S quy np chng minh ng thc t hp

Gi s bn c yu cu tm mt cng thc tng qut cho tng ca n s l u tin. Bn c th s bt u bng cch xem xt mt bi trng hp c bit 1=1 1+3=4 1+3+5=9 T bn c th s phng on ra cng thc 1 + 3 + 5 + (2n 1) = n2 D nhin, 4 trng hp c bit ny khng chng minh rng cng thc trn l ng m ch lm cho n c v c l thi. Phng php d dng nht thuyt phc mt cng thc l ng cho mi n l dng phng php quy np ton hc. chng minh 1 mnh A ng vi mi s nguyn dng bng phng php quy np ton hc, ta thc hin 2 bc: - Bc 1 (bc "khi to"). Kim tra tnh ng n ca A vi n = 1 - Bc 2 (bc "di truyn"). Gi s mnh A ng n n = k 1, ta chng minh A cng ng vi n = k + 1. n+1 n n n n + Cn Bi 1: Chng minh: Cn +1 + Cn+2 + ... + Cn+k = Cn+k+1 ( ) Gii Trc ht ta nh rng n(n + 1) 1 + 2 + ... + n = 2 n+1 n n Vi k = 1, ng thc ( ) c dng Cn + Cn+1 = Cn+2 1+ (n + 1)! (n + 2)! = n!(n + 1 n)! (n + 1)!(n + 2 n 1)!

1 + n + 1 = n + 2, lun ng. Vy vi n = 1 th ng thc ng. Gi s ng thc ng vi m = k , tc l ta c

n n n n n+1 Cn + Cn +1 + Cn+2 + ... + Cn+m = Cn+m+1

(1)

Ta ch cn chng minh n ng vi k = m + 1, tc cn chng minh:

n n n n n n+1 Cn + Cn +1 + Cn+2 + ... + Cn+m + Cn+m+1 = Cn+m+2

Tht vy vi kt qu t (1) ta c: n+1 n+1 n V T = Cn +m+1 + Cn+m+1 = Cn+m+2 = V P , pcm Bi 2: Cho dy s an xc nh bi 1 a1 = 0, a2 = 1, an = .[nan1 + n(n 1)an2 + (1)n1 n] + (1)n . 2
1 2 n1 Tm an + 2Cn an1 + 3Cn an2 + ... + nCn a1 .

Gii p s: 2n! (n + 1). 1 n1 t bn = an + 2Cn an1 + ... + nCn a1 . Ta tnh vi s hng u tin. Th ln lt n = 1, 2, ...8 Bng quy np ta chng minh c an = nan1 + (1)n . Tip theo ta chng minh rng bn = nbn1 + n2 n 1. Ta c:
n2

bn nbn1 =
k=1 n2

k k (k + 1).Cn ank n(k + 1)Cn 1 .ank1

n2 k (ank Cn

=
k=0

(n k )ank+1 ) =
k=0 n n n Cn x

k (1)nk (k + 1)Cn

Do

0 Cn

1 Cn x

2 2 Cn x

... + (1)

= (1 x) nn

0 1 2 2 3 n n+1 Cn x Cn x + Cn x ... + (1)n Cn x = x(1 x)n

Ly o hm 2 v v t x = 1 ta c:
0 1 n2 n1 n Cn 2Cn ... + (1)n2 (n 1)Cn + (1)n1 nCn + (1)n (n + 1)Cn =0

Suy ra
0 1 2 n2 Cn 2Cn + 3 Cn ... + (1)n1 Cn = (1)n (n2 n 1).

Nh vy ta c bn = nbn1 + n2 n 1. t cn = bn + n + 1 th c0 = 2 v cn = ncn . Bng quy np ta chng minh c cn = 2n! v suy ra rng bn = 2n! (n + 1). q 2 q n q + 1+ + ... + 1+ th Bi 3: Chng minh rng nu sn = 1 + q + q 2 + ... + q n v Sn = 1 + 1+ 2 2 2
1 1 3 C +1 n Cn +1 + Cn+1 s1 + Cn+1 s2 + ... + Cn+1 sn = 2 Sn

Gii Ch cn chng minh rng cc h s ca q k (k = 0, 1, 2, ...n) v tri v v phi ng nht bng nhau tc l: k+1 k+2 n+1 nk k k k Cn Ck + 2nk1 Ck +1 + Cn+1 + ... + Cn+1 = 2 +1 + ... + Cn ( ) Ta chng minh ( ) bng php quy np n k . Vi n k = 0 th ( ) hin nhin ng. Gi s n tha mn trong c trng hp khi hiu gia ch s trn v ch s di trong cc s hng u v cui bng N 1.Ta chng minh rng khi ( ) tha mn vi hiu cc ch s n k bng N . V tri ca ( ) c th bin i thnh dng sau

k+2 N n1 n n k k+1 k+1 k+1 k+2 k + 2(Cn + Cn + ... + Cn ) + Cn ) + Cn = Cn (Cn + Cn ) + ( Cn + Cn ) + ... + (Cn

cc h s nh thc thuc cc du ngoc v phi ca ng thc cui ny hiu cc ch s trn v di khng vt qu n (k + 1) < n k , do theo gi thit quy np ta c th bin i v trai ca ( ) thnh k k k Cn + 2(2nk1 Ck + 2nk2 + Ck +1 + ... + Cn1k ) Nhng biu thc ny chnh l v phi ca ( ) 2

Bi 4: Cho cp s cng u1 , u2 , ..., un , un+1 . Chng minh

n

k=0

uk+1 u1 + uk+1 n + 1 2k . = . k Cn 2 2n+1 k1 k

n+1

Gii Do u1 , ...un+1 l mt cp s cng nn k = 0, n c u1 + un+1 = uk+1 + unk+1

k nk = Cn k = 0, ...n nn: M Cn n

2.
k=0

uk+1 = k Cn

k=0

uk+1 unk+1 + nk k Cn Cn
n

=
k=0

uk+1 + unk+1 1 = (u1 + un+1 ). n k k Cn Cn k=0

n+1 k=1 2k k

ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh

k=0

1 k Cn

n+1 2n+1

(2)

Ta chng minh (2) bng quy np.

1

Vi n = 1:
k=0

1 k Cn

1 0 C1

1 1 C1

=2

V P (2) = 2 = V T (2) Vy vi n = 1 th (2) ng. Gi s (2) ng n n = p. Ta chng minh n ng vi n = p + 1. (p+1)! p+1 k k+1 Theo quy tc ht ta c: Cp +1 = (k+1)!(pk)! = k+1 Cp Suy ra
p+1

k Cp +1 k=0

1
0 Cp +1

1 + p+1

+k = 0

pk

1 +1 =1+ k Cp 2(p + 1)

k=0

k+1 pk+1 + k k 1 Cp Cp

Theo gi thit quy np ta c:

p

1
k Cp +1

k=0

p+2 p+1 p+2 2k =1+ . p+1 . = 1 + p+1 2(p + 1) 2 k 2 k=1

p+1

p+1

k=1

p+2 2k = p+2 k 2

p+2

k=1

2k . k

T ta c iu phi chng minh. Bi tp ngh Bi 1: Nu s 2, m

2. Th (s + 1)m

0 1 m Cs + Cs + + Cs