca cc nhm th t pha trc hoc pha sau, c nh s nh, ri mi n tn ca ankan mch chnh sau. - Nu ankan cha s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t 4 v khng phn nhnh th thm tip u ng n- (normal- thng thng). Nu 2 nhm th ging nhau th thm tip u ng iNu 3........................................................................triNu 4........................................................................tetraNu 5........................................................................pentaNu 6........................................................................hexa- ... Sau y l tn ca mt s nhm th thuc gc hirocacbon v mt s nhm th thng gp:

CH3 CH3- C CH3

Tert - butyl

CH3 CH3- C CH2 CH3

Neo pentyl; neo amyl

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Chuyn : HIROCACBON

Th d: CH3 CH3- CH CH3 CH3 CH3- C CH3 CH3 4-etyl, 2,2 imetyl hexan 2-metyl propan (iso butan)

2,2,4-trimetyl pentan

3- brom,5 -clo ,4,6 i etyl ,2,3,6- tri metyl, 5- nitro octan C th c tn nhm th theo th t t nhm nh n nhm ln (nhm nh c trc, nhm ln c sau, nh nhm metyl (CH3, nh), c trc, nhm etyl (CH3-CH2, ln), c sau; hoc theo th t vn a, b, c (vn a c trc, vn b c sau, nh nhm etyl c trc, nhm metyl c sau). Tuy c nhm trc sau khc nhau nhng s vit ra cng mt CTCT nn chp nhn c.

Ghi ch 1. ng phn
ng phn l hin tng cc cht c cng CTPT nhng do cu to ha hc khc nhau, nn c tnh cht khc nhau. V d: C4H10 c hai ng phn: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 ; CH3- CH CH3

n-Butan 0 t s = -0,50C C2H6O c hai ng phn: CH3-CH2-OH ; Ru etylic 0 t s = 780C, cht lng Phn ng vi Na

CH3 Isobutan 0 t s = -120C CH3-O-CH3 imetyl ete 0 t s = 240C, cht kh CH Khng phn ng vi Na 3 7
3 3

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng CH - C CH CH

Chuyn : HIROCACBON C5H12 c ba ng phn: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3- CH CH2 CH3 CH3 n-Pentan Isobutan Neopentan 0 0 0 0 0 t s = 36 C t s = 28 C t s = 9,50C CH4 c 1 P ; C2H6 c 1 P ; C3H8 c 1 P ; C4H10 c 2 P ; C5H12 c 3 P ; C6H14 c 5 P; C7H16 c 9 P; C8H18 c 18 P; C9H20 c 35 P; C10H22 c 75 P; C20H42 c 366 319 P; C30H62 c 4,11.109 P (4 triu v 110 triu P); C40H82 c 62 491 178 805 831 P (6,249.1013 P ). Trn y l s ng phn theo l thuyt v hin nay s hp cht hu c bit c t hn 10 triu hp cht

2. Trong cng mt dy ng ng, nhit si cc cht tng dn theo chiu tng khi lng phn t cc cht.
Th d: Nhit si cc cht tng dn nh sau: CH4 < CH3-CH3 < CH3-CH2-CH3 < CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 < CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 (-1640C) (-890C) (-420C) (-0,50C) (360) H-COOH < CH3-COOH < CH3-CH2-COOH < CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH (100,40C) (118,10C) (141,10C) (163,50C) 3. Gia cc ankan ng phn, ng phn no c mch cacbon cng phn nhnh th s c nhit si cng thp. C th p dng nguyn tc ny cho cc cht hu c ng khc. Nguyn nhn l khi cng phn nhnh th lm thu gn phn t li, t b phn cc hn, nn lm gim lc ht gia cc phn t (lc ht Van der Waals) nh th, n d si hn. CH3- CH CH3 V d: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 ; n-Butan 0 t0 s = -0,5 C CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 n-Pentan 0 t s = 360C > CH3 Isobutan 0 t0 s = -12 C CH3 CH3- C CH3 Neopentan 0 0 CH t s = 9,5 C
3

CH3- CH CH2 CH3 CH3 Iso pentan 0 t s = 280C

>

>

Bi tp 1: C7H16 c 9 ng phn. Vit CTCT cc ng phn v c tn cc ng phn ny. Bi tp 2: C6H14 c 5 ng phn. Vit CTCT v c tn cc ng phn ny. Bi tp 3: -120C ; -0,50C ; 9,50C ; 280C ; 360C ; 600C ; 690C ; 980C ; 1260C. L nhit si ca cc cht sau y (khng theo th t): n-Pentan; Isobutan; Isohexan; n-Octan; n-Butan; n-Hexan; Isopentan; nHeptan v Neopentan. Hy chn nhit si thch hp cho tng cht. Bi tp 4: Sp theo th t nhit si tng dn ca cc cht sau y: 2-Metylhexan; 2,2-imetylpentan; n-Octan; n-Heptan; Neohexan; n-Pentan; n-Hexan; Neopentan v Isobutan.

IV. Tnh cht ha hc


1. Phn ng oxi ho. a. Phn ng oxi ho hon ton ( phn ng chy ). CnH2n +2 + 8
3n + 1 O2 t nCO2 2
0

(n + 1)H2O

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Ankan Lu Trong cc loi hirocacbon, ch c ankan (hay parafin) khi t chy to s mol nc ln hn s mol kh cacbonic hay th tch ca hi nc ln hn th tch kh CO 2 (cc th tch o trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut). Cc loi hirocacbon khc khi t chy u s mol H2O s mol CO2. Nu ankan chy trong kh clo sn phm to thnh gm C v HCl CnH2n+2 Cl2 t nC + (n+1) HCl Bi tp 5: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X, thu c CO2 v hi nc c t l th tch l VCO2 : VH2O = 4 : 5 (cc th tch o trong cng nhit v p sut). a. Xc nh CTPT v vit cc CTCT c th c ca X. b. So snh nhit si ca cc ng phn ny?. S: C4H10 Bi tp 6: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A, thu c 44,8 lt CO2 (ktc) v 43,2 gam H2O. a. Xc nh CTPT ca A. b. So snh nhit si cc ng phn ca A v c tn cc ng phn ny. (H = 1 ; O = 16) S: C5H12 b. Phn ng oxi ho khng hon ton. V d: , xt CH4 + O2 t + H2O H-CH=O 2. Phn ng th Phn ng th l phn ng trong mt nguyn t hay mt nhm nguyn t ca phn t ny c thay th bi mt nguyn t hay mt nhm nguyn t ca phn t kia. sng CH3Cl + HCl Th d: CH4 + Cl2 nh ) C6H5-H + HNO3 H SO ( C6H5-NO2 + H2O Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca ankan l tham gia phn ng th vi halogen, ch yu l Cl2, vi s hin din ca nh sng khuch tn hay un nng. Nu dng Cl 2 d v thi gian phn ng lu th ln lt cc nguyn t H ca ankan c thay th ht bi Cl (ca Cl2). sng CnH2n + 1X CnH2n + 2 + X2 nh + HX
0
0

Chuyn : HIROCACBON (n mol) (n + 1) mol

Ankan

Halogen

Dn xut monohalogen ca ankan

Hiro halogenua

sng CnH2n + 1X + X2 nh CnH2n X2 + HX .... Dn xut ihalogen ca ankan sng CnH2n+2-x Clx + Tng qut: CnH2n + 2 + xCl2 nh xHCl Th d: sng CH3Cl CH4 + Cl2 nh + HCl Metan Clo Clometan, Metyl clorua Hidro clorua sng CH2Cl2 + CH3Cl + Cl2 nh HCl iclometan, Metylen clorua sng CHCl3 CH2Cl2 + Cl2 nh + HCl Triclometan, Cloroform sng CCl4 CHCl3 + Cl2 nh + HCl Tetraclometan, Cacbon tetraclorua Ghi ch G.1. Dn xut monohalogen ca ankan l mt loi hp cht hu c trong mt nguyn t H ca ankan c thay th bi nguyn t halogen X. Dn xut monohalogen ca ankan c cng thc dng tng qut l CnH2n + 1X. G.2. Dn xut ihalogen ca ankan l mt loi hp cht hu c trong hai nguyn t H ca ankan c thay th bi hai nguyn t halogen X. Dn xut ihalogen ca ankan c cng thc tng qut l CnH2nX2.

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON G.3. C ch phn ng l din tin ca phn ng. Kho st c ch phn ng l xem t cc tc cht u, phn ng tri qua cc giai on trung gian no thu c cc sn phm sau cng. G.4. Phn ng th H ca ankan bi halogen X (ca X2) l mt phn ng th dy chuyn theo c ch gc t do. Phn ng tri qua ba giai on: Khi mch, Pht trin mch v ngt mch. C ch phn ng halogen ho an kan. Phn ng clo ho v brm ho ankan xy ra theo c ch gc dy chuyn. Th d: Kho st c ch ca phn ng: CH3Cl + HCl CH4 + Cl2 askt Bc khi mo. Cl Cl AS Cl + Cl (1) Bc pht trin dy chuyn. CH3 H + Cl CH3 + HCl (2) CH3 + Cl Cl CH3Cl + Cl (3) CH3 H + Cl (2) ...............(Tip tc lp i lp li nh trn cho n khi kt thc phn ng, giai on ngt mch). Bc t dy chuyn. ( Giai on ngt mch, ct mch, t mch, tt mch): Cc gc t do kt hp, khng cn gc t do, phn ng ngng (kt thc): Cl + Cl Cl2 (4) CH3 + Cl CH3Cl (5) CH3 + CH3 CH3-CH3 (6) G.5. Bc ca cacbon: Ngi ta chia cacbon bc 1, bc 2, bc 3, bc 4. Bc ca cacbon bng s gc cacbon lin kt vo cacbon ny bng cc lin kt n. C trong CH4 l cacbon bc 1.

G.6. Nguyn t H lin kt bc cao ca ankan d c th bi halogen X2 (nht l Br2) hn so vi H lin kt vo cacbon bc thp.

Bi tp 7: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A cn dng 5,376 lt O 2 (ktc). Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo nc vi trong d, ta thu c 15 gam kt ta mu mu trng. a. Xc nh CTPT ca A. 10 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON b. A tc dng Cl2 theo t l mol 1 : 1 th ch thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Xc nh CTCT ca A. c. So snh nhit si gia cc ng phn ca A. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Ca = 40) S: C5H12 Bi tp 8: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X cn dng 70 lt khng kh (ktc). Cho sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thu c 78,8 gam kt ta. Xc nh CTCT v c tn ca X, bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi Cl 2 theo t l mol 1 : 1 ch thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Khng kh gm 20% O2, 80% N2 theo th tch. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Ba = 137) S: C8H18 3. Phn ng nhit phn t cao ( >1000 C, Khng c O ) CnH2n + 2 nC + (n + 1)H2 t cao or tia cuc tm CnH2n + 2 + (n+1)Cl2 nC + (n + 1)HCl
0 0 2
0

4. Phn ng tch ( gy lin kt C C v C H ) Phn ng cracking l phn ng lm chuyn ha mt hirocacbon c khi lng phn t ln trong du m thnh cc hirocacbon c khi lng phn t nh hn, m ch yu l bin mt ankan thnh mt ankan khc v mt anken c khi lng phn t nh hn. Phn ng cracking c mc ch to nhiu nhin liu xng, du v xng, du c cht lng tt hn cho ng c t du m khai thc c. * Phn ng Crcking. ( gy lin kt C C ). ( xc tc Cr2O3, Fe, Pt , nhit khong 5000C) Cracking (t , p , xt) CnH2n + 2 + C(n - n)H2(n - n) CnH2n + 2 Ankan (Parafin) Ankan (Parafin) Anken (Olefin) (n < n) (n- n 2) V d: Cracking (t , p , xt) CH3-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH2 CH4 + Propan Metan Eten (Etilen)
0
0

* Phn ng tch H2 ( hiro ho ). C , xt CnH2n+2 500 + H2 CnH2n V d: C , xt CH3 CH3 500 CH2 = CH2 + H2 Bi tp 9: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng cracking c th c ca n-hexan. Bit rng ch c s to ankan, anken v ankan t 3 nguyn t cacbon tr ln trong phn t u b cracking. Bi tp 10: Vit cc phn ng cracking c th c ca isohexan. Coi s cracking ch to parafin, olefin v cc parafin cha s nguyn t C trong phn t ln hn 3 u b cracking. Bi tp 11: Vit cc phn ng cracking c th c ca 3-metylpentan. Coi sn phm cracking ch gm ankan v anken. Ankan cha t 3 nguyn t C tr ln trong phn t u b cracking.
0
0

V. ng dng
1. T metan iu ch c axetilen 1500 C ; Lm lanh nhanh 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 2. T metan iu ch anehit fomic (fomanehit)
0

CH4 + O2

Cc oxit nit 600-8000C

HCHO +H2O 11

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON 3. T ankan iu ch anken, ankan khc (Thc hin phn ng cracking) Cracking (t , p , xt) CnH2n + 2 + C(n - n)H2(n - n) CnH2n + 2 Ankan (Parafin) Ankan (Parafin) Anken (Olefin) (n < n) (n- n 2) 4. T ankan c th iu ch cc hp cht c nhm chc tng ng, theo s sau:
0

