(Chuyende) Su Dung Tinh Chat Chia Het de Giai Toan

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MC LC
I. Nhc li l thuyt v chia ht
II. Cc phng php gii bi ton chia ht
1. Phng php 1: S dng du hiu chia ht
2. Phng php 2: S dng tnh cht chia ht
3. Phng php 3: Xt tp hp s d trong php chia
4. Phng php 4: Phn tch thnh nhn t
5. Phng php 5: Bin i biu thc cn chng minh v dng tng
6. Phng php 6: Dng phng php quy np ton hc
7. Phng php 7: S dng ng d thc
8. Phng php 8: S dng nguyn l Dirichle
9. Phng php 9: Phng php phn chng
III. Kt lun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ChuTieuThichHocToan ToanCap2.com
(hieuthh@gmail.com - 0987 702 775)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHUYN : S DNG TNH CHT CHIA HT GII TON
Li ni u:
Trong chng trnh hc cp 2 (lp 6,7) cc em hc sinh c lm quen vi cc bi
ton lin quan n tnh cht chia ht. Hn na, trong cc thi HSG, thi vo trng
Chuyn, lp chn th cc bi ton v chia ht rt hay xut hin v l phn quan trng
trong cu trc thi.
Nhm gip cc em hc sinh cng c kin thc c bn, vn dng kin thc gii cc bi
ton nng cao v chia ht, ChuTieuThichHocToan bin son chuyn ny. Chuyn
c th c dng cho cc hc sinh gii lp 6, cc hc sinh lp 7,8,9 n thi hc sinh gii,
thi vo trng Chuyn, lp Chn.
I. Nhc li l thuyt v chia ht
1. nh ngha php chia ht
Cho 2 s nguyn a v b trong b 0 ta lun tm c hai s nguyn q v r duy nht sao
cho:
a = bq + r Vi 0 r | b|
Trong : a l s b chia, b l s chia, q l thng, r l s d.
Khi a chia cho b c th xy ra | b| s d
r {0; 1; 2; ; | b|}
c bit: r = 0 th a = bq, khi ta ni a chia ht cho b hay b chia ht a.
K hiu: ab hay b\ a
Vy: a b C s nguyn q sao cho a = bq
2. Cc tnh cht chia ht
1. Vi a 0 a a
2. Nu a b v b c a c
3. Vi a 0 0 a
4. Nu a, b > 0 v a b ; b a a = b
5. Nu a b v c bt k ac b
6. Nu a b (a) (b)
7. Vi a a (1)
8. Nu a b v c b a c b
9. Nu a + b c v a c b c
10. Nu a b v n > 0 an bn
11. Nu ac b v (a, b) =1 c b

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. Nu a b, c b v m, n bt k am + cn b
13. Nu a b v c d ac bd
14. Tch n s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho n!
3. Mt s du hiu chia ht
Gi N =
anan1...a
1a0
1. Du hiu chia ht cho 2; 5; 4; 25; 8; 125

+ N 2 a0 2 a0{0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
+ N 5 a0 5 a0{0; 5}
+ N 4 (hoc 25)
a1a0 4 (hoc 25)
+ N 8 (hoc 125)
a2 a1a0 8 (hoc 125)
2. Du hiu chia ht cho 3 v 9

+ N 3 (hoc 9) a0+a1++an 3 (hoc 9)
3. Mt s du hiu khc
+ N 11 [(a0+a1+) - (a1+a3+)] 11
+ N 101 [( a1a0 + a5a4 +) - ( a3a2 + a7a6 +)]101
+ N 7 (hoc 13) [( a2 a1a0 +
a8 a7a6 +) - [( a5 a4a3
a11a10a9 +) 11
(hoc 13)
+ N 37 ( a2 a1a0 +
a5 a4a3 +) 37
+ N 19 ( a0+2an-1+22an-2++ 2na0) 19
4. ng d thc
a. nh ngha: Cho m l s nguyn dng. Nu hai s nguyn dng a v b c cng s
d d khi chia cho m th ta ni a ng d vi b theo modun m.
K hiu: a b (modun m)
Vy: a b (modun) a - b m
b. Cc tnh cht
1. Vi a a a (modun m)
2. Nu a b (modun m) b a (modun m)
3. Nu a b (modun m), b c (modun m) a c (modun m)
4. Nu a b (modun m) v c d (modun m) a+c b+d (modun)
5. Nu a b (modun m) v c d (modun m) ac bd (modun)
6. Nu a b (modun m), d l c chung ca a,b v (d, m) =1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a
b
(modun)
d
d
7. Nu a b (modun), d > 0 v d l c chung ca a, b, m.
a
b
m
(modun
)
d
d
d
Vic chng minh cc tnh cht trn ht sc n gin. Cc em hc sinh c th t chng

