Draft

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INTRODUCTION
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A. Definition
The plumbing in a six-door cottage includes the installation of pipes, plumbing
fixtures and other apparatus necessary in the design, installation and maintenance of
plumbing. There are two pipes known as the water supply and drainage pipes in which
supply pipes convey and supply water while drainage pipes carry off the used water. The
used water is generally discharged and disposed into a common sewer or other place of
disposal in a healthy and sanitary manner.
B. Purpose
Basically, plumbing is installed for personal comfort and convenience as well as
sanitation and public health measures. It has two main objectives, which are to supply
water to different parts of the cottage and to remove and discharge human excrements
and other substances out of the cottage. That is possible if there is enough water supply
and proper plumbing installation based on the requirements enumerated by the National
Plumbing Code.
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For an effective water supply, there must be sufficient quantity of water to supply the
plumbing fixtures and the prevention of backflow of used water into the water supply
system. Backflow is the flow of water or other liquid mixture or substances into the
distributing pipes of a supply of water from any source, other than its intended source. In
other words, backflow brings danger to human health because it may contaminate the
water supply. Indeed, it is important to realize the importance of sanitation actions in the
form of an efficient and effective water supply and sewage disposal.
C. Principle
Here is a general set of principles which can be used to guide us is found in the
Recommended Minimum Requirements for Plumbing developed by the Bureau
of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. These basic plumbing principles
were written to meet the minimum sanitary requirements for all parts of the
country, after due consideration of differences in climate, building codes, and
methods of sewage disposal: All premises intended for human habitation or
occupancy shall be provided with a supply of neither pure and wholesome water,
neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor cross-connected through
plumbing fixtures to the drainage system. If such premises abut on a street in
which there is a public sewer, they shall have a connection, if possible, a separate
connection, with the sewer. Buildings in which water closets and other plumbing
fixtures exist shall be provided with a supply of water adequate in volume and
pressure for flushing purposes by pipes of sufficient size to supply such water
without reducing pressure at other fixtures. Plumbing systems shall be
maintained in a sanitary condition and will be designed and constructed to guard
against fouling and clogging, but with adequate and accessible cleanouts in case,
such stoppages should occur. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth, non-
absorbent materials, shall be free from concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be
set free of enclosures, with each fixture or combination fixture provided with a
separate, accessible, self-scouring, reliable, water-seal trap placed as near the
fixture as possible. Drainage system piping shall be so designed and constructed
as to be proof for a reasonable life of the building against leakage of water or
drain air due to defective materials, imperfect connections, corrosion, settlements
or vibration of the ground or building, temperature changes, freezing, or other
causes. The plumbing system shall be subject to a water- or air-pressure test and
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to a final air-pressure test in such a manner as to disclose all leaks and

imperfections in the work. House drainage systems shall be so designed that there
will be an adequate circulation of air in all pipes and no danger of siphoning,
aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use. The soil stack
shall extend full size upward through the roof and have a free opening with no
danger of clogging from frost or roof water draining into it or of any air from it
passing to any window. If water closets or other fixtures exist in buildings where
no sewer is within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for
disposing of house sewage by some method of sewage treatment and disposal
satisfactory to the health authority having jurisdiction. Where backflow of
sewage is possible, provision should be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.1
The principle of proper plumbing installation must be achieved safely for the
prevention of spread of disease. The horizon of possibility in the spread of disease is so
true and of satisfactory public interest that is the reason why the National Plumbing Code
is regulated to promulgate municipal ordinances. The health and safety requirements
prescribed by the National Plumbing Code has a set of rules of the standards of design,
installation and maintenance of various plumbing fixtures and other related installation
subject to human health and sanitation.
1. Requirements
a. Drainage system. There are established requirements enumerated below
for an effective drainage system:
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www.icivilengineer.com
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That all pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other to
prevent leakage of gas and liquid. The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined
properly for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to
the septic tank. The drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout
accessible for repair in case of stopping. The drainage system must be provided
with ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no
harm to human health. That except for water closet, each fixture should be
provided with suitable trap that will prevent backflow of gases. The drainage
system must be vented to avoid siphonage or backflow to the water seal.2
Plumbing ventilation is one of the most important elements in drainage pipe
installation because it is intentionally designed to maintain a balance atmospheric
pressure to prevent the existence of trap seal loss, retardation of flow and disintegration
of plumbing materials, which may attribute to unpleasing factors that will unsatisfactorily
bring harm to us.
b. Water distribution. For health and safety purposes, it is important to plan
the water distribution so as to attain a satisfactory chemical and bacteriological quality.
This can prevent water borne diseases and other cause. The following elaborated below
must be known:
The system must be provided adequate supply of water, with adequate pressure
up to the extremities of the system. The safety and quality of the water should not
be impaired by the defects in the system. It should be provided with sufficient
valves and blow offs to allow repair work without undue interruption of service o
some areas and to allow the flushing of the system. There should be no
unprotected open reservoir or cross connections with inferior water system to
enter the distribution system. The water system should be tight against leakage.
The main and branches connection should not be submerged in surface water, or
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Fajardo, Max B. Jr. Plumbing Design and Estimate. 2nd edition, 5138 Merchandising, Philippines, 2001
6
subjected to any source of contamination. The water system detail design shall
afford effective circulation of water with minimum number of dead end mains.3
It is only through planning and knowing the essence of adequate water supply since
insufficient supply may cause defects and contamination in the system. It is necessary to
be aware of the safety precautions and be protected against leakage, which may lead to
bursting of pipe joints to ensure health and sanitation.
2. Hydraulic principle. In plumbing, pressure plays an important function in the
flow of fluids. It is the force needed for the water to move inside the pipe. It is the only
means necessary to overcome friction. There are two forms of pressure namely the static
pressure and the normal pressure. Static pressure is the pressure exerted by the water at
rest. One example of static pressure is the pressure exerted by the water at the base of a
water service pipe when the water is not moving. The water service pipe is the pipe from
the water main or other source of water supply to the cottage served. On the other hand,
normal pressure refers to the pressure range measured over a period of twenty-four
hours. Normal pressure ranges from thirty to forty pound per square inch. Lower than
this may result to insufficient flow of water supply especially during simultaneous use of
the plumbing fixtures. Whereas, water pressure greater than fifty pound per square inch
may cause undesirable pipe hammering or even breaking of pipe joints.
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Pascal’s law states that the pressure on a fluid is equal in directions and in all
parts of the container.4
Pascal’s statement can be restated in the formula given below:
F
P (1)
A
Where F= force, N
A=area, m2
Meaning to say as pressure is exerted on water inside the pipe, liquid flows of equal
part and direction towards to the cottage tank going to the distributing pipes of plumbing
fixtures located elsewhere in the cottage. The liquid runs freely or rises to the same level
in all parts of the pipe.
The pump is placed underground the cottage. It is connected to the source of water
supply, which is also laid underground along the streets where the house sewer pipe is
connected.
A pump is designed to pump or raise the water from a lower elevation in the
water supply system to a higher elevation going to the roof of the cottage of
which tank is located. The input power (Pinput) of the pump is electrical energy
and its output power (Poutput) is the flow energy. The equation given below is the
4
Gillesania, Diego T. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. GPP Gillesania Printing Press, Philippines, 2003
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energy equations with pump where  is the summation of kinetic and