5. T n-butan iu ch buta-1,3-ien (T iu ch cc loi cao su nhn to: Buna-S, Buna-N) xt CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 t, + 2H2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 n-Butan Buta-1,3-ien Hiro 6. T isopentan iu ch ch isopren (T iu ch cao su isopren) t , xt + 2H2 CH -CH -CH-CH CH = CH C = CH
0
0

CH3 butan) Isopentan (2-Metyl

CH3buta-1,3-ien) Isopren (2-Metyl


0

Hiro

7. T n-hexan iu ch benzen xt CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 t, + 4H2 C6H6 n-Hexan Benzen Hiro 8. T n-heptan iu ch toluen xt CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 t, + 4H2 C6H5-CH3 n- Heptan Toluen (Metylbenzen)
0

Hiro

VI. iu ch (Ch yu l iu ch metan)


1. Trong cng nghip Trong cng nghip, metan (CH4) c ly t: + Kh thin nhin: Khong 95% th tch kh thin nhin l metan . Phn cn li l cc hirocacbon C2H6, C3H8, C4H10,... + Kh m du (Kh ng hnh): Kh m du nm bn trn trong m du. Khong 40% th tch kh m du l metan. Phn cn li l cc hirocacbon c khi lng phn t ln hn nh C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, 12 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON + Kh cracking du m: Kh cracking du m l sn phm ph ca qu trnh cracking du m, gm cc hirocacbon c khi lng phn t nh, trong ch yu gm metan (CH4), etilen (C2H4), + Kh l cc (Kh thp, Kh to ra do s chng ct than ): 25% th tch kh l cc l metan, 60% th tch l hiro (H2), phn cn li gm cc kh nh CO, CO2, NH3, N2, C2H4, hi benzen (C6H6), + Kh sinh vt (Biogas): Kh sinh vt ch yu l metan (CH4). Kh sinh vt c to ra do s phn sc vt (heo, tru b,) trong cc hm y kn. Vi s hin din cc vi khun ym kh (k kh), chng to men xc tc cho qu trnh bin cc cn b cht hu c to thnh metan. Kh metan thu c c th dng un nu, thp sng. Phn b cn li khng cn hi thi, cc mm bnh, trng sn li cng b h, khng cn gy tc hi, l loi cht hu c hoai, c dng lm phn bn rt tt. Nh vy, vic phn sc vt, nhm to biogas, va cung vp nng lng, va to thm phn bn, ng thi trnh c s lm nhim mi trng, nn s phn sc vt to biogas c rt nhiu tin li. + Thc hin phn ng cracking du m: Thu c cc ankan c khi lng phn t nh hn (v cc anken). Cracking (t , p , xt) CnH2n + 2 C(n - n)H2(n - n) CnH2n + 2 + Ankan Ankan nh hn Anken V d: Cracking (t , p , xt) CH3-CH2-CH3 CH4 + CH2=CH2 2. Trong phng th nghim Trong phng th nghim, metan c iu ch t:
0
0

+ Nung mui natri axetat vi vi ti - xt (hn hp NaOH - Ca(OH)2, co the CaO - NaOH) t CH3COONa(r) + NaOH(r) CaO, CH4 + Na2CO3(r) Natri axetat Xut ran (trong voi toi - Xut) Metan Natri cacbonat (Xoa) Ca(OH)2 hay CaO ngan khong cho phan ng gia thuy tinh (SiO 2) cua ong nghiem vi NaOH lam thung ong nghiem: SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
0

Tong quat: t RCOONa(r) + NaOH(r) CaO, RH + Na2CO3 Natri cacboxilat Xut (ran) Hirocacbon V du: t CH3-CH2-COONa(r) + NaOH(r) CaO, CH3-CH3 + Na2CO3 Natri propionat Xut (ran) Etan ac biet: t H-COONa(r) + NaOH(r) CaO, + Na2CO3 H2 Natri fomiat Hiro t NaOOC-CH2-COONa(r) + 2NaOH(r) CaO, CH4 + 2Na2CO3 Natri malonat Metan + Muoi nhom cacbua tac dung vi nc Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 Nhom cacbua Nc Metan Nhom hiroxit Nc ay c metan ra khoi nhom cacbua th ng nhien axit cung ay c metan ra khoi muoi nhom cacbua. Al4C3 + 12H+ 3CH4 + 4Al3+ Axit Muoi nhom V du: Al4C3 + 12HCl 3CH4 + 4AlCl3
0
0

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

13

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Axit Clohiric Nhom clorua Al4C3 + 6H2SO4 3CH4 + 2Al2(SO4)3 Axit sunfuric Nhom sunfat Al4C3 + 12 CH3COOH 3CH4 + 4Al(CH3COO)3 Axit Axetic Nhm axetat S d H2O ay c metan ra khoi nhom cacbua v H 2O co tnh axit manh hn metan. Dung nc ay c metan ra khoi nhom cacbua, th khong nen dung axit, v axit at tien hn so vi nc, hn na axit nguy hiem, phai can than khi s dung chung. + Tong hp trc tiep t cacbon (C) va hiro (H 2), co Niken (Ni) lam xuc tac 5000C C C + 2H2 Ni, 500 CH4 Cacbon Hiro Metan Nhom cacbua co the ieu che t: cao (2000 C) 9C + 2Al2O3 t Al4C3 + 6CO t , cao 4Al + 3C Al4C3 Bai tap 12: Viet CTCT va goi ten cac ong phan ankan A cha 16% hiro theo khoi lng trong phan t. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: C7H16 Bai tap 13: Viet CTCT va goi ten cac ong phan cua ankan X cha 83,72% cacbon theo khoi lng. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: C6H14 Bai tap 14: Mot hirocacbon A the kh. Bon the tch A co cung khoi lng vi mot the tch kh sunfur (SO2), cac the tch o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. a. Xac nh CTPT cua A va hay cho biet cong thc chung day ong ang cua A. b. Xac nh CTCT cac ong ang X, Y, Z cua A. Biet rang: + X cha 80% khoi lng cacbon trong phan t. + Y co 16,66% H theo khoi lng trong phan t. + Z co t khoi hi so vi X bang 1,933. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; S = 32 ; O = 16) S: CH4 ; C2H6 ; C5H12 ; C4H10 Bai tap 15: Mot hirocacbon dang kh X co the tch bang mot na the tch khong kh co cung khoi lng trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. a. Xac nh CTPT cua X. So sanh nhiet o soi cac ong phan cua X. b. Xac nh CTPT cac chat A, B, D ong ang vi X. Biet rang: + A cha 18,18% H theo khoi lng trong phan t. + B cha 84,21% C trong phan t. + D co t khoi so vi heli bang 7,5. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; He = 4) S: C4H10 ; C3H8 ; C8H18 ; C2H6 Bai tap 16: Tron 10cm3 mot hirocacbon X the kh vi 80cm 3 oxi, roi ot chay hoan toan hon hp. Sau khi lam lanh e hi nc ngng tu roi a ve ieu kien ban au th the tch kh con lai la 55cm3, trong o 40cm3 b hap thu bi KOH, phan con lai b hap thu bi photpho trang.
0
0 0

14

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Tm CTPT cua X. Tm t le the tch gia X vi oxi e tao hon hp no manh nhat. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. Th tch cc kh o trong cng iu kin v nhit . S: C4H10 ; 2 : 13 Bai tap 17: Tron 15ml hirocacbon A dang kh vi 100ml O 2 roi bat tia la ien e ot chay hoan toan hn hp. Sau phan ng chay thu c 70ml hon hp kh (sau khi a cho hi nc ngng tu). Trong o co 25ml kh b hap thu bi photpho trang co d, con lai mot kh b hap thu bi CaO. Xac nh CTPT, CTCT cua A va tm t le the tch gia A vi kh ng kh e tao hon hp no manh nhat. Cho biet the tch cac kh tren o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. Khng kh cha 20% O2 theo th tch. S: C3H8 ; 1 : 25 Bai tap 18: T kh thien nhien, viet cac phng trnh phan ng ieu che: Cao su Buna; Cao su Buna-S; Cao su Cloropren; Cao su Buna-N. Co san Stiren (C 6H5-CH=CH2), Nitrinacrilic (CH2=CH-CN), cac chat vo c, xuc tac. Bai tap 19: T n-Butan va isopentan lay t dau mo co the ieu che cac loai cao su nhan tao: Buna; Isopren; Buna-N; Buna-S; Clopropren. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng. Stiren, Acrilonitin, chat vo c, xuc tac co san. CU HI N PHN II 1. Hay cho biet cong thc va ten cua ba hirocacbon ma ieu kien thng chung hien dien dang kh, long va ran (moi chat ng vi moi trang thai ton tai khac nhau). 2. Co the co cac hirocacbon sau ay dang mach thang hay khong: C 3H8; C4H2; C5H2; C6H13; C20H30; C30H66; CH2; CH3; CH6; C80H160; C100H10; C101H4; C9H17; C13H28; C11H4; C13H4; C50H50; C50H51; C16H2; C16H3; C16H4; C16H34; C16H36; C17H2; C17H2; C17H4; C17H17; C17H34; C17H38? 3. Co the co cac hirocacbon co cac khoi lng phan t sau ay hay khong: 14; 15; 29; 80; 87; 120; 101; 20; 35; 200; 133? (Neu cacbon va hiro 1 ch gom cac ong v 12 6 C va 1 H ) 4. Hay cho biet CTPT, CTCT va ten cua bon hirocacbon co khoi lng phan t nho nhat. 5. Hon hp A gom hai hirocacbon ong ang lien tiep. 2,24 lt hon hp kh A (ktc) co khoi lng la 2,58 gam. Xac nh cong thc phan t hai hirocacbon nay. Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: 18,60% CH4 ; 81,40% C2H6 6. Hon hp X gom hai hidrocacbon ong ang lien tiep. Mot mol hon hp X co khoi lng 24,96 gam. Xac nh ten va tnh phan tram khoi lng moi chat co trong hon hp X. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: 23,08% CH4 ; 76,92% C2H6 7. ong ang la g? Day ong ang la g? Hay cho th du hai day ong ang, moi day gom nam chat lien tiep nhau. Hai the tch bang nhau cua hai hirocacbon dang kh khi chay het tao lng nc bang nhau. Hai Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 15

Chuyn : HIROCACBON hidrocacbon tren co the la hai chat ong ang nhau khong? Cho biet the tch hai kh tren o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. 8. ong phan la g? Nguyen nhan chnh gay ra hien tng phan la g? A la mot ankan. ot chay 1 mol A thu c 5 mol CO 2. Xac nh CTCT cac ong phan cua A. oc ten va so sanh nhiet o soi gia cac ong phan tren. 9. Phan ng the la g? A la mot hirocacbon co CTPT C 8H18. A tac dung vi kh clo theo t le mol 1: 1, ch tao mot dan xuat clo duy nhat. Xac nh CTCT cua A. Viet phan ng xay ra, oc ten cac tac chat, san pham. 10. Phan ng chay la g? Viet phan ng chay dang tong quat cua ankan (CnH2n + 2); Anken (CnH2n); Ankin (CnH2n -2); Ankaien (CnH2n - 2 ); Aren ong ang benzen (CnH2n - 6). Nhan xet t le so mol gia CO2 vi H2O thu c sau phan ng chay ng vi tng loai hirocacbon tren. 11. Phan ng nhiet phan la g? X, Y, Z la ba hirocacbon. Y nhieu hn X mot nguyen t cacbon, Z nhieu hn Y mot nguyen t cacbon trong CTPT. X, Y, Z co ong ang vi nhau khong? Biet rang moi hirocacbon tren em nhiet phan th eu tao so mol kh hiro gap 3 lan so mol moi hirocacbon em nhiet phan. Xac nh CTPT cua X, Y, Z neu X la mot parafin. 12. C che phan ng la g? Giai thch c che phan ng: CH 4 + Cl2 AS CH3Cl + HCl 13. Phan ng cracking la g? Thc hien phan ng cracking nham muc ch g? Viet cac phan ng cracking co the co cua isopentan, oc ten cac san pham thu c. Coi phan ng cracking ch tao ra ankan va anken. 14. ot chay hoan toan a gam hon hp hai ankan A, B, hn kem nhau k nguyen t cacbon trong phan t, th thu c b gam kh cacbonic. Hay tm khoang xac nh cua so nguyen t cacbon trong phan t ankan cha t nguyen t cacbon hn theo a,b, k. (C = 12 ; H =1 ; O =16) (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa) S: 15. Hon hp A gom mot ankan va mot anken. ot chay hon hp A th thu c a mol H2O va b mol CO2. Hoi t le T = nao? (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa) S: 1 < T < 2 16. Neu hon hp X gom hai hirocacbon ma khi ot chay cho so mol CO 2 bang so mol H2O th hon hp o cha cac loai hirocacbon nao? (Ankan, Anken, Ankaien, Ankin hay Aren ong ang benzen?) (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa) 17. Mt hn hp X gm hai ankan A, B k tip nhau trong dy ng ng v mt anken C c th tch bng 5,04 lt (ktc) sc qua bnh ng dung dch brm thi phn ng va vi 12g brm. a> Xc nh CTPT v thnh phn % cc cht A, B, C trong hn hp X. Bit 11,6g hn hp X lm mt mu va vi 16g brm. b> t chy hon ton 11,6g hn hp X, sn phm thu c sau phn ng dn ht vo bnh Y cha 2 lt dung dch NaOH 0,3M. 16 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng
a co gia tr trong khoang b b b - k < nC < 22a 7b 22a 7b

