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Vector Components--Review
Learning Goal: To introduce you to vectors and the use of sine and cosine for a triangle when resolving components. Vectors are an important part of the language of science, mathematics, and engineering. They are used to discuss multivariable calculus, electrical circuits with oscillating currents, stress and strain in structures and materials, and flows of atmospheres and fluids, and they have many other applications. Resolving a vector into components is a precursor to computing things with or about a vector quantity. Because position, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, and angular momentum are all vector quantities, resolving vectors into components is the most important sk ill required in a mechanics course. The figure shows the components of F , Fx and Fy , along the x and y axes of the coordinate system, respectively. The components of a vector depend on the coordinate system's orientation, the key being the angle between the vector and the coordinate axes, often designated .
Part A
The figure shows the standard way of measuring the angle. is measured to the vector from the x axis, and counterclockwise is positive. Express Fx and
Fy
ANSWER:
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Fx , Fy
cos F , sinF
Correct
In principle, you can determine the components of any vector with these expressions. If F lies in one of the other quadrants of the plane, will be an angle larger than 90 degrees (or /2 in radians) and cos()and
sin( ) will
Unfortunately this way of representing F , though mathematically correct, leads to equations that must be simplified using trig identities such as
sin( 180
+ ) = sin( )
and
cos( 90
+ ) = sin( ) .
These must be used to reduce all trig functions present in your equations to either sin() or cos() . Unless you perform this followup step flawlessly, you will fail to recoginze that
sin( 180
+ ) + cos(270
) = 0,
and your equations will not simplify so that you can progress further toward a solution. Therefore, it is best to express all components in terms of either sin() or cos() , with between 0 and 90 degrees (or 0 and /2 in radians), and determine the signs of the trig functions by knowing in which quadrant the vector lies.
Part B
When you resolve a vector F into components, the components must have the form with cos() . In real problems the optimal coordinate system is often rotated so that the x axis is not horizontal. Furthermore, most vectors will not lie in the first quadrant. To assign the sine and cosine correctly for vectors at arbitrary angles, you must figure out which angle is and then properly reorient the definitional triangle. As an example, consider the vector N shown in the diagram labeled "tilted axes," where you know the angle between N and the y axis. Which of the various ways of orienting the definitional triangle must be used to resolve N into components in the tilted coordinate system shown? (In the figures, the hypotenuse is orange, the side adjacent to is red, and the side opposite is yellow.)
| F | cos( )or | F | sin( ) .
The signs depend on which quadrant the vector lies in, and there will be one component with sin() and the other
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The colors are chosen to remind you that the vector sum of the two orthogonal sides is the vector
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ANSWER: 1 2 3 4
Correct
Part C
Choose the correct procedure for determining the components of a vector in a given coordinate system from this list: ANSWER: Align the adjacent side of a right triangle with the vector and the hypotenuse along a coordinate direction with as the included angle. Align the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the vector and an adjacent side along a coordinate direction with as the included angle. Align the opposite side of a right triangle with the vector and the hypotenuse along a coordinate direction with as the included angle. Align the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the vector and the opposite side along a coordinate direction with as the included angle.
Correct
Part D
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The space around a coordinate system is conventionally divided into four numbered quadrants depending on the signs of the x and y coordinates . Consider the following conditions: A. B. C. D.
x > 0, y > 0 x > 0, y < 0 x < 0, y > 0 x < 0, y < 0
Which of these lettered conditions are true in which the numbered quadrants shown in ? Write the answer in the following way: If A were true in the third quadrant, B in the second, C in the first, and D in the fourth, enter "3 ,2 ,1 ,4 " as your response.
ANSWER: 1,4,2,3
Correct
Part E
Now find the components
Nx
Express your answer in terms of the length of the vector separated by a comma. ANSWER:
N x, N y
N sin, N cos
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Correct
Part A
ANSWER:
AB
= 3,-5,-4
Correct
Part B
ANSWER:
BC
= -5,4,0
Correct
Part C
ANSWER:
A + B C
= -6,4,3
Correct
Part D
ANSWER:
3A 2C
= -3,-2,-11
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Correct
Part E
ANSWER:
2 A + 3 B C
= -11,14,8
Correct
Part F
ANSWER:
2 A 3( B C )
= 17,-12,-6
Correct
Tracking a Plane
A radar station, located at the origin of xz plane, as shown in the figure , detects an airplane coming straight at the station from the east. At first observation (point A), the position of the airplane relative to the origin is
RA RA .