potential energies:5
  HA  HL  
1 2
(2)
v12 P 1
Where å 1
=
2g
+

+ Z1 at lower elevation
v22 P 2
å 2
=
2g
+

+ Z2 at higher elevation
Equation 2 would then become the mathematical expression of Bernoulli’s theorem
in which its principles are applicable to the solution of problems in the flow of fluids:
v12 P 1 v22 P 2
+ + Z1 + HA= + + Z2 (3)
2g  2g 
v12 P 1
Where å 1
=
2g
+

+ Z1 at lower elevation
v22 P 2
å 2
=
2g
+

+ Z2 at higher elevation
HA= pump
HL= head loss due to friction
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The equation 3 means that if water is pumped to the tank, the water from the tank is
distributed to different fixtures of equal total energy plus the energy lost by friction due to
flow between them.
The flow energy of the pump would then become equation 4 where Q is the
discharge of water and γ is the specific weight of the unit volume of a fluid
flowing.6
Poutput=QγHA
(4)
A general expression for the flow of fluids can be expressed as:7
Lv2
Hf = or Q=AC√RS (5)
d2g
In which f= friction factor, depending on character of wall or conduit

g= acceleration die to gravity
l= length of pipe or conduit
d=diameter of the pipe or conduit
Hf= loss of head due to friction in conduit
C=coefficient
R=hydraulic radius of the conduit
hf
S=hydraulic gradient or S =
l
Elaborated below are certain factors included in the flow of fluids through pipes:
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7
Babbit, Harold E. Plumbing. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto, 1960
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Head loss due to friction hf, in a length of l of the conduit. The magnitude of hf is
expressed in terms of the height of a column of the fluid flowing in the conduit. The rate
of flow Q that is, the quantity of fluid passing a cross section of a conduit in a unit of
time. The velocity of flow V, that is the distance of the fluid particle travels in a unit of
time in that cross section where Q is measured. The inside diameter of the conduit d, for
circular pipes or its hydraulic radius R for shapes other that circular. The roughness of the
conduit wall expressed in various terms such as C, f, n and k and determined empirically
for particular fluids and conditions of flow. The density of the fluid, µ and the viscosity of
the fluid, ρ.8
Given below is the Hazen and Williams’s formula or the flow of water in pipes under
pressure:9
V=Cr 0.63 S 0.540.001-0.04 (6)
Where c= a coefficient depending on the roughness of the pipe

r= hydraulic radius of the pipe, ft=d/4
S=hydraulic gradient=hf/l
d=diameter of pipe, ft
V=velocity, fps
The values of c are given in table 1.
Table1: Values of coefficients10

Kind of pipe Formula Coefficient
Cast iron, 20 yrs old, V=Cr 0.63 S 0.540.001-0.04 C= 100
tuberculated
Cast iron, new tar coated V=Cr 0.63 S 0.540.001-0.04 C= 135
Cast iron, cement lined, V=Cr 0.63 S 0.540.001-0.04 C=150
centrifugal process
Cast iron new, bitumastic- V=Cr 0.63 S 0.540.001-0.04 C=155
enamel-lined
Wrought iron with new V=80.2d0.678 S0.543
coupling
Steel, riveted and welded H= KV1.9/d1.1 K=0.38 to 0.48
C= 130 to 110
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Concrete H= KV2/d1.5 K= 0.33 to 0.465