minh hiu r hn bn cht v d dng ghi nh hoc t xy dng li c tnh cht khi
cn thit.
5. Mt s nh l
1. nh l Euler
Nu (m) l s cc s nguyn dng nh hn m v nguyn t cng nhau vi m, (a, m) =
1 (modun m) th a ( m ) 1 (modun m)
Cng thc tnh (m)
Phn tch m ra tha s nguyn t
m = p11 p2 2 p33 ... pk k vi pi P, i N *
1
1
1
1
Th (m) = 1 1 1 ... 1
p1
p2
p3
pk
2. nh l Fermat
Nu p l s nguyn t v a khng chia ht cho p th ap-1 1 (modp)
3. nh l Wilson
Nu p l s nguyn t th
( p - 1)! + 1 0 (modp)
II. Cc phng php gii bi ton chia ht
1. Phng php 1: S dng du hiu chia ht
V d 1: Tm cc ch s a, b sao cho a56b 45
Gii

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ta thy 45 = 5.9 m (5 ; 9) = 1
a56b 45 a56b 5 v 9
Xt a56b 5 b {0 ; 5} (Du hiu chia ht cho 5)
Nu b = 0 ta c s a56b 9 a + 5 + 6 + 0 9 (Du hiu chia ht cho 9)
a + 11 9
a=7
Nu b = 5 ta c s a56b 9 a + 5 + 6 + 0 9
a + 16 9
a=2
Vy:
a = 7 v b = 0 ta c s 7560
a = 2 v b = 5 ta c s 2560
V d 2: Bit tng cc ch s ca 1 s l khng i khi nhn s vi 5. Chng minh

rng s chia ht cho 9.
Gii
Gi s cho l a. V tng cc ch s ca a khng i khi ta nhn vi 5 nn:
Ta c a v 5a khi chia cho 9 cng c 1 s d
5a - a 9 4a 9 m (4 ; 9) = 1
a 9 (pcm)
111
1 4
2 43
V d 3: CMR s 111
81
81 s 1
Gii
Ta thy: 111111111 9
111
1 4
2 43
C 111
= 111111111 (1072 + 1063 + 1054 + ... + 109 + 1)
81 s 1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M tng (1072 + 1063 + 1054 + ... + 109 + 1) c tng cc ch s bng 9 9
(1072 + 1063 + 1054 + ... + 109 + 1) 9
111
1 4
2 43
Vy: 111
81 (pcm)
81 s 1
Nhn xt: Khi gp cc bi ton lin quan n tm s hay chng minh tha mn tnh cht
chia ht no , chng ta hy quan st s b chia, xem s b chia c phn tch thnh nhn
t c hay khng, khi phn tch thnh nhn t, c cha cc tha s m c du hiu chia
ht c bit (s 2,3,5,9,11) hay khng. Khi gp cc s b chia dng ny, chng ta hy
ngh ngay n vic p dng tnh cht v du hiu chia ht gii. Cc em hy gii mt s
bi tp tng t sau y.
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Tm cc ch s x, y sao cho
a. 34x5y 4 v 9
b. 2x78 17
Bi 2: Cho s N = dcba CMR
a. N 4 (a + 2b) 4
b. N 16 (a + 2b + 4c + 8d) 16 vi b chn
c. N 29 (d + 2c + 9b + 27a) 29
Bi 3: Tm tt c cc s c 2 ch s sao cho mi s gp 2 ln tch cc ch s ca s .
Bi 4: Vit lin tip tt c cc s c 2 ch s t 19 n 80 ta c s A = 1920217980.
Hi s A c chia ht cho 1980 khng ? V sao?
Bi 5: Tng ca 46 s t nhin lin tip c chia ht cho 46 khng? V sao?
Bi 6: Chng t rng s
11
14
2 411
3 22
14
2 422
3 l tch ca 2 s t nhin lin tip.
100 s 1
100 s 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc em hc sinh hy t gii cc bi tp trn nng cao kh nng vn dng kin thc ca
mnh. C g thc mnh, vui lng lin h ChuTieu
2.
Phng php 2: S dng tnh cht chia ht
* Ch : Trong n s nguyn lin tip c 1 v ch 1 s chia ht cho n.

