1

LI M U

Trong cc nghin cu khoa hc , trong cng nghip v i sng hng
ngy vic o nhit l iu rt cn thit. Tuy nhin, o c tr s chnh
xc ca nhit li l vn khng n gin.Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca
cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh bn dn, s ra i ca cc cm bin, vi iu
khin to iu kin thun li cho vic o nhit mt cch chinh xc hn ,
trn c s em xin trnh by ti: Nghin cu thit k mch o nhit
dng LM35 va gi tn hiu nhit ln internet
Ni dung bn n gm 3 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v o nhit v cm bin o nhit
Chng 2: Thit k mch o nhit
Chng 3: Gi tn hiu o ln internet
Em xin chn thnh cm n Th.s Trn Th Phng Tho hng dn em
trong sut qu trnh xy dng v hon thnh bn n ny!
Do thi gian thc hin ngn v kin thc bn thn cn hn ch do vy n
khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.Em rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca
cc thy c.

Hi phng ngay 25 thang 11 nm 2012
Sinh vin

Nguyn Vn Hip


2

CHNG 1.
TNG QUAN V O NHIT V CM BIN
O NHIT

1.1.TNG QUAN V H THNG O LNG
1.1.1.Gii thiu
thc hin php o ca mt i lng no th tu thuc vo c
tnh ca i lng cn o,iu kin o,cng nh chnh xc theo yu cu
ca mt php o m ta c th thc hin o bng nhiu cch khc nhau trn c
s ca cc h thng o lng khc nhau.
S khi ca mt h thng o lng tng qut



Hnh 1.1.S khi tng qut
-Khi chuyn i: lm nhim v nhn trc tip cc i lng vt l c
trng cho i tng cn o bin i cc i lng thnh cc i lng vt l
thng nht(dng in hay in p) thun li cho vic tnh ton.
-Mch o: c nhim v tnh ton bin i tn hiu nhn c t b
chuyn i sao cho ph hp vi yu cu th hin kt qu o ca b ch th.
-Khi ch th:lm nhim v bin i tn hiu in nhn c t mch
o th hin kt qu o.
H thng o lng s
H thng o lng s c p dng thc hin ti ny v c cc u
im:cc tn hiu tng t qua bin i thnh cc tn hiu s c cc xung r
rng trng thi 0,1 s gii hn c nhiu mc tn hiu gy sai s .Mt
khc ,h thng ny tng thch vi d liu ca my tnh,qua giao tip vi my
tnh ng dng rng ri trong k thut.
Chuyn
i
Mch
o
Ch th
3










Hnh 1.2. S khi ca h thng o lng s
1.1.2.Nguyn l hot ng
i tng cn o l i lng vt l,da vo cc c tnh ca i tng
cn o m ta chn mt loi cm bin ph hp bin i thng s i lng
vt l cn o thnh i lng in ,a vo mch ch bin tn hiu(gm:b
cm bin,h thng khuch i,x l tn hiu).
B chuyn i tn hiu sang s ADC(Analog Digital Converter) lm
nhim v chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s v kt ni vi vi x l.
B vi x l c nhim v thc hin nhng php tnh v xut ra nhng
lnh trn c s trnh t nhng lnh chp hnh thc hin trc .
B dn knh tng t (multiplexers) v b chuyn ADC c dng
chung tt c cc knh . D liu nhp vo vi x l s c tn hiu chn ng
knh cn x l a vo b chuyn i ADC v c ng gi tr c trng
ca n qua tnh ton c kt qu ca i lng cn o.
1.2.TNG QUAN V O NHIT
1.2.1.Khi nim chung
Trong nghin cu khoa hc, trong sn xut cng nh trong i sng sinh
hot hng ngy, lun lun cn xc nh nhit ca mi trng hay ca mt
vt no . V vy vic o nhit tr thnh mt vic lm v cng cn
thit. o nhit l mt trong nhng phng thc o lng khng in.
i lng
o
i lng
o
iu khin chn

knh
Hinth
S
dng
kt qu
cm
bin
Ch
bin
Tn
hiu
o
Dn
knh
tng
t
ADC
Ch
bin
Tn
hiu
o
cm
bin
Vi x
l
Chng
trnh
4

Nhit cn o c th rt thp (mt vi Kelvin), cng c th rt cao (vi
ngn, vi chc ngn Kelvin). chnh xc ca nhit c khi cn ti mt
vi phn ngn , nhng c khi vi chc cng c th chp nhn c. Vic
o nhit c tin hnh nh cc dng c h tr chuyn bit nh cp nhit
in, nhit in tr, diode v transistor, IC cm bin nhit , cm bin thch
anh Ty theo khong nhit cn o v sai s cho php m ngi ta la
chn cc loi cm bin v phng php o cho ph hp.
1.2.2.Cc phng php o nhit
Ty theo nhit o c th dng cc phng php khc nhau. Thng
thng nhit o c chia thnh ba di: Nhit thp, nhit trung bnh,
nhit cao. nhit trung bnh v thp phng php o l phng php
tip xc ngha l cc cm bin c t trc tip ngay mi trng cn o.
i vi nhit cao o bng phng php khng tip xc, dng c t
ngoi mi trng o.
a)o nhit bng phng php tip xc
Phng php o nhit trong cng nghip thng l cc nhit k tip
xc. C hai loi l: nhit k nhit in tr v nhit k nhit ngu. Cu to ca
nhit k nhit in tr v cp nhit ngu cng nh cch lp ghp chng phi
m bo tnh cht trao i nhit tt gia chuyn i vi mi trng o. i
vi mi trng kh hoc nc, chuyn i c t theo hng ngc li vi
dng chy. Vi vt rn khi t nhit k st vo vt, nhit lng s truyn t
vt sang chuyn i v s gy tn hao nhit, nht l vi vt dn nhit km. Do
vy din tch tip xc gia vt o v nhit k cng ln cng tt. Khi o nhit
ca cc cht ht (ct, t), cn phi cm su nhit k vo mi trng cn
o v thng dng nhit k nhit in tr c cp ni ra ngoi.


5

b)o nhit cao bng phng php tip xc
mi trng nhit cao t 1600
o
C tr ln, cc cp nhit ngu khng
chu c lu di, v vy o nhit cc mi trng ngi ta da trn
hin tng qu trnh qu t nng cp nhit :
) 1 ( ) (
/ 1 t
u e T t f A = =
(1.1)
Trong : u - l lng tng nhit ca u nng trong thi gian t
T A - hiu nhit ca mi trng o v cp nhit
t - hng s thi gian ca cp nhit ngu
Da trn quan h ny c th xc nh c nhit ca i tng o
m khng cn nhit u lm vic ca cp nhit ngu phi t n nhit
y. Nhng nhit ngu vo mi trng cn o trong khong (0,4 0,6)s, ta s
c phn u ca c tnh qu trnh qu ca nhit ngu v theo tnh
c nhit ca mi trng. Nu nhit u cng tc ca cp nhit ngu
trong thi gian nhng vo mi trng cn o t nhit vo khong mt
na nhit mi trng th nhit tnh c c sai s khng qu hai ln sai
s ca nhit k nhit nhu o trc tip. Phng php ny dng o nhit
ca thp nu chy.
c)o nhit bng phng php khng tip xc
y l phng php da trn nh lut bc x ca vt en tuyt i, tc
l vt hp th nng lng theo mi hng vi kh nng ln nht. Bc x nhit
ca mi vt th c trng bng mt ph

E ngha l s nng lng bc x

trong mt dn v thi gian vi mt n v din tch ca vt xy ra trn mt
n v ca di sng. Quan h gia mt ph bc x ca vt en tuyt i
vi nhit v di sng c biu din bng cng thc :

1 ) /( 2 5
1
0
) 1 (

=
T c
e C E

(1.2)
6

Trong : C
1
, C
2
hng s, - di sng, T nhit tuyt i.
C
1
=37,03.10
-17
Jm
2
/s; C
2
=1,432.10
-2
m..
d) Khong nhit o
- Khong nhit o bng phng php tip xc v dng cp nhit in
l t 200
0
C n 1000
0
C, chnh xc c th t ti +/-1% -> 0.1%.
- Khong nhit o bng phng php tip xc v dng cp nhit in
(cp nhit ngu) l t 270
0
C n 2500
0
C vi chnh xc c th t ti +/-
1% -> 0.1%.
- Khong nhit o bng phng php tip xc v dng cc cm bin tip
gip P-N (diode, transistor, IC) l t 200
0
C n 200
0
C,sai s n +/-0.1%.
- Cc phng php o khng tip xc nh bc x,quang ph c
khong o t 1000
0
C n vi chc ngn C vi sai s +/-1% -> 10%.
Thang o nhit gm: thang o Celcius(
0
C), thang o Kelvin (
0
K),
thang o Fahrenheit (
0
F), thang o Rankin (
0
R).
T(
0
C) = T(
0
K) 273.15
T(
0
F) = T(
0
R) - 459.67
T(
0
C) = [ T(
0
F) 32 ]*5/9
T(
0
F) = T(
0
C)*9/5 +32
Bang1.1.S lin h gia cc thang o nhng nhit quan trng:
Kelvin(
0
K) Celcius(
0
C) Rankin(
0
R) Fahrenheit(
0
F)
0 -273.15 0 -459.67
273.15 0 491.67 32
273.16 0.01 491.69 32.018
373.15 100 671.67 212

1.2.3.Qu trnh o nhit
Ta c th chia qu trnh o nhit ra lm ba khu chnh:
a)Khu chuyn i
7

Khu chuyn i nhit thng da vo nhng bin i mang tnh c
trng ca vt liu khi chu s tc ng ca nhit . C cc tnh cht c
trng sau y:
- S bin i in tr.
- Sc in ng sinh ra do s chnh lch nhit cc mi ni ca cc
kim loi khc nhau.
- S bin i th tch, p sut.
- S thay i cng bc x ca vt th khi b t nng.
i vi chuyn i nhit in, ngi ta thng da vo hai tnh cht u tin
ch to ra cc cp nhit in (Thermocouple), nhit in tr kim loi hay
bn dn, cc cm bin nhit di dng cc linh kin bn dn nh: diode,
transistor, cc IC chuyn dng.
b)Khu x l
Cc thng s v in sau khi c chuyn i t nhit s c x l trc
khi qua n phn ch th. Cc b phn khu x l gm c: phn hiu chnh,
khuch i, bin i ADC (Analog-Digital-Converter) Ngoi ra cn c th
c cc mch in b sung nh: mch b sai s, mch phi hp tng tr
c)Khu ch th
Khu ch th trc y thng s dng cc c cu c in, kt qu
o c th hin bng gc quay hoc s di chuyn thng ca kim ch th.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in t, sn xut nhiu loi IC
gii m, IC s chuyn dng trong bin i ADC, v vy cho php ta s dng
khu ch th s d dng nh dng LED 7 on hoc mn hnh tinh th lng
LCD. , kt qu o c th hin bng cc con s trong h thp phn.
1.3.CC LOI CM BIN O NHIT
1.3.1.Nhit in tr
Nhit in tr thng dng o nhit ca hi nc, kh than trong cc
ng ng, cc l phn ng ha hc, cc ni hi, khng kh trong phng
8

Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ny l da vo s thay i in tr theo
nhit ca cc vt dn in, tc l in tr l mt hm theo nhit : R =
f(T). Cun dy in tr thng nm trong ng bo v, ty theo cng dng m
v ngoi c th lm bng thy tinh, kim loi hoc gm.
i vi hu ht cc vt liu dn in th gi tr in tr R ty thuc vo
nhit T theo mt hm tng qut sau:
R(T) = Ro.F(T To) (1.3)
Vi : Ro :in tr nhit To
F : hm ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu
F = 1 khi T = To
-i vi in tr kim loi :
R(T) = Ro( 1 + AT + BT
2
+ CT
3
) (1.4)
T : tnh bng
0
C
To = 0
0
C
-i vi nhit in tr bng oxyt bn dn :
R(T) = Ro.exp[ B(1/T 1/To)] (1.5)
T : nhit tuyt i (
0
K)
To = 273.15
0
K
Nhng h s trong cng thc tnh in tr R thng c bit trc mt cch
chnh xc nh s o nhng nhit bit.
a)Nhit in tr kim loi
i vi nhit in tr kim loi th vic ch to n thch hp hn c l
s dng cc kim loi nguyn cht nh: platin, ng, niken. tng nhy
cm nn s dng cc kim loi c h s nhit in tr cng ln cng tt. Tuy
nhin ty thuc vo khong nhit cn kim tra m ta c th s dng nhit
in tr loi ny hay khc. C th: nhit in tr ch to t dy dn bng
ng thng lm vic trong khong nhit t -50
0
+150
0
C vi h s nhit
in tr o=4,27.10
-3
; Nhit in tr t dy dn platin mnh lm vic trong
9

khong nhit -190
0
+650
0
C vi o=3,968.10
-3

(

C
0
1
; Nhng khi lm vic
ngn hn, cng nh khi t in tr nhit trong chn khng hoc kh trung
tnh th nhit lm vic ln nht ca n c th cn cao hn.
Cu trc ca nhit in tr kim loi bao gm: dy dn mnh kp i
qun trn khung cch in to thnh phn t nhy cm, n c t trong
chic v c bit c cc cc a ra. Gi tr in tr nhit c ch to t
10100O.
i vi nhit in tr kim loi th quan h gia in tr vi nhit c
dng sau:
R(u) = R
0
(1+o.u +|.u
2
+.u
3
+...) (1.6)
Trong : R
0
-in tr dy dn ng vi nhit ban u 0
0
C.
R
u
-in tr dy dn ng vi nhit u.
u -nhit [
0
C]
o,|, -cc h s nhit in tr = const.
(

C
0
1

thy r hn na v bn cht ca nhit in tr kim loi, chng ta c
th xem qua in tr sut ca n c tnh theo cng thc :


=
.e. n
1
(1.7)
Trong : n
-
-s in t t do trong mt n v th tch.
e -in tch ca in t t do.
10

-
-tnh linh hot ca in t, c c trng bi tc ca n trong
trng c cng 1vn/cm.
Cc kim loi dng lm in tr nhit thng c in tr sut nh ~
10
-5
10
-6
O/cm, v c mt in t ln (khng ph thuc vo nhit ).
Khi nhit tng ph thuc vo s dao ng ca mng tinh th kim loi,
tc l n c xc nh bi tnh linh hot ca cc in t. Nh vy khi c s
thay i nhit th cng lm cho tnh linh hot ca cc in t thay i theo.
Tuy nhin tnh linh hot ca cc in t cn ph thuc vo mt tp cht
trong kim loi. C th in tr sut ca kim loi nguyn cht c th xc nh
theo dng: =
0
+ (u), trong
0
khng ph thuc vo nhit ; cn (u)
l mt hm ph thuc khng c nh: ng vi nhit trong khong no
th n l tuyn tnh (u) = K.u, nhng ng vi nhit rt thp (~ 0
0
C) th
quan h l hm bc nm ca nhit . Trn hnh 1.3.a biu din mi quan
h gia in tr v nhit , hnh 1.3.b l dng c tnh vn-ampe ca nhit
in tr kim loi.
nhy cm ca nhit in tr c xc nh theo biu thc:

R
d
dR
S ~ = (1.5)
Trong : AR -s thay i in tr khi c s thay i nhit Au. Vic
s dng nhit in tr kim loi o nhit cao rt tin cy, m bo
Hnh1.3. c tnh nhit (a) v c tnh vn_ampe
ca nhit in tr kim loi (b).