C= 145 to 115
Babbit, Harold E. Plumbing. McGraw- Hill Book Company, Toronto, 1960
PLUMBING MATERIALS
A. Underground Water Supply and Drainage Pipes
Explained below are the material used and its selected fittings used in underground
and water supply drainage pipes.
1. Cast iron pipe. Cast iron pipe have been known the most popular and generally
used material in drainage system because of its distinctive property compared to other
materials. It is durable and conveniently installed of buildings not more than twenty five
storeys high. Cast iron pipe is not advisable to use to buildings of more than twenty-five
storeys high because it may result in leaking of pipe joints.
However, cast iron pipe has its limited design. It is affected by corrosion which is
caused by the action of certain gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and methane
forming solutions of carbonic and sulfuric acids. These acids are responsible for the
rusting of its metallic material cause by the chemical reaction to take place. Cast iron pipe
is classified into two types. These are the SV type, which is generally used for building
installations and the XV type known as the extra duty pipe used for underground
installations. Cast iron pipes vary in different designs and purposes classified as the
standard pipe, single hub pipe, double hub pipe and hubless pipe.
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The standard pipe which is used for a well-fitted hub and spigot connections. The
single hub pipe which is recommended with the length of the pipe needed is more
than 150cm long wherein cutting is not necessary. The double hub pipe which is
preferred when a piece of pipe needed is more than 150cm long. When pipe is
cut, both ends has hub to serve as joint connector. The hubless pipe which is
used in lieu of the single hub to do away with caulking of joints. It is cheaper and
easily connected using a neoprene rubber sleeves.11
Refer to the figures shown below fort the four varieties of cast iron pipe:12
Figure 1: Single Hub Pipe
Figure 2: Double Hub Pipe
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12
13
Figure 3: Hubless Pipe
Figure 4: Standard Pipe

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Each varying pipes and its recommended uses are applicable in determining the type
of pipe that is appropriate in a given length of cast iron pipe required to connect the
plumbing installation. They serve, as a reference on what type of pipe shall be used.
2. Fittings.
There are three types of end which are standard to cast iron pipe and fittings.
These are known as the bell-and-spigot, flanged and screwed. Bell-and-spigot
ends are used principally or underground work and in buildings where there is
ample space for the larger dimensions of the fittings and for caulking operations.
Flanged ends are used within buildings where space is limited. The pipe sections
being held together by bolts, sometimes with gaskets between the flanges and
sometimes with watertight machine-faced flanges. Threaded or screwed ends are
used in small pipes in general practice, although they are available in pipes up to
8 and 10in. in diameter. Flanged fittings and threaded fittings are more expensive
than bell-and-spigot. They require more accurate cutting and fitting and they lack
the adaptability of bell-and-spigot pipe to the slight changes in dimension or
direction that are sometimes met in installation. When properly fitted however,
they are easier to handle and they can be installed more quickly than bell-and-
spigot ends. The use of any fitting other than standard may be costly and time
consuming in design, manufacture and installation. Therefore, the use of non-
standard fittings should be avoided and ingenuity exercised.13
For the bell-and-spigot end fittings, refer to the following figures shown below:14
Figure 5: Sanitary Branch
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15
2in 3in 4in 5in 6in 8in 3x2 4x2 4x3 5x2 5x3 5x4
A 10.6 13.1 15 16.3 17.5 21.9 11.9 12.5 13.8 12.5 13.8 15
B 13.1 16.9 18 20 21.3 25.3 16.3 17.5 18.1 18.8 19.4 20
C 26.3 31.9 35 37.5 40 51.3 29.4 30 32.5 30 32.5 35
D 20 25 27.5 30 32.5 42.5 22.5 25 22.5 25 25 27.5
E 6 10 11.3 12.5 13.8 16.6 10 11.3 11.3 12.5 12.5 12.5
Table 2: Dimensions of Sanitary Branch

Fajardo, Max B. Jr. Plumbing Design and Estimate. 2nd edition, 5138 Merchandising,
Philippines, 2001
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Figure 6: Long Sweep
Table 3: Dimensions of Long Sweep

2in 3in 4in 5in 6in 8in
A 6.9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.3
B 26.9 29.4 31.3 32.5 33.8 37.8
C 27.5 30 32.5 33.8 35 41.3
Philippines, 2001
Figure 7: Single Y branches
Table 4: Dimensions of Single Y branches

2in 3in 4in 5in 6in 8in 3x2 4x2 4x3 5x2 5x3
A 16.3 20.7 24.4 27.5 30.6 38.3 18.9 20.9 22.7 22.2 24.1
B 26.3 33.1 37.5 41.3 45 57.5 29.4 30 33.8 30 33.8
C 20 26.3 30 33.8 37.5 48.8 25.5 22.5 26.3 22.5 26.3
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D 10 13.8 16.9 20
23.1 29.5 12.5 14.4 14.6 16.3 17.5
0
Philippines, 2001
For the flanged end fittings, refer to the following figures shown below:15
Figure 8: Reducing Short Tee Wye
Table 5: Dimensions of Reducing Short Tee Wye (mm)