Chuyn : HIROCACBON b1. Khi lng bnh Y tng hay gim? bao nhiu gam. b2. Tnh khi lng cc cht trong Y. (2.1 Gii nhanh Cao C Gic)

XICLOANKAN (CICLOALCAN, CICLAN, XICLOPARAFIN, HIROCACBON VNG NO)


I. nh ngha Xicloankan l mt loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt vng khp kn. II. Cng thc tng qut CnH2n (n3) III. Danh php. Ankan Xicloankan (Mch chnh l mch vng. Cc nhm gn vo vng coi l cc nhm th gn vo xicloankan) CH3 V d: Xiclo propan ( C3H6) CH3 Metyl xiclopropan ( C4H8 ) CH3 C2H5 CH3 2- etyl, ,3-i metyl xiclo pentan H3C HC H3C Xiclo pentan Xiclo hexan C2H5 1-etyl, 3-metyl, 5- iso propyl xiclohexan Xiclo butan ( C4H8 ) CH3 1,2-i metyl xiclobutan ( C6H12 ) CH3

Xiclo octan IV. Tnh cht ha hc Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 17

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Tnh cht ha hc ca xicloankan (nht l cc vng 5, vng 6, cng nh cc vng ln hn) c bn ging nh ca ankan. Ngha l xicloankan thng ch cho c phn ng th vi halogen X 2 khi c s hin din ca nh sng hay un nng, xicloankan khng b oxi ha bi dung dch KMnO4. Tuy nhin vi cc xicloankan vng nh (vng 3, vng 4, nht l vng 3) cn c tnh cht nh mt hirocacbon khng no, v n cho c phn ng cng to sn phm m vng. Nguyn nhn ca tnh cht ha hc ny l do cc vng nh c sc cng gc ln (sc cng Baeyer, gc CCC trong xiclopropan bng 600, gc CCC trong xiclobutan bng 900, ng l gc CCC ca lin kt n l 109 028 ging nh trong ankan) nn khng bn. Chng tham gia phn ng cng hay phn ng ng phn ha to sn phm m vng bn hn. 1. Phn ng chy CnH2n + 2. Phn ng th V d: + Xiclo pentan
0

3n O2 t nCO2 + nH2O 2
0

Br2

C 300

Br 1-brom xiclo pentan

+ HBr

C + HNO3 450

NO2

+ H2O

3. Phn ng cng Xiclopropan v xiclobutan cho c phn ng cng hiro (H2) to ankan tng ng vi s hin din ca niken (Ni) hay bch kim (Pt) lm xc tc v un nng, nhng unnng mnh hn so vi khi cng hiro vo anken. Cc xicloankan khc (xiclopentan, xiclohexan,...) khng cho c phn ng ny. Xiclopropan cho c phn ng cng vi Br 2 (trong dung mi CCl4), vi dung dch HX m c (HCl, HBr, HI), cng nh cho c phn ng cng vi dung dch axit sunfuric m c (H2SO4). Do xiclopropan cng lm mt mu dung dch Br2 nhng chm hn so vi anken, ankin. CH3CH2CH3 (C3H6) (C3H8) Xiclopropan Hiro Propan Ni (Pt)t + H2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 (C4H8) (C4H10) Xiclobutan Hiro n-butan
0
0

(Pt)t + H2 Ni

, + Br2 CCl
4

+ H2 Br-CH2CH2CH2-Br (C3H6Br2) + Br2 CH3CH2CH2-Cl (C3H7Cl) Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

(C3H6) Xiclobutan , + HCl (C3H6) 18

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Xiclobutan , + HCl

4. Phn ng ng phn ha Khi cho xiclopropan i qua nhm oxit (Al 2O3) 1000C, n s chuyn ha thnh cht ng phn l propen.

V. ng dng T xiclohexan, metylxiclohexan thc hin phn ng ehiro-ha vi cht xc tc, nhit thch hp c th thu c cc hirocacbon thm tng ng l benzen v toluen (phn ng reforming)

VI. iu ch 1. Cho dn xut ihalogen ca ankan, trong 2 nguyn t halogen cch xa nhau, tc dng vi natri (Na) hay km (Zn) s thu c xicloankan tng ng (ging nh phn ng Wurtz)

Ancol long 1250C 1,3 iclo propan


Km x km clorua

1,3 iclo propan


Canxi aipat
Natri

1,3 ibrom pentan

Phng php ny dng Hiro iu ch xiclo propan. Dng kim loi km cho hiu sut cao hn so vi nguyn t mi sinh dng Na kim loi. Vi cc kim loi khc phn ng cho hiu sut rt thp. 2. Nhit phn mui canxi ca axit icacboxilic, to xeton vng, ri kh xeton vng ny bng hn hng km trong axit clohiric

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

19

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

3. T aren ng ng benzen, cng nh t phenol iu ch c xicloankan

Hiro

Hiro
H2SO4 c

Nc

Hiro Ghi ch: Hn hng ca mt kim loi l hp kim ca kim loi v thy ngn. Thy ngn l kim loi duy nht hin din dng lng iu kin thng thng, do n ha tan c nhiu bt kim loi to hp kim tng ng. Hn hng cn gi l amalgam. V d: hn hng natri: hp kim natri v thy ngn hn hng thic: hp kim thic vi thy ngn hn hng bc: hp kim bc vi thy ngn Bi 1: C ba bnh, mi bnh cha mt kh ring, gm: propan, xiclopropan v propen. Hy nhn bit cc bnh kh trn bng phng php ha hc. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. Bi 2: Phn bit cc kh sau y ng trong cc bnh mt nhn: Axetilen, Etilen, Etan v Xiclopropan. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. 20 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Bi 3: A l mt xicloankan. T khi hi ca A so vi nit bng 3. A tc dng vi Cl 2, khi chiu sng, theo t l mol nA : n Cl 2 = 1 : 1 ch to mt dn xut monoclo duy nht. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A. vit phn ng xy ra. c tn cc cht. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; N = 14) S: Xiclohexan Bi 4: X l mt hirocacbon. Mt th tch hi X vi 2,625 th tch metan c cng khi lng (cc th tch hi, kh trn o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). a. Xc nh CTCT ca X, c tn X. Bit rng X khng lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4. b. Y l mt ng phn ca X. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng theo s sau y (mi mi tn l mt phn ng): Br NaOH, t t X dd X1 dd X2 CuO, X3 O , Mn X4 dd Br dd NaOH, t CuO, t O , Mn t Y Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 H , Ni, Y5 (Axit lactic) (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: X: Xiclopropan Bi 5: A, B l hai hirocacbon ng ng lin tip (M A < MB). 1,568 lt hn hp hi X (ktc) gm hai cht A, B c t chy hon ton bng 44,8 lt khng kh (ktc) c d. Th tch hi nc thu c bng th tch kh CO2 (cng iu kin). Cho tt c cc kh thu c sau phn ng chy vo mt ng p trn chu nc. Th tch kh trong ng l 45,981 lt 150C, ct nc trong ng cao hn so vi mc nc ngoi chu l 4,08 cm (xem hnh). p sut kh quyn l 750 mmHg, p sut hi nc bo ha 15 0C l 12,7 mmHg. Thy ngn c t khi l 13,6. a. Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A, B. Bit rng B tc dng Cl2 theo t l mol 1 : 1 ch to mt dn xut monoclo v B khng tc dng vi dung dch kali pemanganat. b. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X. c. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ca A, B v c tn cc ng phn ny. Coi N2, O2, CO2 khng ha tan trong nc. Khng kh gm 20% O2, 80% N2 theo th tch. (C = 12 ; H = 1)
2 2
0 0

2+

2+

S: 50% xiclopropan, 50% xiclobutan Bi 6: Hn hp A gm hai cht X, Y lin tip trong dy ng ng ca benzen. t chy hon ton 2,9 gam hn hp A bng lng O 2 ly gp i so vi lng cn. Cho tt c cc kh sau phn ng chy vo mt ng p trn chu nc, th tch phn kh trong ng l 12,66 lt 25 0C. Mc nc trong ng thp hn mc nc ngoi chu l 68 mm (xem hnh). p sut kh quyn l 760 mmHg. p sut hi nc bo ha 250C l 23,7 mmHg. Khi lng ring ca thy ngn l 13,6 g/cm3. a. Xc nh CTPT ca X, Y. Vit cc CTCT c th c ca X,Y. c tn cc cht ny. b. Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp A. Coi O 2, CO2 khng ha tan trong nc. Ly 3 s l trong s tnh ton. (C = 12; H = 1)

S: 63,448% C7H8; 36,552% C8H10 Bi 7: Hn hp A gm hai hirocacbon X, Y ng phn. t chy ht m gam hn hp A. Cho sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch D (gm 1,8 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,05M), thu c 3 gam kt ta v dung dch E. Khi lng dung dch E ln hn khi lng dung dch D l 6,3 gam. Dung dch E tc dng dung dch NaOH thu c thm kt ta. a. Tnh m. b. m gam hi A 136,50C, p sut 912 mmHg c th tch 1,4 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca X,Y. 21 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON
Br NaOH, t X dd X1 dd X2 (a chc) Cl , 500 C NaOH, t Y Y1 dd Y2 (n chc) Xc nh CTCT ca X, Y. Vit phn ng theo s trn v c tn X, X1, X2, Y, Y1, Y2. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (C = 12; H = 1; O =16; Ca = 40) S: m = 2,1g; X: xiclopropan, Y: propen Bi 8: Hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon A, B ng phn ca nhau. Ly m gam X em t chy cn dng V (lt) khng kh (ktc). Cho sn phm chy hp th vo 500ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,24M, thu c kt ta mu trng v dung dch D. Dung dch D cho tc dng vi dung dch KOH d, thu c 7,88 gam kt ta na. Khi lng dung dch D nh hn khi lng dung dch Ba(OH)2 lc u l 5,84 gam. a. Tnh m, V. b. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. Bit rng 4 th tch hi X c cng khi lng vi 7 th tch kh oxi (o trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut). c. Cho bit c cc phn ng theo s sau y: Cl , as, 1:1 (2) (1) NaOH, t (3) A H A3 (n chc) A2 dd , Ni, t A1 dd Br (4) KOH / R, t ( 5 ) H O, HgSO , 80 C , (6) B B1 B2 B3 (7) (8) A3 B3 A3 Mi mi tn l mt phn ng. Xc nh CTCT ca A, B v vit cc phn ng xy ra theo s trn. Cho bit A khng tc dng dung dch Br2 cng nh dung dch KMnO4, B c cu to dng cis. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Khng kh gm 20% O2, 80% N2 theo th tch. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ba = 137) p s: m = 2,24g; V = 26,88 lt; A: Xiclobutan; B: Buten-2

c. Cho bit :

CU HI N PHN VII
1. Xicloankan l g? Cho th d minh ha. 2. Hy cho bit cng thc chung dy ng ng ca cc cht sau y: Xiclohexan; Xiclohexen; Benzen; Stiren; Etinyl benzen (Phenyl axetilen); n- Hexan; Isopren; Isobutilen; Axetilen; Vinylaxetilen. 3. c tn ca cc cht sau y: C2H5 CH=CH2 CH3 Cl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 -CH=CH2 CH3-CH3 4. Vit CTCT ca cc cht sau y: a. 1-Metyl, 2-iso propylxiclobutan b. 1-n-Butyl, 3-isobutylxiclohexan c. n-Amyl xiclooctan d. Xiclopentyl xiclopentan e. 1,3,5-Trimetylxiclohexan f. 1-alyl, 3-Vinyl-xicloheptan g. Toluen. h. Cloropren (2-Clobut-1,3-ien) 5. Vit phng trnh phn ng theo s sau: dd NaOH dd Br t Z CuO, X (C3H6) + T (Anehit a chc) Y dd NaOH + dd Br CuO, t C D (Tp chc) A (C3H6) B 6. C hp cht hu c no trong phn t khng cha lin kt i, lin kt ba m cho c phn ng cng hay khng? Gii thch v cho th d minh ha cho cu tr li.
2 2
0
0

22

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON 7. A l mt hirocacbon. t chy ht 1 mol A, thu c 4 mol CO 2 v 4 mol H2O. Xc nh CTCT ca A. Bit rng A khng phn nhnh, A khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO 4 v t A c th iu ch cc cht khc theo s sau: dd KOH t t , (1:1) D A H , Ni, B Br , C (Sn phm chnh) HBr H , Ni, t H SO (), 180 C CuO, t D E D F (SP chnh) C Vit cc phn ng xy ra theo s trn. p s: Xiclo butan (C4H8) 8. A l mt hn hp gm hai hirocacbon ng ng lin tip. t chy ht 1,68 lt hi A (ktc) ri cho sn phm chy hp th vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi lng d, th khi lng bnh dung dch nc vi tng 17,05 gam v trong bnh c 27,5 gam kt ta. Cn nu t chy hon ton m gam A cn dng 36,96 lt O2 (ktc). a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hirocacbon trong hn hp A. b. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A. c. Tnh m. d. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ca cht c khi lng phn t ln trong A. c tn cc cu to ny. (C = 12; H = 1; Ca = 40; O = 16) S: 27,27% C3H6; 72,73% C4H8; m = 15,4g 9. Hn hp A gm 3 cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng xicloankan: X (C xH2x); Y (CyHy); Z (CzH2z). Trong x < y < z ; Z v X cch nhau k cht trong dy ng ng. t chy hon ton a lt hi hn hp A (ktc) th cn dng b gam O2.
2 0 2 0
0

a. Chng minh:

1,4b 3a 1,4b -k< x < 3a 3a

b. Xc nh CTCT ca X, Y, Z v c tn cc cht ny. Cho bit Y cho c phn ng cng H 2 (c Ni lm xc tc, un nng); k = 2 v X, Y, Z c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh. c. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A nu a = 10,08 lt; b = 100,8 gam; S mol ca Y bng trung bnh cng s mol ca hai cht X, Z v cng d kin nh cu (b). (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16) p s: 14,29% C3H6; 28,57% C4H8; 57,14% C6H12 10. t chy hon ton 1,04 gam mt cht hu c D cn va 2,24 lt kh O 2 (ktc), ch thu c kh CO2, hi H2O theo t l th tch V CO2 : V H 2 O = 2 : 1 cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca D, bit t khi hi ca D so vi hiro 52, D cha vng benzen v tc dng c vi dung dch brom. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) ( TSH khi A, nm 2005) S: Stiren 11. Hn hp X gm hai anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. t chy hon ton 5 lt hn hp X cn va 18 lt kh oxi (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). 1. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai anken. 2. Hirat ha hon ton mt th tch X vi iu kin thch hp thu c hn hp ru Y, trong t l v khi lng cc ru bc mt so vi ru bc hai l 28 : 15. a) Xc nh % khi lng mi ru trong hn hp ru Y. b) Cho hn hp ru Y th hi qua CuO un nng, nhng ru no b oxi ha thnh anehit? Vit phng trnh phn ng. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) ( TSH khi A, nm 2004) S: 1. C2H4 ; C3H6 2.a) 34,88% iso-C3H7OH, 53,49% C2H5OH, 11,63% n-C3H7OH

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

23

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

ANKEN (ALCEN, OLEFIN, NG NG ETILEN, )


I. nh ngha Anken l hirocacbon khoomch h, trong phn t c cha mt lin kt i C=C. II. Cng thc tng qut CnH2n (n 2) III. Cch gi tn Ankan Anken ( C thm s ch v tr ca lin kt i, t pha sau hoc pha trc, c nh s nh. Mch chnh l mch cha ni i v di nht) Ankan Ankilen (Nh trn) V d: CH2=CH2 (C2H4) Eten ; Etilen CH3-CH=CH2 (C3H6) Propen ; Propilen 4 3 2 1 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 (C4H8) 1- Buten ; But-1-en ; n- But-1-ilen 1 2 3 4 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 (C4H8) 2 - Buten ; But-2-en ; n-2 - Butilen ; But-2-ilen 3 2 1 CH3-C(CH3)=CH2 (C4H8) 2 Metylprop-1-en ; Isobutilen 5 4 3 2 1 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2 (C5H10) 1 - Penten ; Pent-1-en; n- Amylen 1 2 3 4 5 CH3-CH=CH-CH-(CH3)2 (C6H12) 4-Metyl pent-2-en; 4-Metylpenten-2 CH3 6 5 4 3 CH3-CH-CH2- C- CH2-CH2-CH3 (C11H22) 3,5-imetyl-3-n-propyl hex-1-en 2 1 CH3 CH=CH2 CH3 5 4 3 2 1 CH3-CH-CH = C-CH-CH3 2-clo 3,5-imetyl hept-3-en 6 7 CH2-CH3 Cl Ghi ch G.1. Lin kt (sigma, xch ma) l mt loi lin kt cng ha tr, c to ra do s xen ph dc theo trc i xng ca cc obitan (orbital, vn o) nguyn t to lin kt. Vi hai obitan nguyn t khi xen 24 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON ph dc theo trc i xng to lin kt th hai trc i xng ca hai obitan ny trng lp ln nhau (chng ln nhau). V d:

Hai obitan s hnh cu ca hai Xen ph dc trc nguyn t H trc khi xen ph to lin kt i xng

Lin kt s-s

Hai obitan p hnh s 8 cn i ca ca hai nguyn t Clo

Xen ph dc trc i xng

Lin kt p-p

Obitan s hnh cu Obitan p hnh s 8 ca H ca Cl

Xen ph dc trc i xng

Lin kt s-p

G.2. Lin kt (pi) l mt loi lin kt cng ha tr, c to ra do s xen ph bn ca cc obitan nguyn t to lin kt. Vi hai obitan nguyn t p khi xen ph bn to lin kt th hai trc i xng ca hai obitan nguyn t ny song song vi nhau v cng thng gc vi trc ni hai nhn nguyn t (trc lin nhn).

Hai obitan p, c hai trc i xng song song

Xen ph bn, hai trc i xng song song v cng thng gc vi trc ni hai nhn

Lin kt p-p

G.3. Mt lin kt n cng ha tr gm mt lin kt . G.4. Mt lin kt i cng ha tr gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt . G.5. Mt lin kt ba cng ha tr gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt . V d: CC C=C CC 2 CH CO C=O NN 2 G.6. Lin kt km bn hn lin kt v in t trong lin kt cng linh ng hn so vi in t trong lin kt . in t c th di chuyn trn nhiu nguyn t trong phn t , cn in t ch di chuyn trong vng khng gian bao quanh hai nguyn t to lin kt. G.7. C s quay t do quanh mt lin kt n, nhng khng c s quay t do quanh mt lin kt i cng nh mt lin kt ba cng ha tr. V khi quay nh vy th lin kt c trong lin kt i, lin kt ba s b ph v. V d:

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

25

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

G.8. di lin kt n di hn di lin kt i, di lin kt i di hn di lin kt ba. V d: d C-C (1,54 A0 ) > d C=C (1,34 A0 ) > d CC (1,20 A0 ) G.9. iu kin mt cht c ng phn cis, trans (ng phn Z, E; ng phn hnh hc; ng phn khng gian; ng phn lp th) l: + Phn t cht phi c cha t nht mt lin kt i C=C + V mi cacbon ni i phi lin kt vi hai nguyn t hay hai nhm nguyn t khc nhau. Hai nguyn t hay hai nhm nguyn t tng ng lin kt vo hai nguyn t cacbon ni i nu nm cng mt bn mt phng ni i (mt phng ) th c ng phn cis (Z), nu hai nguyn t hay hai nhm nguyn t tng ng ny nm hai bn mt phng ni i th c ng phn trans (E). Hin nay, ngi ta dng cis-trans ch hai nhm th ging nhau cng mt bn hay hai bn mt phng ni i, cn dng Z-E ch hai nhm th c cng mc u tin cng mt bn hay hai bn mt phng ni i.

AB A B A A ( A tng ng A, A c th l A) B B ( B tng ng B, B c th l B) Nguyn nhn ca ng phn cis-trans l do khng c s quay t do quanh lin kt i C=C, nn hai cu to cis, trans hon ton khc nhau. V d: CH2=CH2 (Etilen) khng c ng phn cis, trans CH3-CH=CH2 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-C(CH3)=CH2 Buten-2 c ng phn cis, trans: (Propilen) khng c ng phn cis, trans (1- Buten; Buten-1) khng c ng phn cis, trans (Isobutilen) khng c ng phn cis, trans H H

C=C
CH3 1 2 3 4 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 2-Buten (Buten-2) 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH(CH3)-CH3 H CH3 CH3

Cis-2-buten

C=C
CH3 H

Trans-2-buten

(2,4-imetylhex-3-en) c ng phn cis-trans H

CH3-CH2

C=C
CH3 26 CH(CH3)2

Trans 2,4-imetylhex-3-en

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON CH3-CH2 CH(CH3)2

C=C cis 2,4-imetylhex-3-en CH3 H Bi 1: Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis- trans, nu c, ca cc cht sau y: a. Stiren (C6H5-CH=CH2) b. 1,2-iclo eten (Cl-CH=CH-Cl) c. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH d. Axit metacrilic CH2=C(CH3)COOH e. Hex-2-en f. 2,4-imetylhex-3-en Bi 2: Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis-trans (nu c) ca cc cht sau y: a. Axit xinamic (C6H5-CH=CH-COOH) b. Axit acrilic ( CH2=CH-COOH ) c. Crotonanehit ( CH3-CH=CH-CHO ) d. Nitrinacrilic ( CH2=CH-CN) e. Benzanaxetophenon (C6H5-CH=CH-CO-C6H5) f. 3,4-imetylhexen-2 VI. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng chy
CnH2n +
3n O2 t nCO2 2
0

nH2O

Anken (Olefin) n mol n mol Lu : Khi t chy anken thu c s mol nc bng s mol CO 2 , hay th tch hi nc bng th tch kh CO2 (trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut). 2. Phn ng cng. a. Phn ng cng Hiro (Phn ng hiroha) Phn ng cng l phn ng trong phn t mt cht nhn thm vo phn t ca n mt hay mt s phn t khc to thnh mt phn t sn phm. iu kin mt cht cho c phn ng cng l phn t cht ny phi c cha lin kt hoc vng nh ( khng bn ) ,t CnH2n + H2 Ni CnH2n +2 Anken Hiro Ankan Olefin Parafin V d: -2 -2 0 -3 +1 -3 +1 ,t CH2=CH2 + H2 Ni CH 3-CH3 (C2H4) (C2H6) Etilen Etan (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
0

-1

-2

0
0

-2 +1 -3 +1

,t CH3-CH=CH2 + H2 Ni CH3-CH2-CH3 (C3H6) (C3H8) Propen, Propilen Hiro Propan (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Lu * Trong phn ng anken cng H 2, th H2 ng vai tr cht kh, cn anken ng vai tr cht oxi ha. Do ngi ta cn ni dng H2 kh anken nhm to ankan hay anken b kh bi H2 to ankan. * anken cng hiro th cn dng cht xc tc v nhit thch hp. Nu thiu mt trong hai iu kin ny th c th phn ng khng xy ra. * Phn ng cng H2 vo anken thng xy ra khng hon ton. Ngha l sau phn ng, ngoi sn phm ankan, c th cn c hai tc cht l anken v H 2. Ch khi no gi thit cho phn ng xy ra hon ton hay hiu sut 100% v c H2 d hay va th tt c lng anken c lc u mi phn ht to ankan.

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

27

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Bi 3: Hn hp kh A gm 0,5 mol etilen v 22,4 lt H 2 (ktc) c cho vo mt bnh kn c cha mt t bt Ni lm xc tc. un nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh B. a. Hn hp B c th gm cc cht no? Tnh khi lng hn hp B. b. Bit rng trong hn hp B trn c cha 2,8g mt cht X m khi t chy to s mol nc bng s mol CO2. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp B v tnh hiu sut phn ng gia etilen vi hiro. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: a. 16g b. 36,36% C2H6 9,09% C2H4 54,55% H2 ; 80% Bi 4: Hn hp kh X gm 0,3 mol propilen v 3,52 lt H2 (27,30C, 1,4 atm) c cho vo mt bnh kn c cha mt t bt Ni lm xc tc. un nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh Y. a. Hn hp Y c th gm cc cht no? Tnh khi lng hn hp Y. b. Cho bit trong hn hp Y trn c cha 6,6 gam cht Z, m khi t chy Z th thu c s mol CO2 nh hn s mol H2O. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp Y v tnh hiu sut phn ng propilen cng H2. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: a. 13g b. 42,86% C3H8 42,86% C3H6 14,28%H2 ; 75% b. Phn ng cng halogen X2 (Ch yu l cng brom, Br2) CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2 Anken Halogen Dn xut ihalogen ca ankan V d: CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2Br-CH2Br (C2H4) (C2H4Br2) Eten, Etilen Nc brom 1,2-ibrometan, Etylenbromua CH3-CH=CH2 + Br2 CH3-CHBr-CH2Br (C3H6) (C3H6Br2) Propen, Propilen Nc brom 1,2-ibrompropan, Propylenbromua Lu * Anken cng brom d dng. Ch cn dung dch brom, khng cn brom nguyn cht, v phn ng xy ra c ngay c trong bng ti. Do phn ng cng brom vo anken xy ra hon ton, c brom d th ht anken hoc ngc li. * Cc anken lm mt mu nc brom d dng, iu ny cng ng vi cc hp cht khng no ni chung (c lin kt i C=C, lin kt ba CC trong phn t), v c phn ng cng brom vo lin kt i, lin kt ba gia C vi C. Ngi ta thng vn dng tnh cht ha hc ny nhn bit anken, cng nh cc hp cht khng no ni chung. Bi 5: Mt hirocacbon X khi cho tc dng vi clo to nn mt dn xut clo Y Nu ha hi Y th thu c mt th tch bng
9 th tch kh CO2 c khi lng tng ng trong cng iu kin. 4

a. Xc nh cng thc ca X. b. Nu X tc dng vi clo theo ch to cht Y duy nht, xc nh CTCT ca X. c. Phn bit cc cht: metan, X, CO2, N2 v H2, ng trong cc l khng nhn. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Cl = 35,5) S: a. C2H6 hay C2H4 b. CH2=CH2 Bi 6: A l mt hirocacbon. A tc dng Br2 to sn phm l mt dn xut brom B. Nu cho B ha hi th thy mt th tch etan bng 7,2 th tch hi B tng ng khi lng (trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut). a. Xc nh CTPT c th c ca A. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. b. Nu A tc dng brom ch to mt sn phm duy nht l B. Xc nh CTCT ca A. c tn A. Bit rng A l ng phn hnh hc ca A (A dng cis).Vit phn ng xy ra. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; Br = 80) S: a. C4H8, C4H10 b. A: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 (trans) Bi 7: Hn hp kh A gm etilen v hiro. Cho 6 gam hn hp A vo mt bnh kn c cha mt t bt Ni lm xc tc. un nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh B. Dn hn hp B qua bnh ng nc 28 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON brom c d, c 4,48 lt hn hp kh C (ktc) thot ra v khi lng bnh brom tng thm m gam. T khi hi ca C so vi hiro bng 11,5. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh % khi lng mi kh trong hn hp B v tnh hiu sut phn ng cng hiro ca etilen. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: a. m = 1,4g b. 75% C2H6 ; 23,33% C2H4 ; 1,67% H2 HS = 75% Bi 8: Hn hp kh X gm propilen v H2. Cho 6,5 gam hn hp X vo mt bnh kn, c cha mt t bt niken lm xc tc. un nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn hn hp Y qua bnh ng dung dch brom d, khi lng bnh brom tng thm m gam v c 1,76 lt hn hp kh Z (27,3 0C; 1,4 atm). dZ/metan = 2,225. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh hiu sut phn ng cng gia propilen vi hiro. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: a. m = 2,94 gam b. HS = 80% c. Phn ng cng nc (Phn ng hirat ha) CnH2n + H2O Anken (Olefin) Nc V d: CH2=CH2 + H2O (C2H4) Etilen
H3PO4 t0, p [ H2SO4 (l), t0]

