Hm mt bin

1. Cng thc tnh o hm

(u) = .u.u-1 (: Hng s, U: Hm
s)
(aU) = u.ln a.aU (a: Hng s, U: Hm
s)
(eU) = u.eU
(Sin u) = u.cos u
Cos u) = - u.sin u

(arcsin u) =
(arccos u) =

u'
1 u2
u'

1 u2
u'
(arctg u) =
;
1+ u 2
u'
(arccotg u) =
1+ u2

u'
;
Cos 2 u
u'
(Cotg u)= 2
Sin u
u'
(Logau) =
u. ln a

(Tg u)=

(u v)=u v
(u.v)= uv+vu
u
v

( ) =

u ' v v' u
v2

2. Vi phn du = u.dx
3. Gii hn
- V cng b tng ng :
Lim ( x) = 0 => (x) cgi l v cng b khi x->a
x a

Lim
x a

( x)
= 1 --> (x) v (x) l hai v cng b tng ng khi x->a
( x)

K hiu : (x) (x) khi x->a

nh l : Nu (x) 1(x) v (x) 1(x)khi x->a th Lim
x a
Sin x x
khi x->0
ArcSin x x khi x->0
Tg x x
khi x->0
- Cng thc Lopital kh dng

0
; :
0

( x)
( x)
= Lim 1
( x ) x a 1 ( x )

ArcTg x x khi x->0

khi x->0
ex-1 x
ln(1+x) x khi x->0
Lim
x a

f ( x)
f ' ( x)
= Lim
g ( x ) xa g ' ( x )

4. Tnh lin tc ca hm s
Hm s: y = f(x) lin tc ti x = x0 nu : + f(x0) xc nh v hu hn
+ Lim f ( x) = f ( x0 )
x x0

(Nu hm s khng lin tc ti x0 th x0 c gi l im gim on)

Hm s s cp y = f(x) s lin tc ti mi im m hm s xc nh
5. Tch phn
a. Cng thc nguyn hm
1
cos x.dx = sin x + C
x dx =
.x +1 + C (>0)

( + 1)
1 x
x
a dx = ln a .a + C
x
x
e dx =e + C

sin x.dx = cos x + C

cos

x
.dx = arcsin + C
a
a x
1
1
x
a 2 + x 2 .dx = a .arctg a +C
1
x .dx = ln x + C

1
sin 2 x .dx = -cotg x + C

x
1

.dx = tg u + C
2

 u.dv = u.v vdu

b. Tch phn tng phn:

Hm nhiu bin
7. o hm ring v vi phn ton phn

f ( x0 + x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x0 , y0 )
= Lim

0
x
x
f
x
y

f
x
y
y
(
,
)
(
,
+

) f ( x0 , y 0 )
0
0
0
0
f y' ( x0 , y0 ) =
= Lim
y 0
y
y
f x' ( x0 , y0 ) =

Vi phn ton phn cp 1: df ( x, y) = f x' ( x, y )dx + f y' ( x, y)dy

Vi phn ton phn cp 2: d 2 f ( x, y ) = f xx2 ( x, y )dx 2 + 2 f xy2 ( x, y)dxdy + f yy2 ( x, y )dy 2
Cng thc tnh gn ng:

f(x+x, y+y) = f(x,y) + fx(x,y). x + fy(x,y). y

o hm ca hm hp: F(u,v), trong u =u(x,y); v=v(x,y) :

F F u F
x = u x + v
F F u F

=
+
y u y v

v
x
v
y

o hm ca hm n :
*Nu F(x,y) = 0 ; y= y(x): => y ' ( x) =

Fx' ( x, y )
Fy' ( x, y )

*Nu F(x,y,z) = 0 ; z= z(x,y): => z ' ( x) =

Fx' ( x, y, z )
Fx' ( x, y, z )
;
z' ( y) = '
Fx' ( x, y, z )
Fy ( x, y, z )

8 . C tr hm nhiu bin
f x' ( x, y ) = 0
Bc1: Tm im cc im dng M(xi,yi) l nghim ca h PT: '
f y ( x, y ) = 0

Bc2: Kim tra im M(xi,yi) c l cc tr

A=fxx(xi,yi); B=fxy(xi,yi); C=fyy(xi,yi);
A<0: M(xi,yi)--- Cc i
B2-AC < 0
A>0: M(xi,yi)--- Cc tiu
B2-AC > 0
M(xi,yi)--- khng l cc tr
2
B -AC = 0
M(xi,yi)--- Cha kt lun c
Cc tr c iu kin: Tm cc tr hm: u=f(x,y,z) vi k: g(x,y,z)=0
f x'
f y'
f z'
=
=
Gii h PT: g x' g 'y g z'

g ( x, y , z ) = 0

=> Nghim M(x,y,z)

