I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

chuyn BI DNG GIO VIN CHUYN THPT

lin kt ho hc

H, thng 8 nm 2009

Chng I: L thuyt lin kt ha hc I. 1. Khi nim phn t v lin kt ha hc Phn t l phn t nh nht ca cht, mang tnh cht c trng cho cht, c th phn chia thnh cc ht nh hn trong cc phn ng ho hc v c th tn ti c lp. S kt hp gia cc nguyn t t ti trng thi bn vng hn c gi l lin kt ha hc. I.2. Cc khuynh hng hnh thnh lin kt ha hc: I.2.1. Cc khuynh hng hnh thnh lin kt - Qui tc bt t (Octet) Ni dung ca qui tc bt t: Khi tham gia vo lin kt ha hc cc nguyn t c khuynh hng dng chung electron hoc trao i t n cu trc bn ca kh him bn cnh vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng. V d: .. ..

H . +. Cl : .. .. Na . + . Cl : .. (2/8/1) (2/8/7)

H : Cl .. :

H-Cl

Na+ Cl(2/8) (2/8/8)

NaCl

I.2.2. Mt s i lng c trng cho lin kt ha hc I.2.4.1. di lin kt (d): L khong cch gia hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nhau. 0 V d: Trong phn t nc, dO-H = 0,94 A . di lin kt gia hai nguyn t A-B c th tnh gn ng bng tng bn knh ca hai nguyn t A v B H VD:

O
104028' 0,94 A
0

Gia 2 nguyn t cho trc, di lin kt gim khi bc lin kt tng Lin kt CC C=C CC E [kcal/mol] 83 143 194 D (A0) 1,54 1,34 1,2 I.2.4.2. Gc lin kt: L gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t mt ht nhn nguyn t v i qua ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t . V d: Trong phn t nc HOH = 104028 Gc lin kt ph thuc vo: +Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm + m in ca nguyn t trung tm A v phi t X: nguyn t trung tm A c m in ln s ko my ca i electron lin kt v pha n nhiu hn, hai m my ca hai lin kt m ln li gn nhau gy ra lc tng tc y lm cho ln gc lin kt tng ln. Nu phi t X c m in ln s gy tc dng ngc li. I.2.4.3. Nng lng lin kt Nng lng lin kt A-B l nng lng cn cung cp ph v hon ton lin kt A-B (thng c qui v 1 mol lin kt - kJ/mol hoc kcal/mol).
2

EH-H = 103 kcal/mol : H2 2H H = 103 kcal/mol Nng lng lin kt (nng lng phn li lin kt), v tr tuyt i, chnh bng nng lng hnh thnh lin kt nhng ngc du. Tng nng lng cc lin kt trong phn t bng nng lng phn li ca phn t . Nng lng lin kt gia 2 nguyn t tng cng bc lin kt ( n < i < ba) II. lin kt ion nh ngha lin kt ion: lin kt ion l lin kt ho hc c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in ngc du. Bn cht ca lc lin kt ion: l lc ht tnh in. ln ca lc lin kt ion (F) ph thuc vo tr s in tch ca cation (q1) v anion (q2) v bn knh ion ca chng ln lt l r1 v r2. q .q F ~ 1 2 2 ( r = r1 + r2 ) r Khi lc lin kt ion cng ln th lin kt ion cng bn, nng lng mng li ion cng ln v lin kt ion kh b phn li, mng li ion cng kh b ph v, cc hp cht ion cng kh nng chy, kh b ho tan trong dung mi phn cc hn. II.3. Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh lin kt ion. - Nng lng ion ho. - i lc vi electron - Nng lng mng li. II.3.1. Nng lng ion ho. a) Khi nim: Nng lng ion ho l nng lng cn thit tch mt electron ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn (trng thi khng kch thch) to ra cation trng thi kh. M + I1 M+ + 1e M+ + I2 M2+ + 1e 2+ M + I3 M3+ + 1e ...... M(n - 1)+ + In Mn+ + 1e Cc gi tr I1, I2, I3,, In l nng lng ion ho th nht, th 2, th 3, v th n. b) Qui lut: + I1 < I2 < I3 << In + Nhng nguyn t c nng lng ion ho cng nh cng d bin thnh ion dng. II.3.2. i lc vi electron. a) Khi nim: i lc i vi electron l nng lng ta ra (hay thu vo) khi mt nguyn t kt hp vi electron tr thnh ion m. X + 1e X - + A1 ( A1: l i lc i vi electron th nht.) b) Qui lut: i lc i vi electron ca mt nguyn t cng ln th nguyn t cng d chuyn thnh ion m. II.3.3. Nng lng mng li. a) Khi nim: Nng lng mng li l nng lng to ra khi cc ion kt hp vi nhau to thnh mng li tinh th. b) Qui lut: Nng lng mng li cng ln th hp cht ion c to nn cng bn.
3