CnH2n + 1OH Ru n chc no mch h CH3-CH2-OH (C2H5OH) Etanol , Ru etylic CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 (Sn phm chnh) CH3-CH2-CH2-OH (Sn phm ph)

H3PO4 280-3000C 70 80 atm

CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O Propen , Propilen Nc

H3PO4 t0, p [ H2SO4 (l), t0]

Ghi ch: Qui tc Markovnikov Khi cng mt tc nhn bt i xng vo mt anken bt i xng th sn phm chnh c to ra l do phn ion dng ca tc nhn lin kt vo cacbon ni i mang nhiu H hn, phn ion m ca tc nhn lin kt vo cacbon ni i t H hn. Sn phm ph th ngc li.

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

29

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

d. Phn ng cng HX (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) , xt , p CnH2n + HX CnH2n + 1X t Anken Hirohalogenua Dn xut monohalogen ca ankan
0

3. Phn ng trng hp * Phn ng trng hp l phn ng trong cc phn t ca cng mt cht kt hp li to thnh cht c khi lng phn t ln hn. Cht c khi lng phn t ln c lp i lp li bi cc n v mt xch ging nhau. , xt ) n A TH n: h s trng hp (t (A) n
0

Anken thuc loi hirocacbon khng no, phn t c cha lin kt i C=C (1, 1) nn gia cc phn t ca cng mt anken c th cng vi nhau c, tc anken cho c phn ng trng hp. , xt ) CxH2x TH ( t (CxH2x)n Anken Polime ca anken V d: , xt ) n CH2=CH2 TH (t (-CH2-CH2-)n Etilen Polietilen Nha P.E
0

30

-CH - CH2Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng CH3 n

Chuyn : HIROCACBON n CH3-CH=CH2 Propilen


, xt ) TH (t
0

Polipropilen, nha PP Bi 9: Vit cc phn ng trng hp c th c ca C5H10. c tn tc cht, sn phm thu c. S: 5 phn ng Bi 10: Vit cc phn ng trng hp c th c ca C4H8. c tn cc tc cht v sn phm. S: 3 phn ng 4. Phn ng b oxi ha bi dung dch KMnO4 (Kali pemanganat, thuc tm) -1 -1 +7 0 0 +4 3 R-CH=CH-R + 2 KMnO4 + 4 H2O 3 R-CH(OH) CH(OH)-R + 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH Anken Kali pemanganat Ru a chc Mangan ioxit (cht kh ) (cht oxi ha) (kt ta mu en) 3 CnH2n + 2 KMnO4 + 4 H2O 3 CnH2n(OH)2 + 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH Anken Kali pemanganat Ru a chc Mangan ioxit V d:

Cc anken lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO 4 l do c phn ng oxi ha-kh trn, nn dung dch KMnO4 cng thng c dng nhn bit cc anken (cng nh cc hp cht khng no khc). V. ng dng 1. T anken iu ch c polime tng ng (Thc hin phn ng trng hp) V d: , xt ) n CH2=CH2 TH ( t (-CH2-CH2-)n poli etilen 2. T anken iu ch c ru n chc no mch h, ru nh chc no mch h CnH2n + H2O CnH2n + 1OH Anken (Olefin) Nc Ru n chc no mch h CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 Anken Nc brom Dn xut ibrom ca ankan CnH2nBr2 + 2NaOH CnH2n(OH)2 Dn xut ibrom ca ankan Dung dch xt Ru nh chc no mch h
0

V d: CH2=CH2 + H2O (C2H4) Etilen CH2 = CH CH3 +

H3PO4 280-3000C 70 80 atm

Br2

CH3-CH2-OH (C2H5OH) Etanol , Ru etylic CH2 CH CH3 31

Br Mai Br Thy gio bin son: Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON propen, Propilen Nc brom 1,2-Dibrompropan, Propylen bromua

(Hoc cho anken CnH2n tc dng trc tip vi dung dch KMnO4 ta cng thu c ru nh chc no mch h CnH2n(OH)2 nh bit 4) 3. T anken iu ch c ankan tng ng ,t CnH2n + H2 Ni CnH2n +2 Anken Hiro Ankan Olefin Parafin V d: ,t CH2=CH2 + H2 Ni CH3-CH3 Etilen Hiro Etan
0
0

,t CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 Ni CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 But-2-en n-Butan 4. T etilen iu ch c ru etylic, anehit axetic, axit axetic, este etylaxetat, ietyl ete 0 V d: CH2=CH2 + H2O H3PO4 280-300 C CH3-CH2-OH 70 80 atm (C2H4) (C2H5OH) Etilen Etanol , Ru etylic CH3-CH2-OH + CuO t CH3-CHO + Cu + H2O Ru etylic ng (II) oxit Anehit axetic ng Nc
0
0

5. Kh etilen cn c dng gi tri cy cho mau chn . V etilen c tc dng kch thch s hot ng cc men lm tri cy mau chn. VI. iu ch anken 1. ehirat- ha (tch nc, loi nc) ru n chc no mch h, thu c anken (olefin)
SO () , 180 C CnH2n + 1OH H + CnH2n Ru n chc no mch h (n 2) Anken, Olefin
2 4 0

H2O Nc

32

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

Lu * Ru no m sau khi ehirat ha thu c anken hay olefin th l ru n chc no mch h v phn t c cha s nguyn t C 2. Ru ny c cng thc tng qut l CnH2n + 1OH vi n 2. * Qui tc Zaixep: Khi mt ru n chc no mch loi nc thu c hai anken khc nhau, th anken to ra nhiu hn (sn phm chnh) l ng vi mt H C c bc cao hn. Cn anken to ra t hn (sn phm ph) l ng vi s mt H C c bc thp hn. (Hay sn phm chnh ng vi anken c mang nhiu nhm th hn, hay ng vi anken c cha nhiu H hn).

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

33

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

2. T Ankan iu ch Anken (thc hin phn ng cracking) CnH2n+2 CnH2n+2 cracking + CmH2m Ankan Ankan Anken Parafin Parafin (n<n) Olefin

3. Ankin Anken ,t CnH2n-2 + H2 Pd CnH2n ,t R-C C-R + H2 Pd R-CH=CH-R V d: ,t CH CH + H2 Pd CH2 = CH2 Axetilen Hidro Etilen Pd , t CH3 - C CH + H2 CH3- CH = CH2 Propin Hidro Propen phn ng cng H2 vo ankin to ra ch yu l anken th dng H2 khng d v dng xc tc Palai (Pd) (khng dng Ni, Pt lm xc tc). 34 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng
0
0

Chuyn : HIROCACBON 4. Dn xut monohalogen ca ankan tc dng KOH trong ru, un nng, to anken t R-CH2-CH2-X KOH/ruou, + HX R-CH=CH2 ruou, t R-CH2-CH2-X + KOH R-CH=CH2 + KX + H2O V d: t CH3-CH2-Cl + KOH ruou, H2O CH2=CH2 + KCl + Clometan, Etyl clorua Etilen Kali clorua Nc ruou, t CH3-CH2-CH2-Br + KOH CH3-CH=CH2 + KBr + H2O 5. ,- ihalogenankan tc dng vi bt kim loi km hay ng, thu c anken
0
0

Lu Ngi ta thng p dng phng php iu ch ny tch ly ring anken ra khi hn hp cc cht hu c. Cho hn hp cc cht hu c c cha anken tc dng vi nc brom th anken b gi li v c phn ng cng brom v to sn phm ha tan trong nc brom. Sau cho bt kim loi km vo, s ti to c anken. CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 CnH2nBr2 + Zn CnH2n + ZnBr2 Sn phm cng brom Km Anken Km bromua Th d: Tch ly ring etilen ra khi hn hp gm hai kh metan v etilen . Cho hn hp hai kh trn qua nc brom c d. Tt c etilen b gi li v c phn ng cng brom. Metan khng tc dng vi brom dung dch, khng ha tan trong nc ca dung dch, thot ra khi bnh ng nc brom, thu c metan. Sau cho bt km lng d vo phn dung dch cn li, s ti to c etilen. Etilen to ra, khng ha tan trong nc, thot ra, thu c ring.

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

35

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

Bi 11: 9,7g hn hp A gm hai ru sau khi ehirat ha hon ton, thu c 4,564 lt hn hp kh gm hai olefin ng ng lin tip (171,990C; 1,2 atm). a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ru trn. b. Tnh %khi lng ca mi ru trong hn hp A. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O =16) S: 61,86% C3H7OH; 38,14% C4H9OH Bi 12: 8,98g hn hp X gm hai ru. Cho lng hn hp X dng hi trn qua H 2SO4(), un nng c s tch nc hon ton, thu c 3,7184 lt hn hp hi hai anken ng ng lin tip ( 180,18 0C; 836mmHg). a. Xc nh CTPT hai ru trn. b. Tnh khi lng mi ru c trong hn hp X trn. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16) S: 3,7g C4H9OH 5,28g C5H11OH Bi 13: Thc hin phn ng cracking propan thu c hn hp kh A gm: etilen, metan v propan cha b cracking. Hy tm cch ly ring etilen tinh khit ra khi hn hp A. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. Bi 14: Ly 2,24 lt (ktc) iso butan em thc hin phn ng cracking. Thu c hn hp A gm ba kh. a. Tnh khi lng hn hp A. b. Trong hn hp A trn c 3,36g mt kh X m khi t chy to s mol H 2O bng s mol CO2. Cn hai kh kia, mi kh khi t chy u to s mol H 2O ln hn s mol CO2. Tnh hiu sut phn ng cracking v % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A. c. Nu phng php ha hc tch ly ring kh X ra khi hn hp A. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: 5,8g hn hp A ; HS 80% ; 44,44% CH4 44,44% C3H6 11,12% C4H10 Bi 15: t chy hon ton 2,8g cht hu c A mch h cn dng 6,72 lit oxi (ktc). Sn phm chy ch gm kh cacbonic v hi nc vi s mol bng nhau. a. Xc nh cng thc chung dy ng ng ca A. b. Nu cho 2,8g cht A trn vo dung dch brom d th thu c 9,2g sn phm cng. Tm CTPT, cc CTCT c th c ca A. c tn cc cht ny. c. Cho bit A c mch cacbon thng, khng c ng phn cis, trans. Xc nh cng thc ng ca A. Vit phn ng A vi HCl v vit phn ng trng hp A. Tnh h s trng hp ca A nu polime thu c c khi lng phn t 210 000 u (C= 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Br = 80) S: C5H10 ; 6 CTCT ; n = 3000 Bi 16: t chy hon ton 3,36g cht hu c X mch h bng 8,064 lt O 2 (ktc) va . Sn phm chy ch gm CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. a. Xc nh dy ng ng ca X. b. Nu cho 3,36g cht X trn tc dng vi nc brom d th thu c 12,96g sn phm cng. Xc nh CTPT v cc CTCT ph hp ca X. Gi tn cc cht tm c. c. ng phn X1 ca X c ng phn cis, trans. Vit phng trnh phn ng hirat ha X 1 v phng trnh phn ng trng hp X 1. Tnh khi lng phn t ca polime thu c nu h s trng hp l 4000. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; Br = 80) S: X: C4H8 ; 224 000 vC Bi 17: 14g hn hp hai anken A, B tc dng va vi 200ml dung dch KMnO4 1M. a. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B v tnh % s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp hai anken trn nu B l ng ng k tip sau ca A. b. Xc nh li cc CTPT c th c ca A, B nu A, B c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2. (C = 12 ; H = 1) 36 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON S: a. 66,67% C3H6 ; 33,33% C4H8 b. C6H12 , C2H4 ; C4H8 , C3H6 ; C2H4 , C4H8 Bi 18: Hn hp A gm hai olefin X, Y hn km nhau 28u trong phn t. Thy 5,18 gam lng hn hp A trn lm mt mu va 120ml dung dch KMnO4 0,5M. a. Xc nh cc CTPT c th c ca X, Y. b. Cho bit ch c olefin c khi lng phn t ln (Y) mi c mt ng phn hnh hc duy nht (dng trans i vi n). Xc nh CTCT ng ca X, Y. Tnh % khi lng mi cht c trong hn hp A. (C = 12 ; H = 1) S: a. C4H8 , C6H12 ; C3H6 , C5H10 b. 32,43% C3H6 67,57% C5H10 Bi 19: Hn hp A gm hai hirocabon ng ng lin tip. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp A ri cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch X c ha tan Ba(OH) 2 d, thu c 55,16g kt ta v dung dch Y. Khi lng dung dch Y nh hn khi lng dung dch X l 36,9g. a. Xc nh dy ng ng ca hai hirocacbon trn. b. Tnh tng s mol hai hirocacbon trong a gam hn hp A. c. Xc nh CTPT hai hirocacbon trong hn hp A. d. Xc nh CTCT ca hai hirocacbon trn. Bit rng mch cacbon ca chng c dng neo. Tnh khi lng mi cht c trong a gam hn hp A. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; Ba = 137 ; O = 16) S: b. 0,05 mol d. 1,44g C5H12 , 2,58g C6H14 Bi 20: t chy hon ton x gam hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon mch h ng ng lin tip. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo nc vi trong d, thu c 50g kt ta v dung dch thu c c khi lng gim 19g so vi khi lng nc vi lc u. a. Xc nh dy ng ng ca hirocacbon trong hn hp X. b. Nu cho x gam hn hp X ha hi ht th thu c 3,024 lt hi ( 136,50C; 76cmHg). Xc nh CTPT v tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Ca = 40) S: 40% C5H10 60% C6H12