30x3 50x3 50x3 63x3 63x3 63x5 75x3 75x5 100x3 100x50
2 6 8 2 8 0 8 0 8
A 109 111 123 128 128 138 127 144 145 145
B 69 70 75 81 81 92 83 91 102 102
C 69 67 72 75 75 78 73 81 84 84
nd
Fajardo, Max B. Jr. Plumbing Design and Estimate. 2 edition, 5138 Merchandising,
Philippines, 2001
15
18
For the screwed end fittings, refer to the following figures shown below:16
Figure 9: Reducer
Table 6: Dimensions of Reducer

3x2 4x2 4x3 5x2 5x3 5x4 6x2 6x3 6x4 6x4 8x2
A 9.4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11.3
B 11.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 15
C 18.1 18.1 18.4 18.8 19.4 19.9 18.8 19.4 20 20 21.3
nd
Philippines, 2001
B. Water supply within the cottage
Elaborated below are the material used and its chosen fittings for water supply pipe
within the cottage:
1. Plastic Pipe. Plastic pipe is a product of innovation, which is recently developed in
the field of plumbing. It has acquired worldwide acceptance after it has proven itself to be
superior in water supply and drainage pipes.

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According to Dick Demske: Many codes have not been updated since the days
when plastic was still in the test tube stage, and therefore do not make any
mention of the type of plastic piping that are in widespread use today… Building
authorities have a reputation for hard headedness and it is not unknown for them
to require the tearing down of installation that does not conform to their codes.17
Basically, there are two types of plastic pipes. These are classified as the rigid type
and the flexible type. One of the many pipes of rigid pipe which is commonly seen in
plumbing installation inside the served cottage is the polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Enumerated below are advantages of plastic pipes:
Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion. Water conveyed by plastic
pipe has no pipe tastes. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the buildup
of scale, rust and foreign material that often impedes flow through metallic pipes.
There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has a minimum resistance to flow.
PVC pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the metal pipe. They are easily and
quickly installed through solvent cementing. Plastic pipes are cast in longer
length and easy to cut as well as to install. PVC pipe can be connected to existing
metal pipe using a threaded adapter. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical
use in recommended strengths around the home. No special tools are needed for
installing PVC except a ruler to measure and a saw to cut.18
Despite the superiority of plastic pipes over others, not all plastic pipes that are being
sold and available in the market are appropriate for plumbing installation. Reputable
manufacturers honestly said that other plastic pipe ate doubtful for plumbing use since
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18
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most of the plastic pipes are produced from synthetic resins, which means that the
chemistry of plastic pipe is confusing and that the finished product could appear in great
forms, varieties and colors. Furthermore, they must not be exposed at higher temperature
because they tend to have low strength, which may result in cracking. Therefore, the
customers must be aware of certain extension brought by the plastic pipe.
2. Fittings. Shown below are selected fittings for water supply within the cottage:19
Figure 10: 90 o Threaded Elbow
Table 7: Dimensions of 90oThreaded Elbow

a b A B C D
20 13 30 27 11 14
25 20 35 33 14 17
32 25 45 39 17 22
nd
Philippines, 2001
Figure 11: 90o Threaded Tees
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21
Table 8: Dimensions of 90o Threaded Tees

a b A B C D
20 13 30 27 11 14
25 20 35 33 14 17
nd
Philippines, 2001
Figure 12: 90o Elbow

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Table 9: Dimensions of 90o Elbow