Tm li: Kim loi cng d nhng electron, phi kim cng d nhn electron, cc ion c to thnh ht nhau cng mnh th cng thun li cho s to thnh lin kt ion. III. Lin kt cng ha tr III.1. L thuyt phi c hc lng t ( Thuyt electron ha tr Lewis Langmuir) III.1.1. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr. Khi hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr, cc nguyn t c khuynh hng dng chung cc cp electron t cu trc bn ca kh him gn k ( vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng). Cc cp electron dng chung c th do s gp chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt (cng ha tr thng thng) hoc ch do mt nguyn t b ra (cng ha tr phi tr). S electron gp chung ca mt nguyn t thng bng 8 - n (n: s th t ca nhm nguyn t). Khi ht kh nng gp chung, lin kt vi cc nguyn t cn li c hnh thnh bng cp electron do mt nguyn t b ra (thng l nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in nh hn). V d: Cng thc Cng Cng thc cu to .. thc phn t electron .. H2O H H-O-H .. :O:..H SO2 :O::.. S: ..O: O= SO III.2. L thuyt c hc lng t III.2.1. Thuyt VB (Valent Bond - Lin kt ha tr) III.2.1.1. Cc lun im c s ca thuyt VB Mt cch gn ng, coi cu to e ca nguyn t vn c bo ton khi hnh thnh phn t t nguyn t, ngha l trong phn t vn c s chuyn ng ca e trong AO. Tuy nhin khi 2 AO ha tr ca hai nguyn t xen ph nhau to lin kt ha hc th vng xen ph l chung cho hai nguyn t. Mi mt lin kt ha hc gia hai nguyn t c m bo bi 2 e c spin i song m trong trng hp chung, trc khi tham gia lin kt, mi e l e c thn trong 1 AO ha tr ca mt nguyn t. Mi lin kt ha hc c to thnh l mt lin kt 2 tm (2 nguyn t). Lin kt khng th hnh thnh t 1 e (thiu e) hoc t 3e tr ln (tnh bo ha ca lin kt cng ha tr). S xen ph gia 2 AO c 2e ca 2 nguyn t cng mnh th lin kt c to ra cng bn (nguyn l xen ph cc i). Lin kt ha hc c phn b theo phng c kh nng ln v s xen ph 2 AO (thuyt ha tr nh hng). III.2.1.2. Thuyt VB v s hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt gia hai nguyn t cng bn nu mc xen ph ca cc obitan cng ln, nh vy s xen ph ca cc obitan tun theo nguyn l xen ph cc i: lin kt c phn b theo phng no m mc xen ph cc obitan lin kt c gi tr cc i 2 2 6 2 5 Vd: 1H 1s1 17Cl 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
4