ng
platin
R
10O
5O
0 20 40 60 u K

U
I
0
a) b)
11

chnh xc cao n 0,001
0
C v sai s o khng qu 0,5 n 1%; Tuy nhin khi
dng ti qua n c gi tr khng ln lm. Nu nh c dng in ln lun
chy qua nhit in tr, th s qu nhit ca n s ln hn rt nhiu so vi
mi trng xung quanh. Khi qu nhit xc lp s c xc nh bi
iu kin truyn nhit trn b mt ca nhit in tr (tc chuyn ng ca
mi trng cn kim tra so vi nhit in tr, v t trng ca mi trng ).
Hin tng ny c s dng o tc thng lng (dng chy) ca cht
lng v kh, cng nh o t trng ca kh.... Bn cnh u im trn th bn
thn nhit in tr kim loi c nhng nhc im sau:
Th nht n l khu phi chu k c m t bng phng trnh vi phn
bc nht n gin
(TP+1)R(t) = Ku(t) (1.6)
Trong hng s thi gian T ca n c gi tr t vi giy n vi trm
giy. K chnh l nhy S.
Th hai rt c bn l kch thc ca nhit in tr kim loi ln nn
hn ch vic s dng n o nhit ni hp.
Mt s nhit in tr kim loi thng dng:
-Nhit in tr Platin: Nhit in tr Platin thng c ch to di
dng dy qun ng knh (0.05 -> 0.1)mm, o nhit t 200
0
C -> 1000
0
C
vi chnh xc tng i cao,ngay c trong nhng iu kin mi trng d
oxy ha (o = 3,9.10
-3
/
0
C).
Tuy nhin, nhit xp x 1000
0
C hoc cao hn, Platin thng km
bn v ch th nhit mt chnh xc.
-Nhit in tr Nickel:
C u im l nhy nhit rt cao (6,66.10
-3
/
0
C) t 0
0
C n 100
0
C, in tr
sut l 1,617.10
-8
(cn ca Platin l 1,385.10
-8
). Nickel chng li s oxy ha,
thng c dng nhit nh hn 250
0
C.
12

-Nhit in tr ng:
c s dng v c tuyn rt tuyn tnh ca s thay i in tr theo nhit.
Tuy nhin v phn ng ha hc nn khng cho php s dng nhit ln
hn 180
0
C, v v in tr sut b nn khi dng, m bo c gi tr in tr
nht nh, chiu di dy phi ln gy nn mt s cng knh bt tin.
-Nhit in tr Tungstne:
C nhy nhit ca in tr ln hn ca Platin trong trng hp nhit
cao v n thng c s dng nhit cao hn Platin vi mt tuyn
tnh hn Platin.Tungstne c th c cu to di dng nhng si rt mnh
cho php thc hn in tr c gi tr cao, nh vy vi gi tr in tr cho
trc, chiu di dy s gim thiu.
b)Nhit in tr bn dn (Thermistor)
Nhit in tr c ch to t vt liu bn dn c gi l termistor;
Chng c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng t ng kim tra v iu
khin. Termistor c ch to t hp kim ca ng - mng gan hoc c ban -
mng gan di dng thi, a trn hoc hnh cu. Loi ny hon ton tri
ngc vi nhit in tr kim loi: khi nhit tng th in tr ca n li
gim theo quy lut:
R(u) = R
0
.e
-ou
= R
0
(1- ou +
2
2

- ...) (1.7)
Trong h s nhit in tr ca termistor thng c gi tr
o = (0,03 0,06).
(
(

C
0
1

in tr sut ca termistor c tnh theo cng thc:
= A.e
B/u
(1.8)
Trong : A -hng s ph thuc kch thc ca termistor
13

B -hng s ph thuc tp cht trong cht bn dn






Cng nh in tr nhit kim loi, termistor cng c hai c tnh: c
tnh nhit l quan h gia in tr ca termistor vi nhit (hnh 1.2.a) v
c tnh vn - ampe l quan h gia in p t trn termistor vi dng in
chy qua n ng vi nhit no u
0
(hnh 1.2.b). Chng ta thy rng c
tnh vn - ampe ca termistor c gi tr cc i ca U ng vi I
1
no , l do
khi tng dng ln hn I
1
th n s nung nng termistor v lm cho gi tr in
tr ca n gim xung. Cc loi termistor thng c ch to t vi chc O
n vi chc KO. Termistor c in tr ln cho php t n v tr cn kim
tra kh xa so vi ni b tr h thng o lng. Chng c th lm vic trong
khong nhit t 60
0
C n +180
0
C, v cho php o nhit vi chnh
xc 0,0005
0
C. s dng termistor nhit ln hn, hoc nh hn khong
nhit lm vic bnh thng th ngi ta phi s dng n cc t hp cht
bn dn khc. So vi in tr nhit kim loi th termistor c kch thc v
trng lng nh hn, do cho php chng ta t n nhng ni cht hp
kim tra nhit ca i tng no .

U

u03 > u02 > u01

u01

u02

u03
0 I
R [O]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 uC


b) a)
Hnh 1.4. c tnh nhit (a) v c tnh vn ampe(b)

14

1.3.2.o nhit bng cp nhit in (Thermocouple)

Hnh 1.5. S cp nhit ngu v s ni cp nhit ngu
B cm bin cp nhit ngu l mt mch c t hai hay nhiu thanh dn
in gm hai dy dn A v B. Ch ni gia hai thanh kim loi ny c hn
vi nhau. Nu nhit cc mi hn t v t
0
khc nhau th trong mch khp kn
c mt dng in chy qua. Chiu ca dng nhit in ny ph thuc vo
nhit tung ng ca mi hn, ngha l t > t
0
th dng in chy theo hng
ngc li. Nu h mt u th gia hai cc xut hin mt sc in ng
(s) nhit. Nh vy bng cch o s ta c th tm c nhit t ca i
tng o vi t
0
= const.
Cch u dng c o vo mch b bin i nhit in trn hnh 1.4b.
Mt s cp nhit in thng dng:
-Thermocouple Platin_Rhodium Platin:
Nhit s dng : T = -50
0
C -> 1500
0
C
ng knh dy : 0,51mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (-2,3 -> 16,7)mV
Loi 10% Platin : T = 0
0
C -> 600
0
C , cp chnh xc l +/-2,5%
T = 600
0
C -> 1600
0
C , cp chnh xc l +/-0,4%
Loi 13% Platin : T = 0
0
C -> 538
0
C , cp chnh xc l +/-1,4%
15

T = 538
0
C -> 1500
0
C , cp chnh xc l +/-0,25%
Loi 30% Platin : T = 0
0
C -> 1700
0
C , cp chnh xc l +/-0,5%
-Thermocouple Wolfram-Rhenium:
ng knh dy : 0,40mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (0 38,5)mV
Loi Wolfram_Rhenium 5% : T = 0
0
C 2760
0
C
Loi Wolfram_Rhenium 26% : T = 0
0
C 1950
0
C
Chuyn dng o nhit rt cao.
-Thermocouple Chromel_Alumel:
Nhit s dng : T = -270
0
C 1250
0
C
ng knh dy : 3,25mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (-5,35 50)mV
Cp chnh xc : T = 0
0
C 400
0
C l : +/-3%
T = 400
0
C 1250
0
C l +/-0,75%
-Thermocouple Chromel_Constantan:
Nhit s dng : T = -270
0
C 870
0
C
ng knh dy : 3,25mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (-9,8 66)mV
Cp chnh xc : T = 0
0
C 400
0
C l +/-3%
T = 400
0
C 870
0
C l +/-0,75%
-Thermocouple Fer_Constantan :
Nhit s dng : T = -210
0
C 800
0
C
ng knh dy : 3,25mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (-8 45)mV
Cp chnh xc : T = 0
0
C 400
0
C l +/-3%
T = 400
0
C 1250
0
C l +/-0,75%
-Thermocouple Cu_Constantan :
16

Nhit s dng : T = -270
0
C 370
0
C
ng knh dy : 1,63mm
Sc in ng Seebeck : E = (-6,25 19)mV
Cp chnh xc : T = -100
0
C -40
0
C l +/-2%
T = -40
0
C 100
0
C l +/-8%
T = 100
0
C 350
0
C l +/-0,75%
1.3.3.o nhit bng ha k quang hc :
Ho k quang hc l tn gi chung ca cc dng c o nhit bng
cch ng dng cc tnh cht ca h thng thu knh quang hc thu ly cc
bc x ca vt th ri cn c theo bc x ca vt th xc nh nhit .
a)Nguyn l c bn
Nguyn l lm vic ca ha k quang hc l da trn cc hin tng
bc x ca cc vt th cc nhit cao, trong c lin quan n vai tr
ca vt en tuyt i. l mt thc th vt cht c kh nng hp thu hon
ton tt c cc bc x nhn c m khng phng x.
b)Mt s dng ca ha k quang hc thng dng
Hin nay, trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng rt nhiu loi ha k quang
hc nh ha k bc x, ha k vi sai, ha k o mu sc, ha k nhit ngu
Nu ha k tiu th ton b nng lng ca bc x ton phn ca vt
th, l ha k bc x ton phn.
Ho k quang in dng s so snh gia s pht sng ca dy tc ngn
n c ch to c bit vi sng ca vt nung nng v xc nh chnh
xc dy tc v nhit .
Ha k quang in cho kt qu o khng ph thuc vo ngi quan st
v c th ni lin mch vi cc thit b khng ch nhit t ng.
c)Phm vi s dng
Phm vi s dng l nhit ca vt cn o khng di 800
0
C. Tt c
cc loi ha k quang hc u c sai s khng vt qu 1%. Tuy nhin, bng
17

ch nhit trn cc ha k ch hon ton chnh xc vi vt en tuyt i (quy
c c bc x bng 1).V vy, vi gi tr tht ca nhit cc vt cn o ph
thuc vo mc en ca tng cht pht sng. Ho k quang in l dng c
o nhit gin tip nn c nhiu thun li, c th o t xa m khng cn
tip xc vi vt cn o.
1.3.4.o nhit dng diode v transistor
Nhng thnh phn c s dng, diode hay transistor Silicium c
mc nh diode (cc nn v cc thu ni chung) c cung cp theo chiu
thun dng in I khng i, in p V hai u cc ca chng, ty thuc
vo nhit , iu ny c th xem nh tn hiu in i ra t cm bin ty
thuc vo nhit .






Hnh 1.6. Cm bin o nhit dng diode v transistor
Cc thnh phn c s dng lm cm bin o nhit :
Hnh 1.6.a)diode
Hnh 1.6.b)Transistor mc thnh diode
Hnh 1.6.c)Hai Transistor ging nhau c mc nh diode
Ngi ta li dng s thay i tuyn tnh ca mi ni p-n i vi nhit
ch to ra cc diode v transistor chuyn dng, lm cu cm bin nhit
trong o lng v khng ch nhit .


I
V
a)
V
I
b)
V2
V1
Vd
I1
I2 c)
18


Hnh 1.7. S mch cm bin dng diode
Trong :
R1 : phn cc cho dng chy qua diode.
IC1 : dng khuch i o, h s khuch i bng 1, b tr
in p DC ca diode cm bin D.
IC2 : khuch i khng o, h s khuch i bng 5.
Nguyn l hot ng c dng tng t nh mch dng transistor
cm bin.
1.3.5.o nhit bng IC
a)Gii thiu:
K thut vi in t cho php ch to c nhng mch kt ni gm
nhng transistor ging nhau c s dng lm cm bin hon ho o nhit
da vo vic o s khc bit in p V
BE
di tc ng ca nhit .Cc
cm bin ny to ra cc dng in hc in p t l vi nhit tuyt i,vi
tuyn tnh cao; n c iu li l vn hnh n gin, tuy nhin phm vi hot
ng gii hn ch trong khong 50
0
C n 150
0
C.
b)Nguyn l chung ca IC o nhit :
L mch tch hp nhn tn hiu nhit chuyn thnh tn hiu di
dng in p hoc tn hiu dng in. Da vo c tnh rt nhy ca cc bn
dn vi nhit , to ra in p hoc dng in t l thun vi nhit tuyt
i. o tn hiu in, ta bit c gi tr ca nhit cn o.
19

S tch cc ca nhit to ra in tch t do v cc l trng trong cht
bn dn bng s ph v cc phn t, bt cc electron thnh dng t do di
chuyn qua cc vng cu trc mng tinh th, to s xut hin cc l trng
nhit lm cho t l in t t do v cc l trng tng ln theo quy lut hm m
vi nhit . Kt qu ca hin tng ny l di mc in p thun, dng
thun ca mi ni p-n (trong diode hay transistor) s tng theo hm m theo
nhit .
V d kho st cm bin IC AD590. Cm bin ny to ra mt dng in thay
i tuyn tnh theo nhit tuyt i, n c dng o nhit trong trng
hp dng dy dn vi khong cch xa.
Hnh 1.8. S nguyn l IC AD590
Cc transistor Q3 v Q4 c cng in p V
BE
v c dng cc pht ging
nhau v bng:
I
E3
= I
E4
=I
T
/2
Dng in ny i qua Q4 cng chnh l dng in cc pht ca Q1 ,n
xc nh in p nn-pht l:
V
BE1
= (KT/q).log(I
T
/ 2Io)
Vi K : hng s Boltzmann
T :
0
K
20

q: in tch
Io : dng in nghch (thng thng Io << I
T
) khi phn
cc thun.
Dng in I
T
/2 i qua Q3, qua Q2 c in p nn-pht l :
V
BE2
= (KT/q).log(I
T
/16Io)
Thc t Q2 gm 8 transistor ging Q1, mi transistor c dng in I
T

/16
S sai bit in p gia V
BE1
v V
BE2
, xut hin hai u in tr R c
dng in I
T
/2 chy qua l:
V
BE1
V
BE2
= (KT/q).log8 = R.I
T
/2
=>I
T
= (2/R).(KT/q).log8
S mch o nhit dng IC AD590:

Hnh 1.9. S nguyn l o nhit dng IC AD590
Dng in I
T
to nn hai u in tr R = 1KO mt in p c tr s
bng TmV(T l nhit tuyt i ca cm bin).
Ngun in p chun do IC AD580L c E
ref
= 2,5V v nh mch phn
p to ra in p c gi tr khong 273,15mV vi b khuch i c li G =
10, ng ra tn hiu Vo t l vi nhit ca cm bin (theo
0
C):
Vo = 10(T 273,15)mV = 10(T
0
C) (mV)
c tnh mt s IC o nhit thng dng:
-AD 590:
+
-
(Vout)
10mV/
0
C Ng ra
G=10
AD580 Eref=2,5V
10k
200
1k
1k
0,1%
10k
I
T

(V
IN
) ng vo
AD590
I
T

R
21

Ng ra l dng in.
nhy 1A/
0
K
chnh xc : +4C
Ngun cung cp : Vcc = 4V 30V
Phm vi s dng : -55
0
C 150
0
C
-LX5700:
Ng ra l in p
nhy : -10mV/
0
C
chnh xc : 3,8K
tuyn tnh :>= 1K
Phm vi s dng : -55
0
C 150
0
C
Loi ny t s dng v chnh xc thp.
-LM135, LM235, LM335:
Ng ra l in p.
nhy : 10mV/
0
C
Dng lm vic : 400A 500A : khng thay i c
tnh.
LM135 c sai s cc i l 1,5
0
C khi nhit ln hn
100
0
C.
Phm vi s dng:
LM335 : -10
0
C 125
0
C
LM235 : -40
0
C 140
0
C
LM135 : -55
0
C 200
0
C
LM35 : -55
0
C 150
0
C

22

1.3.6.Gii thiu m s loi ca cc hng khc nhau
Bng 1.2.My o nhit t xa T1315E

3000
o
C My o nhit t xa TI315E
M hng TI315E
Phm vi o 500 ~ +3000
o
C
chnh xc 2% / 2
o
C
hin th 1C / 1
o
F
T l khong cch / tit din o 120:1
Khi lng 600g
- S dng tia hng ngoi xc nh im o, o nhit nhng vt xa
bng phng php khng tip xc.Thit k nh gn, d s dng, d thao tc.
Phm vi o rng, o chnh xc. C ng ngm dng cho cc vt o xa.
- Mn hnh hin th LCD. Chc nng ci t gii hn, tnh ton v thng k
gi tr o. Chuyn i n v
o
C /
o
F.