a A B C
20 26.5 27 11
25 32.5 33 14
32 40 39 17
40 49 49 23
50 60.5 59 28
63 75 72 34
nd
Philippines, 2001
C. Trap
A trap is scientifically designed for the purpose of prevention of backflow gases
coming from the sewage system passing into the outlet of the fixture that may affect
human health. A trap must be self-cleansing. It must allow the passage of liquid carrying
solids in suspension without maintaining the solid inside the trap and becoming clogged.
In other words, it must be provided with an opening between suspensions of the water
seal trap in case of clogging of solid substance. Water seal is a column of water that is
maintained inside the trap. The requirements of a perfect trap are enumerated below:
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It must be able to pass used water freely without mechanical aid. It must be able
to prevent passage of sewer air either direction whether sewage is flowing or not.
It must be self-cleansing. It must have a preferably not less than 2-in deep. It
must be strong and proof against leakage from it of gas or liquid. It must have no
mechanical or moving parts. It should be provided with a clean out or other
means of access to interior in the event of chokage. The cover must be gastight
and watertight. It must have no recesses, cavities or pockets that cannot be
scoured by the flow of sewage through the trap. It must have no internal
projections to catch and hold hair, lint, bits of matches, etc. but must have a
smooth inner surface every part of which is automatically scoured by the flow of
sewage through the trap. It must have no washers, gaskets or packing on the
sewer side of the seal that may decay and cause sewage or sewer air leakage.
Where necessary, it must be back-vented. It must not have concealed partitions,
tubes or other invisible parts if defects in construction might permit sewer air to
enter into the house.20
The National Plumbing Code on traps provides that: “Every trap shall be self-
cleansing. Traps for bathtubs, lavatories, sinks and other similar fixtures shall be
of either lead, brass, cast iron, galvanized, porcelain or enameled inside or
plastic. Each fixture shall b separately trapped by a water sealed trap placed as
possible to the fixture except that a set of similar fixture consisting of not more
than three wash basins, or a set of three laundry trays or a set of three sinks may
connect may connect with a single trap but in no case shall the waste from
bathtub or other fixture discharge into a water closet trap. No fixture shall be
double trapped.”21
PLUMBING DESIGN
A. Design Procedures
Enumerated below are the procedures in the design of plumbing work and the
preparation of plumbing drawings:
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21
24
Count the plumbing fixtures and estimate the following: sizes of house sewers,
size of water services, size of gas service and hot water load (Tank size and
necessary makeup). Determine if sump pumps or ejector pumps are required.
Determine if constant-pressure booster pumps or gravity or pneumatic tanks are
required. Note the presence or absence of sufficient slop sinks, fixtures for the
handicapped and drinking fountains or water coolers and check any lack with the
architect. Notify the electrical project engineer of the electrical requirements of
the plumbing work. Check with the HVAC and electrical project engineers
regarding space conditions for risers, fire hose cabinets and for required
machinery room space. Check the structural drawings for space conditions
affecting the plumbing work. Obtain minimum ceiling heights from the
architectural drawings or architect and check to see that the plumbing work clears
these heights. Note lack of proper pipe stacks and wall thickness for the
plumbing work and check this lack with the architect. In general, piping should
be run as direct as possible. However except for piping buried underground, all
piping should be run parallel to and at right angles to the walls, partitions, etc.
and should be neatly grouped in parallel lines. Note piping rising with a storey as
“rise”. Note that rising to the storey should be noted as “drop”. Dropping to the
storey should be noted as “at ceiling” when exposed and as “in ceiling below” as
required. All information received from or given to the architect, owner, local
authorities, etc. either in person or in telephone, should be immediately conform
to the memorandum wit copies sent t individuals involved. When attending
project meetings, detailed notes should be taken at all items of discussion
pertaining either the meeting, a memorandum should be written conforming the
details discussed to a copy sent to the others present at the meeting. After a
project has been scheduled and started, the project engineer should record the
memorandum the involved (man days) and any resultant delay in completion, and
have this memorandum approved before proceeding with the work involved.22
B. Plumbing Layout
Roughing-in refers to actual installation. The roughing-in process in the plumbing
pipes proceeds simultaneously with the erection of the structural parts of the cottage.
Therefore the walls and floors must be completed first before the installation of pipes.
Roughing-in includes the placement of connections of pipes, fittings and fixtures from
the connection of the house sewer in the underground at the top of the vent stack
22
Church, James G. Practical Plumbing Design Guide. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1979
25
extending through the roof and all water lines but not connected to fixtures. Plumbing
work that is completely roughed-in is ready for fixtures.
Basically, the first step in plumbing installation is the connection of the house
service pipeline with the underground spring water and also of the house sewer line with
the public sewer. Water hangers for plumbing stacks are then placed to support the
vertical main of a system of soil or waste pipe in the cottage. Soil pipe differs from
waste pipe in the way they receive and convey discharges of liquid and solid substances.
Soil pipe carries human waste coming from the water closet whereas waste pipe does not
receive discharges from water closet but from other fixtures only.
After the installation of supports, water supply and drainage are then placed
simultaneously followed by the branching pipe following closely on the erection of riser
pipes and stacks. Branching pipes are horizontal pipes that serve the fixtures while riser
pipes are the vertical supply pipes, which extend upward from the floor to the next.
Lastly, plumbing fixtures are installed after flooring and plastering is completed.
The plumbing plan for the six-door cottage is shown below with its corresponding
plumping specifications, symbols and schematic diagram.

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Figure 13: Perspective of the Six-Door Cottage.

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Figure 14: Plumbing Plan
PLUMBING FIXTURES
28
Plumbing fixtures are installed receptacles, which are supplied with sufficient water
and receive all discharges water or wastewater into the drainage system. It comes in
varieties of style. It must be selected with dependable quality since they take a lot of
abuse, yet expected to remain adequate and sufficient for years.
A. Lavatory
A lavatory is a hollow vessel with running water, which is primarily used in washing
our faces and hands. It is connected with a waste pipe for draining the wastewater inside
the lavatory. The elevation sides are nearly sloping side for easy escape of water in the
drainage pipe. It is available in a variety of forms. It comes as rounded, square, oval,
rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular shapes. Shown below is a rectangular lavatory
installed inside the cottage.