H2 HCl Cl2

H:H H :Cl Cl : Cl

HH H Cl Cl Cl

HH

H
Cl

Cl
Cl

III.2.1.3. Thuyt VB v vn ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t (ha tr nguyn t) bng s lin kt m nguyn t c th to c vi cc nguyn t khc. V d: Trong CO2 (O= C =O) nguyn t C v O ln lt c ha tr bng 4 v 2 Theo thuyt VB, to c mt lin kt cng ha tr, nguyn t s dng mt e c thn ca chng. Nh vy, c th ni rng cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng s e c thn ca nguyn t dng tham gia lin kt. Cng theo thuyt VB, khi tham gia lin kt cc nguyn t c th b kch thch. S kch thch ny c nh hng n cu hnh e ca nguyn t, cc e cp i c th tch ra v chim c cc AO cn trng trong cng mt lp. Nh vy s e c thn ca nguyn t c th thay i v cng ha tr ca nguyn t c th c gi tr khc nhau trong nhng hp cht khc nhau (Bng 2). VD1: Cng ha tr ca S trong H2S l 2 ; SO2 l 4 ; H2SO4 l 6 VD2: Cng ha tr ca Clo trong HClO l 1; HClO2 l 3 ; HClO3 l 5; HClO4 l 7 Bng 2: S e c thn c th c ca cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh Nhm IIA Cu hnh electron ha tr

ns2 X* ns2 np1 X* ns2 np2 X* ns2 np3 X*

S e- c thn 2

IIIA

1, 3

IVA

2, 4

VA T chu k 3

3, 5

VIA T chu k 3

ns2 np4 X* X**

2,4, 6

VIIA T chu k 3

ns2 np5 X* X** X***

1, 3, 5, 7

III.2.1.5. Bc lin kt Bc lin kt l s lin kt cng ha tr (s cp electron chung) gia hai nguyn t. a) Lin kt bc mt (lin kt n): ch c mt lin kt cng ha tr gia 2 nguyn t . VD: H-H ; H- Cl b) Lin kt bc 2 (lin kt i): c 2 lin kt cng ha tr gia 2 nguyn t VD: O= C =O c) Lin kt bc ba (lin kt ba): c 3 lin kt cng ha tr gia 2 nguyn t VD: N N ; H- C C - H , Cc lin kt i v lin kt ba cn c gi chung l lin kt bi. Khi s electron chung cng ln, lc ht tnh in gia electron vi ht nhn ca hai nguyn t cng mnh, bn lin kt tng cn khong cch gia hai tm nguyn t gim. Do vy khi bc lin kt cng ln th nng lng lin kt cng ln v di lin kt cng nh. VD: Lin kt: C-C C=C CC E (kcal/mol): 83 143 194 0 dC-C ( A ) : 1,54 1,34 1,2 III.2.1.6. Lin kt xichma ( ) v lin kt pi ( ). a) Lin kt xichma () : l loi lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh bng phng php xen ph ng trc cc obitan nguyn t, vng xen ph nm trn trc lin kt. Lin kt c cc loi s-s , s-p , p-p ,

s s

Lin kt thng bn, do c vng xen ph ln v cc nguyn t c th quay t do xung quanh trc lin kt m khng ph v lin kt ny. b) Lin kt : L loi lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh bng phng php xen ph song song trc cc obitan nguyn t, vng xen ph nm hai pha so vi trc lin kt. Lin kt c cc loi p-p , p-d ,

Lin kt km bn do c vng xen ph nh v cc nguyn t khng th quay t do xung quanh trc lin kt m khng ph v lin kt ny.
z z z z

y x x y

p-p

p-d

Lin kt n lun l lin kt , lin kt i gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt , lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt . III.2.1.7. Lin kt cng ho tr cho-nhn (lin kt phi tr). a) nh ngha: Lin kt cng ho tr cho - nhn l lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung ch do mt nguyn t cung cp gi l nguyn t cho, nguyn t cn li l nguyn t nhn. VD:
H H H O N O hay N O N + H+ H H H N H + H + N H O H

hay

b) iu kin to ra lin kt cho nhn: - Nguyn t cho phi c lp v e bo ho v cn t nht mt cp e t do (cha tham gia lin kt) c bn knh nh, m in tng i ln. - Nguyn t nhn phi c obitan trng. III.2.1.8. S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t. Thuyt lai ha cho rng mt s AO c mc nng lng gn bng nhau khi tham gia lin kt c xu hng t hp vi nhau to ra cc AO lai ha c nng lng thp hn, lin kt hnh thnh bi s xen ph cc AO lai ha s bn vng hn. S obitan lai ha to thnh bng s obitan nguyn t tham gia lai ha v cc obitan lai ha to ra c nng lng tng ng. (bng 2) Bng 3: Mt s c im phn t K hiu S lai ha Phn b khng gian ca cc obitan lai ha