Hinh1.10.My o nhit siu nh
Khong o: - C: -40
o
C ~ + 200
o
C.- F: -40
o
F ~ +392
o
F.
chnh xc: - 1
o
C trong khong o t -20
o
C ~ +100
o
C (-4
o
F ~ +212
o
F); -
2
o
C trong khong o cn li.
chia: 0.1
o
C (0.1
o
F)
Pin: 1.5V

23

Bng 1.3.ng h o nhit


Khong
o

chia
chnh xc
o
C
-50
o
C ~
1300
o
C
0.1
o
C
-50
o
C ~ 0
o
C: (0.5% + 1
o
C)
0
o
C ~ 199.9
o
C: (0.3% + 1
o
C)
1
o
C
-50
o
C ~ 300
o
C: (0.5% + 1
o
C)
301
o
C ~ 1000
o
C: (0.3% + 1
o
C)
1001
o
C ~ 1300
o
C: (0.5% + 1
o
C)
o
F
-58
o
F ~
1999
o
F
0.1
o
F
-58
o
F ~ 199.9
o
F: (0.3% + 2
o
F)
1
o
F -58
o
F ~ 1999
o
F: (0.3% + 2
o
F)
Pin: 9V; Kch thc: 143 x 74 x 34mm.
Trng lng: 226g; Xut x: i Loan.



24

CHNG 2.
THIT K MCH O NHIT
2.1.CC LINH KIN CHNH S DNG TRONG MCH
2.2.1.CM BIN O NHIT LM35
a.Gii thiu cm bin o nhit LM35
Trong bi ny chng ta s dng con LM35DZ
* c im:
- Di nhit bin i: 0 n 100
- Nhit ra thng thang o Celcius ngha l 25 C in p ra l 0.25V
- Tng ng 10mV/ C
- m bo chnh xc 0.5 C ti nhit 25 C.
- Lm vic vi ngun nui 4V n 30V
- Tr khng ra thp 0.1 ohm vi ti 1mA
- Kh nng t lm nng thp, 0.08 C trong khng kh.








Hnh 2.1. Cm bin nhit LM35DZ
Cch mc: n gin l ni chn +Vs vi ngun v chn GND vi t chn
OUTPUT ni vi chn Vin+ ca ADC0804


25

b.Di nhit v s thay i tr khng theo nhit ca LM35
Cc b bin i (Transducer) chuyn i cc i lng vt l v d nh
nhit , cng nh sng, lu tc v tc thnh cc tn hiu in ph
thuc vo b bin i m u ra c th l tn hiu dng in p, dng, tr
khng hay dung khng. V d, nhit c bin i thnh v cc tn hiu
in s dng mt b bin i gi l Thermistor (b cm bin nhit), mt b
cm bin nhit p ng s thay i nhit bng cch thay i tr khng
nhng p ng ca n khng tuyn tnh.
Bng 2.1. Tr khng ca b cm bin nhit theo nhit
Nhit (
0
C)
Tr khng ca cm bin (kO)
0 29.490
25 10.000
50 3.893
75 1.700
100 0.817

Bng 2.2. Hng dn chn lot cc cm bin nhit h LM35
M sn phm Di nhit chnh xc u ra
LM35A -55 C to + 150 C + 1.0 C 10 mV/F
LM35 -55 C to + 150 C + 1.5 C 10 mV/F
LM35CA -40 C to + 110 C + 1.0 C 10 mV/F
LM35C -40 C to + 110 C + 1.5 C 10 mV/F
LM35D 0 C to + 100 C + 2.0 C 10 mV/F
Lot cc b cm bin LM35 l b cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc
cao m in p u ra ca n t l tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang
Celsius. Chng cng khng yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn chng c
cn chnh. Chng a ra in p 10mV cho mi s thay i 1
0
C. Bng 2.2
hng dn ta chn cc cm bin h LM35.
26

c. Nguyn l o v chuyn i tng t/s ca ADC
Khi nhit mi trng thay i
1
lm cho tr khng ca cm bin
LM35 thay i dn n in p u vo V
in
ca ADC thay i. in p V
in

vo ADC s c so snh vi U
d
ca ADC. U
d
c th thay i t 0V n
2(V
ref
/2).
Ban u U
d
= 0, nu V
in
> U
d
khi U
d
s c cng thm mt gi tr l U A .
U U U
d d
A + = , trong :
mV
V
U
ref
10
256
) 2 / ( 2
= = A
(2.1)
ng thi gi tr b m tng thm 1. Qu trnh so snh c nh vy n khi
no U
d
=V
in
th dng. Khi gi tr ca b m chnh l gi tr thp phn.
Kh nng t lm nng ca LM35DZ trong khng kh l 0,1
o
C.
Cm bin LM35 c h s nhit l 10mV/
o
C, do sai s v nhit ca
LM35DZ s l 0,5
o
C. Khi in p u vo V
in
s c lm trn ln hoc
xung . Khi V
in
i vo so snh vi in p U
d
ca ADC, ta nhn thy rng
mc in p ca ADC l 10mV nn sai s m n gy ra l 0,5mV tng ng
vi gi tr nhit l 0,5
o
C.
Vy sai s tng cng ca h thng l 1.1
o
C.
Do vy nhit thc t ca ta s l : t
real
= t
o
1,1
o
C.
tng chnh xc ca php o ln ta c th dng mt cm bin khc c
chnh xc cao hn, c th gim in p a vo chn V
ref/2
gim bc in
p vi phn bc thang ca ADC, Tuy nhin, khi bc in p ca ADC v cm
bin khng ng nht th s gy kh khn cho qu trnh x l d liu a ra
khu hin th hoc c th gy ra sai s.Ty thuc vo php hin th m ngi
ta c th t gi tr in p cho chn V
ref
/2 sao cho hp l.


27











Hnh 2.1. S ghp ni LM35

2.2.GII THIU V H VI IU KHIN PIC
2.2.1.Tng quan v h vi iu khin PIC
PIC l vit tt ca Programable Intelligent Computer, c th tm dch
l my tnh thng minh kh trnh do hng Genenral Instrument t tn cho
vi iu khin u tin ca h:
PIC1650 c thit k dng lm cc thit b ngoi vi cho vi iu khin
CP1600. Vi iukhin ny sau c nghin cu pht trin thm v t
hnh thnh nn dng vi iu khin PIC ngy nay.
Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu h vi iu khin nh 8051,
Motorola 68HC, AVR,ARM,... Ngoi h 8051 c hng dn mt cch cn
bn mi trng i hc, bn thn ngi vit chn h vi iu khin PIC
m rng vn kin thc v pht trin cc ng dng trn cng c ny v cc
nguyn nhn sau:
H vi iu khin ny c th tm mua d dng ti th trng Vit Nam.
Gi thnh khng qu t.
C y cc tnh nng ca mt vi iu khin khi hot ng c lp.
28

L mt s b sung rt tt v kin thc cng nh v ng dng cho h vi
iu khinmang tnh truyn thng: h vi iu khin 8051.
S lng ngi s dng h vi iu khin PIC. Hin nay ti Vit Nam
cng nh trn th gii, h vi iu khin ny c s dng kh rng ri. iu
ny to nhiu thun li trong qu trnh tm hiu v pht trin cc ng dng
nh: s lng ti liu, s lng cc ng dng m c pht trin thnh
cng, d dng trao i, hc tp, d dng tm c s ch dn khi gp kh
khn,
S h tr ca nh sn xut v trnh bin dch, cc cng c lp trnh, np
chng trnh t n gin n phc tp,
Cc tnh nng a dng ca vi iu khin PIC, v cc tnh nng ny khng
ngng c pht trin.
2.2.2.Kin trc PIC
Cu trc phn cng ca mt vi iu khin c thit k theo hai dng kin
trc: kin trc Von Neuman v kin trc Havard.


Hnh 2.2. Kin trc Havard v kin trc Von-Neuman
T chc phn cng ca PIC c thit k theo kin trc Havard. im
khc bit gia kin trc Havard v kin trc Von-Neuman l cu trc b nh
d liu v b nh chng trnh.
29

i vi kin trc Von-Neuman, b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh
nm chung trong mt b nh, do ta c th t chc, cn i mt cch linh
hot b nh chng trnh v b nh d liu. Tuy nhin iu ny ch c
ngha khi tc x l ca CPU phi rt cao, v vi cu trc , trong cng
mt thi im CPU ch c th tng tc vi b nh d liu hoc b nh
chng trnh. Nh vy c th ni kin trc Von-Neuman khng thch hp vi
cu trc ca mt vi iu khin.
i vi kin trc Havard, b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh tch
ra thnh hai b nh ring bit. Do trong cng mt thi im CPU c th
tng tc vi c hai b nh, nh vy tc x l ca vi iu khin c ci
thin ng k.
Mt im cn ch na l tp lnh trong kin trc Havard c th c ti u
ty theo yu cu kin trc ca vi iu khin m khng ph thuc vo cu trc
d liu. V d, i vi vi iu khin dng 16F, di lnh lun l 14 bit
(trong khi d liu c t chc thnh tng byte, cn i vi kin trc Von-
Neuman, di lnh lun l bi s ca 1 byte (do d liu c t chc thnh
tng byte). c im ny c minh ha c th trong hnh 2.2.
2.2.3.RISC v CISC
Nh trnh by trn, kin trc Havard l khi nim mi hn so vi
kin trc Von-Neuman. Khi nim ny c hnh thnh nhm ci tin tc
thc thi ca mt vi iu khin.
Qua vic tch ri b nh chng trnh v b nh d liu, bus chng
trnh v bus d liu,CPU c th cng mt lc truy xut c b nh chng
trnh v b nh d liu, gip tng tc x l ca vi iu khin ln gp i.
ng thi cu trc lnh khng cn ph thuc vo cu trc d liu na m c
th linh ng iu chnh ty theo kh nng v tc ca tng vi iu khin.
V tip tc ci tin tc thc thi lnh, tp lnh ca h vi iu khin PIC
c thit k sao cho chiu di m lnh lun c nh (v d i vi h
30

16Fxxxx chiu di m lnh lun l 14 bit) v cho php thc thi lnh trong mt
chu k ca xung clock ( ngoi tr mt s trng hp c bit nh lnh nhy,
lnh gi chng trnh con cn hai chu k xung ng h).
iu ny c ngha tp lnh ca vi iu khin thuc cu trc Havard s
t lnh hn, ngn hn, n gin hn p ng yu cu m ha lnh bng
mt s lng bit nht nh.
Vi iu khin c t chc theo kin trc Havard cn c gi l vi
iu khin RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) hay vi iu khin c tp
lnh rt gn. Vi iu khin c thit k theo kin trc Von-Neuman cn
c gi l vi iu khin CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) hay vi
iu khin c tp lnh phc tp v m lnh ca n khng phi l mt s c
nh m lun l bi s ca 8 bit (1 byte).
2.2.4.Pipelining
y chnh l c ch x l lnh ca cc vi iu khin PIC. Mt chu k
lnh ca vi iu khin s bao gm 4 xung clock. V d ta s dng oscillator c
tn s 4 MHZ, th xung lnh s c tn s 1 MHz (chu k lnh s l 1 us). Gi
s ta c mt on chng trnh nh sau:
1. MOVLW 55h
2. MOVWF PORTB
3. CALL SUB_1
4. BSF PORTA,BIT3
5. instruction @ address SUB_1
y ta ch bn n qui trnh vi iu khin x l on chng trnh
trn thng quatng chu k lnh. Qu trnh trn s c thc thi nh sau:
31


Hnh 2.3. C ch pipelining
TCY0: c lnh 1
TCY1: thc thi lnh 1, c lnh 2
TCY2: thc thi lnh 2, c lnh 3
TCY3: thc thi lnh 3, c lnh 4.
TCY4: v lnh 4 khng phi l lnh s c thc thi theo qui trnh thc thi
ca chng trnh (lnh tip theo c thc thi phi l lnh u tin ti label
SUB_1) nn chu k thc thi lnh ny ch c dng c lnh u tin ti
label SUB_1. Nh vy c th xem lnh 3 cn 2 chu k xung clock thc thi.
TCY5: thc thi lnh u tin ca SUB_1 v c lnh tip theo ca
SUB_1.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin tng t cho cc lnh tip theo ca
chng trnh.
Thng thng, thc thi mt lnh, ta cn mt chu k lnh gi lnh
, v mt chu k xung clock na gii m v thc thi lnh. Vi c ch
pipelining c trnh by trn, mi lnh xem nh ch c thc thi trong
mt chu k lnh. i vi cc lnh m qu trnh thc thi n lm thay i gi tr
thanh ghi PC (Program Counter) cn hai chu k lnh thc thi v phi thc
hin vic gi lnh a ch thanh ghi PC ch ti. Sau khi xc nh ng v
tr lnh trong thanh ghi PC, mi lnh ch cn mt chu k lnh thc thi xong.
32

2.2.5.Cc dng PIC v cch la chon PIC
Cc k hiu ca vi iu khin PIC:
PIC12xxxx: di lnh 12 bit
PIC16xxxx: di lnh 14 bit
PIC18xxxx: di lnh 16 bit
C: PIC c b nh EPROM (ch c 16C84 l EEPROM)
F: PIC c b nh flash
LF: PIC c b nh flash hot ng in p thp
LV: tng t nh LF, y l k hiu c
Bn cnh mt s vi iu khin c k hiu xxFxxx l EEPROM, nu
c thm ch A cui l flash (v d PIC16F877 l EEPROM, cn
PIC16F877A l flash).
Ngoi ra cn c thm mt dng vi iu khin PIC mi l dsPIC.
Vit Nam ph bin nht l cc h vi iu khin PIC do hng
Microchip sn xut.
Cch la chn mt vi iu khin PIC ph hp:
Trc ht cn ch n s chn ca vi iu khin cn thit cho ng
dng. C nhiu vi iu khin PIC vi s lng chn khc nhau, thm ch c vi
iu khin ch c 8 chn,ngoi ra cn c cc vi iu khin 28, 40, 44, chn.
Cn chn vi iu khin PIC c b nh flash c th np xa chng trnh
c
nhiu ln hn.
Tip theo cn ch n cc khi chc nng c tch hp sn trong vi
iu khin,cc chun giao tip bn trong.
Sau cng cn ch n b nh chng trnh m vi iu khin cho
php.Ngoi ra mi thng tin v cch la chn vi iu khin PIC c th c
tm thy trong cun sch Select PIC guide do nh sn xut Microchip cung
cp.
33

Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC rt a dng. Ngn ng lp trnh cp thp c
MPLAB (c cung cp min ph bi nh sn xut Microchip), cc ngn ng
lp trnh cp cao hn bao gm C,Basic, Pascal, Ngoi ra cn c mt s
ngn ng lp trnh c pht trin dnh ring cho PIC nh PICBasic,
MikroBasic,
y cng l mt dng sn phm rt a dng dnh cho vi iu khin PIC.
C th s dng ccmch np c cung cp bi nh sn xut l hng
Microchip nh: PICSTART plus, MPLAB ICD 2, MPLAB PM 3, PRO
MATE II. C th dng cc sn phm ny np cho vi iu khin khc thng
qua chng trnh MPLAB. Dng sn phm chnh thng ny c u th l np
c cho tt c cc vi iu khin PIC, tuy nhin gi thnh rt cao v thng
gp rt nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh mua sn phm.
Ngoi ra do tnh nng cho php nhiu ch np khc nhau, cn c rt
nhiu mch np c thit k dnh cho vi iu khin PIC. C th s lc mt
s mch np cho PIC nh sau:
JDM programmer: mch np ny dng chng trnh np Icprog cho
php np cc vi iu khin PIC c h tr tnh nng np chng trnh in p
thp ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming). Hu ht cc mch np u h tr
tnh nng np chng trnh ny.WARP-13A v MCP-USB: hai mch np ny
ging vi mch np PICSTART PLUS do nh sn xut Microchip cung cp,
tng thch vi trnh bin dch MPLAB, ngha l ta c th trc tip dng
chng trnh MPLAB np cho vi iu khin PIC m khng cn s dng
mt chng trnh np khc, chng hn nh ICprog.
P16PRO40: mch np ny do Nigel thit k v cng kh ni ting. ng cn
thit kc chng trnh np, tuy nhin ta cng c th s dng chng trnh
np Icprog.
Mch np Universal ca Williem: y khng phi l mch np chuyn dng
dnh cho PIC nh P16PRO40.
34

Cc mch np k trn c u im rt ln l n gin, r tin, hon ton
c th t lp rp mt cch d dng, v mi thng tin v s mch np, cch
thit k, thi cng, kim tra v chng trnh np u d dng tm c v
download min ph thng qua mng Internet. Tuy nhin cc mch np trn c
nhc im l hn ch v s vi iu khin c h tr, bn cnh mi mch
np cn c s dng vi mt chng trnh np thch hp.
2.3.VI IU KHIN PIC 18F4680
2.3.1.Gii thiu v PIC18F4680:
y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC18Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c
di 16 bit. Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc
hot ng ti a cho php l 40 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh
chng trnh 48K byte , b nh d liu SRAM 3328 byte v b nh d liu
EEPROM vi dung lng 1024 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 44 pin I/O.

Hnh 2.4. S cu trc chung ca Pic18f4680

35

S lc v Vi iu khin PIC 18F4680:
48 K Flash ROM.
3328 Bytes RAM.
1024 Bytes EEPROM.
5 ports (A, B, C, D, E) vo ra vi tn hiu iu khin c lp.
2 b nh thi 8 bits (Timer 0 v Timer 2).
2 b nh thi 16 bits (Timer 1 v Timer 3) c th hot ng trong ch
tit kim nng lng (SLEEP MODE) vi ngun xung Clock ngoi.
- 2 b CCP( Capture / Compare/ PWM).
- 1 b bin i AD 10 bits, 10 ng vo.
- 2 b so snh tng t (Compartor).
- 1 b nh thi gim st (WatchDog Timer).
- Mt cng song song 16 bits vi cc tn hiu iu khin.
- Mt cng ni tip.
- tit kim nng lng.
- Np chng 15 ngun ngt.
- C ch trnh bng cng ni tip ICSP.
- 35 tp lnh c di 16 bits.
- Tn s hot ng ti a 40MHz






36














Hnh 2.5.Hnh dng v s chn Pic18f4680
37

Hnh 2.6.S khi ca Pic18f4680
38

Mt s im c bit ca CPU:
a)Dao ng:
Pic18F4680 c kh nng s dng mt trong 4 loi oscillator, l:
- LP: (low power crystal).
- XT: thch anh bnh thng
- HS: (high-speed crystal).
- RC: (resistor/capacitor)
Trong cc ch LP,XT v HS chng ta s dng thch anh dao ng ni vo
cc chn OSC1 v OSC2 to dao ng.
Bng 2.3.l chn t trong dao ng thch anh









Hnh 2.7. S to dao ng
Vic la chn t trong dao ng thch anh da vo bng sau:
Lu : T c gi tr ln s tng tnh n
nh ca dao ng nhng cng lm tng
thi gian khi ng.
Ch dao ng RC c s dng
nh mt gii php tit kim trong cc ng
dng khng cn s chnh xc v thi gian.

Hnh 2.8.Ch dao ng RC

39

b)Cch tnh chu k my:
V d ta s dng thch anh 10Mhz. Khi :
Tn s dao ng ca thch anh l Fosc = 10Mhz
=> Chu k dao ng ca thch anh l Tosc = 1/Tosc= 1/10*10
6
(s)
Chu k my:
T_instruction = 4*Tosc = 4/10*10
6
(s) = 0.4 s = 400 ns
2.3.2.Cc cht Reset
C nhiu ch reset vi iu khin, bao gm:
- Power-on Reset POR (Reset khi cp ngun hot ng cho vi iu khin).
- Reset trong qu trnh hot ng.
- T ch sleep.
- WDT reset (reset do khi WDT to ra trong qu trnh hot ng).
- WDT wake up t ch sleep.
- Brown-out reset (BOR).
- Power-on reset (POR): y l xung reset do vi iu khin to ra khi pht
hin ngun cung cp VDD. Khi hot ng ch bnh thng, vi iu khin
cn c m bo cc thng s v dng in, in p hot ng bnh
thng. Nhng nu cc tham s ny khng c m bo, xung reset do POR
to ra s a vi iu khin v trng thi reset v ch tip tc hot ng khi no
cc tham s trn c m bo.
Power-up Timer (PWRT): y l b nh thi hot ng da vo mch
RC bn trong vi iu khin. Khi PWRT c kch hot, vi iu khin s c
a v trng thi reset.
PWRT s to ra mt khong thi gian delay (khong 72 ms) VDD
tng n gi tr thch hp.
Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST): OST cung cp mt khong thi gian
delay bng 1024 chu k xung ca oscillator sau khi PWRT ngng tc ng (vi
iu khin iu kin hot ng) m bo s n nh ca xung do
40

oscillator pht ra. Tc ng ca OST cn xy ra i vi POR reset v khi vi
iu khin c nh thc t ch sleep. OST ch tc ng i vi cc lai
oscillator l XT, HS v LP.
Brown-out reset (BOR): Nu VDD h xung thp hn gi tr VBOR
(khong 4V) v ko di trong khong thi gian ln hn TBOR (khong 100
us), BOR c kch hot v vi iu khin c a v trng thi BOR reset.
Nu in p cung cp cho vi iu khin h xung thp hn VBOR trong
khong thi gian ngn hn TBOR, vi iu khin s khng c reset. Khi in
p cung cp cho vi iu khin hot ng, PWRT c kch hot to ra
mt khong thi gian delay (khong 72ms). Nu trong khong thi gian ny
in p cung cp cho vi iu khin li tip tc h xung di mc in p
VBOR, BOR reset s li c kch hot khi vi iu khin in p hot
ng. Mt im cn ch l khi BOR reset c cho php, PWRT cng s
hot ng bt chp trng thi ca bit PWRT.

Hinh 2.9. S cc ch reset ca PIC 18F4680
41

Tm li vi iu khin hot ng c t khi cp ngun cn tri qua cc
bc sau:
- POR tc ng.
- PWRT (nu c cho php hot ng) to ra khong thi gian delay
TPWRT n nh ngun cung cp.
- OST (nu c cho php) to ra khong thi gian delay bng 1024 chu k
xung ca oscillator n nh tn s ca oscillator.
n thi im ny vi iu khin mi bt u hot ng bnh thng. Thanh ghi
iu khin v ch th trng thi ngun cung cp cho vi iu khin l thanh ghi PCON
a)MCLR
PIC18F4680 c mt b lc nhiu phn MCLR. B lc nhiu ny s
pht hin v b qua cc tn hiu nhiu.
Ng vo MCLR trn chn 4 ca PIC18F4680 .Khi a chn ny xung
thp th cc thanh ghi bn trong VK s c ti nhng gi tr thch hp
khi ng li h thng.
(Lu : reset do WDT khng lm chn MCLR cung mc thp).
b) Interrupts
PIC18F4680 c nhiu ngun ngt khc nhau. y l mt s ngt tiu biu:
- Ngt ngoi xy ra trn chn INT.
- Ngt do Timer0.
- Ngt do Timer1.
- Ngt do Timer2.
- Ngt do Timer3.
- Ngt do thay i trng thi trn cc chn PortB.
- Ngt so snh in th.
- Ngt do Port song song.
- Ngt USART.
- Ngt nhn d liu.
42

- Ngt truyn d liu .
- Ngt chuyn i ADC.
- Ngt mn hnh LCD.
- Ngt hon tt ghi EEPROM.
- Ngt module CCP.
- Ngt Module SSP.
Cc thanh ghi chc nng ngt: INTCON,PIE1,PIR1, PIE2,PIR2 (cc thanh
ghi ny s c nghin cu cc phn sau).
2.3.3.T chc b nh
Cu trc b nh ca vi iu khin PIC18F4680 bao gm b nh chng
trnh (Program Memory) v b nh d liu (Data Memory).
a)B nh chng trnh
B nh chng trnh ca vi iu
khin PIC18F4680 l b nh flash,
dung lng b nh 48K byte v c
phn thnh nhiu trang (t page0 n
page 3) . Nh vy b nh chng trnh
c kh nng cha c 48*1024 =
49154 lnh (v mt lnh sau khi m ha
s c dung lng 1 word (14 bit).
Khi vi iu khin c reset, b m
chng trnh s ch n a ch 0000h
(Reset vector). Khi c ngt xy ra, b
m chng trnh s ch n a ch
0004h (Interrupt vector). B nh
chng trnh khng bao gm b nh
stack v khng c a ch ha bi b
m chng trnh. Hnh 2.10. B nh chng trnh Pic18f4680
43

b) B nh d liu
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhiu bank.
i vi PIC18F4680 b nh d liu c chia ra lm16 bank. Mi bank c
dung lng 256 byte, bao gm cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFR
(Special Function Register) nm cc vng a ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc
ch chung GPR (General Purpose Register) nm vng a ch cn li trong
bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR thng xuyn c s dng (v d nh thanh ghi
STATUS) s c t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip thun tin
trong qu trnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. S c th
ca b nh d liu PIC18F4680 nh sau:

Hnh 2.11. B nh d liu Pic18f4680
44

c)Thanh ghi chc nng c bit SFR
y l cc thanh ghi c s dng bi CPU hoc c dng thit lp v
iu khin cc khi chc nng c tch hp bn trong vi iu khin. C th
phn thanh ghi SFR lm hai lai: thanh ghi SFR lin quan n cc chc nng
bn trong (CPU) v thanh ghi SRF dng thit lp v iu khin cc khi
chc nng bn ngoi (v d nh ADC, PWM ).
Thanh ghi STATUS (03h, 83h, 103h, 183h):thanh ghi cha kt qu thc
hin php ton ca khi ALU, trng thi reset v cc bit chn bank cn truy
xut trong b nh d liu.
Bng 2.4.Thanh ghi STATUS (03h, 83h, 103h, 183h):

Thanh ghi OPTION_REG (81h, 181h): thanh ghi ny cho php c v ghi,
cho php iu khin chc nng pull-up ca cc chn trong PORTB, xc lp
cc tham s v xung tc ng, cnh tc ng ca ngt ngoi vi v b m
Timer0.
Bng 2.5.Thanh ghi OPTION_REG (81h, 181h)

Thanh ghi INTCON (0Bh, 8Bh,10Bh, 18Bh):thanh ghi cho php c v
ghi, cha cc bit iu khin v cc bit c hiu khi timer0 b trn, ngt ngoi vi
RB0/INT v ngt interrputon- change ti cc chn ca PORTB.
Bng 2.6.Thanh ghi INTCON (0Bh, 8Bh,10Bh, 18Bh)

Thanh ghi PIE1 (8Ch): cha cc bit iu khin chi tit cc ngt ca cc
khi chc nng ngoi vi.

45

Bng 2.7.Thanh ghi PIE1 (8Ch)

Thanh ghi PIR1 (0Ch) cha c ngt ca cc khi chc nng ngoi vi, cc
ngt ny c cho php bi cc bit iu khin cha trong thanh ghi PIE1.
Bng 2.8.Thanh ghi PIR1 (0Ch)

Thanh ghi PIE2 (8Dh): cha cc bit iu khin cc ngt ca cc khi chc
nng CCP2, SSP bus, ngt ca b so snh v ngt ghi vo b nh EEPROM.
Bng 2.9.Thanh ghi PIE2 (8Dh)

Thanh ghi PIR2 (0Dh): cha cc c ngt ca cc khi chc nng ngoi vi,
cc ngt ny c cho php bi cc bit iu khin cha trong thanh ghi PIE2.
Bng 2.10.Thanh ghi PIR2 (0Dh)

Thanh ghi PCON (8Eh): cha cc c hiu cho bit trng thi cc ch
reset ca vi iu khin.
Bng 2.11.Thanh ghi PCON (8Eh)

d)Thanh ghi mc ch GPR
Cc thanh ghi ny c th c truy xut trc tip hoc gin tip thng
qua thanh ghi FSG (File Select Register). y l cc thanh ghi d liu thng
thng, ngi s dng c th ty theo mc ch chng trnh m c th dng
46

cc thanh ghi ny cha cc bin s, hng s, kt qu hoc cc tham s phc
v cho chng trnh.
e)Stack
Stack khng nm trong b nh chng trnh hay b nh d liu m l mt
vng nh c bit khng cho php c hay ghi.
Khi lnh CALL c thc hin hay khi mt ngt xy ra lm chng trnh
b r nhnh, gi tr ca b m chng trnh PC t ng c vi iu khin ct
vo trong stack. Khi mt trong cc lnh RETURN, RETLW hat RETFIE c
thc thi, gi tr PC s t ng c ly ra t trong stack, vi iu khin s thc
hin tip chng trnh theo ng qui trnh nh trc.
B nh Stack trong vi iu khin PIC h 18F4680 c kh nng cha c
8 a ch v hot ng theo c ch xoay vng. Ngha l gi tr ct vo b nh
Stack ln th 9 s ghi
ln gi tr ct vo Stack ln u tin v gi tr ct vo b nh Stack ln th 10
s ghi ln gi tr ct vo Stack ln th 2.
Cn ch l khng c c hiu no cho bit trng thi stack, do ta khng
bit c khi no stack trn. Bn cnh tp lnh ca vi iu khin dng PIC
cng khng c lnh POP hay PUSH, cc thao tc vi b nh stack s hon
ton c iu khin bi CPU.
2.3.4.Cc cng xut nhp ca Pic18f4680
Cng xut nhp (I/O port) chnh l phng tin m vi iu khin dng
tng tc vi th gii bn ngoi. Bn cnh , do vi iu khin c tch hp
sn bn trong cc c tnh giao tip ngoi vi nn bn cnh chc nng l cng
xut nhp thng thng, mt s chn xut nhp cn c thm cc chc nng
khc th hin s tc ng ca cc c tnh ngoi vi nu trn i vi th gii
bn ngoi.
Vi iu khin PIC18F4585 c 5 cng xut nhp, bao gm PORTA,
PORTB, PORTC, PORTD v PORTE.
47

a) port a
PORTA (RPA) bao gm 8 I/O pin. y l cc chn hai chiu
(bidirectional pin), ngha l c th xut v nhp c. Chc nng I/O ny c
iu khin bi thanh ghi TRISA (a ch 85h). Mun xc lp chc nng ca
mt chn trong PORTA l input, ta set bit iu khin tng ng vi chn
trong thanh ghi TRISA v ngc li, mun xc lp chc nng ca mt chn
trong PORTA l output, ta clear bit iu khin tng ng vi chn trong
thanh ghi TRISA. Thao tc ny hon ton tng t i vi cc PORT v cc
thanh ghi iu khin tng ng TRIS (i vi PORTA l TRISA, i vi
PORTB l TRISB, i vi PORTC l TRISC, i vi PORTD l TRISD vi
vi PORTE l TRISE). Bn cnh PORTA cn l ng ra ca b ADC, b so
snh, ng vo analog ng vo xung clock ca Timer0 v ng vo ca b giao
tip MSSP (Master Synchronous Serial Port).
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTA bao gm:
- PORTA (a ch 05h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTA.
- TRISA (a ch 85h) : iu khin xut nhp.
- CMCON (a ch 9Ch) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh.
- CVRCON (a ch 9Dh) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh in p.
- ADCON1 (a ch 9Fh) : thanh ghi iu khin b ADC.