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Figure 15: Rectangular Lavatory23
The discharge pattern of a lavatory is dependent on the length, diameter and

slope of the fixture drain, on the type of stack fitting used, on the type and
diameter of the trap, on the side and shape of the lavatory and on the volume of
water in the lavatory.24
Wyly and Hints from the tests at the National Bureau of Standards found that the
average rate of flow from lavatories and bathtubs could express fairly well by
this formula:25
q= 4.33A√h (7)
23
24
Manas, Vincent T. National Plumbing Code Hamdbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Edition,
Toronto,1957
25
Manas, Vincent T. National Plumbing Code Hamdbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Edition,
Toronto,1957
30
Where q= rate of discharge, gpm

A= effective area of the outlet orifice, in2
h= vertical distance from water surface to level of overflow connection, in.
B. Water Closet
Water closet is a plumbing fixture, which is used to carry human excrements to the
drainage system. Water closets are known with different names according to its design,
quality, shape and color. With respect to its quality, it must flush down organic wastes
quietly and completely. It must function effectively and efficiently and must maintain
large amount of standing water inside the bowl to avoid fouling odors and contamination.
The figure as shown below is known as the Siphon Vortex water closet installed inside
the cottage.
Figure 16: Siphon Vortex Water Closet26
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www.icivilenginer.com
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The Siphon Vortex water closet has the following characteristics:
Although it is acceptably expensive type of water closet bowl, yet, proven to be

less noisy and very efficient in its performance. The flushing action of the siphon
vortex water closet is through a whirlpool motion of water inside the bowl,
followed by a flush down of the liquid and waste completely. Siphon vortex
retains a large amount of standing water covering almost the entire interior
surface of the bowl. Considering the large amount of standing water retained
inside the bowl, it is very sanitary and easy to clean.27
C. Shower
A shower is another plumbing fixture installed inside the cottage. It is named as
shower because it has an overhead nozzle that sprays water down on our bodies. It is
where customers bath themselves with sufficient supply of water.
27
32
Figure 17: Shower28
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
The plumbing system generally includes the water supply and drainage system. It
further explains the function of water supply distributing pipes, soil pipe, house drain and
house sewer.
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33
A. Water Supply System
The water supply consists of the water service pipe, water-distributing pipes, and
other necessary connection pipes and fittings to the cottage being served. Water service
pipe is connected underground to the spring water.
Water is the heart in plumbing because without its existence, there will be no
plumbing installation at all. The water conveyed must be exercised with extreme
precautions of organic matter, which includes the animal and human wastes since the
source of water supply in the cottage is from underground spring water.
Spring water, is nothing more than a very shallow well with water, taken from a
water stratum composed of cervical limestone, sand or gravel, lying a few meters
below the earth. Contrary to common belief, spring water is not always free from
contamination. Indeed, it is uncertain to conclude that spring water is protected
from surface water contamination by impervious formation of the soil. Therefore
extreme precautions should be exercised in developing water intended for
drinking and household use.29
The fissure wherein the spring water will flow should be enclosed completely
with a reservoir of concrete, tile, steel or other impervious materials under the
following considerations: The depth of the reservoir walls shall penetrate
downward the impervious formations beneath the water producing stratum. The
reservoir cover shall be insect proof, free from dust and rainwater. A manhole of
the raised curving type, with overlapping cover on its edges terminating in a
downward direction, shall be provided with facilities for locking. The reservoir
should be disinfected with a chlorine solution, and then flushed thoroughly prior
to the submitting of samples for laboratory test. Water from the spring reservoir,
shall be declared safe only after the result of bacteriological test. 30
29
30
34
Shown below is a summarized presentation in the flow of water from the underground
spring water to the water supply distribution.
Figure 18: Flow of Water
In water supply distribution, friction is defined as the resistance between the

molecules of water. It can be minimized under the following conditions: All the
water pipes should be installed straight and direct as possible. The use of turns,
offsets and traps should be minimized. Pipes with plain and smooth surface
should be used. The use of fittings, stops and other devices connected to the
distribution lines should be minimized. All fittings and joints must be connected
properly.31
B. Water Drainage System
31
35
The drainage system includes all piping that conveys wastewater to the established
point of disposal. The principal of design of drainage pipes is not similar from the
principle of water supply pipes that functions under pressure greater than atmospheric
and that may freely flow from a lower to a higher elevation.
The materials for drainage system must be chosen rightfully with respect with the
strength, durability and the capacity to resist the corrosive circumstances of wastes
discharged into them. Since cast iron pipe is the selected material in the underground
water drainage system, it should not be exposed to acid wastes and hot water. The
presence of heat is eligible enough to increase the rapidity of the evaporation of water
from traps which may caused the undesirable odors to take place and the alternate
contraction and expansion of pipes which may loosen joints that has been sealed water
tight and air tight.
The requirements for a drainage system can be summarized as follows: It must