sp sp
2

p s p s p s d p s d p s

sp sp
2

1800 1200

ng thng Tam gic

sp3

sp

109028 T din

sp d
3

sp d

sp3d2

sp3d2

Lng thp y tam gic Bt din

Ngi ta cng d on kiu lai ha ca nguyn t trn l thuyt: s obitan lai ho bng tng s lin kt m nguyn t to ra v s cp electron t do ca nguyn t (H). Gi tr ca n tnh c bng 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 tng ng vi cc trng thi lai ha sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2. V d: H-O-H , HO = 2+2 = 4 O lai ha sp3 O=S O , HS = 2+1 = 3 S lai ha sp2 ; O=C=O , HC = 2+0 = 2 C lai ha sp Di y l mt s v d v s hnh thnh phn t trn c s kt hp thuyt VB v thuyt lai ha cc obitan nguyn t : CH4 (C lai ha sp3) CH2 = CH2 (C lai ha sp2) CH CH (C lai ha sp)
H

........................

H
H H

........................ ........................ H H ........................ ........................

H ........................

III.1.2.11. Mt s tnh cht ca phn t 1- M hnh s y gia cc i electron v ha tr - Qui c: Trong phn t c cng thc AXnEm th A l nguyn t trung tm, X l phi t, n l ch s cho bit s phi t, E l i e ring, m l ch s cho bit s i e ring - Mi my electron chim mt khong khng gian nht nh. Hnh dng ca phn t ph thuc vo khong khng gian chim bi cc my
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electron v ha tr ca A hay hnh dng phn t ph thuc vo s phn b cc i electron hay cc my electron v ha tr ca nguyn t trung tm A - Ni dung m hnh s y cc i electron v ha tr: Cc i (hay cp electron trong v ha tr c phn b cch nhau ti mc xa nht c th c (hay cc i electron trong v ha tr y nhau ra xa ti mc c th c) lc y gia chng mc thp nht - i electron ring ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t trung tmA. Cn i e lin kt chu tc dng ht ca c hai ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt l A v X. Do i electron ring ca my electron chim khong khng gian rng hn khong khng gian chim bi my electron ca i electron lin kt 2- Hnh dng mt s phn t 1. Trng hp AXn (n = 2 6) Nguyn t trung tm A c t 2 n 6 cp electron lin kt to vi phi t X, A khng c i electron ring + Khi n = 2 : hai i e lin kt c phn b trn ng thng phn t c dng ng thng, gc lin kt 1800 VD: BeH2 : H - Be - H + Khi n = 3: ba i electron ny c phn b trn mt phng hng v 3 nh ca tam gic u phn t c hnh tam gic u, gc lin kt 1200 VD: BF3, AlCl3,.... F | Be F F

+ Khi n= 4: 4 i electron hng v 4 nh ca t din u, A tm phn t c hnh t din u, gc lin kt bng 109,50 VD: CH4; NH4+ + Khi n = 5: 5 i electron c phn b trn 5 nh ca lng thp tam gic Phn t hnh lng thp tam gic C 3 i electron nm trn mt phng tam gic u, tm ca tam gic l ht nhn ca A. Ba i e ny to 3 lin kt ngang, gc lin kt 1200 Cn li 2 i e nm trn ng thng vung gc vi tam gic ti tm A to 2 lin kt trc. di lin kt ngang < lin kt trc v i e trn lin kt trc chu t ng tc y ca 3 i e ngang, gc tng tc 900 lc y ln di lin kt ln, cn i e trn lin kt ngang chu tng tc y ca 2 i e trc, 2 i e ngang cn li nhng tng tc y ca 2 i e ngang l yu v gc tng tc l ln 120 0 lc y yu hn di lin kt nh hn. VD: PCl5

