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APPLYING PASCAL’S

PRINCIPLE
Pressure act on a solid object:
Pressure = Normal force
area
P= F
A
 Pressure at any point in liquid acts in all
directions. Also increases with depth and
affected by gravitational force

P = hρg
At the end of the lesson, student is able to:
b. state Pascal’s principle:

d. explain hydraulic system


What happen to the
pressure that is
exerted upon an
enclosed fluid?
Stated that an external
pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted
equally to every part of the
fluid, as well as to the
enclosed wall
Photo: The brake disc on a car is the small, metal wheel just inside the silver spokes of the outer, alloy 
wheel. When you put the brakes on, a brake pad clamps onto this metal wheel to slow you down.

You’re driving along quite happily when, all of a sudden, a dog runs 
out into the road just in front of you. You have a split second to react 
to what's happened. When you stamp on the brakes, you confidently 
expect they'll bring you to stop moving in time.  How does it happen?
• Force applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an
incompressible fluid
•   a  system  of  fluid­filled  pipes  that  can  multiply  force  and  transmit  it 
easily from one place to another. 

When  your  foot  presses  the  brake  lever,  brake  fluid  squeezes  out  of  a  narrow 
cylinder, through a tube, into a much wider cylinder. 
This system, known as hydraulics, greatly increases the pushing force. 
 Hydraulic system act as a force multiplier
 How does it work?
 The input force is multiplied by a certain

factor to gain a larger output force.


 In two connected pistons, a force at the

smaller diameter piston creates a greater


force at the larger diameter piston
As the pressure is transmitted equally,
P 1 = P2

F1 F 2 F 2 A2
= =
A1 A2 F 1 A1
Output Force = Output Piston area
Input Force Input Piston area

Therefore,
F 1 A2
F2 =
A1
What are the multiplication
factors to gain a larger
output force?
1. The force, F1, applied to the
small piston
2. The ratio of the surface
areas of the pistons,
A2
A1
20 N F2

Load

Area Piston
2 cm2 X Piston Y
Area 50 cm2

Oil

A basic hydraulic system has small and large pistons with cross-sectional
areas of 2 cm2 and 50 cm2 respectively. When a force of 20 N is applied to
the small piston, it pushes down the piston by 20 cm. Calculate
(b)The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic fluid,
(c)The force acting on the large piston
(d)The magnification of the force
a) F1 = 20 N
A1 = 2 cm2 = 2x10-4 m2 F1
Pressure transmitted, P1 =
A1
20 N −2
= 100000 Nm
2 Χ10 −4 m 2
b) P 2 = P1 = 100000 Nm −2 c) Magnification of force
F2
−3
A2 = 50cm = 5 × 10 m
2 2
=
F1
= P 2 A2
500 N
Force on the large Piston, F2
= 100000 Nm −2 × 5 ×10 −3 m 2 =
20 N
= 500 N = 25times
At the end of the lesson, student is able to:
b. state Pascal’s principle:
in an enclosed fluid, an externally applied
pressure is transmitted equally to every
part of the liquid.
d. explain hydraulic system
1. What do you understand about Pascal’s
principle?

3. How does the Hydraulic system operate as


a force multiplier?
PASCAL’S
PRINCIPLE
Describe that Applied in

Pressure
Hydraulic system
Is transmitted equally
in every part of a
liquid in an And act as

Enclosed fluid
Force multiplier
 Read “the applications of Pascal’s principle
in everyday life”

 Page 187: Practice 3.4 (solve problem


involving Pascal’s principle)

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