CU HI N PHN III
1. Olefin l g? Hy cho bit cng thc chung dy ng ng ca n. 2. Vit CTCT ca cht 8-amino-2,7,7-trimetyl-4-etyl-3-n-propyl-5-isopropyl-2-octen; c tn cht CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-C(CH=CH2)CH3-CH(CH3)C2H5-CH2CH2-Cl 3. Lin kt l g? Lin kt l g? V hnh th d minh ha s xen ph obitan nguyn t to ra hai loi lin kt ny. 4. So snh di lin kt gia C vi C trong cc phn t etan, etilen v axetilen. 5. So snh di lin kt gia C vi O trong cc phn t ru etylic (CH 3CH2OH) vi anehit axetic (CH3CHO); di lin kt gia N vi N trong cc phn t N2, H2N-NH2, CH3-N=N-OH. 6. So snh di lin kt gia C vi N trong cc phn t: Metylamin (CH 3NH2), Ankyl isoxianat ( R-N=C=O ) v Nitrin acrilic (CH2=CH-CN). 7. Nu iu kin mt cht c ng phn cis, trans. Cho mt th d minh ha. 8. Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis, trans (nu c) ca: 1-Brom-2-clopropen; 1,2-iphenyleten; Isobutilen; Heptaien-2,4 ( CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH3 ). 9. Nguyn nhn no m c ng phn cis, trans? Ti sao buten-2 c ng phn cis, trans cn buten-1, cng nh n-butan khng c ng phn cis, trans? 10. Vit CTCT cc ng phn olefin ca penten m khi hp nc cho ta sn phm chnh l ru bc ba. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho etilen tc dng vi: Br 2, dung dch KMnO4 v HCN. Vit phn ng ng trng hp gia propilen vi butaien-1,3. (B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha) 11. Cht do PVC c iu ch t kh thin nhin theo s sau (hs : hiu sut) 15% C2H2 hs 95% CH2=CH-Cl hs 90% PVC CH4 hs Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 37

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Hi cn bao nhiu m3 kh thin nhin (ktc) iu ch c 1 tn PVC (bit CH 4 chim 95% th tch kh thin nhin). (B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha) 12. Khi mt mt phn t H2O, axit HOOC-CHOH-CH2-COOH c th to thnh hai axit l ng phn cis, trans ca nhau. Vit CTCT hai axit ny. (B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha) 13. Khi cracking butan to ra hn hp gm parafin v olefin trong c hai cht A v B. T khi hi ca B so vi A l 1,5. Tm cng thc ca A, B. (B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha) 14. Hn hp kh A gm H 2 v mt olefin CnH2n c t l s mol l 1 : 1. Cho hn hp A qua ng ng Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh B c t khi hi so vi H2 l 23,2. Hiu sut phn ng l b%. a. Tm biu thc lin h gia n vi b. b. Nu hiu sut phn ng b = 75% - Tm CTPT ca olefin. - t chy hon ton hn hp B v cho ton b sn phm qua bnh ng 128 gam dung dch H2SO4 98% th nng ca H 2SO4 b pha long thnh 62,72%. Tnh % th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp B. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp B. (C = 12; H = 1; S = 32; O = 16)
S: a. n = 1 46,4b (90,8 ) ; b. C4H8 60% C4H10 ; 20% C4H8 ; 20% H2 34,8g C4H10 ; 11,2g C4H8 ; 0,4g H2 14 100

15. A l mt hirocacbon. em t chy mt lng A cn dng 84 lt khng kh (ktc). Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo 30 lt dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,01M, thu c kt ta T v dung dch D. Khi lng dung dch D ln hn so vi khi lng dung dch nc vi em dng l 21 gam. Nu em un nng dung dch D thy c xut hin kt ta. a. Xc nh CTPT ca A. ( Bit rng t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh ln hn 2 v nh hn 2,8. ) b. Xc nh CTCT ca A, nu A c cu to dng trans. c. Vit CTCT v c tn tt c cc ng phn ca A. d. Tnh khi lng kt ta T. e. em hiro - ha A, thu c B. So snh nhit si gia B vi cc ng phn ca n. Khng kh gm 20% O2, 80% N2 theo th tch. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (C = 12; H = 1; Ca = 40; O = 16) S: a. C5H10 c. 10 P d. 10 gam T 16. Cho hirocacbon A tc dng vi brom trong iu kin thch hp, thu c mt dn xut cha brom c t khi hi i vi hiro l 75,5. Xc nh CTPT, vit cc CTCT c th c ca A. Xc nh CTCT ng ca hirocacbon A nu A tc dng vi brom ch thu c mt sn phm hu c. ( thi khi A, 2004, c sa cha) (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; Br = 80) S: C5H12 17. Ti sao t gp anken trong t nhin, trong khi ankan gp rt nhiu trong t nhin? 18. Ti sao ngi ta gi anken l olefin? (Olefin ngha l g?) 19. Ti sao ngi ta c th cn c vo lng etilen sn xut ca mt nc hng nm nh gi nn cng nghip ha hc ca nc ?

38

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

ANKIN ( DY NG NG CA AXETILEN )
I. ng ng, ng phn, danh php v cu to ca axetilen Axetilen C2H2 v cc cht ng ng C3H4, C4H6, C5H8... hp thnh mt dy ng ng gi l ankin, c cng thc chung CnH2n-2 (n 2). Ankin l nhng hirocacbon khng no mch h c lin kt ba trong phn t. Tng t anken v ankan, cc ankin t C2 (axetilen) n C4 l nhng cht kh, cc ankin cao hn l nhng cht lng hoc rn. Tn gi cc ankin cng xut pht t tn ankan tng ng, ch i ui an thnh in. Th d C2H2 etin (hoc axetilen), C3H4 propin, C4H6 butin.... Cc ankin t C4 (butin) tr ln c ng phn v v tr lin kt ba. Th d: CH3CH2 - C CH Butin - 1 CH3 - C C - CH3 Butin - 2 Ankin khng c ng phn cis-trans nh anken. V mt cu to, 4 ht nhn nguyn t trong phn t axetilen nm trn mt ng thng.

Cc m hnh phn t axetilen Lin kt ba l tp hp ca mt lin kt (bn vng) v hai lin kt (linh ng). Trong a s phn ng ha hc quan trng ca ankin, cc lin kt ln lt b t ra lm cho lin kt ba tr thnh lin kt i, ri thnh lin kt n. II. Tnh cht vt l Khi n tng, nhit si v nhit nng chy tng dn. n = 2 4 : cht kh n = 5 16 : cht lng. n 17 : cht rn. 39 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON u t tan trong nc, tan c trong mt s dung mi hu c. V d axetilen tan kh nhiu trong axeton. III. Tnh cht ho hc ca axetilen Do c lin kt ba trong phn t, ankin d tham gia cc phn ng cng v phn ng oxi ha - kh tng t anken. Ngoi ra, ankin cn tham gia phn ng th nguyn t hiro lin kt ba bng nguyn t kim loi. 1. Phn ng cng. a) Cng hiro : khi c mt cht xc tc Ni, ankin tc dng vi hidro sinh ra anken, sau to ra ankan. Th d :

Nu dng Pd thay cho Ni, phn ng dng giai on to thnh anken. b) Cng brom hoc clo : Brom v Clo tc dng vi ankin cng theo giai on ring r. Th d : CH CH + Br2 Br - CH = CH - Br 1, 2 - ibrometilen Br - CH = CH - Br + Br2 Br2CH - CHBr2 1,1, 2, 2 - Tetrabrometan c) Cng axit (HCl, HCN, CH3COOH...) : khi c mt cht xc tc, ankin tc dng vi HCl sinh ra dn xut clo ca anken. Th d : CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl Vinyl clorua Phn ng cng c th tip din to thnh CH3 - CHCl2. Nc cng c th tc dng vi axetilen (cht xc tc l HgSO4) sinh ra CH3 - CH = O (anehitaxetic). 2. Phn ng trng hp. Tu theo iu kin phn ng, axetilen c th trng hp sinh ra nhng sn phm khc nhau. Th d :

3. Phn ng th ca kim loi Khc vi ankan v anken, ankin c th tham gia phn ng th nguyn t hiro cacbon mang ni ba bng kim loi. Th du : khi cho kh axetilen sc vo dung dch c bc oxit (t AgNO 3 v amoniac) s xy ra phn ng to thnh kt ta mu vng nht ca bc axetilua.

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Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

Phn ng ny dng nhn bit axetilen. 4. Phn ng oxi ha a) Ankin chy trong khng kh v ta nhit rt mnh

Th d :

Hn hp axetilen v oxi 1 : 2, 5 theo th tch n rt mnh. b) Oxi ho khng hon ton (lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4) to thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. V d:

Khi oxi ho ankin bng dung dch KMnO 4 trong mi trng H2SO4, c th gy ra t mch C ch ni ba to thnh anehit hoc axit. III. ng dng ca axetilen. Do c tnh cht ho hc rt phong ph v a dng, ngoi ng dng lm nhin liu cho n x, axetilen gi mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ha hc. Cc sn phm cng HCl, HCN, CH3COOH v.v... vo axetilen l nhng monome rt quan trng. Chng hn vinyl clorua CH2 = CHCl trng hp cho ta polivinyl clorua PVC (- CH 2 - CHCl -)n, l mt cht do sn xut Vit Tr dng lm mng mng che ma, gi da, hoa nha, v.v... Sn phm phn ng cng nc vo axetilen dng sn xut axit axetic. Vinylaxetilen dng trong sn xut cao su tng hp. Tuy vy hin nay etilen thay th c axetilen trong nhiu lnh vc tng hp hu c. IV. Phng php iu ch axetilen 1. iu ch axetilen a) Tng hp trc tip b) T metan c) Thu phn canxi cacbua d) Tch hiro ca etan 2. iu ch cc ankin a) Tch hirohalogenua khi dn xut ihalogen

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

41

Chuyn : HIROCACBON

b) Phn ng gia axetilenua vi dn xut halogen

HIDROCACBON Cu 1: CTPT ca hidrcacbon c dng tng qut CnH2n+2-2k. Vi k O th k l: A. tng s ni i B. tng s lin kt C. tng s ni i & nin D. tng s lin kt v s vng Cu 2: Cc dy ng ng sau y c cng dng cng thc phn t: A. ankan; xicloankan B. xicloankan; aren C. xicloankan; anken D. anken; ankadien Cu 3: Cng thc phn t ca X l C4H6 mch h. X c th thuc dy ng ng sau: A. ankin B. ankadien C. xicloanken D. Ankin hoc ankaien Cu 4: X c cng thc phn t C6H14. X tc dng Cl2 (nh sng, to) thu c ti a 2 sn phm th monoclo. Tn ca X l: A. n-hexan B. 2-metyl pentan C. 2,2-dimetylbutan D. 2,3-dimetylbutan Cu 5: Cho X l 4-metylhex-2-en; Y l 5-etylhept-3-en; Z l 2-metylbut-2-en v T l 1-clopropen. Cc cht c ng phn hnh hc l: A. X, Y v Z B. X, Y v T C. X, Z v T D. Y, Z v T Cu 6: Cc thuc th phn bit metan, etilen, axetilen l: A. dung dch Br2 B. dung dch AgNO3/NH3 v dd Br2 C. dung dch KMnO4 D. dung dch AgNO3/NH3 Cu 7: Thuc th phn bit benzen, toluen, stiren l: A. dung dch Br2 B. dung dch NaCl C. dung dch HCl D. Dung dch NaOH Cu 8: Tn gi ca hp cht thm C6H5Cl l: A. clobenzen hoc clorua phenyl B. clorua benzen C. clo phenyl D. clorua benzyl Cu 9: Mt hidrocacbon A c cng thc (CH)n. 1 mol A phn ng va vi 4 mol H 2 hoc vi 1 mol Br2 trong dung dch brom. Cng thc cu to ca A l:

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Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON
CH3 CH2=CH2 A. B. C. CH2=CH2 D. CH3 CH2=CH2

CH3

Cu 10: Cho nitrobenzen phn ng vi Cl2 (xc tc Fe bt, t l mol 1:1), kh nng phn ng (so vi benzen) v v tr u tin th clo vo vng benzen s l: A. d hn; octo hoc para B. kh hn; octo hoc para C. d hn; meta D. kh hn; meta Cu 11: Cho toluen phn ng vi Cl2 (xc tc Fe bt, t l mol 1:1), kh nng phn ng (so vi benzen) v v tr u tin th clo vo vng benzen s l: A. d hn; octo hoc para B. kh hn; octo hoc para C. d hn; meta D. kh hn; meta Cu 12: Mt anken A C6H12 c ng phn hnh hc, tc dng vi Br2 cho hp cht ibrom B. B tc dng vi KOH / ru, un nng cho ien C. C b oxi ha bi KMnO 4 m c v nng (trong mi trng axit) cho axit axetic v CO2, Cng thc cu to ca A l: A. CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 B. CH2=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 C. CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 D. CH2=CHCH(CH3)CH2CH3 Cu 13: t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hidrocacbon X, Y, Z thu c lng CO 2 nh nhau v t l s mol H2O v CO2 i vi X, Y, Z tng ng bng 0,5; 1 v 1,5. Cng thc ca X, Y, Z l: A. X (C3H8), Y (C3H4), Z (C2H4) B. X (C2H2), Y (C2H4), Z (C2H6) C. X (C3H4), Y (C3H6), Z (C3H8) D. X (C2H4), Y (C2H6), Z (C3H4) Cu 14: Hai xicloankan X v Y u c t khi hi so vi metan bng 5,25. Khi monoclo ha (c chiu sng) th X cho 4 sn phm, Y ch cho 1 sn phm duy nht. Tn ca X v Y l: A. xiclopentan v xiclobuten B. metyl xiclobuten v xiclopentan C. metyl xiclopentan v xiclohexan D. metyl xiclopentan v etyl xiclobutan Cu 15: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm hai hidrocacbon cng dy ng ng. Hp th ht sn phm vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh tng 1,276 gam v thu c 2 gam kt ta. Dy ng ng ca hai hidrocacbon l: A. ankin B. ankan C. aren D. ankin hoc ankadien Cu 16: Mt hn hp X gm 2 hidrocacbon A, B (u c s nguyn t C < 7). T l mol ca A v B l 1:2. t chy hon ton 14,8 gam hn hp X bng oxi ri dn ton b sn phm qua bnh 1 cha H 2SO4 c d; bnh 2 cha 890 ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 1M th khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4,gam; bnh 2 thu c 133,96 gam kt ta trng. Dy ng ng ph hp ca A v B l: A. ankin B. anken C. ankadien D. ankan Cu 17: t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon X vi mt lng va oxi. Dn hn hp sn phm chy qua H2SO4 c th th tch kh gim hn mt na. X thuc dy ng ng: A. ankan B. ankin C. ankadien D. aren Cu 18: Cho 2 hidrocacbon X v Y ng ng nhau, phn t khi ca X gp i ca Y. Cng thc tng qut ca 2 hidrocacbon l: A. CnH2n-2 B. CnH2n+2 C. CnH2n-6 D. CnH2n Cu 19: Cho 2 hidrocacbon X v Y ng ng nhau, phn t khi ca X gp i ca Y. Bit rng t khi hi ca hn hp ng s mol X v Y so vi kh C2H6 bng 2,1. Cng thc phn t ca X v Y l: A. C3H8; C6H14B. C3H4; C6H6 C. C3H6; C6H12 D. C2H4; C4H8 Cu 20: t chy 6,72 lt kh ( ktc) 2 hidrocacbon cng dy ng ng to thnh 39,6 gam CO 2 v 10,8 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t 2 hidrocacbon l: A. C2H6; C3H8 B. C2H2; C3H4 C. C3H8; C5H12 D. C2H2; C4H6 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 43

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Cu 21: t chy hon ton 2,8 gam mt hp cht hu c X ri cho ton b sn phm hp th vo dung dch NaOH thy khi lng tng thm 12,4 gam; thu c 19 gam 2 mui vi s mol bng nhau. X thuc dy ng ng: A. anken B. ankin C. ankadien D. aren Cu 22: Mt hn hp gm 2 ankan ng ng lin lip c khi lng 24,8 gam. Th tch tng ng l 11,2 lt ( ktc). Cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan l: A. CH4; C2H6 B. C2H6; C3H8 C. C3H8; C4H10 D. C4H10; C5H12 Cu 23: Cho 5,6 lt hn hp 2 olefin l ng ng lin tip hp nc (c xc tc) c hn hp 2 ru. Thu hn hp 2 ru ny dng khan ri chia lm 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 phn ng ht vi Na d thu c 840 ml kh. t chy ht phn 2 ri cho ton b sn phm chy hp th vo bnh ng NaOH d th khi lng bnh NaOH tng 13,75 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 olefin l: A. C2H4; C3H6 B. C3H6; C4H8 C. C4H8; C5H10 D. C5H10; C6H12 Cu 24: Cho 6,72 lt hn hp kh gm 2 olefin (u c s C < 6) li qua nc brom d thy khi lng bnh tng 16,8 gam. Cng thc phn t 2 olefin l: A. C2H4; C3H6 B. C2H4; C4H8 C. C3H6; C4H8 D. C2H4; C4H8 hoc C3H6; C4H8 Cu 25: Mt hn hp gm 2 hidrocacbon mch h. Cho 1,68 lt hn hp trn i chm qua nc brom d. Sau khi phn ng hon ton cn li 1,12 lt v lng brom tham gia phn ng l 4 gam. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt hn hp trn ri cho ton b sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 12,5 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh c o ktc. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hidrocacbon l: A. C4H8; C3H6 B. C2H6; CH4 C. C4H10; CH4 D. C3H6; CH4 Cu 26: Trn hn hp X gm hidrocacbon A vi H2 (d), t khi hi ca X so vi H2 bng 4,8. Cho X i qua Ni nung nng n phn ng hon ton c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 8. Cng thc phn t ca A l: A. C3H6 B. C3H4 C. C4H8 D. C5H8 Cu 27: S ng phn ca cht c cng thc phn t C 4H8 (ng phn phng v ng phn hnh hc) l : A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Cu 28: Khi cho isopentan tc dng vi Cl2 (1:1) s sn phm thu c l: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Cu 29: Trong cc hp cht : Propen (I); 2-metylbuten-2 (II); 3,4-dimetylhexen-3(III); allyl clorua (IV); 1,2-diCloeten (V). Cht no c ng phn hnh hc? A. III, V B. II,IV C. I, II, III, IV D. I, V Cu 30: Cho bit tn ca hp cht sau theo IUPAC ? CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH2Cl CH2 CH3 B. 1-clo-4-metylenhexan D. 5- Clo-2-etylpent-1-en A. 1-Clo-4-Etylpent-4-en C. 2-etyl-5-Clopent-1-en Cu 31: Chn tn ng ca cht c CTCT sau : Cl CH2 CH CH C C CH3 CH3 CH3

A. 5-Clo-1,3,4-trimetylpentin-1 B. 6-Clo-4,5-Dimetylhexin-2 C. 1-Clo-2,3-Dimetylhexin-4 D. Tt c u sai Cu 32: Nu hidro ha C6H10 ta thu c isohexan th CTCT ca C6H10 l :

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Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON A. HC C C. CH3 C CH2 CH CH3 CH CH CH2 D. Tt c u ng CH3 CH3 B. CH3 CH C C CH3 CH3

Cu 33: Quy tc Maccopnhicop ch p dng cho : A. Anken i xng v tc nhn i xng. B. Anken bt i v tc nhn bt i C. Anken bt i v tc nhn i xng D. Hydrocacbon khng no bt i v tc nhn bt i. Cu 34: I-- Xicloankan v ankan u l nhng hydrocacbon no nn chng l ng ng ca nhau. II -- Tt c nhng hydrocacbon khng no u c tnh cht ha hc nh nhau. A. I v II u sai B. I ng, II sai C. I sai, II sai D. I sai, II ng Cu 35: Nhng hp cht no sau y c th c ng phn hnh hc (cis-trans) CH3CH = CH2 (I) ; CH3CH = CHCl (II) ; CH3CH = C(CH3)2 (III) H3C H3C CH3 Cl C C C C C2H5 C2H5 C2H5 H (IV) (V) A. (I), (IV), (V) B. (II), (IV), (V) C. (III), (IV) D. (II), III, (IV) Cu 36: Ankan A c 16,28%H trong phn t (v khi lng). vy CTPT v s ng phn tng ng ca A l : A. C6H14 v 4 ng phn B. C6H14 v 5 ng phn C. C5H12 v 3 ng phn D. C6H14 v 6 ng phn Cu 37: Cho propen, propin, vinyl tc dng vi HCl(t l 1:1), s sn phm thu c l : A. 2,2,3 B. 2,3,2 C. 2,3,1 D. 2,2,4 Cu 38: Nhng loi hydrocacbon no hc khng tham gia c phn ng cng A. ankan B. ankin C. benzen D. anken Cu 39: Chn cu tr li ng : A. Anken l nhng hydrocacbon m phn t c cha mt lin kt i C=C B. Anken l nhng hydrocacbon m CTPT c dng CnH2n, n 2, nguyn. C. Anken l nhng hydrocacbon khng no c CTPT CnH2n, n 2, nguyn. D. Anken l nhng hydrocacbon mch h m phn t c cha mt lin kt i C=C Cu 40: Nhng hp cht no sau y khng th cha vng benzen? a. C8H6Cl2 b. C10H16 c. C9H14BrCl d. C10H12(NO2)2. A. a, b B. b,c C. c, d D. a, c, d Cu 41: Cho xicloankan c cng thc cu to thu gn sau : 1/ (CH2)4CHCH3 2/ CH3CH(CH2)2CHCH3 3/ (CH2)2CHCH2CH3 4/ CH3CH(CH2)4CHCH2CH3 Xicloankan bn nht l : A. (1) B. (2) C. (3) D. (4) Cu 42: Phng php iu ch no sau y gip ta thu c 2-Clobutan tinh khit hn ht ? A. n-Butan tc dng vi Cl2, chiu sng, t l 1:1. B. Buten-2 tc dng vi hidroclorua C. Buten-1 tc dng vi hidroclorua D. Butadien-1,3 tc dng vi hidroclorua Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 45

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Cu 43: Th t nhn bit cc l mt nhn N2(1), H2(2), CH4(3), C2H4(4), C2H2(5) A. 5-4-1-3-2 B.5-4-2-1-3 C.5-4-3-2-1 D. Tt c u ng Cu 44: Xc nh X, Y, Z, T trong chui phn ng sau : Butilen Z X Y Axetilen T A. X : butan, Y: Buten-2, Z : Propen, T : Metan B. X : Butan, Y: Etan, Z : CloEtan, T : iCloEtan C. X : Butan, Y: Propan, Z : Etan, T : Metan D. Cc p trn u sai. Cu 45: T CTPTTQ ca hydrocacbon CnH2n+2-2k (k0), ta c th suy ra cc trng hp no sau y? A. k = 1 X l anken CnH2n, (n2), n nguyn B. k = 2 X l ankin CnH2n-2, (n2), n nguyn B. k = 4 X l aren CnH2n-6, (n6), n nguyn D. Tt c u ng Cu 46: Khi t chy mt hydrocacbon X ta thu c (s mol CO2/ s mol H2O =2) . Vy X c th l : A. C2H2 B. C12H12 C. C3H6 D. A,B u ng Cu 47: t chy mt hn hp gm nhiu hydrocacbon trong cng mt dy ng ng nu ta thu c s mol H2O > s mol CO2 th CTPT tng ng ca dy : A. CnHn, n 2 B. CnH2n+2, n 1 (cc gi tr n u nguyn) C. CnH2n-2, n 2 D. Tt c u sai Cu 48: t chy hon ton hn hp hai hydrocacbon ng ng c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28vC, ta thu c 4,48 l CO2 (ktc) v 5,4g H2O. CTPT ca 2 hydrocacbon trn l : A. C2H4 v C4H8 B. C2H2 v C4H6 C. C3H4 v C5H8 D. CH4 v C3H8 Cu 49: Th t nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc kh : C2H6 (I), C2H4 (II), C2H2 (III), CO2 (IV), H2(V) A. III, II, IV, I, V B. IV, III, II, I, V C. III, IV, II, I, V D. Tt c u ng Cu 50: Cng thc thc nghim ca mt ng ng ca benzen c dng (C 3H4)n th CTPT ca ng ng l : A. C12H16 B. C9H12 C. C6H8 D. C15H20 Cu 51: Khi t chy metan trong kh Cl2 sinh ra mui en v mt cht kh lm qu tm ha . Vy sn phm phn ng l : A. CH3Cl v HCl B. CH2Cl2 v HCl C. C v HCl D. CCl4 v HCl Cu 52: t chy 2 hydrocacbon ng ng lin tip ta thu c 6,43g nc v 9,8gam CO 2. vy CTPT 2 hydrocacbon l : A. C2H4 v C3H6 B. CH4 v C2H6 C. C2H6 v C3H8 D. Tt c u sai. Cu 53: Trong mt bnh kn cha hn hp A gm hydrocacbon X v H 2 vi xt Ni. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian ta thu c mt kh B duy nht. t chy B ta thu c 8,8g CO 2 v 5,4g H2O. Bit VA=3VB. Cng thc ca X l : A. C3H4 B. C3H8 C. C2H2 D. C2H4 Cu 54: Mt hn hp kh X gm ankin B v H 2 c t khi hi so vi CH 4 l 0,6. Nung nng hn hp X vi Ni xt phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH 4 l 1. Cho hn hp Y qua dung dch brom d th bnh cha brom c khi lng tng ln l : A. 8 gam B. 16 gam C. 0 gam D. Tt c u sai. Cu 56: t chy mt hn hp hydrocacbon ta thu c 2,24l CO 2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O th th tch O2 tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l : A. 5,6 lt B. 2,8 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 3,92 lt Cu 57: Khi t chy mt hydrocacbon A, thu c 0,108g nc v 0,396g CO 2. Cng thc n gin nht ca A l : A. C2H3 B. C3H4 C. C4H6 D. Tt c u sai 46 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