The
position vector has a magnitude of 360 m and is located at exactly 40 degreesabove the horizon. The airplane is tracked for another 123 degreesin the vertical east-west plane for 5.0 s, until it has passed directly over the station and reached point B. The position of point B relative to the origin is
RB
(the magnitude of R B is 880 m). The contact points are shown in the diagram, where the x axis represents the ground and the positive z direction is upward.
Part A
Define the displacement of the airplane while the radar was tracking it: components of R BA ?
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BA
RBA = RB RA
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Express R BA in meters as an ordered pair, separating the x and z components with a comma, to two significant figures.
component of R BA is
= (RB )
( RA )
Express your answer in meters as an ordered pair, separating the x and z values with commas, to three significant figures. ANSWER:
RAx , RAz
= 276,231
Correct
Express your answer in meters as an ordered pair, separating the x and z components with a comma, to three significant figures. ANSWER:
RB
RB
= -842,257
Correct
ANSWER:
RBA
= -1100,26
Correct
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Understand how to apply the equations for 1-dimensional motion to the y and x directions separately in order to derive standard formulae for the range and height of a projectile. A projectile is fired from ground level at time t = 0, at an angle with respect to the horizontal. It has an initial speed v0 . In this problem we are assuming that the ground is level.
Part A
Find the time tH it takes the projectile to reach its maximum height. Express tH in terms of v0 , , and
g
= 0
and
g,
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vy0
v0 sin( )
ANSWER:
vy ( t)
v0 sin( ) gt
Correct
Part B
Find \texttip{t_{\mit R}}{t_R}, the time at which the projectile hits the ground. Express the time in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}, \texttip{\theta }{theta}, and \texttip{g}{g}.
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projectile landed on a hill of height H). What is the value of \texttip{y_{\mit R}}{y_R} in this problem? Express \texttip{y_{\mit R}}{y_R} in terms of quantities given in the introduction. ANSWER: \texttip{y_{\mit R}}{y_R} = 0
Correct
Part C
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Find \texttip{H}{H}, the maximum height attained by the projectile. Express the maximum height in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}, \texttip{\theta }{theta}, and \texttip{g}{g}.
Correct
Part D
Find the total distance \texttip{R}{R} (often called the range) traveled in the x direction; in other words, find where the projectile lands. Express the range in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}, \texttip{\theta }{theta}, and \texttip{g}{g}.
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Correct
The actual formula for \texttip{R\left(\theta \right)}{R(theta)} is less important than how it is obtained: 1. Consider the x and y motion separately. 2. Find the time of flight from the y-motion 3. Find the x-position at the end of the flight - this is the range. If you remember these steps, you can deal with many variants of the basic problem, such as: a cannon on a hill that fires horizontally (i.e. the second half of the trajectory), a projectile that lands on a hill, or a projectile that must hit a moving target.
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Part A
Construct a possible graph for x position versus time, \texttip{x\left(t\right)}{x(t)}.
Correct
Hint 2. Specify the shape of the \texttip{x\left(t\right)}{x(t)} graph
Does the x position change at a constant rate or a changing rate? You can determine this by looking at the change in x coordinate from one dot to the next. ANSWER: constant changing
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Correct
Since the x position changes at a constant rate (implying a constant x velocity), it must be represented by a graph with a constant slope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Construct a possible graph for the y position versus time, \texttip{y\left(t\right)}{y(t)}.
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Correct
Hint 2. Specify the shape of the \texttip{y\left(t\right)}{y(t)} graph
Does the y position change at a constant rate or a changing rate? ANSWER: constant changing
Correct
Since the y position changes at a variable rate (implying a changing y velocity), it must be represented by a graph with a changing slope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
Construct a possible graph for the x velocity versus time, \texttip{v_{\mit x}\left(t\right)}{v_x(t)}.
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Correct
Hint 2. Specify the shape of the \texttip{v_{\mit x}\left(t\right)}{v_x(t)} graph
Does the x velocity remain constant or does it change? You can determine this by comparing the x components of the arrows. ANSWER: It remains constant. It changes.
Correct
ANSWER:
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Correct
Part D
Construct a possible graph for the y velocity versus time, \texttip{v_{\mit y}\left(t\right)}{v_y(t)}.
