Chuyn LTH Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.

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Chuyen e 7: HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. Cac ky hieu:
A, B, C: la cac goc nh A, B, C
a, b, c : la o dai cac canh oi dien vi cac nh A, B, C
h
a
, h
b
, h
c
: la o dai cac ng cao ha t cac nh A, B, C
m
a
, m
b
, m
c
: la o dai cac ng trung tuyen ke t A, B, C
l
a
, l
b
, l
c
: la o dai cac ng phan giac trong ke t A, B, C
R : la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
r : la ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC
p =
2
1
(a+b+c) : la na chu vi tam giac ABC
S : la dien tch tam giac ABC
c
a
b
m
a
l
a
h
a
H D
M
B
A
C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac vuong :
Trong tam giac vuong ABC . Goi b
'
, c
'
la o dai cac hnh chieu cac canh goc vuong len canh huyen ta co
cac he thc:

= =
= =

= =
= =
=
+ =
=
+ =
= =
gB b tgC b c
gC c tgB c b
B a C a c
C a B a b
c b h a
c b h
c b h
c b a
c a b a b
cot . .
cot . .
. 7
cos . sin .
cos . sin .
. 6 . . . 5
1 1 1
. 4
. . 3
. 2
. . . 1
2 2 2
' ' 2
2 2 2
' ' 2




c &
2




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c b
a
h
c'
b'
H
A
B C


II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac thng
1. nh ly ham so COSIN:
Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :


C ab b a c
B ca a c b
A bc c b a
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =



c b
a
A
B
C

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, bnh phng moi canh bang tong bnh phng hai canh kia tr i hai
lan tch hai canh ay vi cosin cua goc xen gia chung.
He qua: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :


bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+
= ,
ac
b c a
B
2
cos
2 2 2
+
= ,
ab
c b a
C
2
cos
2 2 2
+
=

2. nh ly ham so SIN:
Trong tam giac ABC ta co :

R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
= = =

He qua: Vi moi tam giac ABC, ta co:

C R c B R b A R a sin 2 , sin 2 , sin 2 = = =

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c
a
b
O
A
B
C


Ghi nh:
Trong mot tam giac, ty so gia mot canh cua tam giac va sin cua goc oi dien vi canh o bang ng knh
ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac.
3. nh ly ve ng trung tuyen:
Trong tam giac ABC ta co :


4 2
4 2
4 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
b c a
m
a c b
m
c
b
a

+
=

+
=

+
=









4. nh ly ve dien tch tam giac:

Dien tch tam giac ABC c tnh theo cac cong thc sau:


a b c
1 1 1
1. S ah bh ch
2 2 2
1 1 1
2. S absinC acsinB bcsinA
2 2 2
abc
3. S
4R
4. S pr
5. S p(p a)(p b)(p c)
= = =
= = =
=
=
=

c
a
b
m
a
M
B
A
C
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c
a
b
h
a
H
B
A
C

5. nh ly ve ng phan giac:


b a
C
ab
l
c a
B
ac
l
c b
A
bc
l
c b a
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
cos 2
;
2
cos . 2
;
2
cos . 2


CAC DANG TOAN C BAN
Dang 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC
e chng minh ang thc lng giac A=B ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau
Phng phap 1: Bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia
Phng phap 2: Xuat phat t mot mot he thc ung a biet e suy ra ang thc can chng minh
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau:
a)
A B C
sin A sinB sinC 4. cos . cos . cos
2 2 2
+ + =
b)
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C 2 2cosA. cos B. cosC + + = +
V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau:
a) tgA tgB tgC tgA.tgB.tgC + + = ( ABC khong vuong)
b)
A B B C C A
tg .tg tg .tg tg .tg 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + =

Dang 2: CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC

I. Bat ang thc trong tam giac :
Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th :
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
b c a b c < < +
c a b c a < < +
a b c a b < < +
a b c A B C > > > >

II. Cac bat ang thc c ban :
1. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

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Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co :
2
a b
ab
+

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a
1
,a
2
,...a
n
ta co :

1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a
1
= a
2
=...= a
n

2 . Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski :
Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) ax by a b x y + + +
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx
Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so
1 2
( , ,... )
n
a a a va
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
b b b ta co :


2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ... ) ( ... )( ... )
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + + + + + + +

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = = vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang

3) Bat ang thc c ban:

a) Cho hai so dng x, y ta luon co:
1 1 1 1
( )
4
+
+ x y x y


Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y


b) Vi moi so thc x, y ta luon co: xy y x 2
2 2
+

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y
III. Bat ang thc JENSEN :
1) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) < 0 ) ; ( b a x (f la ham loi) th
Vi moi ) ; ( ,..., ,
2 1
b a x x x
n
ta co:
)
...
(
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
n
x x x
f
n
x f x f x f
n n
+ +

+ + +
) 2 ( n
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi
n
x x x = = = ...
2 1

2) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) > 0 ) ; ( b a x (f la ham lom) th
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Vi moi ) ; ( ,..., ,
2 1
b a x x x
n
ta co:
)
...
(
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
n
x x x
f
n
x f x f x f
n n
+ +

+ + +
) 2 ( n
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi
n
x x x = = = ...
2 1


e chng minh ang thc lng giac A<B (>, , ) ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng
phap sau:
Phng phap 1: Bien oi bat ang thc can chng minh en en mot bat ang thc hien nhien ung
Phng phap 2: S dung cac bat ang thc c ban a biet (Co si, BCS,...) e suy ra bat ang thc can
chng minh
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang:
8
1
2
sin .
2
sin .
2
sin
C B A

V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang:
a)
2
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos + +
C B A

b)
2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A
c) 3
2 2 2
+ +
C
tg
B
tg
A
tg
V du 3: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang:
a)
8
3 3
2
cos .
2
cos .
2
cos
C B A

b) 3 3 + + tgC tgB tgA
c)
3 3
1
2
.
2
.
2

C
tg
B
tg
A
tg

Dang 3: NHAN DANG TAM GIAC

KIEU E TOAN 1:
(
(
(
(
(
(

biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

eu giac tam la
can giac tam la
can vuong giac tam la
vuong giac tam la
ABC
trc" cho kien ieu "
man thoa ABC giac tam Cho
TH


KIEU E TOAN 2:
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(
(
(
(
(
(

biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

eu giac tam la
can giac tam la
can vuong giac tam la
vuong giac tam la
ABC
trc" cho kien ieu "
man thoa ABC giac tam Cho
VA U CAN

"ieu kien cho trc" co the la:
ang thc lng giac ve goc
ang thc lng giac + o dai (canh, trung tuyen, phan giac,...)
ang thc o dai
He ang thc
1) Nhan dang tam giac vuong
Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho
trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac
2) Nhan dang tam giac can
Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho
trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac
3) Nhan dang tam giac eu
Ngoai phng phap a neu tren ta co the giai quyet bai toan theo cach sau
Phng phap s dung bat ang thc: Gom 2 bc (ap dung khi "ieu kien cho trc" co dang
ang thc A = B
Bc 1: CM bat ang thc B A hoac B A (1)
Bc 2: Lap luan e ang thc (1) xay ra ma khi ang thc (1) xay ra th tam giac ABC eu
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Tam giac ABC co tgA
A B
B A
=
+
+
cos sin
cos sin
. Chng minh rang ABC vuong
V du 2: Chng minh rang neu ABC thoa man ieu kien 0 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos = + + + C B A th tam
giac o la tam giac vuong
V du 3: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac can
1)
C
tgA tgB 2. cot g
2
+ = 2)
sinA sinB sinC A C
cot g . cot g
sinA sinB sinC 2 2
+ +
=
+

V du 4: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac eu
1)
1
cos A. cosB. cosC
8
= 2)
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
3
1 cos A 1 cosB 1 cosC
+ + =
+ + +

3)
A B C
cos A cosB cosC sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + = + + 4)
1 1 1 1 1 1
A B C
cosA cos B cosC
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + = + +
V du 5: Xac nh dang cua tam giac ABC biet:
1)
C
a b tg (a.tgA b.tgB)
2
+ = +
2)
b c a
cosB cosC sin B.sinC
+ =
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3)
b c
cos B cosC
a
+
+ =
4)
a. cos A b. cosB c. cosC 1
a b c 2
+ +
=
+ +

V du 6: Hay tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC neu trong tam giac o ta co :

2 2 2 2
9
sin A sin B sin C 3cosC cos C
4
+ + = + +
V du 7: Tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC biet rang

=

8
3 3 2
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
) ( 4
C B A
bc a p p

trong o BC = a, AB = c,
2
c b a
p
+ +
=


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