Chuyn : HIROCACBON Cu 58: Hn hp A gm mt ankan v mt anken. t chy hn hp A th thu c a (mol) H 2O v b (mol) CO2. Hi t s T = a/b c gi tr trong khong no? A. 1,2< T <1,5 B. 1< T < 2 C. 1 T 2 D. Tt c u sai Cu 59: Xt s phn ng : A B TNT (thuc n) A. A l Toluen, B l n-heptan B. A l benzen, B l Toluen C. A l n-hexan, B l Toluen D. Tt c u sai Cu 60: Khi cng HBr vo 2-metylbuten-2 theo t l 1:1, ta thu c s sn phm. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. Tt c u sai Cu 61: Anken thch hp iu ch : OH CH3CH2 C CH2CH3 C2H5 A. 3-etylpenten-2 B. 3-etylpenten-3 C. 3-etylpenten-1 D. 3,3-Dimetylpenten-1 Cu 62: Khi cho Br2 tc dng vi mt hydrocacbon thu c mt dn xut brom ha duy nht c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 5,207. CTPT ca hydrocacbon l : A. C5H12 B. C5H10 C. C4H10 D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 63: I- t chy mt ankin thu c s mol CO2 > s mol H2O II- Khi t chy mt hydrocacbon X m thu c s mol CO 2> s mol H2O th X l ankin? A. I & II u ng B. I ng, II sai C. I sai, II ng D. I & II u sai Cu 64: Cho 1,12gam mt anken tc dng va vi dd Br 2 ta thu c 4,32 gam sn phm cng. Vy CTPT ca anken c th l : A. C2H4 B. C3H6 D. C2H2 D. p s khc Cu 65: t chy mt th tch hydrocacbon A cn nm th tch oxi. Vy CTPT ca A l : A. C3H6 B. C6H12 C. C3H8 D. B v C u ng Cu 66: Hn hp 2 ankan lin tip c dhh/H2 = 24,8. CTPT ca 2 ankan l : A. CH4 ; C2H6 B. C2H6 C3H8 C. C3H8 v C4H10 D. Tt c u sai Cu 67: t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hydrocacbon K, L, M ta thu c lng CO 2 nh nhau v t l s mol H2O v CO2 i vi K, L, M tng ng bng 0,5 : 1 : 1,5. CTPT ca K, L, M ln lt l : A. C3H8, C3H4, C2H4 B. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 C. C12H12, C3H6, C2H6 D. B v C ng Cu 68: Hai xicloankan M, N u c t khi hi so vi metan bng 5,25. khi monoclo ha (c chiu sng) th M cho 4 hp cht, N ch cho mt hp cht duy nht. Tn ca M v N ln lt l: : A. metyl xiclopentan v dimetyl xiclobuan B. xiclohexan v metyl xiclopentan C. xiclohexan v isopropan xiclopropyl D. metyl xiclopentan v xiclohexan Cu 69: t chy V(lt) hn hp kh X ktc gm 2 hydrocacbon to thnh 4,4gam CO 2 v 1,8gam H2O. Cho bit 2 hydrocacbon trn cng hay khc dy ng ng v thuc dy ng ng no (ch xt cc dy ng ng hc trong chng trnh) A. Cng dy ng ng anken hoc xicloankan B. Khc dy ng ng : ankan v ankin (s mol bng nhau) C. Khc dy ng ng : ankan v ankadien (s mol bng nhau) D. Tt c u ng. Cu 70: Cho 0,896 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh A gm 2 hydrocacbon mch h. Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 : Cho qua dd Br2 d, lng Br2 nguyn cht phn ng l 5,6 gam Phn 2 : t chy hon ton to ra 2,2 gam CO2. Tm CTPT 2 hydrocacbon. A. C4H8 v C2H2 B. CH4 v mt hydrocacbon khng no. Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng 47

Chuyn : HIROCACBON C. C2H2 v C2H4 D. Tt c u sai. Cu 71: Hn hp kh A gm Etan v Propan. t chy hn hp A thu c kh CO 2 v hi H2O theo t l th tch 11:15. thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp l : A. 18,52%; 81,48% B. 45%; 55% C. 28,13%; 71,87% D. 25%; 75% Cu 72: Cho hn hp 2 hydrocacbon thm u c nhnh no A, B c s C trong phn t khng qu 10. t chy hon ton hn hp thu c 18,04g CO2 v 4,68g H2O. CTPT c th c ca A, B l : A. A l C7H8, B l C9H12 B. A l C8H10, B l C10H14 C. A, B u ng. D. A, B ng nhng cha . Cu 73: PVC l sn phm trng hp ca : A. CH3-CH=CH Cl B. CH2=CH-Cl C. CH2=CH CH2Cl D. A, D ng Cu 74: iu kin thng, cc hydrocacbon th kh gm : A. C1 C4 B. C1 C5 C. C1 C6 D. C2 C10 Cu 75: Cho hai hydrocacbon A, B u th kh. A c cng thc C 2xHy; B c cng thc CxH2x (tr s x trong hai cng thc bng nhau). Bit dA/KK = 2 v dB/A = 0,482. CTPT A, B l: A. C2H4, C4H10 B.C4H12, C3H6 C. C4H10; C2H4 D. A, C u ng Cu 76: Phn ng c trng ca hidrocacbon no A. Phn ng tch B. Phn ng th C. Phn ng cng D. C A, B v C. Cu 77: Tn gi hidrocacbon mch h c mt lin kt i A. Anken B. Ankin C. Olefin A. C A v C. Cu 78: Cao su t nhin l sn phm trng hp ca A. Butadien B. Isopren C. Stiren D. Butadien v stiren ng trng hp Cu 79: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm CH 4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 17,6 gam CO2 v 10,8 gam H2O .m c gi tr A. 2 gam B. 4gam C. 6 gam D. 8 gam . Cu 80: t chy hon ton 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan th thu c 9,45 gam nc. Cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th khi lng kt ta thu c l: A. 37,5 g B. 52,5 g C. 15g D. 42,5 g. Cu 81: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon lin tip trong dy ng ng th thu c 11,2 lt CO2(KTC ) v 12,6 gam H2O.Hai hirocacbon thuc dy ng ng no ? A. Ankan B.Anken C. Ankin D. Aren . Cu 82: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon lin tip trong dy ng ng th thu c 22,4 lt CO2 (KTC ) v 25,2 g H2O.Hai hirocacbon l A.C2H6 v C3H8 B. C3H8 v C4H10 C. C4H10 v C5H12 D. C 5H12 v C6H14 Cu 83: Hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng lin tip c khi lng l 24,8 gam. Th tch tng ng ca hn hp l 11,2 lt( ktc). Cng thc phn t ca cc ankan l: A.C2H6 v C3H8 B. C3H8 v C4H10 C. C4H10 v C5H12 D. C 5H12 v C6H14 Cu 84: t chy hon ton hn hp gm mt ankan v mt anken .Cho sn phm chy ln lt i qua bnh 1 ng P2O5 d v bnh 2 ng KOH rn , d th thy bnh 1 tng 4,14 g v bnh 2 tng 6,16 g .S mol ankan c trong hn hp l: A. 0,06 mol B. 0,09 mol C. 0,03 mol D. 0,045 mol Cu 85: t chy hon ton 0,1mol hn hp CH4, C4H10 v C2H4 th thu c 0,14 mol CO2 v 0,23 mol H2O.S mol ca ankan v anken c trong hn hp ln lt l: 48 Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

A. 0,09 v 0,01 D. 0,02 v 0,08 . Cu 86: Cho hn hp 2 anken i qua bnh ng nc brom thy lm mt mu va dung dch cha 8 gam brom. Tng s mol 2 anken l: A. 0,1 B. 0,05 C. 0,025 D. 0,005 . Cu 87: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h trong cng mt dy ng ng th thu c 11,2 lt CO2 ( KTC ) v 9 gam H2O .Hai hirocacbon thuc dy ng ng no ? A. Ankan B. Anken C. Ankin D. Aren . Cu 88: Mt hn hp kh gm mt ankan v mt anken c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t v c cng s mol .Ly m gam hn hp ny th lm mt mu va 80 gam dung dch brom 20% trong dung mi CCl4.t chy hon ton m gam hn hp th thu c 0,6 mol CO 2.Ankan v anken c cng thc phn t l: A. C2H6 v C2H4 B. C3H8 v C3H6 C. C4H10 v C4H8 D. C 5H12 v C5H10 Cu 89: t chy hon ton V lt (ktc) mt ankin th kh th thu c CO 2 v hi H2O c tng khi lng l 25,2 gam. Nu cho sn phm chy i qua dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d th thu c 45 gam kt ta .V c gi tr l: A. 6,72 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 3,36 lt Cu 90: t chy han ton V lt (ktc) mt ankin th thu c 10,8 gam H 2O .Nu cho tt c sn phm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng nc vi trong th khi lng bnh tng 50,4 gam .V c gi tr l: A. 3,36 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 6,72 lt D. 4,48 lt . Cu 91: Chia hn hp gm C3H6 , C2H4 , C2H2 thnh hai phn bng nhau: + t chy ht phn 1 th thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) + Hiro ha phn 2 ri t chy ht sn phm th th tch CO2(ktc) thu c l A. 2,24 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48 lt Cu 92: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol ankin th thu c 0,2 mol H2O .Nu hiro ha hon ton 0,1 mol ankin ny ri t chy th s mol nc thu c l: A. 0,3 mol B. 0,4 mol C. 0,5 mol D. 0,6 mol Cu 93: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon ng ng c phn t khi hn km nhau 28 vc , ta thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam nc .Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l: A. C3H4 v C5H8 B. CH4 v C3H8 C. C2H4 v C4H8 D. C2H2 v C4H6 Cu 94: Hn hp 2 ankan th kh c phn t khi hn km nhau 28 vc .t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hn hp trn ta thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2(cc kh o ktc) .Cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan l A. CH4 v C3H8 B. C2H6 v C4H10 C. CH4 v C4H10 D. C3H8 v C5H12 Cu 95: Hn hp 2 hirocacbon c phn t khi hn km nhau 14 vc .t chy hon ton hn hp trn ta thu c 5,6 lt kh CO2 ( ktc ) v 6,3 gam hi nc. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l: A. C2H6 v C3H8 B. C3H8 v C4H10 C. C3H6 v C4H8 D. C4H8 v C6H12 Cu 96: Hn hp 2 hirocacbon c phn t khi hn km nhau 28vc .t chy hon ton hn hp trn ta thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2 ( ktc ) v 7,2 gam hi nc . Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l: A. CH4 v C3H8 B. C2H4 v C4H8 C. C3H6 v C5H10 D. C2H6 v C4H10 E. Khng xc nh c . Cu 97: Hn hp 2 hirocacbon c phn t khi hn km nhau 28vc .t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp trn ta thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 ( ktc ) v 7,2 gam hi nc . Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l: A. C5H12 v C3H8 B. C2H4 v C4H8 C. C3H6 v C5H10 D. C4H8 v C6H12 E. C4H10 v C6H14 .

Chuyn : HIROCACBON B. 0,01 v 0,09 C. 0,08 v 0,02

Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

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Chuyn : HIROCACBON Cu 98: Mt hn hp ( X ) gm 2 ankin l ng ng k tip nhau. Nu cho 5,6 lt hn hp X (ktc ) i qua bnh ng dung dch brom c d th thy khi lng bnh tng 8,6 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ankin l: A. C3H4 v C4H6 B. C4H6 v C5H8 C. C2H2 v C3H4 Cu 99: Cho 14 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng lin tip i qua dung dch nc brom thy lm mt mu va dung dch cha 64 gam Br2. 1. Cng thc phn t ca cc anken l: A. C2H4 v C3H6 B. C3H6 v C4H8 C. C4H8 v C5H10 D. C5H10 v C6H12 2. T l s mol ca 2 anken trong hn hp l: A. 1: 2 B. 2: 1 C. 2 : 3 D. 1: 1 Cu 100: t chy hon ton hn hp gm 1 anken v 1 ankin ri cho sn phm chy ln lt i qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c d v bnh (2) ng NaOH rn d .Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 63,36 gam v bnh (2) tng 23,04 gam . Vy s mol ankin trong hn hp l: A. 0,15 mol . B. 0,16 mol . C. 0,17 mol . D. 0,18 mol .

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Thy gio bin son: Mai Tin Dng

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