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ANSWER:
Correct
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To understand projectile motion by considering horizontal constant velocity motion and vertical constant acceleration motion independently. Projectile motion refers to the motion of unpowered objects (called projectiles) such as balls or stones moving near the surface of the earth under the influence of the earth's gravity alone. In this analysis we assume that air resistance can be neglected. An object undergoing projectile motion near the surface of the earth obeys the following rules: 1. An object undergoing projectile motion travels horizontally at a constant rate. That is, the x component of its velocity, \texttip{v_{\mit x}}{v_x}, is constant. 2. An object undergoing projectile motion moves vertically with a constant downward acceleration whose magnitude, denoted by \texttip{g}{g}, is equal to 9.80 \rm{m/s^2} near the surface of the earth. Hence, the y component of its velocity, \texttip{v_{\mit y}}{v_y}, changes continuously. 3. An object undergoing projectile motion will undergo the horizontal and vertical motions described above from the instant it is launched until the instant it strikes the ground again. Even though the horizontal and vertical motions can be treated independently, they are related by the fact that they occur for exactly the same amount of time, namely the time \texttip{t}{t} the projectile is in the air. The figure shows the trajectory (i.e., the path) of a ball undergoing projectile motion over level ground. The time t_0 = 0\;\rm{s} corresponds to the moment just after the ball is launched from position x_0 = 0\;\rm{m} and y_0 = 0\;\rm{m}. Its launch velocity, also called the initial velocity, is \texttip{\vec{v}_{\rm 0}}{v_vec_0}. Two other points along the trajectory are indicated in the figure. One is the moment the ball reaches the peak of its trajectory, at time \texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1} with velocity \texttip{\vec{v}_{\rm 1}}{v_1_vec}. Its position at this moment is denoted by (x_1, y_1) or (x_1, y_{\max}) since it is at its maximum height. The other point, at time \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} with velocity \texttip{\vec{v}_{\rm 2}}{v_2_vec}, corresponds to the moment just before the ball strikes the ground on the way back down. At this time its position is (x_2, y_2), also known as (x_{\max}, y_2) since it is at its maximum horizontal range. Projectile motion is symmetric about the peak, provided the object lands at the same vertical height from which is was launched, as is the case here. Hence y_2 = y_0 = 0\;\rm{m}.
Part A
How do the speeds \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}, \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1}, and \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} (at times \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0}, \texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1}, and \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2}) compare? ANSWER:
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\texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} = \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} = \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} > 0 \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} = \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} > \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} = 0 \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} = \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} > \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} > 0 \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} > \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} > \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} > 0 \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} > \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} > \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} = 0
Correct
Here \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} equals \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} by symmetry and both exceed \texttip{v_{\rm 1}}{v_1} . This is because \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} and \texttip{v_{\rm 2}}{v_2} include vertical speed as well as the constant horizontal speed.
Consider a diagram of the ball at time \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0}. Recall that \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0} refers to the instant just after the ball has been launched, so it is still at ground level (x_0 = y_0= 0\;\rm{m}). However, it is already moving with initial velocity \texttip{\vec{v}_{\rm 0}}{v_0_vec}, whose magnitude is v_0 = 30.0\;{\rm m/s} and direction is \theta = 60.0\;{\rm degrees} counterclockwise from the positive x direction.
Part B
What are the values of the intial velocity vector components \texttip{v_{0,x}}{v_0, x} and \texttip{v_{0,y}}{v_0, y} (both in \rm{m/s}) as well as the acceleration vector components \texttip{a_{0,x}}{a_0, x} and \texttip{a_{0,y}}{a_0, y} (both in \rm{m/s^2})? Here the subscript 0 means "at time \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0}."
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As shown in the figure, \texttip{v_{0,x}}{v_0, x}, \texttip{v_{0,y}}{v_0, y}, and \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} are three sides of a right triangle, one angle of which is \texttip{\theta }{theta}. Thus \texttip{v_{0,x}}{v_0, x} and \texttip{v_{0,y}}{v_0, y} can be found using the definition of the sine and cosine functions given below. Recall that v_0 = 30.0\;\rm{m/s} and \theta = 60.0\;\rm{degrees} and note that \large{\sin(\theta) = \frac{\rm{length\;of\;opposite\;side}}{\rm{length\;of\;hypotenuse}}} \large{= \frac{v_{0, y}}{v_0}}, \large{\cos(\theta) = \frac{\rm{length\;of\;adjacent\;side}}{\rm{length\;of\;hypotenuse}}} \large{= \frac{v_{0, x}}{v_0}.} What are the values of \texttip{v_{0,x}}{v_0, x} and \texttip{v_{0,y}}{v_0, y}? Enter your answers numerically in meters per second separated by a comma. ANSWER: 15.0,26.0 \rm{m/s}
ANSWER: 30.0, 0, 0, 0 0, 30.0, 0, 0 15.0, 26.0, 0, 0 30.0, 0, 0, -9.80 0, 30.0, 0, -9.80 15.0, 26.0, 0, -9.80 15.0, 26.0, 0, +9.80
Correct
Also notice that at time \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2}, just before the ball lands, its velocity components are v_{2, x} = 15\;\rm{m/s} (the same as always) and v_{2, y} = - 26.0\;\rm{m/s} (the same size but opposite sign from \texttip{v_{0,y}}{v_0, y} by symmetry). The acceleration at time \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} will have components (0, -9.80 \rm{m/s^2}), exactly the same as at \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0}, as required by Rule 2.
