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PRINCIPLE
Pressure act on a solid object:
Pressure = Normal force
area
P= F
A
Pressure at any point in liquid acts in all
directions. Also increases with depth and
affected by gravitational force
P = hρg
At the end of the lesson, student is able to:
b. state Pascal’s principle:
You’re driving along quite happily when, all of a sudden, a dog runs
out into the road just in front of you. You have a split second to react
to what's happened. When you stamp on the brakes, you confidently
expect they'll bring you to stop moving in time. How does it happen?
• Force applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an
incompressible fluid
• a system of fluidfilled pipes that can multiply force and transmit it
easily from one place to another.
When your foot presses the brake lever, brake fluid squeezes out of a narrow
cylinder, through a tube, into a much wider cylinder.
This system, known as hydraulics, greatly increases the pushing force.
Hydraulic system act as a force multiplier
How does it work?
The input force is multiplied by a certain
F1 F 2 F 2 A2
= =
A1 A2 F 1 A1
Output Force = Output Piston area
Input Force Input Piston area
Therefore,
F 1 A2
F2 =
A1
What are the multiplication
factors to gain a larger
output force?
1. The force, F1, applied to the
small piston
2. The ratio of the surface
areas of the pistons,
A2
A1
20 N F2
Load
Area Piston
2 cm2 X Piston Y
Area 50 cm2
Oil
A basic hydraulic system has small and large pistons with cross-sectional
areas of 2 cm2 and 50 cm2 respectively. When a force of 20 N is applied to
the small piston, it pushes down the piston by 20 cm. Calculate
(b)The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic fluid,
(c)The force acting on the large piston
(d)The magnification of the force
a) F1 = 20 N
A1 = 2 cm2 = 2x10-4 m2 F1
Pressure transmitted, P1 =
A1
20 N −2
= 100000 Nm
2 Χ10 −4 m 2
b) P 2 = P1 = 100000 Nm −2 c) Magnification of force
F2
−3
A2 = 50cm = 5 × 10 m
2 2
=
F1
= P 2 A2
500 N
Force on the large Piston, F2
= 100000 Nm −2 × 5 ×10 −3 m 2 =
20 N
= 500 N = 25times
At the end of the lesson, student is able to:
b. state Pascal’s principle:
in an enclosed fluid, an externally applied
pressure is transmitted equally to every
part of the liquid.
d. explain hydraulic system
1. What do you understand about Pascal’s
principle?
Pressure
Hydraulic system
Is transmitted equally
in every part of a
liquid in an And act as
Enclosed fluid
Force multiplier
Read “the applications of Pascal’s principle
in everyday life”