+ Khi n = 6: c 6 i e c phn b trn bt din u. Cc gc lin kt nh nhau (900)nn di lin kt nh nhau v lc y tng h ca cc i e l nh nhau phn t hnh bt din u VD: SF6 2) Trng hp AXnEm: ngoi phi t nguyn t trung tm A c i e ring Cn lu n s khng tng ng gia i e lin kt vi i e ring ny + AX2E: i e ring c my e chim khong khng gian rng hn i electron lin kt nn 3 nguyn t X A X khng cn nm trn cng 1 ng thng nh trong AX2, phn t c gc: gc XAX < 1200 .. A X X + AX3E: Phn t hnh thp tam gic, gc lin kt < gc ca t din u (109,50) VD: NH3; cc amin + AX2E2: C 2 i e ring nn khc vi AX4 v AX3E m phn t c gc, do tng tc y ca 2 i e ring gc lin kt < 109,50. VD: H2O + AXE3: Phn t thng. VD: cc HX + AX4E, AX3E2, AX2E3: xt t trng hp AX5 My e ngang to vi my e trc gc 90 0, gia cc my e ngang to vi nhau gc 1200 nn nu c i e ring th i e ring ny s phn b trn mt phng tam gic v khi lc y tng h gia i e ring vi cc i e lin kt l nh nht Vy ta c th c cc dng hnh ca cc trng hp trn nh sau - AX4E: hnh ci bp bnh, do s y ca i e ring mnh nn gc ca lin kt trc v lin kt ngang < 900, gc lin kt ngang vi lin kt ngang < 1200 VD: SF4, - AX3E2: 2 i electron ring nm trn mt phng tam gic phn t hnh ch T, gc lin kt ca lin kt ngang v lin kt trc < 900 VD: ClF3, HClO2 - AX2E3: 3 i e ring u phn b trn 1 mt phng, 2 i e lin kt nm trn trc vung gc vi mt phng phn t c dng ng thng VD: ClF2, HOCl + AX5E, AX4E2, .....: xut pht t hnh dng ca phn t AX6 - AX5E: 4 i e lin kt phn b trong mt phng hnh vung, 1 i e trn trc, i e khng lin kt nm trn trc cn li. Do i e khng lin kt chim khong khng gian ln nn gc lin kt gia lin kt trc vi lin kt ngang < 900, di lin kt trc < di lin kt ngang ( lin kt trc b y yu hn so vi lin kt ngang) VD: BrF5 - AX4E2: lc y l nh nht th 2 i e ring phi phn b sao cho gc y l ln nht hai i e ring nm trn trc vung gc vi mt phng cha 4 i e lin kt cn li phn t vung phng
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VD: XeF4 Bng di y l mt s m hnh cu trc hnh hc ca phn t ng Ch Tam Thp T Lng thp Vun Thp Bt thng V gic tam din y tam g vung din phng gic gic phn g

* Mi loi lai ha c kh nng to ra mt hay mt s cu trc no : Lai ha sp: To cu trc ng thng (nh trong cc phn t BeH2, ZnCl2, CO2, C2H2, ).
H
2

Lai ha sp : To cu trc ch V( nh trong cc phn t SO2, O3, ), tam gic phng (nh trong cc phn t v ion: BF 3, SO3, HNO3, C2H4, NO3-, CO32).
O S O O H O N+ O-

Lai ha sp3: To cu trc ch V (nh trong cc phn t H2O, H2S, ), thp tam gic (nh NH3, H3O+, ) v t din (nh trong cc phn t v ion: CH4, CCl4, NH4+, PO43-, SO42-, ClO4-, ).
H O H H H H N H H H C H

Lai ha sp3d: To cu trc thng (nh XeF2), ch T (nh ClF3), lng thp tam gic (nh trong phn t PCl5,).
Cl Cl F Xe F F Cl F
3 2