carry the wastewater rapidly away from the fixtures. The passage of air, odors or
vermin from the sewer into the building must be prevented. The drainage pipes
must be gastight, airtight and watertight. The pipes must be durable and well
installed that slight movements of the building or of the pipe will not cause
leakage.32
1. Soil Pipe. A soil pipe is a drainage pipe that receives and conveys human wastes
coming from the water closet.
The National Plumbing Code on soil pipe provides: That, at least one of the
vertical stacks in the plumbing system must extend full size through the roof for
the following purposes: To ventilate and dispose the sewer gas above the roof, to
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36
prevent siphoning of the water trap seal by force of suction and to prevent the
possibility of back pressure which may force the water seal off the fixture trap.
Any structure with a house drain installed must have at least one soil; stack or
stack vent, extended full size above the roof not less than 75mm diameter or the
size of the drain whichever is smaller. As a greater rule, vent stack must be
extended and terminate through the roof of the building. When the roof is to be
used other than protection from the elements of weather, the vent stack should b
extended no less than 2m above the roof.33
The Plumbing code on soil pipe installation provides that: the soil pipe shall be
properly concealed or embedded in columns, walls or partitions and installed
prior to the construction of plumbing. The entire installations in building such as
the location of fixtures, thickness of the partitions, location of doors and
windows, drop ceiling, electrical layout and outlets and their relations with each
other shall be considered in the pre planning stages prior to the rough-in work.
The soil branch that will directly receive waste from water closet shall b short
and direct as practicable. Soil pipe joints shall be tight and free from liquid or gas
leak. Installation workmanship shall be strictly in accordance with the standard
practice o the trade involved. Soil pipes not embedded in concrete wall, columns
or partitions shall be anchored rigidly by means of metal hangers. The changes
from vertical to horizontal directions shall be done by using: ¼ bend, long sweep
¼ bend, two ⅛ bend and combination of Y and ⅛ bend.34
2. House drain. House drain is that portion of the horizontal piping of the drainage
system of a cottage into which all the soil and waste pipes whether vertical or horizontal
is ultimately discharged. This house drain is laid outside the cottage foundation wall
where it connects the house sewer.
On house drain, the plumbing code provides that: No water closet shall discharge
into a drain less than 75mm or 3in. pipe diameter. No more than two water
closets shall discharge into any 75mm horizontal soil branch, house drain or
house sewer.35
33
34
35
37
On house drain cleanout, the National Plumbing Code provides that: The house
drain shall be provided with adequate number of cleanouts to prevent breaking of
the floor, in case of drain stoppage. The location of the cleanout depends upon
the good judgment of the plumber where it is accessible in case of line trouble.
Any branch of the house drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture shall e
provided with 100mm diameter pipe extended at least 2in. above the floor
inserted in a 45◦ Y branch in the direction of the drain flow. The cleanout shall be
equipped with threaded screw cover provided with a raised head that could be
removed easily with a wrench. A cleanout extended above the floor shall not be
utilized as a floor drain. The trap of a floor drain shall be placed not more than
50cm below the finished floor line to facilitate cleaning in case of line trouble. A
cleanout shall be installed at every 20m-interval distance and also at the base of
all soil and waste stack.36
3. House Sewer. House sewer is that portion of horizontal piping of the drainage
system of a cottage, which connects the house drain and public sewer. The house sewer
serves as a continuation of the main drain to the point where the house drain piping ends
to its connection into the sewer. This is connected with the main water by a small hole
using any form of boring instrument.
General conditions in installing sewer pipes: Secure permits from the sewerage
authority. Verify the depth of the house drain outlet. Determine the depth of the
connection with the main sewer in the street and the grade of the house sewer.
The depth is found by measuring the length of the longest branch of the house
drain multiplied by the pre-planned pitch per meter. Add the required 30cm
ground covering from the top of concrete floor or 40cm of ground covering
without concrete floor. Verify the depth of the connection to be made with main
sewer. Remove the manhole cover on both ends. Measure the depth using a meter
tape or stick. The grade of the house sewer could be found through the difference
between the house sewer and the depth of the main sewer. Additional grade can
36
38
be made with the use of ⅛ bend considered as the most practical method of
establishing grade. 37
PROCESS OF INSTALLING
A. Cast iron pipe
1. Measuring length.
In measuring length of cast iron pipe, the end portion that will enter into the hub
is added to the face length of the effective distance.38
Figure 19: Face-to-Face Length
See Table 10 for the additional length in cutting cast iron pipe.
37
38
39
Table 10: Additional length in cutting cast iron pipe

Pipe Diameter Engagement Length
mm in mm in
50 2 62 6.2
75 3 68 6.8
100 4 75 7.5
125 5 75 7.5
150 6 75 7.5
nd
Philippines, 2001
The additional length is necessary in connecting cast iron pipe into the hub. It is
used for one end connection only, but if both ends are inserted into the hub, the
length should be doubled.39
2. Cutting cast iron pipe.
The procedures in cutting cast iron pipes are as follows: The chalk mark is drawn
around the pipe. The pipe is laid on sand. With the use of hammer and cold
chisel, the scored lines around the pipe is struck gently at first round then
continue striking harder all around until the pipe is cut or part off.40
Figure 20: Cutting Cast Iron Pipe
39
40
40
3. Caulking joints.
Caulking joints of cast iron pip is done through the following steps: Make sure
that the pipes to be joined are perfectly aligned with the spigot centered inside the
bell. Wrap the oakum around the spigot neck filling the space around the inner
hub. With the use of yarning iron, drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub
then, compress firmly to make a solid bed providing 20 to 25mm clearance from
the top of the bell. After packing, the joint is sealed with lead monolithically
poured around the inner hub at about 3mm above the bell then packed against the
hub by the caulking iron tamping it firmly to make a watertight seal.41
Figure 21: Caulking Cast Iron Pipe Joints
B. Plastic pipe
Elaborated below are ways in working with plastic pipes:
41
41
Measure the face-to-face distance of the fittings to be connected. Add the