CM: Gi n l s nguyn lin tip
m + 1; m + 2; m + n vi m Z, n N*
Ly n s nguyn lin tip trn chia cho n th ta c tp hp s d l: {0; 1; 2; n - 1}
* Nu tn ti 1 s d l 0: gi s m + i = nqi ; i = 1,n
m+in
* Nu khng tn ti s d l 0 khng c s nguyn no trong dy chia ht cho n
phi c t nht 2 s d trng nhau.
m + i = nq i + r
m + j = nq j + r
Gi s:
1 i; j n
i - j = n( q i - q j ) n i - j n
m i - j< n i - j = 0 i = j
m+i=m+j
Vy trong n s c 1 s v ch 1 s chia ht cho n
V d 1: CMR:
a. Tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2

b. Tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 6.
Gii
a. Trong 2 s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng c 1 s chn
S chn chia ht cho 2.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vy tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2.
b. Tch 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2 nn tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip lun
chia ht cho 2.
Trong 3 s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng c 1 s chia ht cho 3.
Tch 3 s chia ht cho 3 m (2; 3) = 1.
Vy tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 6.
V d 2: CMR: Tng lp phng ca 3 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 9.
Gii
Gi 3 s nguyn lin tip ln lt l: n - 1 , n , n+1
Ta c: A = (n - 1)3 + n3 + (n + 1)3
= 3n3 + 6n.
= 3n(n2+2) = 3n(n2-1+3) =3(n-1)n(n+1) + 9n.
Ta thy (n - 1)n (n + 1) 3 (CM V d 1)
3(n - 1)n (n + 1) 9
m
9nM
9
A 9 (PCM)
V d 3: CMR: n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n 384 vi n chn, n4
Gii
V n chn, n4 ta t n = 2k, k2
Ta c n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n = 16k4 - 32k3 - 16k2 + 32k
= 16k(k3 - 2k2 - k + 2)
= 16k(k - 2) (k - 1)(k + 1)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vi k 2 nn k - 2, k - 1, k + 1, k l 4 s t nhin lin tip nn trong 4 s c 1 s chia
ht cho 2 v 1 s chia ht cho 4. (k - 2)(k - 1)(k + 1)k 8
M (k - 2) (k - 1)k 3 ; (3,8)=1
(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k 24
16(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k (16,24)
Vy n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n 384 vi n chn, n 4
Nhn xt: Vi cc bi ton yu cu chng minh mt biu thc chia ht cho 1 s. Chng ta
hy phn tch s chia thnh tha s nguyn t. Phn tch biu thc cho thnh tha s.
Sau hy quan st v vn dng cc tnh cht v chia ht nh tch ca n s t nhin lin
tip th chia ht cho n hay trong n s t nhin lin tip c 1 s chia ht cho n.
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: a. n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 6
b. n5 - 5n3 + 4n 120 Vi n N
Bi 2: CMR: n4 + 6n3 + 11n2 + 6n 24 Vi n Z
Bi 3: CMR: Vi n l th
a. n2 + 4n + 3 8
b. n3 + 3n2 - n - 3 48
c. n12 n8 - n4 + 1 512
Bi 4: Vi p l s nguyn t p > 3 CMR : p2 - 1 24
Bi 5: CMR: Trong 1900 s t nhin lin tip c 1 s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 27.
Cc em hc sinh t lm nh. Sau y l gi bi s 5.
Bi 5: Gi s 1900 s t nhin lin tip l
n, n +1; n + 2; ; n + 1989 (1)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------trong 1000 t nhin lin tip n, n + 1; n + 2; ; n + 999
c 1 s chia ht cho 1000 gi s n0, khi n0 c tn cng l 3 ch s 0 gi s tng cc
ch s ca n0 l s khi 27 s n0, n0 + 9; n0 + 19; n0 + 29; n0 + 39; ; n0 + 99; n0 + 199;
n0 + 899 (2)
C tng cc ch s ln lt l: s; s + 1 ; s + 26
C 1 s chia ht cho 27 (PCM)
* Ch : n + 899 n + 999 + 899 < n + 1989
Cc s (2) nm trong dy (1)
3.
Phng php 3: Xt tp hp s d trong php chia
phng php ny, hng i chnh ca chng ta khi gii cc bi ton chia ht hoc cc
bi ton gii phng trnh nghim nguyn, l chng ta s xt tt c cc kh nng v s
d c th ca bin khi chi cho 1 s no . Cc s chia m chng ta hay xt n c th l
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9.Chng ta hy xt 1 s v d di y:
V d 1: CMR: Vi n N
Th A(n) = n(2n + 7) (7n + 7) chia ht cho 6
Gii
Ta thy 1 trong 2 tha s n v 7n + 1 l s chn. Vi n N A(n) 2
Ta chng minh A(n) 3
Ly n chia cho 3 ta c n = 3k + 1 (k N)
Vi r {0; 1; 2}
Vi r = 0 n = 3k n 3 A(n) 3
Vi r = 1 n = 3k + 1 2n + 7 = 6k + 9 3 A(n) 3
Vi r = 2 n = 3k + 2 7n + 1 = 21k + 15 3 A(n) 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
ChuTieuThichHocToan ToanCap2.com