F Cl

P Cl

Cl

Lai ha sp d : To cu trc vung phng (nh trong phn t XeF4, ), thp vung (nh trong phn t BrF5 ) v cu trc bt din (nh: SF6, AlF63-, SiF62-)
F Xe F F F F F F Br F F F F S F F F F

b) S phn cc ca phn t

11

 Lng cc in: Lng cc in l mt h gm hai in -q tch +q v -q cch nhau mt khong cch l. Lng cc in l c trng bng i lng momen lng cc vi nh ngha momen lng cc bng tch ca in tch q v cch tay +q n l. = l.q lng cc in Trong h SI momen lng cc c tnh bng Cm (coulomb.met). Vi phn t do momen lng cc c gi tr nh nn ngi ta thng tnh theo D (Debye) vi qui c : 1 1D = .10-29 Cm 3 Lng cc lin kt: mi lin kt ion hoc lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l mt lng cc in v c mt momen lng cc xc nh c gi l momen lng cc lin kt. Lin kt phn cc cng mnh th momen lng cc cng ln. V d: HF HCl HBr HI Lin kt H F H Cl H Br H I (D) 1,83 1,08 0,82 0,44 Lng cc phn t: Trong vic kho st lng cc phn t, ngi ta tha nhn thuc tnh cng tnh ca momen lng cc lin kt v coi momen lng cc ca phn t l tng vect cc momen lng cc lin kt. V d: Vi phn t CO2 : O=C=O =0 Vi phn t H2O : 0 ( = 1,84D) Vic kho st momen lng cc phn t l mt thng s cn thit cho vic nghin cu tnh cht ca lin kt (khi cng ln, tnh ion ca lin kt cng mnh), cu trc hnh hc ca phn t cng nh cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca mt cht. c) T tnh ca phn t Cht thun t: Cht thun t l nhng cht b ht bi nam chm. V mt cu to, phn t ca cc cht ny c e cha ghp i ( e c thn). V d: NO2 l mt cht thun t do trong cu to cn mt e c thn trn nguyn t N : O = N O Cht nghch t: Cht nghch t l nhng cht b y bi nam chm. V mt cu to, phn t ca cht ny khng c e c thn. IV. Lin kt kim loi IV.1. nh ngha: Lin kt kim loi l lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do cc electron t do gn kt cc ion dng kim loi trong mang tinh th kim loi hay trong kim loi lng. Bn cht ca lc lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion (+) kim loi.

12

IV.2 . Mt s kiu mng tinh th kim loi. IV.2.1. Mng lp phng n gin: - nh khi lp phng l cc nguyn t kim loi hay ion dng kim loi; S phi tr = 6. IV.2.2. Mng lp phng tm khi: - nh v tm khi hp lp phng l nguyn t hay ion dng kim loi; S phi tr = 8. IV.2.3. Mng lp phng tm din - nh v tm cc mt ca khi hp lp phng l cc nguyn t hoc ion dng kim loi; S phi tr = 12. IV.2. 4. Mng su phng c kht (mng lc phng): - Khi lng tr lc gic gm 3 mng c s. Mi mng c s l mt khi hp hnh thoi. Cc nh v tm khi hp hnh thoi l nguyn t hay ion kim loi; - S phi tr = 12.

IV.3. nh hng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi Do cu trc c bit ca mng tinh th kim loi m cc kim loi rn c nhng tnh cht vt l chung: tnh dn in, tnh dn nhit, tnh do, nh kim. Cc tnh cht vt l chung u do electron t do trong kim loi gy ra. Ngoi ra c im ca lin kt kim loi: Mt nguyn t (hay c kht), mt electron t do, in tch ca cation kim loi cng nh hng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh: cng, nhit nng chy, nhit si, t khi. IV.4. c kht ca mng tinh th, khi lng ring ca kim loi. IV.4.1. c kht ca mng tinh th a) Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi

a a 2 a 3 =4r S qu cu trong mt c s : 1 + 8. 1/8 = 2

13

Tng th tch qu cu

Th tch ca mt c s

4 2. .r 3 3 a3

4 3 3 2. .(a ) 4 =3 68% a3

b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm din

a a a 2 = 4.r
S qu cu trong mt c s : 6. 1/2 + 8. 1/8 = 4 4 4 2 3 4. .r 3 Tng th tch qu cu 4. .( a ) 3 3 4 = 74% = = Th tch ca mt c s a3 a3 c) Mng tinh th lc phng cht kht S qu cu trong mt c s: 4. 1/6 + 4. 1/12 + 1 = 2 4 4 a 2. .r 3 2. .( )3 Tng th tch qu cu 3 3 2 = 74% = = 3 2a. 6 Th tch ca mt c s a.a . a3 2 2 2
a a 6 3 a 3 2