48

Bng 2.12.Tm tt cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port A

b) port b
PORTB (RPB) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng
l TRISB. Bn cnh mt s chn ca PORTB cn c s dng trong qu
trnh np chng trnh cho vi iu khin vi cc ch np khc nhau.
PORTB cn lin quan n ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0. PORTB cn c tch
hp chc nng in tr ko ln c iu khin bi chng trnh.
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTB bao gm:
- PORTB (a ch 06h,106h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTB
- TRISB (a ch 86h,186h) : iu khin xut nhp
- OPTION_REG (a ch 81h,181h) : iu khin ngt ngoi vi v b
Timer0.

49

Bng 2.13.Tm tt cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port B

c)port c
PORTC (RPC) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng
l TRISC. Bn cnh PORTC cn cha cc chn chc nng ca b so snh,
b Timer1, b PWM v cc chun giao tip ni tip I2C, SPI, SSP, USART.
Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n PORTC:
- PORTC (a ch 07h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTC
- TRISC (a ch 87h) : iu khin xut nhp.
Bng 2.14.Tm tt cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port C



50

d)port d:
PORTD (RPD) gm 8 chn I/O, thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISD. PORTD cn l cng xut d liu ca chun giao tip PSP (Parallel
Slave Port).
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTD bao gm:
- Thanh ghi PORTD : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTD.
- Thanh ghi TRISD : iu khin xut nhp.
Bng 2.15.Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port D

e)port e:
PORTE (RPE) gm 4 chn I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng
l TRISE. Cc chn ca PORTE c ng vo analog. Bn cnh PORTE cn
l cc chn iu khin ca chun giao tip PSP.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTE bao gm:
- PORTE : cha gi tr cc chn trong PORTE.
- TRISE : iu khin xut nhp v xc lp cc thng s cho chun giao tip
PSP.
- ADCON1 : thanh ghi iu khin khi ADC.

51

Bng 2.16.Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port E
2.3.5.Cc timer
a) Timer 0
y l mt trong ba b m hoc b nh thi ca vi iu khin
PIC18F4585. Timer0 l b m 16 bit hoc 8 bit c kt ni vi b chia tn
s (prescaler) 16 bit. Cu trc ca Timer0 cho php ta la chn xung clock tc
ng v cnh tch cc ca xung clock. Ngt Timer0 s xut hin khi Timer0 b
trn.

52


2.12: S khi ca timer 0
Mun Timer0 hot ng ch Timer ta clear bit TOSC
(OPTION_REG<5>), khi gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s tng theo tng chu k
xung ng h (tn s vo Timer0 bng tn s oscillator). Khi gi tr thanh
ghi TMR0 t FFh tr v 00h, ngt Timer0 s xut hin. Thanh ghi TMR0 cho
php ghi v xa c gip ta n nh thi im ngt Timer0 xut hin mt
cch linh ng. Mun Timer0 hot ng ch counter ta set bit TOSC
(OPTION_REG<5>). Khi xung tc ng ln b m c ly t chn
RA4/TOCK1. Bit TOSE (OPTION_REG<4>) cho php la chn cnh tc
ng vo bt m. Cnh tc ng s l cnh ln nu TOSE=0 v cnh tc
ng s l cnh xung nu TOSE=1. Khi thanh ghi TMR0 b trn, bit TMR0IF
(INTCON<2>) s c set. y chnh l c ngt ca Timer0. C ngt ny
phi c xa bng chng trnh trc khi b m bt u thc hin li qu
trnh m. Ngt Timer0 khng th nh thc vi iu khin t ch sleep.
Cc lnh tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s xa ch hot ng ca
prescaler.
Khi i tng tc ng l Timer0, tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s
xa prescaler
53

nhng khng lm thay i i tng tc ng ca prescaler. Khi i tng tc
ng l WDT, lnh CLRWDT s xa prescaler, ng thi prescaler s ngng
tc v h tr cho WDT.
Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n Timer0 bao gm:
- TMR0 (a ch 01h, 101h) : cha gi tr m ca Timer0.
- INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot ng (GIE
v PEIE).
- OPTION_REG (a ch 81h, 181h): iu khin prescaler.
b)Timer 1
Timer1 l b nh thi 16 bit, gi tr ca Timer1 s c lu trong hai
thanh ghi (TMR1H:TMR1L). C ngt ca Timer1 l bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>).
Bit iu khin ca Timer1 s l TMR1IE (PIE<0>). Tng t nh Timer0,
Timer1 cng c hai ch hot ng: ch nh thi (timer) vi xung kch
l xung clock ca oscillator (tn s ca timer bng tn s ca oscillator) v
ch m (counter) vi xung kch l xung phn nh cc s kin cn m ly
t bn ngoi thng qua chn RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (cnh tc ng l cnh ln).
Vic la chn xung tc ng (tng ng vi vic la chn ch hot ng l
timer hay counter) c iu khin bi bit TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). Sau y l
s khi ca Timer1:
54


2.13. 1
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer1 bao gm:
- INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot ng (GIE
v PEIE).
- PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer1 (TMR1IF).
- PIE1( a ch 8Ch): cho php ngt Timer1 (TMR1IE).
- TMR1L (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit thp ca b m Timer1.
- TMR1H (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit cao ca b m Timer1.
- T1CON (a ch 10h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer1.
d)Timer 2
Timer2 l b nh thi 8 bit v c h tr bi hai b chia tn s prescaler
v postscaler. Thanh ghi cha gi tr m ca Timer2 l TMR2. Bit cho php
ngt Timer2 tc ng l TMR2ON (T2CON<2>). C ngt ca Timer2 l bit
TMR2IF (PIR1<1>). Xung ng vo (tn s bng tn s oscillator) c a
qua b chia tn s prescaler 4 bit (vi cc t s chia tn s l 1:1, 1:4 hoc 1:16
v c iu khin bi cc bit T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>)).
55



2.14. S khi ca Timer 2
Ngoi ra ng ra ca Timer2 cn c kt ni vi khi SSP, do
Timer2 cn ng vai tr to ra xung clock ng b cho khi giao tip SSP.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer2 bao gm:
- INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ton b cc ngt
(GIE v PEIE).
- PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer2 (TMR2IF).
- PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit iu khin Timer2 (TMR2IE).
- TMR2 (a ch 11h): cha gi tr m ca Timer2.
- T2CON (a ch 12h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer2.
- PR2 (a ch 92h): thanh ghi h tr cho Timer2.
Timer0 v Timer2 l b m 8 bit (gi tr m ti a l FFh), trong khi
Timer1 l b m 16 bit (gi tr m ti a l FFFFh). Timer0, Timer1 v
Timer2 u c hai ch hot ng l timer v counter. Xung clock c tn s
bng tn s ca oscillator. Xung tc ng ln Timer0 c h tr bi
prescaler v c th c thit lp nhiu ch khc nhau (tn s tc ng,
cnh tc ng) trong khi cc thng s ca xung tc ng ln Timer1 l c
nh. Timer2 c h tr bi hai b chia tn s prescaler v postcaler c lp,
tuy nhin cnh tc ng vn c c nh l cnh ln. Timer1 c quan h vi
khi CCP, trong khi Timer2 c kt ni vi khi SSP.
56

e) Timer 3
Timer1 l b nh thi 16 bit, gi tr ca Timer1 s c lu trong hai thanh
ghi (TMR3H:TMR3L). C ngt ca Timer1 l bit TMR3IF (PIR1<0>). Bit
iu khin ca Timer3 s l TMR3IE (PIE<0>). Tng t nh Timer0,
Timer1, Timer2, Timer3 cng c hai ch hot ng: ch nh thi
(timer) vi xung kch l xung clock ca oscillator (tn s ca timer bng tn
s ca oscillator) v ch m (counter) vi xung kch l xung phn nh cc
s kin cn m ly t bn ngoi thng qua chn RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (cnh
tc ng l cnh ln). Vic la chn xung tc ng (tng ng vi vic la
chn ch hot ng l timer hay counter) c iu khin bi bit TMR1CS
(T3CON<1>).
2.15. S khi ca Timer 2
f) ADC
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) l b chuyn i tn hiu gia hai dng
tng t v s. PIC18F4680 c 11 ng vo analog (RA0,RA1,RA2,RA3,RA5;
57

RE2:RE0 v RB0,RB1,RB7). Hiu in th chun VREF c th c la chn
l VDD, VSS hay hiu in th chun c xc lp trn hai chn RA2 v RA3


2.16. S khi ADC
Kt qu chuyn i t tn tiu tng t sang tn hiu s l 10 bit s
tng ng v c lu trong hai thanh ghi ADRESH:ADRESL.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n b chuyn i ADC bao gm:
- INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php cc ngt (cc bit
GIE, PEIE).
- PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt AD (bit ADIF).
- PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit iu khin AD (ADIE).
58

- ADRESH (a ch 1Eh) v ADRESL (a ch 9Eh): cc thanh ghi cha kt
qu chuyn i AD.
- ADCON0 (a ch 1Fh) v ADCON1 (a ch 9Fh): xc lp cc thng s
cho b chuyn i AD.
- PORTA (a ch 05h) v TRISA (a ch 85h): lin quan n cc ng vo
analog PORTA.
- PORTE (a ch 09h) v TRISE (a ch 89h): lin quan n cc ng vo
analog PORTE.
g)Giao tip ni tip
USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) l
mt trong hai chun giao tip ni tip.USART cn c gi l giao din giao
tip ni tip SCI
(Serial Communication Interface). C th s dng giao din ny cho cc giao
tip vi cc
thit b ngoi vi, vi cc vi iu khin khc hay vi my tnh. Cc dng ca
giao din USART ngoi vi bao gm:
- Bt ng b (Asynchronous).
- ng b_ Master mode.
- ng b_ Slave mode.
PIC16F4680 c tch hp sn b to tc baud BRG (Baud Rate
Genetator) 8 bit hoc 16bit dng cho giao din USART. BRG thc cht l
mt b m c th c s dng cho c hai dng ng b v bt ng b v
c iu khin bi thanh ghi PSBRG. dng bt ng b, BRG cn c
iu khin bi bit BRGH ( TXSTA<2>). dng ng b tc ng ca bit
BRGH c b qua. Tc baud do BRG to ra c tnh theo cng thc
sau:


59

Bng 2.15. Tc baud do BRG

Trong X l gi tr ca thanh ghi RSBRG ( X l s nguyn v 0<X<255).
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n BRG bao gm:
- TXSTA (a ch 98h): chn ch ng b hay bt ng b ( bit SYNC)
v chn mc
tc baud (bit BRGH).
- RCSTA (a ch 18h): cho php hot ng cng ni tip (bit SPEN).
- RSBRG (a ch 99h): quyt nh tc baud.
* USART bt ng b: ch truyn ny USART hot ng theo chun
NRZ (None-Return-to-Zero), ngha l cc bit truyn i s bao gm 1 bit Start,
8 hay 9 bit d liu (thng thng l 8 bit) v 1 bit Stop. Bit LSB s c
truyn i trc. Cc khi truyn v nhn data c lp vi nhau s dng chung
tn s tng ng vi tc baud cho qu trnh dch d liu (tc baud gp
16 hay 64 ln tc dch d liu ty theo gi tr ca bit BRGH), v m
bo tnh hiu qu ca d liu th hai khi truyn v nhn phi dng chung mt
nh dng d liu.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n qu trnh truyn d liu bng giao din
USART bt ng b:
- Thanh ghi INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php tt c cc
ngt.
- Thanh ghi PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c hiu TXIF.
- Thanh ghi PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit cho php ngt truyn TXIE.
- Thanh ghi RCSTA (a ch 18h): cha bit cho php cng truyn d liu
(hai pin
60

RC6/TX/CK v RC7/RX/DT).
- Thanh ghi TXREG (a ch 19h): thanh ghi cha d liu cn truyn.
- Thanh ghi TXSTA (a ch 98h): xc lp cc thng s cho giao din.
- Thanh ghi SPBRG (a ch 99h): quyt nh tc baud.
* USART ng b: Giao din USART ng b c kch hot bng cch
set bit SYNC. Cng giao tip ni tip vn l hai chn RC7/RX/DT,
RC6/TX/CK v c cho php bng cch set bit SPEN. USART cho php hai
ch truyn nhn d liu l Master mode v Slave mode. Master mode c
kch hot bng cch set bit CSRC (TXSTA<7>), Slave mode c kch hot
bng cch clear bit CSRC. im khc bit duy nht gia hai ch ny l
Master mode s ly xung clock ng b t b tao xung baud BRG cn Slave
mode ly xung clock ng b t bn ngoi qua chn RC6/TX/CK. iu ny
cho php Slave mode hot ng ngay c khi vi iu khin ang ch sleep.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n qu trnh truyn d liu bng giao din
USART ng b Master mode:
- Thanh ghi INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php tt c cc
ngt.
- Thanh ghi PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c hiu TXIF.
- Thanh ghi PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit cho php ngt truyn TXIE.
- Thanh ghi RCSTA (a ch 18h): cha bit cho php cng truyn d liu
(hai pin RC6/TX/CK v RC7/RX/DT).
- Thanh ghi TXREG (a ch 19h): thanh ghi cha d liu cn truyn.
- Thanh ghi TXSTA (a ch 98h): xc lp cc thng s cho giao din.
- Thanh ghi SPBRG (a ch 99h): quyt nh tc baud.

61

2.4.6.S ghp ni mch o nhit



Mch o nhit LM35 hin th trn LCD 16x2
2.3.7 code mch o nhit d, hin th trn LCD.