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A(n) 3 vi n m (2, 3) = 1
Vy A(n) 6 vi n N
Nh vy, bi ton trn cc em thy chng ta xt tt c cc kh nng c th ca s d
ca n khi chi cho 3. bi ton ny, cc em d dng tm c s chia xt s d. y,
bi yu cu chng minh A(n) chia ht cho 6 vi mi n, iu ny ng ngha vi vic
chng ta s i chng minh A(n) chia ht cho 2 v 3 vi mi n. T cc em d dng tm
c s chia cn xt l 2,3. Vi s chia l 2 th rt n gin, ch cn ch ra 2 s khc tnh
chn l, khi chc chn s c 1 s chia ht cho 2.
V d 2: CMR: Nu n khng chia ht cho 3 th A(n) = 32n + 3n + 1 13 Vi n N
Gii
V n khng chia ht cho 3 n = 3k + r (k N); r {1; 2}
A(n) = 32(3k + r ) + 33k + r + 1
= 32 r.36 k + 3r.33k + 1
n y, cc em hy l 33-1 = 26 chia ht cho 13. V th, ta s c gng tch biu
thc cho sao cho c cha tha s 33-1. Phn cn li ta s chng minh chia ht cho 13
l xong.
Ta c: A(n) = 32 r (36 k 1) + 3r (33k 1) + 32r + 3r + 1
13 (p dng khai trin hng ng thc an-1)
Ta thy : 33k 1 = (33 1) N M
13
Tng t ta c: 36 k 1 = (33k 1)(33k + 1) M
Nh vy ta ch cn chng minh: 32r + 3r + 1M
13
Ta xt cc kh nng ca r.
Vi r = 1: 32r + 3r + 1 = 32 + 31 + 1 = 13M
13
Vi r = 2: 32r + 3r + 1 = 34 + 32 + 1 = 91M
13
Nh vy, vi mi trng hp ca r ta u c A(n) chia ht cho 13.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nhn xt: bi ton trn, s b chia m chng ta cn xt s d d dng nhn thy ngay l
3 (V bi cho ngay l n khng chia ht cho 3)
V d 3: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n 2n - 1 7
Gii
Ly n chia cho 3 ta c n = 3k + 1 (k N); r {0; 1; 2}
Vi r = 0 n = 3k ta c
2n - 1 = 23k - 1 = 8k - 1 = (8 - 1)M = 7M 7
vi r =1 n = 3k + 1 ta c:
2n - 1 = 23k+1 - 1 = 2.23k - 1 = 2(23k - 1) + 1
m 23k - 1 7 2n - 1 chia cho 7 d 1
vi r = 2 n = 3k + 2 ta c :
2n - 1 = 23k+2 - 1 = 4.23k = 4(23k - 1) + 3
m 23k - 1 7 2n - 1 chia cho 7 d 3
Vy 2n - 1 7 n = 3k (k N)
Nhn xt: y l bi ton kh d. bi yu cu chng ta tm s n biu thc chia ht
cho 7. Chng ta s d on c n s c dng tng qut no . Cc em cn thn ko
nhm vi cc bi ton v d pha trn. y, vn l ti sao chng ta li bit l cn xt
s d khi chia cho 3. lm vic ny, cc em hy th 1 s gi tr nh ca n tm ra
dng tng qut. V d khi cc em th vi n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, cc em s tm ra ngay
dng tng qut ca n. Sau ta s dng phng php xt s d gii.
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: A(n) = n(n2 + 1)(n2 + 4) 5 Vi n Z
Bi 2: CMR: Nu (n, 6) =1 th n2 - 1 24 Vi n Z
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 22n + 2n + 1 7
Bi 4: Cho 2 s t nhin m, n tho mn 24m4 + 1 = n2
CMR: mn 55
(Cn tip)
4.
Phng php 4: Phn tch thnh nhn t
5.
Phng php 5: Bin i biu thc cn chng minh v dng tng
6.
Phng php 6: Dng phng php quy np ton hc
7.
Phng php 7: S dng ng d thc
8.
Phng php 8: S dng nguyn l Dirichle
9.
Phng php 9: Phng php phn chng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III. Kt lun
rn luyn thm v dng ton ny, ChuTieuThichHocToan khuyn khch cc em hy
tm trong b thi vo lp 10 Chuyn ca cc nm trc, thi HSG cc bi ton cng
thuc dng ny luyn tp thm.
Nu c g thc mc, khng hiu hay bi tp cn gii p, cc em c th lin h vi
ChuTieu qua s in thoi bn di vo thi gian bui ti.
ChuTieuThichHocToan hi vng rng qua chuyn ny, cc em s t rt ra cho mnh
nhng bi hc b ch, thm say m mn Ton v tip tc c gng t c mc tiu
hc tp ca mnh.
Chc cc em sc khe, hc tp tt v t c c m ca mnh
H ni, Ngy 18/07/2012
ChuTieuThichHocToan
y l ti liu c son bi ChuTieuThichHocToan.