The peak of the trajectory occurs at time \texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1}. This is the point where the ball reaches its maximum height \texttip{y_{\rm max}}{y_max}. At the peak the ball switches from moving up to moving down, even as it continues to travel horizontally at a constant rate.
Part C
What are the values of the velocity vector components \texttip{v_{1,x}}{v_1, x} and \texttip{v_{1,y}}{v_1, y} (both in \rm{m/s}) as well as the acceleration vector components \texttip{a_{1,x}}{a_1, x} and \texttip{a_{1,y}}{a_1, y} (both
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in \rm{m/s^2})? Here the subscript 1 means that these are all at time \texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1}. ANSWER: 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, -9.80 15.0, 0, 0, 0 15.0, 0, 0, -9.80 0, 26.0, 0, 0 0, 26.0, 0, -9.80 15.0, 26.0, 0, 0 15.0, 26.0, 0, -9.80
Correct
At the peak of its trajectory the ball continues traveling horizontally at a constant rate. However, at this moment it stops moving up and is about to move back down. This constitutes a downward-directed change in velocity, so the ball is accelerating downward even at the peak.
The flight time refers to the total amount of time the ball is in the air, from just after it is launched (\texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0}) until just before it lands (\texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2}). Hence the flight time can be calculated as t_2 - t_0, or just \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} in this particular situation since t_0 = 0. Because the ball lands at the same height from which it was launched, by symmetry it spends half its flight time traveling up to the peak and the other half traveling back down. The flight time is determined by the initial vertical component of the velocity and by the acceleration. The flight time does not depend on whether the object is moving horizontally while it is in the air.
Part D
If a second ball were dropped from rest from height \texttip{y_{\rm max}}{y_max}, how long would it take to reach the ground? Ignore air resistance. Check all that apply.
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The ball that falls straight down strikes the ground first. The ball that was kicked so it moves horizontally as it falls strikes the ground first. Both balls strike the ground at the same time.
ANSWER: \texttip{t_{\rm 0}}{t_0} t_1 - t_0 \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} t_2 - t_1 \large{\frac{t_2 - t_0}{2}}
Correct
In projectile motion over level ground, it takes an object just as long to rise from the ground to the peak as it takes for it to fall from the peak back to the ground.
The range \texttip{R}{R} of the ball refers to how far it moves horizontally, from just after it is launched until just before it lands. Range is defined as x_2 - x_0, or just \texttip{x_{\rm 2}}{x_2} in this particular situation since x_0 = 0. Range can be calculated as the product of the flight time \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} and the x component of the velocity \texttip{v_{\mit x}}{v_x} (which is the same at all times, so v_x = v_{0,x}). The value of \texttip{v_{\mit x}}{v_x} can be found from the launch speed \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} and the launch angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} using trigonometric functions, as was done in Part B. The flight time is related to the initial y component of the velocity, which may also be found from \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} and \texttip{\theta }{theta} using trig functions. The following equations may be useful in solving projectile motion problems, but these equations apply only to a projectile launched over level ground from position (x_0 = y_0 = 0) at time t_0 = 0 with initial speed \texttip{v_{\rm 0}} {v_0} and launch angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} measured from the horizontal. As was the case above, \texttip{t_{\rm 2}} {t_2} refers to the flight time and \texttip{R}{R} refers to the range of the projectile. flight time: \large{t_2 = \frac{2 v_{0, y}}{g} = \frac{2 v_0 \sin(\theta)}{g}} range: \large{R = v_x t_2 = \frac{v_0^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}} In general, a high launch angle yields a long flight time but a small horizontal speed and hence little range. A low launch angle gives a larger horizontal speed, but less flight time in which to accumulate range. The launch angle that achieves the maximum range for projectile motion over level ground is 45 degrees.