//================================================= ====/
/ Ten chuong trinh : Mach do nhiet do
// Mo ta phan cung : Dung PIC16F4680 thach anh 20MHz
// : LCD giao tiep voi PORTD
// : Dau ra LM35 dua vao chan AN0
//
// Chu thich : hoac cac chu thich khac
// : dung che do Power On Reset
// : chuong trinh viet cho PIC Tutorial
#include <16F4680.h>
#include <def_4680.h>
#device *=16 adc=10
#FUSES NOWDT, HS, NOPUT, NOPROTECT, NODEBUG,
NOBROWNOUT,
NOLVP, NOCPD, NOWRT
LCD
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
ER
W
R
S
V
E
E
V
C
C
V
S
S
A K
V
CC
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
20
19
18
17
17
15
14
13
12
11
10
RD2/PSP2/C2 IN +
RD3/PSP3/C2 IN -
RB7/KBI3/PGD
40
RD3/PSP3/C2 IN -
RD3/PSP3/C2 IN -
RD3/PSP3/C2 IN -
RD3/PSP3/C2 IN -
C2/CLK0/RA6
OSC1/CLK1/RA7
VSS
VDD
MCLR/VPP/RE3
RAO/ANO/CVBEF
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
18F4680
V
CC
1
3
Vout
2
VDD
VSS
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
987654321 1
5
1
6
62

#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232(baud=115200,parity=N,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,bits=9)
#include <lcd_lib_4bit.c> // Thu vien ham cho LCD
int8 low,high,key,mode,min,max,mode1,i;
int1 do_F;
void convert_bcd(int8 x);
void bao_dong();
void test();
//
void main()
{ float value;
on_off =1;
min =15; //nhiet do min default
max =35; //nhiet do max default
do_F =0 ;
i = 50 ;
mode =0 ;
mode1 = 0 ;
trisa = 0xFF;
trisb = 0x01;
trisd = 0x00;
LCD_init();
Printf(LCD_putchar,dc 1201);
LCD_putcmd(0xC0);
Printf(LCD_putchar,Khoi tao...);
// Khoi tao cho ngat ngoai
enable_interrupts (INT_EXT);
ext_int_edge(H_TO_L);
enable_interrupts (GLOBAL);
// Khoi tao che do cho bo ADC
setup_adc_ports(AN0);
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);
delay_us(10);
// Lay mau nhiet do lan dau tien
value=(float)read_adc();
value = (value 558.5)/2.048; // For 5V supply
// value = (value 754.8)/2.048; // For 3.7V Supply
// value = (value 698.2)/2.048; // For 4V supply
convert_bcd((int8)value); // Tach so tram, chuc, donvi de hien thi len
LED 7
delay_ms(1000);
LCD_putcmd(0xC0);
63

Printf(LCD_putchar,Khoi tao xong);
while(1)
{
if (i==50)
{
value = read_adc();

value=(value558.5)/2.048;
if (do_F==1) value=1.8*value+32;
convert_bcd((int8)value);
printf(\n\rNhiet do phong: %u,value);// Gui gia tri len may tinh
LCD_putcmd(0xC0);
printf(LCD_putchar, Temp = );
LCD_putchar(high); LCD_putchar(low);
if (do_F==0) printf(LCD_putchar, C);
else printf(LCD_putchar, F);
i=0;
}
i++;
if(((int8)value > 40) || ((int8)value < 15)) on_off=1;
else
{
on_off = 0;
LCD_Putcmd(0xCF);
LCD_putchar( );
blink=0;
}
if (on_off==1)
{
if (blink==0) {
LCD_Putcmd(0xCF);LCD_putchar(!);blink=1;delay_ms(250);}
else {LCD_Putcmd(0xCF);LCD_putchar(
);blink=0;delay_ms(250);}
}
}
}//end main
#INT_EXT

void test()
{
if (do_F == 1) do_F=0;
else do_F=1;
64

}
void convert_bcd(int8 x)
{
low=x%10; //chia lay phan du, so hang don vi

high=x/10; //tach hang tram va hang chuc
low = low + 0x30;
high = high + 0x30;
}
void bao_dong(){
int8 i;
if (blink == 0) blink = 1;
else blink=0;
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
{
LCD_Putcmd(0xCF);
if (blink==0) LCD_putchar(!);
else LCD_putchar( );
}
}







65

CHNG 3.
GI TN HIU O LN INTERNET
3.1.TNG QUAN V MNG INTERNET
3.1.1.Gii thiu
Internet l mt h thng thng tin ton cu c th c truy nhp cng
cng gm cc mng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau. H thng ny truyn
thng tin theo kiu ni chuyn gi d liu (packet switching) da trn mt
giao thc lin mng c chun ha (giao thc IP). H thng ny bao gm
hng ngn mng my tnh nh hn ca cc doanh nghip, ca cc vin nghin
cu v cc trng i hc, ca ngi dng c nhn, v cc chnh ph trn
ton cu. Chng cung cp mt khi lng thng tin v dch v khng l trn
Internet.Mng Internet mang li rt nhiu tin ch hu dng cho ngi s
dng, mt trong cc tin ch ph thng ca Internet l h thng th in t
(email), tr chuyn trc tuyn (chat), my truy tm d liu (search engine),
cc dch v thng mi v chuyn ngn, v cc dch v v y t gio dc nh
l cha bnh t xa hoc t chc cc lp hc o.
Ngun thng tin khng l km theo cc dch v tng ng chnh l h
thng cc trang Web lin kt vi nhau v cc ti liu khc trong WWW
(World Wide Web). Tri vi mt s cch s dng thng ngy, Internet v
WWW khng ng ngha. Internet l mt tp hp cc mng my tnh kt ni
vi nhau bng dy ng, cp quang, v.v..; cn WWW, hay Web, l mt tp
hp cc ti liu lin kt vi nhau bng cc siu lin kt (hyperlink) v cc a
ch URL, v n c th c truy nhp bng cch s dng Internet. Trong
ting Anh, s nhm ln ca a s dn chng v hai t ny thng c chm
bim bng nhng t nh "the intarweb".


66

3.1.2.Hot ng ca mng Internet
Internet da trn m hnh khch ch (client server), trong d liu
c trao i thng qua cc trang web. Trong m hnh client server, mi
my tnh c xc nh bi mt a ch Internet protocol (IP) v c my tnh
client, server cng chp nhn mt giao thc chung giao tip vi nhau.
a)Cc giao thc(Internet protocols)
-Cc giao thc l tp cc lut m cc my tnh phi tun theo khi giao
tip trn Internet.
-Tranmission Control Protocol (TCP): thit lp kt ni gia hai my
tnh
truyn ti d liu, chia d liu thnh nhng gi nh v m bo vic truyn
nhn d liu. TCP l giao thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented protocol).
-User Datagram Protocol (UDP): thit lp kt ni nhanh nhng khng
chc chn gia cc my tnh truyn ti d liu, cung cp t dch v khc
phc li.
-Internet Protocol (IP): iu chnh ng i ca nhng gi d liu
ng truyn nhn trn Internet. TCP l giao thc phi kt ni (connectionless
protocol).
-HTTP: cho php trao i thng tin trn Internet.
-FTP: cho php truyn nhn file trn Internet.
-SMTP: cho php gi th in t trn Internet.
-POP3: cho php nhn th in t trn Internet.
b)a Ch IP(IP adress)
Internet l mt mng kt ni rng ln gia cc my tnh. xc nh
mt my tnh trn mng ny, ngi ta dng mt con s gi l a ch IP. a
ch IP gm mt tp 4 s nh hn 255 v c ngn cch bi cc du .. V
d: 41.212.196.197.

67

c)M hnh khch ch (Client server model)
Trong m hnh khch - ch, my khch (client computer) yu cu thng
tin t mt my ch (server). My ch chp nhn yu cu v gi thng tin v
cho my khch. Vic trao i thng tin ny c din ra thng qua nhng
trang web.
d) H thng tn min (Domain name system)
Mi my tnh trn mng Internet c xc nh bng a ch IP, nhng
con s ny rt kh nh. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta dng h
thng tn min t tn cho my tnh. V d: tn min www.yahoo.com
ng vi a ch IP 216.109.127.28. request web page Min (domain) ng
vi mt tp cc my tnh trn Internet. Phn m rng ca tn min (domain
name extension) c dng xc nh quc gia hay t chc.
3.1.3.Kt ni Internet
kt ni vi Internet cn c mt s yu cu v phn cng v phn mm sau:
-Phn cng: my tnh, kt ni thng qua ng dy in thoi hoc kt
ni cp, modem.
-Phn mm: kt ni internet, h iu hnh, giao thc TCP/IP, trnh
duyt web.
Cc yu cu thit yu khi kt ni vi Internet: kt ni vi Internet
thng qua mt nh cung cp Internet (Internet Service Provider), modem,
trnh duyt v a ch URL
-TCP/IP c dng lm giao thc chun khi giao tip trn Internet v
n c lp vi nn ca h thng (platform independent) v khng c t chc
no c quyn s hu giao thc ny..
3.2. GII THIU IC ENC28J60
3.2.1.Gii thiu chung v IC ENC28J60
Trn th gii c rt nhiu hng cung cp vi mch h tr sn sng cho
cc giao tip theo giao thc TCP/IP, nh cc hng ln: Realtek, Conexant,
68

MicroChip,... Tuy nhin, xt trn quan im ca ngi thit k th cc chp
c nh gi cao l chp p ng c nhu cu thc t (khng thiu v cng
khng qu d tha tnh nng), c s h tr ti a t hng v cc th vin
lp trnh, d dng giao tip vi cc vi x l, mch thit k n gin, t i
hi cc linh kin ngoi. T nhng tiu ch , cng vi s ra i dng chp
h tr hon ton giao thc ethernet, vic la chn ENC28J60 ca
MicroChip l la chn rt ph hp, c v tnh nng k thut v gi c .
Ngoi ra, hng h tr y ti liu v cc th vin lp trnh, rt thn
thin khi ghp ni vi cc h vi x l c trn th trng.
ENC28J60 l mt b iu khin Ethenet c lp vi SPI.Vi mch
ENC28J60 c s dng nh mt giao din Enthernet cho bt k thit b
ngoi vi no.
ENC28J60 p ng tt c cc k thut theo chun IEEE802.3. N cung
cp mt Model DMA ni b cho php truyn d liu nhanh v c s dng
trong cc giao thc mng.


Hnh 3.1. S chn ENC28J60

69

3.2.2. Cu trc v chc nng
-Giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi theo chun SPI vi tc ln ti
10Mbps.
-Giao thc chun IEEE802.3.
-B lc c bit t ng nh gi, chp nhn hoc t chi MagicPackit,
unicast, muliticast.
-C b nh m Sram ln ti 8kb, c th qun l d liu ng tinh cy v
linh hot.
3.2.3. Chc nng cc chn ca ENC28J60:
-V
DD
, V
DDOSC,
V
DDPLL,
V
DDRX,
V
DDTX
: cc chn ny dng cp ngun
nui cho IC, ni vi +3,3V, .
-V
SS
, V
SSOSC,
V
SSPLL,
V
SSRX,
V
SSTX :
cc chn ny c ni Mass.
-/RESET: chn Reset v mc thp thit lp li ch cho chip.
-OSC1,OSC2: 2 chn nhn b giao ng bn ngoi, ECC28J60 hot ng
vi thach anh 25Mhz.
-CLOUT: tao ra xung clock khong 6,25MHz.
-LedA, LedB: c chc nng h tr t ng pht hin v Reset.
70

3.2.4.Cc khi c bn bn trong ENC28J60:
Hnh 3.2. Cc khi c bn bn trong ENC28J60
Bao gm 7 khi c bn sau:
1. Mt giao din SPI dng giao tip vi vi iu khin.
2. Khi gim st v iu khin ENC28J60.
3. B nh m Sram cho vic truy v nhn gi tin.
4. Khi gim st vic truy cp vo b nh m.
5. Khi Bus d liu gi m lnh thng qua SPI.
71

6. Module Mac theo chun IEEE802.3.
7. Module PHY m ha v gii m tn hiu in.
3.2.5.B th vin TCP/IP STACK
a)S lc v TCP/IP Stack ca Microchip
B th vin TCP / IP Stack ca Microchip cung cp mt nn tng cho cc
ng dng Ethernet do x l hu ht cc yu cu tng tc gia cc tng vt l
v tng ng dng . N bao gm cc ng dng ph bin ca tng ng dng,
bao gm HTTP2 phc v cc trang web, SMTP gi e-mail, SNMP cung
cp tnh trng, kim sot, Telnet, TFTP,-to Serial Ethernet, v nhiu hn
na. Ngoi ra, b th vin TCP/IP stack ny c dung lng tng i nh v
hiu sut trin khai cao ca TCP v UDP tng giao vn, cng nh cc
module h tr khc nh IP, ICMP, DHCP,ARP,vDNS.
B th vin TCP / IP Stack ca Microchip. Ti u ho cho tt c cc
PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC v gia nh vi iu khin PIC32.Cc ngn xp c
chia thnh nhiu lp, mi lp truy cp dch v t mt hoc nhiu lp trc tip
di n. . B th vin TCP / IP Stack bao gm cc tnh nng chnh:
-Ti u ho cho tt c cc PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC v PIC32 gia nh.H tr
giao thc: ARP, IP, ICMP, UDP, TCP, DHCP, SNMP, HTTP, FTP, TFTP
-Socket h tr cho TCP v UDP
-Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
-NetBIOS v dch v tn
-DNS - Domain Name System
-Ethernet Device
Discovery
-H tr cho MPLAB C18, C30, C32 v trnh bin dch


72









Hnh 3.3.S b th vin TCP/IP stack
B th vin TCP/IP stack c vit bng ca ngn ng lp trnh
'C.Ton b code c dung lng khong 28-34 KB, ty thuc vo mc ch c
s dng, B th vin li nhiu khng gian trn ngi dng c th iu
chnh cho ph hp vi ng dng ca mnh.
b)M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP stack
Ging nh m hnh tham chiu TCP / IP, TCP / IP Stack cng c
chia thnh nhiu lp (Hnh 2). Mi lp c 1 chc nng ring, trong khi cc
dch v v cc API (Giao din lp trnh ng dng) c nh ngha thng qua
cc tiu , bao gm cc tp tin. Khng ging m hnh TCP / IP, cc lp trong
TCP / IP Stack trc tip truy cp vo mt hoc nhiu lp m khng ph thc
vo lp di n. Mt b sung ln ca TCP / IP Stack l thc hin vic b
sung hai modules mi: "StackTask" v "ARPTask". StackTask qun l hot
ng ca Stack v tt c cc module ca n, trong khi ARPTask qun l cc
dch v ca cc a ch Ngh quyt Protocol (ARP) lp. Nh cp trc
, TCP / IP Stack l mt b chng trnh; mt s lp ca n phi c kh
nng thc hin mt s hot ng khng ng b. c th p ng c iu
ny i hi phi c tnh tng i c lp khi s dng dch v.