engagement length before cutting the pipe. Some plastic pipes can be cut with a
sharp knife, but all can be cut with hacksaw or handsaw. A rotary pipe cutter
should not in any manner be used in cutting plastic pipes. Be sure to cut pipe
ends square or at right angle with the axis of the pipe. Work on one joint at a
time. Solvent is very quick setting and unforgiving of mistakes. Once an error is
committed, the only remedy is to cut the pipe and have it replaced. After cutting,
remove the burrs inside the pipe, ream and clean the end portion of the pipe until
smooth to allow full contact with methyl ethyl keton (MEK) or simply acetone.
However, depending upon the type of plastic being used, there is solvent that
needs no cleaning of the pipe before its application. Apply solvent cement
liberally using non-synthetic brush to the shoulder fitting and butt end of the
pipe. Insert the pipe into the fitting and give it a quarter turn or ¼ turn. The span
of time from the cement application to the quarter turning should not be more
than 30 seconds. Do not disturb the pipe for several minutes after the quarter
turn. Wait for about 24 hours before testing the line under pressure. Drying of the
cement must be far enough advances from about 15-20 hours to permit use of the
line. In the process of bending, plastic pipe is packed with sand then heated
using a flame torch or hot water. Apply pressure gently and gradually when the
pipe is soft and ready for bending. Continue bending until the desired curvature
of the pipe is arrived at. A metal spring for bending copper tube may be used to
prevent flattering of the pipe. Correction or repair of the lines may be done by
cutting the pipes at a reasonable distance from the side of the fitting then connect
with coupling or socket.42
Figure 22: Repairing Damaged Plastic Pipe
CONCLUSION
It is important to know the proper installation and follow the design procedures in
plumbing in accordance of the requirements of the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines since improper plumbing is vulnerable to human health and sanitation.

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Improper design, installation and maintenance make possible infestations by rats,
cockroaches, mosquitoes and other pests. However, their presence can be prevented by
proper precautions. Precautions to be taken may include the making of tight joints in
drainage pipes, the use of adequate seal in traps, the avoidance of standing water in the
presence of light to discourage egg-laying and the use of toxic substances in pastes and
glues on pipe coverings to kill wingless insects.

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1

The plumbing in a six-door cottage includes the installation of pipes, plumbing

disposal in a healthy and sanitary manner.

Basically, plumbing is installed for personal comfort and convenience as well as

form of an efficient and effective water supply and sewage disposal.

to a final air-pressure test in such a manner as to disclose all leaks and

prevention of spread of disease. The horizon of possibility in the spread of disease is so

is regulated to promulgate municipal ordinances. The health and safety requirements

subject to human health and sanitation.

a. Drainage system. There are established requirements enumerated below

for an effective drainage system:

Plumbing ventilation is one of the most important elements in drainage pipe

installation because it is intentionally designed to maintain a balance atmospheric

bring harm to us.

b. Water distribution. For health and safety purposes, it is important to plan

the water distribution so as to attain a satisfactory chemical and bacteriological quality.

bursting of pipe joints to ensure health and sanitation.

2. Hydraulic principle. In plumbing, pressure plays an important function in the

may cause undesirable pipe hammering or even breaking of pipe joints.

Pascal’s statement can be restated in the formula given below:

in all parts of the pipe.

energy equations with pump where  is the summation of kinetic and

Equation 2 would then become the mathematical expression of Bernoulli’s theorem

flow between them.

A general expression for the flow of fluids can be expressed as:7

In which f= friction factor, depending on character of wall or conduit

Where c= a coefficient depending on the roughness of the pipe

The values of c are given in table 1.

Table1: Values of coefficients10

Concrete H= KV2/d1.5 K= 0.33 to 0.465

A. Underground Water Supply and Drainage Pipes

and water supply drainage pipes.

storeys high because it may result in leaking of pipe joints.

Figure 1: Single Hub Pipe

Figure 2: Double Hub Pipe

Figure 3: Hubless Pipe

Figure 4: Standard Pipe

Figure 5: Sanitary Branch

Table 2: Dimensions of Sanitary Branch

Figure 6: Long Sweep

Table 3: Dimensions of Long Sweep

Figure 7: Single Y branches

Table 4: Dimensions of Single Y branches

Figure 8: Reducing Short Tee Wye

Table 5: Dimensions of Reducing Short Tee Wye (mm)

Table 6: Dimensions of Reducer

B. Water supply within the cottage

within the cottage:

1. Plastic Pipe. Plastic pipe is a product of innovation, which is recently developed in

superior in water supply and drainage pipes.

Enumerated below are advantages of plastic pipes:

customers must be aware of certain extension brought by the plastic pipe.

Figure 10: 90 o Threaded Elbow

Table 7: Dimensions of 90oThreaded Elbow

Figure 11: 90o Threaded Tees

Table 8: Dimensions of 90o Threaded Tees

Figure 12: 90o Elbow

Table 9: Dimensions of 90o Elbow

A trap is scientifically designed for the purpose of prevention of backflow gases

preparation of plumbing drawings:

Roughing-in refers to actual installation. The roughing-in process in the plumbing

work that is completely roughed-in is ready for fixtures.

plumping specifications, symbols and schematic diagram.

Figure 13: Perspective of the Six-Door Cottage.