Part E
Which of the following changes would increase the range of the ball shown in the original figure? Check all that apply. ANSWER:
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Increase \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} above 30 \rm{m/s}. Reduce \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} below 30 \rm{m/s}. Reduce \texttip{\theta }{theta} from 60 \rm{degrees} to 45 \rm{degrees}. Reduce \texttip{\theta }{theta} from 60 \rm{degrees} to less than 30 \rm{degrees}. Increase \texttip{\theta }{theta} from 60 \rm{degrees} up toward 90 \rm{degrees}.
Correct
A solid understanding of the concepts of projectile motion will take you far, including giving you additional insight into the solution of projectile motion problems numerically. Even when the object does not land at the same height from which is was launched, the rules given in the introduction will still be useful. Recall that air resistance is assumed to be negligible here, so this projectile motion analysis may not be the best choice for describing things like frisbees or feathers, whose motion is strongly influenced by air. The value of the gravitational free-fall acceleration \texttip{g}{g} is also assumed to be constant, which may not be appropriate for objects that move vertically through distances of hundreds of kilometers, like rockets or missiles. However, for problems that involve relatively dense projectiles moving close to the surface of the earth, these assumptions are reasonable.
Part A
Find \texttip{v_{\rm 0y}}{v_0y}, the vertical component of the velocity of the ball when the quarterback releases it.
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Correct
Hint 2. Height at which the ball is caught, \texttip{y\left(t_{\rm c}\right)}{y(t_c)}
Remember that after time \texttip{t_{\rm c}}{t_c} the ball was caught at the same height as it had been released. That is, y(t_{\rm c}) = y_0 = 0.
Correct
Part B
Find \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x}, the initial horizontal component of velocity of the ball. Express your answer for \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x} in terms of \texttip{D}{D}, \texttip{t_{\rm c}}{t_c}, and \texttip{v_{\rm r}}{v_r}.
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Answer in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x} and \texttip{t_{\rm c}}{t_c}. ANSWER: \texttip{x_{\rm c}}{x_c} = v_{\rm{0x}} t_{c}
Correct
Part C
Find the speed \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0} with which the quarterback must throw the ball. Answer in terms of \texttip{D}{D}, \texttip{t_{\rm c}}{t_c}, \texttip{v_{\rm r}}{v_r}, and \texttip{g}{g}.
Correct
Part D
Assuming that the quarterback throws the ball with speed \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}, find the angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} above the horizontal at which he should throw it. Your solution should contain an inverse trig function (entered as a s i n ,a c o s , or a t a n ). Give your answer in terms of already known quantities, \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x}, \texttip{v_{\rm 0y}}{v_0y}, and \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Part A
Find \texttip{t_{\rm a}}{t_a}, the time that the arrow spends in the air. Answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
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Hint 2. Find the time of flight in terms of the initial vertical component of velocity.
From the change in the vertical component of velocity, you should be able to find \texttip{t_{\rm a}}{t_a} in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm y0}}{v_y0} and \texttip{g}{g}. Give your answer in terms of \texttip{v_{\rm y0}}{v_y0} and \texttip{g}{g}.
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Correct
Suppose someone drops an apple from a vertical distance of 6.0 meters, directly above the point where the arrow hits the tree.
Part B
How long after the arrow was shot should the apple be dropped, in order for the arrow to pierce the apple as the arrow hits the tree? Express your answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures.
Hint 2. Find the time it takes for the apple to fall 6.0 meters
How long does it take an apple to fall 6.0 meters? Express your answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures. ANSWER: \texttip{t_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}}{t_f} = 1.1 {\rm s}
Correct
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Part A
Assume that the cannon is fired at time t = 0 and that the cannonball hits the ground at time \texttip{t_{\rm g}}{t_g}. What is the y position of the cannonball at the time t_{\rm g}/2? Answer numerically in units of meters.
Hint 3. Determine which equation to use to find the height at the requested time
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Three equations that describe motion in the y direction are given below. Which would you use to determine the height \texttip{y}{y} of the cannonball at time t_{\rm g}/2? ANSWER: v_y = v_{0\rm y} -gt \large{y = y_0 + v_{0\rm y}t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2} v_y^2 = v_{0\rm y}^2 - 2g(y - y_0)
Correct
The same answer can be obtained more easily (perhaps you did it this way) if you notice that v_{\rm 0y}=0. This means that the vertical displacement is given by \large{\Delta y=-\frac{1}{2}gt^2} and therefore \Delta y(t_{\rm g}/2) is one-quarter of \texttip{H}{H}; then \large{y(t_{\rm g}/2)=\frac{3}{4}H}.