73


Hnh 3.4. So snh m hnh TCP/IP v mo hnh TCP/IP Stack

c)Cu hnh
TCP/IP Stack l b chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng C. bt,
tt hoc thit lp mt tham s no ngi s dng ch cn thay i mt
hoc nhiu tham s trong cc nh ngha . Hu ht cc tham s ny c
nh ngha trong tp tin header, "StackTsk.h". Mt s nh ngha c quy
nh ti cc tp tin khc c hin th vi tn tp tin tng ng. Mt khi tp
tin ny c sa i, ngi s dng phi xy dng li cc ng dng cho ph
hp vi d n ca mnh. Cc nh ngha c lit k trong Bng sau



74

Bng 3.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha Gi tr S dng Chc nng
CLOCK_FREQ
(compiler.h)
Oscillator
Frequency
(Hz)
Tick.c
Xc nh h
thng dao ng
tn s
TICKS_PER_SECONDS 10-255 Tick.c
tnh ton mt
ln th hai
TICK_PRESCALE_VALUE
2, 4, 8, 16,
32,
64, 128, 256
Tick.c
xc nh gi
tr nh du vo
truy cp
MPFS_USE_PGRM N/A
MP File
System
(MPFS.c)
S dng b nh
chng trinh d
lu tr MPFS
MPFS_USE_EEPROM N/A MPFS.c
S dng eeprom
d lu tr MPFS
MPFS_RESERVE_BLOCK 0-255 MPFS.c
S byte MPFS
duo9c5 lu tr
EEPROM_CONTROL
External Data
EEPROM
Control Code
MPFS.c
a ch lu vo
eeprom
STACK_USE_ICMP N/A
StackTsk.
c
Yu cu s dng
ICMP
STACK_USE_SLIP N/A SLIP.c
Yu cu s dng
SLIP
STACK_USE_IP_GLEANIN
G
N/A
StackTsk.
c
Yu cu s dng
IP
STACK_USE_DHCP N/A
DHCP.c,
StackTsk.
c
Yu cu s dng
dhcp
STACK_USE_FTP_SERVER N/A FTP.c
Yu cu s dng
FTP
75

STACK_USE_TCP N/A
TCP.c,
StackTsk.
c
Yu cu s dng
TCP
STACK_USE_UDP N/A
UDP.c,
StackTsk.
c
Yu cu s dng
TCP
STACK_CLIENT_MODE N/A
ARP.c,
TCP.c
Kch hot client
TCP_NO_WAIT_FOR_ACK N/A TCP.c
TCP s i ACK
trc khi truyn
MY_DEFAULT_IP_ADDR_
BYTE
MY_DEFAULT_MASK_BY
TE?
MY_DEFAULT_GATE_BYT
E?
MY_DEFAULT_MAC_BYT
E?
0-255
User
Applicatio
n
Xc nh mc
nh IP, MAC,
gateway v
subnet mask gi
tr.

MY_IP_BYTE?
MY_MASK_BYTE?
MY_GATE_BYTE?
MY_MAC_BYTE?
0-255
MAC.c,
ARP.c,
DHCP.c,
User
Applicatio
n
IP, MAC,
gateway v
subnet mt n gi
tr nh lu / nh
ngha bi ng
dng. Nu DHCP
c kch hot,
nhng hn nh
cc gi tr hin ti
my ch DHCP
giao cu hnh.
MAX_SOCKETS 1-253 TCP.c
xc nh tng
s sockets h tr
76

(gii hn bi b
nh RAM c
sn).
kim tra thi
gian thc hin
m bo rng
sockets l
chn TCP ng
dng.
MAX_UDP_SOCKETS 201-1500
TCP.c,
MAC.c
Xc nh kch
thc b m.
MAX_TX_BUFFER_COUNT 1-255 MAC.c
Xc nh tng s
truyn qua b
m. con s ny
c hn ch bi
kch thc b
m ca Mac
MAX_HTTP_CONNECTION
S
1-255 HTTP.c
Xc nh s
lng ti da
HTTM c kt
ni
MPFS_WRITE_PAGE_SIZE
(MPFS.h)
1-255 MPFS.c
Xc nh kch
thc c th ghi
trn MPFS
FTP_USER_NAME_LEN
(FTP.h)
1-31 FTP.c
Xc nh di
ti a ca FTP
MAX_HTTP_ARGS
(HTTP.c)
1-31 HTTP.c
Xc nh s ti da
ca HTML
MAX_HTML_CMD_LEN
(HTTP.c)
1-128 HTTP.c
Xc nh di
ti a ca HTML

77

d)S dng TCP/IP Stack
B th vin TCP/IP Stack ch y cc Modem h tr nh :HTTP,
IP, FTP, DHCP. Ty vo mc ch s dng m ngi lp trnh c th thay i
cho ph hp vi d n ca mnh, nhng mt s tp tin nht nh phi c trong
d n ph hp vi bin dch. Cc Module v tp tin c trnh by
trong bng sau:
Bng 3.2. Cc module v tp tin
Module Tp tin bt buc Mc ch
MAC MAC.c
Delay.c
Media Access Layer
SLIP SLIP.c Media Access Layer for SLIP
ARP ARP.c
ARPTsk.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Helpers.c
Address Resolution Protocol
IP IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Helpers.c
Internet Protocol
ICMP ICMP.c
StackTsk.c
IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Helpers.c
Internet Control Message Protocol
TCP StackTsk.c
UDP.c
IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Helpers.c
Transmission Control Protocol
78

UDP StackTsk.c
UDP.c
IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Helpers.c
User Datagram Protocol
Stack Manager StackTsk.c
TCP.c
IP.c
ICMP.c
ARPTsk.c
ARP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
Tick.c
Helpers.c
Stack Manager (StackTask),
which coordinates the other
Microchip TCP/IP Stack modules
HTTP Server HTTP.c
TCP.c
IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP
Helpers.c
Tick.c
MPFS.c
XEEPROM.c(1)
HyperText Transfer Protocol Server
DHCP Client DHCP.c
UDP.c
IP.c
MAC.c
Helpers.c
Tick.c
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
79

IP Gleaning StackTsk.c
ARP.c
ARPTsk.c
ICMP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
To configure node IP address only.
FTP Server FTP.c
TCP.c
IP.c
MAC.c or SLIP.c
File Transfer Protocol Server.
*Cc lp chc nng trong TCP/IP Stack
TCP/IP Stack c nhiu lp s dng 1 lp th ta cn phi tm hiu
ngha v chc nng ca chng.
*Media Access Control Layer (MAC)
TCP/IP Stack bo gm nhiu ng dng c c th bng vn bng
s dng giao din mng lu ng dng ny c c th bng vn bn
s dng giao din mng Realtek RTL8019AS Controller
(NIC). RTL8019AS l mt NE2000 tng thch NIC, m c thc hin c
trn vt l Ethernet (PHY) v lp MAC. Nu mt NIC khc c s dng,
ngi s dng s cn phi sa i hoc to mt file MAC.c mi cha truy
cp. Min l dch v c cung cp bi MAC.c khng thay i th tt c cc
module khc s vn khng thay i.
Ngoi vic qun l b m FIFO cho NIC. Mac cn qun l b m
truyn nhn, n c th yu cu mt tp tin no c truyn li. ngi s
dng c th xc nh c kch thc ca b m nh vo file Mac.c.
*Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Lp SLIP s dng cp ni tip nh cc giao tip phng tin truyn thng,
thay v cp ethernet. SLIP khng i hi phi c NIC, do cung cp rt n
gin v kt ni khng tn km IP. SLIP thng l mt kt ni mt-mt, ni
80

mt my ch kt ni vi mt my khch. Cc SLIP module c thit k
hot ng vi mt Windows da trn my tnh, mc d n c th c sa
i lm vic vi h iu hnh khc vi rt t thay i. Cc APIs c cung
cp bi cc module SLIP cng c s dng ging nh MAC
*Address Resolution Protocol
Lp ARP ca TCP / IP Stack c thc hin bi hai m lp :ARP v
ARPTask .ARP thc hin bi cc tp tin "ARP.c", ARPTask thc hin bi
cc tp tin"ARPTsk.c" cung cp hon thnh dch v ARP. ARPTask c
thc hin nh mt b my tp hp, p ng yu cu ARP t xa. N cng duy
tr mt b nh cache mt cp lu tr ARP tr li v a mt mc cao
hn cho ph hp vi cc cuc gi. ARPTask l mt c ch khng thc hin
th li. Do , cc lp trn hoc cc ng dng ny phi pht hin ra iu kin
thi gian v tr li ph hp.
ARPTask hot ng hai ch : ch Server v Server / Client. Trong
ch Server Client , mt phn ca m c kch hot v bin son to
ARP yu cu t cc my ch a phng ring ca mnh. Trong ch
Server, ccARP m yu cu khng c bin dch. Thng thng, nu
TCP/IP Stack c s dng vi cc ng dng my ch (nh HTTP
Serverhoc phc v FTP) r, ARPTask nn c bin son trong Server hnh
thc gim kch thc m.Trnh bin dch xc nh bao gm
STACK_CLIENT_MODE phn m khch hng. Trong ch Server/
Client, ARPTask duy tr mt b nh cache mt cp lu tr cc ARP tr li
ca my ch t xa. Khi Server / Client khng
c kch hot, b nh cache l khng c nh ngha v tng ng vi b
nh RAM v b nh chng trnh khng c s dng..
*Internet Protocol (IP)
Lp IP ca TCP / IP Stack c thc hin bi cc tp tin "IP.c". Cc
phn u tp tin "IP.h"xc nh cc dch v c cung cp bi lp ny .Trong
81

kin trc ny, lp IP l th ng, n khng p ng vi cc gi d liu
IP. Thay vo , lp cao cp s dng IP nguyn thy v ly cc gi tin IP,
gii m n v x l mt cch thch hp. c im k thut IP ny l yu cu
cc my ch a phng to ra mt gi tin nhn dng duy nht cho mi gi tin
truyn qua n, nhn din cho php my ch t xa xc nh cc gi tin trng
lp v loi b chng. Lp IP ca TCP / IP Stack duy tr mt t nhn16-bit
bin theo di cc gi tin nh danh.
*Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Lp ICMP c thc hin bi cc tp tin "ICMP.c".Cc tp tin tiu
"ICMP.h" nh ngha cc dch v c cung cp bi lp ny. Trong kin trc
ny, lp ICMP l mt lp th ng, n khng p ng vi cc gi d liu
ICMP. Thay vo , lp cao cp s dng ICMP nguyn thy v tm np
ICMP gi tin, gii thch n v x l cho thch hp.
Thng thng, ICMP c s dng gi v nhn li hoc thm d tin
nhn. Trong TCP / IP Stack,ICMP thc hin nguyn thy c th c s
dng to ra bt k thng ip ICMP. Trong nhnng ng dng, ICMP l
hu ch cho mc ch thm d .Khi c kch hot, ICMP c th p ng vi
"ping" cc gi tin, do cho php mt my ch t xa c th xc nh my
ch a phng.
Cc vi mch lp ICMP ch p ng d liu ping cc d liu ln n 32
byte; gi tin ln hn s c b qua. Nu ta mun x l cc gi tin ln hn
th ch cn sa i cc trnh bin dch xc nh MAX_ICMP_DATA_LEN
(trong cc tp tin tiu "StackTsk.h").
*Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Lp TCP ca TCP / IP Stack c thc hin bi cc tp tin
"TCP.c". Cc phn u tp tin "TCP.h"xc nh cc dch v c cung cp
bi lp ny . Trong kin trc ca TCP/IP Stack , TCP l mt lp a hot
82

ng. N c th tm TCP cc gi d liu v p ng n cc my ch t xa
theoTCP ca my ch qun l.
"TCP.h" cung cp dch v socket TCP v giu tt c TCP gi x l t
ngi gi. Lp ny cho php 2-253 TCP socket, s lng gii hn bi b nh
v trnh bin dch c s dng. Vi hn mt socket, cc ng dng cp cao
hn c th duy tr ng thi nhiu kt ni TCP v c th c nhiu hn mt
ng dng c s dng lp ny. C s ny rt hu ch khi HTTP Server
c s dng. Mi socket tiu th khong 36 bytes (kim tra tp tin ngun
cho thc ttiu th) v lm tng thi gian. tng th ch bin TCP
Khng ging nh cc giao thc TCP / IP , tt c socket trong TCP / IP
Stack chia s mt hoc nhiu hn mt b m truyn. Cch tip cn ny lm
gim tng th c yu cu RAM, nhng n c th to ra mt vn khc,
nh ti mt vi socket khng nhn b m truyn v khng bo thi gia
s dng cc socket. Trong hon cnh ny cc my ch v my a phng
khng th lin lac vi nhau . trnh iu ny, ngi dng phi m bo
rng c b m truyn cho tt c cc socket.
V vic nhn d liu , ch c mt b m c nhn . Nu socket nhn
c d liu ca n, ch s hu ca socket phi tm np v loi b b m
nhn trong mt khong thi gian ngn cc socket khc c th nhn d liu
ca h. Khi n pht hin gi tin n l quan tm, n phi x l cc gi hon
chnh trong mt thi gian ngn. Nu trong khong thi gian m vn khng
ly c gi tin th n s i v ly gi tin sau .
Theo yu cu ca TCP, mi phn on TCP cha mt b kim tra bao gm
ton b cc giao thc TCP v c khu vc d liu. gim b nh RAM, lp TCP
s dng trong b m MACNIC l lu tr v thc hin cc tnh ton checksum
MAC trong b m ring ca mnh. Nu NIC c s dng nh l mt MAC th
cc SRAM NIC c s dng nh mt b m khng gian. Nhng nu l SLIP
c s dng nh l mt MAC th d liu c lu vo Ram ni.
83

Cc lp TCP ca TCP/IP Stack thc hin hu ht cc phn TCP my
nc ch xut bi RFC793. N cng thc hin t ng v th li hn gi
hot ng, trong ngi dng c th kch hot hoc v hiu ha bi cc
bin dch TCP_NO_WAIT_FOR_ACK nh ngha thi gian. Khi vic gi li
t ng c kch hot, mi socket truyn m c dnh ring cho n khi
nhn c mt s tr li t my ch l nhn c. Thit k ny to ra hiu
qu mt truyn ca s ca mt trong nhng phn on TCP. V vy, d liu
thng qua s thp hn ng k hn trong ch "Khng gi li". Nu ch c
cc HTTP Server c s dng, ngi s dng c th v hiu ho vic t
ng gi li v tng hiu qu thng qua.Nu vic p dng chnh ca logic yu
cu mi gi s c tha nhn trc khi mt ci mi c th c truyn,
ngi s dng nn cho php ch "t ng gi li". Vi t ng gi li
c kch hot, mt s cc kt ni m c th khng nhn phc v trn thi
gian, v cc my ch t xa c th c hng thi gian-outThit lp li hoc
sai st.
*User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Lp UDP ca TCP / IP Stack c thc hin bi cc tp tin
"UDP.c". Cc phn u tp tin "UDP.h"xc nh cc dch v c cung cp
bi lp ny . Trong kin trc ca TCP / IP Stack, UDP l mt lp a hot
ng. N c th tm UDP cc gi d liu v thng bo cho UDP socket tng
ng ca d liu n hoc truyn ti in.
"UDP.h" cung cp dch v socket UDP v giu tt c X l gi tin
UDP t ngi gi. Lp ny cho php ln n 254 UDP socket (s lng gii
hn bisn b nh v trnh bin dch c s dng). Vi hn mt socket, cc
ng dng cp cao hn c th duy tr Mul-tiple ng thi kt ni UDP; c
nhiu ng dng c th c s dng lp ny. Mi socket tiu th khong19
byte (kim tra "UDP.h" tp tin tiu th thc t)v tng thi gian x l tng
th UDP.
84

Khng ging nh cc giao thc TCP / IP , tt c socket trong TCP / IP
Stack chia s mt hoc nhiu hn mt b m truyn. Cch tip cn ny lm
gim tng th c yu cu RAM, nhng n c th to ra mt vn khc,
nh ti mt vi socket khng nhn b m truyn v khng bo thi gia
s dng cc socket. Trong hon cnh ny cc my ch v my a phng
khng th lin lac vi nhau . trnh iu ny, ngi dng phi m bo
rng c b m truyn cho tt c cc socket
*Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Lp DHCP ca TCP / IP Stack c thc hin bi cc tp tin
"dhcp.c". Cc phn u tp tin"dhcp.h" nh ngha cc dch v c cung cp
bi lp ny .DHCP l mt lp ang hot ng m chng trnh pht sng
DHCP yu cu, t ng nhn c v gii m DHCP phn ng. Cc tnh
nng chnh ca n bao gm:
-Cu hnh a ch IP, a ch gateway v subnet mask.
- DHCP t ng cho thu thi gian, i mi v qun l vic cho thu.
Hot ng hon ton t ng m ngi s dng khng cn cang thip.
Cc module DHCP c thc hin nh mt khi thng nht c nhim v
thc hin cc hot ng t ng m khng c kin thc v cc ng dng
chnh. Cc DHCP thc t hi nhp v kim sot c thc hin bi cc qun
l Stack; n x l tt c cc hot ng cn thit ca n nh mt phn ca tiu
chun nhim v, bng cch s dng API DHCP kim sot cc module ca
hnh vi. Ngi dng khng cn bit v DHCP s dng n.
Mt ng dng ngi dng cng c th chn gi mt s cc API trc
tip kim sot DHCP hot ng, chng hn nh liu DHCP c cu hnh
hay khng, v liu DHCP c vnh vin ngng hot ng. Thng thng, ng
dng ca ngi dng khng cn trc tip tng tc vi DHCP . s dng
module DHCP, ngi s dng phi s dng cc tap tin sau:
1. B ghi ch STACK_USE_DHCP trong tiu tp tin "StackTsk.h".
85