9. Tch phn kp
a. Trong h ta cc:
- Nu min D l hnh ch nht xc nh bi: a x b v c y d th:

f ( x, y )dxdy = dx f ( x, y )dy

- Nu min D l hnh ch nht xc nh bi: a x b v y1(x) y y2(x) th:

b

y2 ( x )

y1 ( x )

f ( x, y)dxdy = dx f ( x, y)dy
D

b. i bin trong tch phn kp: x=x(u,v) ; y=y(u,v)

f ( x, y )dxdy = | J | . f [ x(u, v), y(u, v)]dudv

D

'
D( x, y ) xu
trong : J=
=
D(u , v) yu'

xv'
yv'

c. Trong h ta cc: I= f ( x, y )dxdy = f (r cos , r sin ).r.drd

D

(x= r.cos; y= r.sin)

D'

r=g2()

r=g()

r=g()

r=g1()

1
0

g 2 ( )

g 1( )

I = d

f (r cos , r sin ).r.dr

g ( )

I = d

10. Tch phn ng loi 1

- Nu: y=y(x), a x b th:

AB

f (r cos , r sin ).r.dr

g ( )

I = d

f (r cos , r sin ).r.dr

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y ( x)) 1 + y '2 ( x).dx

a

- Nu: x=x(t), y=y(x), t1 t t2 th:

AB

t2

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x(t ), y (t )). x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ).dt

t1

11 . Tch phn ng loi 2

- Nu AB c cho bi: y=y(x), a,b l honh ca A v B th
b

P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = [ P( x, y( x)) +Q( x, y( x)). y '( x)]dx

AB

- Nu AB cho bi: x=x(t), y=y(t), t=tA (ti A), t=tB (ti B) th :
B

tB

P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = [ P( x(t ), y(t )).x '(t ) +Q( x(t ), y(t )). y '(t )]dt

AB

tA

- Cng thc Green :

P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = ( x y )dxdy

L

(L- l min bin ca D v l mt ng khp kn)

H qu: Nu

Q P
trong D th:
=
x y

P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0

nh l 4 mnh tng ng:

L
Cho P(x,y) v Q(x,y) lin tc, c o hm ring cp 1 trong min D. Khi , 4 mnh
sau l tng ng:
(1)
(2)
(3)

Q P
=
x y

u(x,y) sao cho: du(x,y)= P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy

Mi ng cong kn L D th:
P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0
L+

(4)

(L - nh hng dng, do cng thc Green)

Tch phn P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy khng ph thuc vo ng cong ni 2 im A,B

AB

Phng trnh vi phn

F(x,y,y) = 0 hoc y= f(x,y)
12 . Phng trnh vi phn cp 1:
(1) Phng trnh phn ly:
- Tch phn 2 v:

y' =

f ( x)
dy f ( x)
=
f ( x)dx + g ( y )dy = 0
g ( y)
dx
g ( y)

f ( x)dx + f ( y)dy = C F(x)+ G(x) = C

y
(2) Phng trnh ng cp: y ' = f
x

y
y = u(x).x y= u(x)+ u(x).x Thay vo PT ta c:
x
du
u+u.x= f(u) x.u = f(u) u hay x. = f (u ) u
dx

- t u(x) =

* Nu f(u) u = 0: x.u= 0 u= 0 u= C y = C.x

* Nu f(u) u 0:

- l 1 h nghim

dx
du
(y l mt PT phn ly). Tch phn hai v :
=
x
f (u ) u
y

( )
dx
du
x = f (u ) u ln | x |= (u) + ln | C | x = C.e x
1
((u) l mt nguyn hm ca
)
f (u ) u

(3) Phng trnh tuyn tnh: y+p(x).y=q(x)

Phng trnh thun nht: y+p(x).y=0
y = e

Cng thc nghim tng qut:

P ( x ) dx

.(C + Q( x).e

P ( x ) dx

dx)

(4) Phng trnh Becnuly: y '+ p( x). y = q( x). y ( 0, 1)

(Phng php gii: a v phng trnh tuyn tnh)
>0: y= 0 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh
Vi y 0 chia c 2 v cho y v t z(x) = y1- z(x) = (1-).y.y thay vo PT
z'+(1-).p(x).z=(1-).q(x) --- L mt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
(5) Phng trnh vi phn ton phn: P(x,y)dx + Q(x,y)dy = 0 (trong :
y

Nghim tng qut:

u ( x, y ) = P ( x, y0 )dx + Q( x, y )dy = C
x0

Hay :

P Q
)
=
y x

y0

x0

y0

u ( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q( x0 , y )dy = C

( trong (x0,y0) bt k D). n gin chn x0= 0, y0= 0, nu (0,0) D

* Trong trng hp

P Q
a v phng trnh vi phn ton phn bng cch

y x

nhn hai v vi (x,y): (x,y).P(x,y)dx + (x,y).Q(x,y)dy = 0.

P Q

( x ).dx
y x
- Nu
= ( x) th ( x, y ) = ( x) = e
Q
P Q

( y ).dy
y x
= ( y ) th ( x, y ) = ( y ) = e
- Nu
P

13. Phng trnh vi phn cp 2:

F(x,y,y,y) = 0 hoc y= f(x,y,y)
(1) Phng trnh khuyt (phng php gii: H cp => phng trnh vi phn cp 1):
Khuyt y v y: f(x,y) = 0 hay y= f(x) -> tch phn 2 ln
4

Nghim tng qut: y = ( f ( x).dx)dx + C1 x + C2

Khuyt y: f(x,y,y) = 0. t z(x) = y y = z(x).