Part B
Given that the projectile lands at a distance \texttip{D}{D} = 140{\rm m} from the cliff, as shown in the figure, find the initial speed of the projectile, \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}.
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Correct
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Part C
What is the y position of the cannonball when it is at distance D/2 from the hill? If you need to, you can use the trajectory equation for this projectile, which gives \texttip{y}{y} in terms of \texttip{x}{x} directly: \large{y = H - \frac{g x^2}{2 v_{0\rm x}^2}}. You should already know \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x} from the previous part. Express the position of the cannonball numerically in meters. ANSWER: \texttip{y_{\rm D/2}}{y_D/2} = 75.0 \rm m
Correct
Not surprisingly, the answer to this part is the same as that in Part A because a projectile travels equal horizontal distances in equal amounts of time.
Part A
After a package is ejected from the plane, how long will it take for it to reach sea level from the time it is ejected? Assume that the package, like the plane, has an initial velocity of 230{\rm mph} in the horizontal direction. Express your answer numerically in seconds. Neglect air resistance.
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introduction. In this coordinate system, what are the values of \texttip{x_{\rm 0}}{x_0}, \texttip{y_{\rm 0}}{y_0} , \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x}, \texttip{v_{\rm 0y}}{v_0y} of the package? Express your answers numerically and enter them, separated by commas, in the order \texttip{x_{\rm 0}}{x_0}, \texttip{y_{\rm 0}}{y_0}, \texttip{v_{\rm 0x}}{v_0x}, \texttip{v_{\rm 0y}}{v_0y}. Use units of meters and mph for distances and speeds, respectively.
0,550,230,0
Hint 2. What are the knowns and unknowns when the package hits the ground?
Take the origin of the coordinate system to be at the point on the surface of the water directly below the point at which the package is released. The directions of the axes are shown in the figure in the problem introduction. Let \texttip{t_{\rm g}}{t_g} be the time when the package hits the ground. In this coordinate system, v_{\rm x}(t_{\rm g}) = 230{\rm mph} since there is no acceleration in the x direction. Which of the following values is/are known? Check all that apply. ANSWER: \texttip{x\left(t_{\rm g}\right)}{x(t_g)} \texttip{y\left(t_{\rm g}\right)}{y(t_g)} \texttip{v_{\mit y}\left(t_{\rm g}\right)}{v_y(t_g)}
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Correct
Part B
If the package is to land right on the island, at what horizontal distance \texttip{D}{D} from the plane to the island should the package be released? Express the distance numerically in meters.
Correct
Part C
What is the speed \texttip{v_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}}{v_f} of the package when it hits the ground? Express your answer numerically in miles per hour.
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Part D
The speed at which the package hits the ground is really fast! If a package hits the ground at such a speed, it can be crushed and also cause some serious damage on the ground. Which of the following would help decrease the speed with which the package hits the ground? ANSWER: Increase the plane's speed and height Decrease the plane's speed and height
Correct
This is why it would be nice for rescue teams to have hybrid airplane-helicopters. Of course, then they can just airlift the stranded group.
A Wild Ride
A car in a roller coaster moves along a track that consists of a sequence of ups and downs. Let the x axis be parallel to the ground and the positive y axis point upward. In the time interval from t=0 to t=4 s, the trajectory of the car along a certain section of the track is given by \vec{r}=A(1\;{\rm m/s})t\,\hat{i}+A\left[(1\;{\rm m/s^3})t^3-6(1\;{\rm m/s^2})t^2\right]\hat{j}, where \texttip{A}{A} is a positive dimensionless constant.
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Part A
At t=2.0\;\rm s is the roller coaster car ascending or descending?
You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: ascending descending
Part B
Derive a general expression for the speed \texttip{v}{v} of the car. Express your answer in meters per second in terms of \texttip{A}{A} and \texttip{t}{t}.
You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: \texttip{v}{v} = \rm m/s
Part C
The roller coaster is designed according to safety regulations that prohibit the speed of the car from exceeding 20\;\rm m/s. Find the maximum value of \texttip{A}{A} allowed by these regulations. Express your answer using two significant figures. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: \texttip{A_{\rm max}}{A_max} =
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Part A
Rank the vector combinations on the basis of their magnitude. Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER:
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Part B
Rank the vector combinations on the basis of their angle, measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis. Vectors parallel to the positive x axis have an angle of 0^\circ . All angle measures fall between 0^\circ and 360^\circ. Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER:
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Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 97.6%. You received 73.17 out of a possible total of 75 points.
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