y l ti liu c chia s min ph, khng mang mc ch li nhun.
ngh gi nguyn bn khi chia s cho ngi khc.
Mi thc mc xin lin h: ChuTieu (0987 702 775)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

(Chuyende) Su Dung Tinh Chat Chia Het de Giai Toan

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(Chuyende) Su Dung Tinh Chat Chia Het de Giai Toan

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Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

1. Du hiu chia ht cho 2; 5; 4; 25; 8; 125

a1a0 4 (hoc 25)

a2 a1a0 8 (hoc 125)

2. Du hiu chia ht cho 3 v 9

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

7. Nu a b (modun), d > 0 v d l c chung ca a, b, m.

Vic chng minh cc tnh cht trn ht sc n gin. Cc em hc sinh c th t chng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

V d 2: Bit tng cc ch s ca 1 s l khng i khi nhn s vi 5. Chng minh

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Phng php 2: S dng tnh cht chia ht

* Ch : Trong n s nguyn lin tip c 1 v ch 1 s chia ht cho n.

a. Tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Phng php 3: Xt tp hp s d trong php chia

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

Phng php 4: Phn tch thnh nhn t

Phng php 5: Bin i biu thc cn chng minh v dng tng

Phng php 6: Dng phng php quy np ton hc

Phng php 7: S dng ng d thc

Phng php 8: S dng nguyn l Dirichle

Phng php 9: Phng php phn chng

Cc chuyn mn Ton S chnh phng

y l ti liu c son bi ChuTieuThichHocToan.

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