Phng trnh tr thnh: f(x,z,z) = 0 => PTVP cp 1 vi z(x)
Khuyt x: f(y,y,y) = 0. t z(y) = y => y '' =
Phng trnh tr thnh: f ( y, z , z.

dy ' dz ( y ) dz dy dz
dz
=
= . = . y ' = z.
dx
dx
dy dx dy
dy

dz
) = 0 => PTVP cp 1 vi z(y)
dy

(2) Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s hng :

a.y+b.y+c.y= f(x) (1)
( Trong a,b,c l cc hng s)
PT thun nht: a.y+b.y+c.y= 0
(2)
Nghim tng qut ca (1) l: y = y + y *
trong : y* - l nghim ring ca (1)
y - l nghim TQ ca (2)
Bc 1 : Tm nghim tng qut ca PTTN(2)
Phng trnh thun nht : a.y+b.y+c.y= 0 (2)
Nghim TQ:
y = C1.y1(x)+ C2.y2(x)
(C1, C2 : H.s)

>0
PT (3) c 2 no: k1, k2
+ y1 ( x) = ek x
+ y2 ( x ) = e k x
y = C1.ek1.x+ C2.ek2.x
1

PT c trng : a.k2 + b.k+ c = 0 (3)

=b2- 4ac
=0
<0
PT (3) c no kp: k1= k2=k PT (3) c 2 no phc: k1,2= .i
+ y1 ( x) = ekx
+ y1 ( x) = e x .cos x
+ y2 ( x) = x.ekx
+ y1 ( x) = e x .sin x

y = C1.ek.x+ C2.x.ek.x
y = e .x(C1.cosx+ C2.sinx)

Bc 2 : Tm nghim ring ca PTKTN(1)

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh: a.y+b.y+c.y= f(x) (1) ( Trong a,b,c l cc hng s)
Tm nghim ring : y*
Phng php bin thin hng s
Cn c dng c bit ca v tri
Lagrange
Dng 1: f(x)=Pn(x).ex (Pn(x) l a thc bc n)
Nghim ring ca (1) c dng:
Dng cn tnh ca nghim ring
Xt:
y*= C1(x).y1(x)+ C2(x).y2(x)
o
Ko l n ca y* = Qn(x). ex
( y1(x), y2(x) l 2 nghim ring c lp
PTT(3)
(Qn(x) cng bc vi Pn(x))
ca PT thun nht (2) trn)
L l no n
Trong C1(x), C2(x) l cc hm tho
y* = x.Qn(x). ex
ca PTT(3)
mn h:
'
'
C1 ( x). y1 ( x) + C2 ( x). y2 ( x) = 0
L l no kp
y* = x2. Qn(x). ex
'
'
'
'
ca PTT(3)
C1 ( x). y1 ( x) + C2 ( x). y2 ( x) = f ( x)
Dng 2 : f(x)=ex.(Pn(x).cosx+Qm(x).sinx)
Xt: .i

Dng cn tnh ca nghim ring

Ko l no ca
PTT(3)

y*= ex.(Kt(x).cosx+Qt(x).sinx)
(t=max(m,n))

L no ca
PTT(3)

y*=x.ex.(Kt(x).cosx+Qt(x).sinx)
(t=max(m,n))

Ch : Nu a.y+b.y+c.y= f(x)+g(x) th nghim ring: y*=y1*+ y2* trong y1*, y2* ln lt

l 2 nghim ring ca 2 PT: a.y+b.y+c.y= f(x) v a.y+b.y+c.y= g(x).
Chui
14 . Chui s
Chui hi t : Chui s :

u
n =1

- Hi t nu tng ring th n : Sn = uk dn ti mt gii hn

k =1

hu hn khi n.
Chui phn k : nu n khng hi t.
Chui
chui

n=0
+

hi t nu |q|<1; phn k nu |q| 1

n hi t nu >1; phn k nu 1
n =1

a. K mt chui hi t :

- Nu chui

u
n =1

hi t th Lim un = 0 ( Lim un = 0 =>khng khng nh c chui

n +

n +

u
n =1

hi t)
- Nu Lim un 0 th chui
n +

u
n =1

phn k

Cc quy tc kho st tnh hi t ca chui s

- Quy tc Dlembert: chui dng

u
n =1

- Quy tc Cauchy: chui dng

u
n =1

U n +1
=k
n + U
n

, Lim

, Lim n U n = k
n +

k<1: hi t, k>1: phn k

k<1: hi t, k>1: phn k

15 . Chui hm
*Tm min hi t ca chui hm Un(x):
b1: Tm gii hn: l ( x) = Lim

n +

U n +1 ( x)
hoc l ( x) = Lim n U n ( x)
n+
U n ( x)

b2: Gii bt phng trnh: l(x) < 1 tm khong hi t ca chui hm

b3: Ti x = x0 m l(x)=1 ta thay x = x0 xt trc tip
b4: Kt lun min hi t ca hm