2. Ph c hai tp tindhcp.c " v "udp.c" trong d n.
3. Tng MAX_UDP_SOCKETS ln mt (t nht mt UDP socket phi
c sn cho DHCP iu chnh s lng socket da trn UDP v
DHCP).
Khi DHCP c thc hin, ng dng ngi dng phi c gng truyn
thng mng cho n khi DHCP c cu hnh ng. Thng thng, nu mt
ng dng ngi dng c cha cc ng dng mt hoc nhiu khch hng c
yu cu thng tin lin lc trn in-up hoc thit lp li, vic p dng phi
kim tra xem DHCP c cu hnh trc khi truyn ti d liu bng cch s
dng cc m-un lp thp hn .iuu ny c th c thc hin vi chc
nng DHCPIsBound.
c im k thut chnh thc DHCP (RFC1541) l i hi cc khch
hng DHCP phi lm mi cu hnh IP trc khi cho thu thi gian. theo
di thi gian thu, ngi s dng phi chc chn rng TickUpdate () c gi
theo yu cu, v chnh xc l thi gian hp l duy tr (xem m ngun tp
tin "websrvr.c"cho mt v d lm vic). phn gii thi gian cn thit l15
pht, cng hoc tr, c ngha l TickUpdate () c th c gi l mt u tin
rt thp.i vi cc module DHCP iu t ng cp nht cu hnh a ch v
subnet mask, phi c t nht mt DHCP server trn mng. l trch nhim
ca ngi s dng thc hin mt s phng php cho "xut bn" cc cu
hnh li cho ngi s dng tim nng. Gm c nhiu ty chn t vic c
thng tin n vic hin th ttrn mi nt, lu tr thng tin trong mt my
ch trung tm DHCP ta ch cn cp nht kt qu cc gi tr ca
MY_IP_BYTE?,MY_GATE_BYTE? v MY_MASK_BYTE?
* IP Gleaning for IP Address Configuration
Nh l mt thay th DCHP, TCP / IP Stack cng thc hin mt phng
php n gin, c gi l IP Gleaning, t xa thit lp a ch IP ca TCP / IP
Stack . Phng php ny khng phi l mt giao thc Internet chun, v
86

khng c tng ng vi RFC. Gleaning IP ch cho php a ch IP c thit
lp .i vi cu hnh IP hon tt, DCHP phi c s dng.
Gleaning IP khng cn bt k phn mm trn module. Thay vo , n
s dng module ICMP ARP. s dng n, tp tin "icmp.c" phi c khai
bo , v trnh bin dch xc nhS TACK_USE_IP_GLEANING ghi chu ben
trong tp tinh StackTsh.h
e)HTTP SERVER
HTTP Server km theo ng dng c thc hin nh mt khi thng
nht tn ti vi cc vi mch TCP / IP Stack v ng dng chnh ca ngi
dng. Cc HTTP Server chnh n c thc hin ti tp tin "HTTP.c", vi
mt ng dng ngi dng thc hin hai chc nng. Cc ng dng m ngun
ny nm trong tp tin "Websrvr.c " nn c s dng nh l mt mu ng
dng to ra cc giao din cn thit.
HTTP Server c cung cp y khng thc hin tt c chc nng
HTTP, n l mt my ch ti thiu cho cc mc tiu ca h thng
nhng. Ngi s dng c th d dng thm mi chc nng theo yu cu v
mc ch s dng.
HTTP server thch hp nhng chc nng sau:
-H tr nhiu kt ni HTTP.
-H tr cc trang web t ti mt trong hai ni bchng trnh hoc b
nh EEPROM ni tip bn ngoi.
-Bao gm mt chng trnh da trn PC to ra MPFS hnh nh t mt
th mc nht nh.
-H tr cc phng thc HTTP "GET" (cc phng php khc c th d
dng thm vo).
-H tr mt i ln Common Gateway Interface (CGI) gi chc nng
xc nh trc t bn trong trnh duyt t xa.
-H tr ni dung trang web nng ng th h
87

Cc my ch bao gm cc phn chnh sau:
- MPFS Builder Image.
- Th vin MPFS truy cp.
- MPFS Download thng (thc hin bichnh ca ng dng)
- HTTP Server Task.
s dng module DHCP, ngi s dng phi s dng cc tap tin sau:
1. B ghi ch STACK_USE_HTTP_SERVER trong tiu tp tin
"StackTsk.h".
2. t ghi ch ny MAX_HTTP_CONNECTIONS trong tp tin
"StackTsk.h".
3. Phi c hai tp tinhttp.c " v "mpfs.c" trong d n.
4. Ty theo ni lu tr trang wed m c th b ghi ch
MPFS_USE_PGRM hoc MPFS_USE_EEPROM. Nu d liu vo
EEPROM ngoi th s dng thm tp tin"Xeeprom.c".
Cc HTTP Server s dng file "index.htm" nh Trang web mc nh. Nu
trnh duyt (mt khch hng t xa)truy cp cc HTTP Server bng a ch IP hoc
tn min th "index.htm" l trang mc nh phc v.iu ny i hi rng tt c
cc ng dng bao gm mt tp tin c tn"Index.htm" phi c lu trong
MPFS. Nu cn thit, tn ca tp tin ny c th thay i mc nh bng cch sa
i nh ngha ca trnh bin dch HTTP_DEFAULT_FILE_STRING trong tp
tin " http.c ". Ch trong cc trang wed c th c cha cc k t sau:
-Mt hoc hai du ngoc kp ("v")
-Tri hoc du ngoc vung gc (<v>)
-Du thng (#)
-Nhng du phn trm (%)
-Tri hoc bn phi khung hoc ning rng ([,{,] v))
-ng "" biu tng (|)
-Cc du gch cho ngc (\)
88

-Du st (^)
-Cc du ng (~)
HTTP cng duy tr mt danh sch cc loi tp tin m n h tr. N s
dng thng tin ny t vn cho mt t xa trnh duyt trn lm th no
gii thch mt tp tin c th, da trn ca tp tin m rng ba k t. Theo mc
nh,Vi mch HTTP Server h tr ". Txt", ". Htm","Gif". "Cgi"., ". Jpg",
"CLA". V ". Wav" files. Nu mt ng dng s dng cc loi tp tin m
khng c trong ny danh sch, ngi s dng c th sa i cc bng
"httpFiles", cng vi tng ng"httpContents" trong tp tin "http.c".
f)FTP SERVER
FTP Server c nhim v hp tc vi TCP / IP Stack to ra cc ng
dng chnh ca ngi dng. FTP Server c thc hin ti tp tin "FTP.c".
FTP server c nhng tn nng sau:
-Mt kt ni FTP cho chng ta bit c mt ngi dng dang s dng
ng dng .
-T ng tng tc vi tp tin h thng (MPFS).
-Upload tap tin c nhn hoc h tr.
s dng module DHCP, ngi s dng phi s dng cc tap tin sau:
1. B ghi ch STACK_USE_FTP_SERVER trong tiu tp
tin "StackTsk.h".
2. Phi c hai tp tinFTP.c " v "mpfs.c" trong d n.
3. Ty theo ni lu tr trang wed m c th b ghi ch
MPFS_USE_PGRM hoc MPFS_USE_EEPROM. Nu d
liu vo EEPROM ngoi th s dng thm tp
tin"Xeeprom.c".


89

3.2.6.S kt ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi

Hnh 3.4. M hnh h thng iu khin thng qua mng Internet.


Hnh 3.5. S vi mch giao tip ethernet ENC28J60
Vi mch ENC28J60 giao tip vi cc vi x l khc thng qua chun truyn d
liu ni tip SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), y l chun giao tip rt
ph bin, c dng ni cc vi mch trong cng mt h thng vi u
im l chy nhanh v tn rt t dy ni tn hiu, ch cn 3 dy cho c ng
ghi v c, l:

90


Hnh 3.6. S ghp ni ENC28J60 vi vi x l
SCK Serial Clock Xung ng b cho ng ni tip.
SI Serial Input Tn hiu ni tip vo (ghi).
SO Serial Output Tn hiu ni tip ra (c).
Sau y l b lnh SPI dng cho vi mch ENC28J60 v cc gin xung th
hin cc qu trnh ghi, c d liu, lnh gia vi x l v ENC28J60.


Hnh 3.7. Qu trnh c thanh ghi iu khin Ethernet

91


Hnh 3.8. Qu trnh c thanh ghi iu khin MAC

Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh ghi vo thanh ghi lnh

Hnh 3.10. Qu trnh ghi vo b m lnh

Hnh 3.11. Qu trnh ghi vo lnh ca h thng
92

Mc d c thit k theo cu trc stand alone (mt chip lm
ht cc vic) nhng vic iu khin vi mch ny hot ng c l rt
phc tp v i hi c hiu bit kh ton din v vi iu khin, mch in t
v mng Internet. Tuy nhin, rt may mn cho ngi thit k v lp trnh v
hng MicroChip (hng sn xut vi mch ENC28J60) h tr ti a, bng
cch a ra y cc th vin phc v cho vic lp trnh, lm cho vic lp
trnh giao tip vi vi mch ny tr nn kh d dng.
3.3.S NGUYN L
3.3.1.S nguyn l chung
Sau khi nghin cu thit k mch o nhit dng LM35,ng thi gi
tn hiu nhit ln internet nh IC ENC28J60 vi vi iu khin trung tm l
PIC18F4680 ta c s nguyn l chung nh hnh 3.12.
















Hnh 3.12. S mch in
93

3.3.2.Nguyn l hot ng
- Ton b mch s c reset khi ta a chn MCLR ca vi iu khin
xung mc thp.
- Vi iu khin PIC 18F4680 hot ng vi dao ng tn s 40MHz
s dng thch anh dao ng ni vo cc chn OSC1 v OSC2 to dao
ng.
*o nhit :
- u ra Vout ca cm bin nhit LM35 c ni vi ng vo analog
RA0 ca PIC18F4680, vk ny c 11 ng vo analog (RA0,RA1 ,RA2,RA3
,RA4,RA5 ;RE2,RE0 v RB0,RB1,RB7),tt c cc ng vo analog ny u
c ni vi u vo ca b chuyn i ADC 10 bit tch hp sn trong vk.
- Khi nhit mi trng thay i
1
lm cho tr khng ca cm bin
LM35 thay i dn n in p u vo V
in
ca ADC thay i. in p V
in

vo ADC s c so snh vi U
d
ca ADC. U
d
c th thay i t 0V n
2(V
ref
/2).Hiu in th chun Vref c th c la chn l VDD,VSS hay hiu
in th chun c xc lp trn 2 chn RA2 v RA3 ty thuc vo chng
trnh.Gi s ban u U
d
= 0, nu V
in
> U
d
khi U
d
s c cng thm mt gi
tr l U A =10mv; U U U
d d
A + = ng thi gi tr b m tng thm 1. Qu
trnh so snh c nh vy n khi no U
d
=V
in
th dng. Khi gi tr ca b
m chnh l gi tr thp phn. Gi tr thp phn ny s c a qua mt b
gii m, gii m ra nh phn ri a ra u ra 10 bit ca b ADC.
- Kt qu o nhit trn, c th c hin th trn my tnh thng qua
chun giao tip ni tip USART gia vi iu khin v cng COM ca my
tinh thng qua IC MAX 232.
*Giao tip mng :
- in p t khi ngun qua mch s dng ic LM317T cho in p u
ra 3V cp ngun cho ic ENC28J60 v ton b module giao tip mng.
94

- IC ENC28J60 hot ng vi dao ng tn s 25MHz s dng thch
anh dao ng ni vo cc chn OSC1 v OSC2 to dao ng.
- ENC28J60 hot ng khi
- Vi iu khin PIC18F4680 giao tip vi ic ENC28J60 thng qua giao
din SPI (giao tip ni tip ng b) kiu ch - t ,vi vi vi iu khin ng
vai tr l ch.Cc chn SCK,SI,SO,CS ca ic ENC28J60 c ni ln lt vi
RC3/SCK ,RC5/SD0,RC4/SDA,CS (chn CS c a xung mc thp).
- SCK : l xung gi nhp cho giao tip SPI,mi nhp trn chn SCK s
bo 1 bit c nhn hay gi.Hai chn cn li ng vai tr nhn v gi d liu.
- Module giao tip mng giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi ( y l
modem) thng qua chn TPIN+ , TPIN- ,TPOUT+, TPOUT-.
- LedA, LedB: c chc nng h tr t ng pht hin v Reset.
-Khi khi ng khi giao tip mng, vi i khin 18F4680 s c cu
hnh t trong b nh, cu hnh ny c load t cc th vin. Cu hnh ny s
kim tra xem c d liu SPI gi t IC ENC28J60, cc d liu l a ch
MAC, IP. Sau khi cu hnh xong, vi iu khin s gi tn hiu nhit ti
IC
IC ENC28J60 theo giao din SPI, IC ny li gi tn hiu va nhn c ln
wedsever thng qua modem mng.

95


Hnh 3.13.Module khi cha cm dy mng

Hnh 3.14.Module khi kt ni mng
96

KT LUN

Trong thi gian nghin cu v thit k c s gip tn tnh ca
Th.s Trn Th Phng Tho em thu c nhiu kin thc v cm bin
nhit , cu trc , cu to ca vi iu khin , ng dng vo thc t, hon
thnh c bn yu cu n. Mch thi cng xong hin th c nhit , hin
th ia ch IP kt ni vi internet. Tuy nhin vn cn nhng khuyt im nh
sai s, thi thong nhy gia tr, s dng mang day v vy hn pht trin ca
ti kt ni vi internet qua wifi. Tuy nhin do thi gian c hn cng nh trnh
ca bn thn cn nhiu hn ch nn ti thc hin cn nhiu thiu st em
rt mong nhn c s ch bo, sa cha ng gp kin ca cc thy c
gio, cc bn trong lp em c th thu hin v hon thnh ti c tt
hn.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s ch bo, hng dn tn tnh ca
Th.S Trn Th Phng Tho, cc thy c trong khoa, cc bn b trong lp
gip em trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Hi Phng,ngy 25 thng 11nm 2012
Sinh vin
Nguyn Vn Hip





97

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. BAI GING CM BIN NHIT GIO TRNH CM
BIN CNG NGHIP Hong Minh Cng ( nh xut bn
xy dng nm 2007)

2. CC VI IU KHIN PIC TAP2 ( nha xuat ban khoa hoc
va ky thuat)

3. GIO TRNH HON TRNH VI IU KHIN PIC 16

4. WWW. DIENTUVIETNAM.NET

5. WWW. LINHKIENDIENTU.COM

6. TAILIEU.VN