2a 6 b= 3

a a

cs

a a =2.r

IV.4.2. Khi lng ring ca kim loi a) Cng thc tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi 3.M .P D= (*) 4 r 3 .N A M : Khi lng kim loi (g) ; NA: S Avogaro P : c kht (mng lp phng tm khi P = 68%; mng lp phng tm din, lc phng cht kht P = 74%) r : Bn knh nguyn t (cm) b) p dng: V d 1: Tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th Ni, bit Ni kt tinh theo mng 0 tinh th lp phng tm mt v bn knh ca Ni l 1,24 A .
14

a a a 2 = 4.r

0 4r 4.1, 24 = = 3, 507( A) ; P = 0,74 2 2 Khi lng ring ca Ni: 3.58, 7.0, 74 =9,04 (g/cm3) 4.3,14.(1, 24.108 )3 .6, 02.1023

a=

V d 2: Xc nh khi lng ring Kim loi Nguyn t khi (v.C) 0 Bn knh nguyn t ( A ) Mng tinh th c kht Khi lng ring l thuyt (g/cm3) Khi lng ring thc nghim (g/cm3)

ca Na, Mg, K Na Mg 22,99 24,31 1,89 1,6 Lptk Lpck 0,68 0,74 0,919 1,742 0,97 1,74

Al 26,98 1,43 Lptm 0,74 2,708 2,7

V. Lin kt hiro V.1. Khi nim - Lin kt hyro l lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in yu gia mt nguyn t hyro linh ng vi mt nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, mang in tch m ca phn t khc hoc trong cng phn t.

VD H O H H

O H O H H

H O C

O H O

V.2. Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro. - Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro l lc ht tnh in. - Lin kt hiro thuc loi lin kt yu, c nng lng lin kt vo khong 1040 kJ/mol, yu hn nhiu so vi lin kt cng ha tr m nng lng lin kt vo khong v trm n vi ngn kJ/mol, nhng li gy nn nhng nh hng quan trng ln tnh cht vt l (nh nhit si v tnh tan trong nc) cng nh tnh cht ha hc (nh tnh axit) ca nhiu cht hu c.
1 X H ... : Y V.3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hyr. + X phi c m in cao, bn knh nguyn t phi tng i nh( O, N, F) + Y: c t nht mt cp e cha s dng, c r nh (O, N, F) - C 2 loi lin kt H

15

+ Lin kt H gia cc phn t ( lin kt H lin phn t) VD: R

C th c loi lin kt H lin phn t to thnh vng khp kn (dng ime) rt bn rt kh tch nhau ra ngay c khi bay hi
1

+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c X H v :

to thnh c vng 5-6 cnh ( thng th vng 5 cnh bn hn)

Y v chng phi tng i gn nhau khi hnh thnh lin kt H

H2C O H CH2 O H

VD

OH
;

C O O H

Trong phn t c lin kt H ni phn t: ngoi ra cn c lin kt H lin phn t nhng v cng kh khn v n to ra lin kt H ni phn t d dng hn v bn hn lin kt H lin phn t b) nh hng ca lin kt H +) nh hng n si, nhit nng chy - Lin kt hyro lin phn t lm tng nhit nng chy, nhit si, sc cng b mt v kh nng ho tan vo nc ca cht. - Cc cht c lin kt hyro ni phn t s gim kh nng to lin kt hyro lin phn t, lm gim nhit nng chy, nhit si, kh nng ho lng so vi hp cht c khi lng phn t tng ng nhng c lin kt hyro lin phn t. O H O O H O VD C C H
O O H (II)

(I)

(II) c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn(I). +) nh hng n tan: Xt nh hng ca lin kt H gia phn t v dung mi - Nu c lin kt H gia phn t hp cht v dung mi th tan ln - Nhng cht c kh nng to lin kt H ni phn t d tan trong dung mi khng phn cc, kh tan trong dung mi phn cc hn so vi nhng cht c lin kt H lin phn t VD: Do c lin kt hyro nn H2O, NH3, HF c nhit si cao hn cc hp cht c khi lng phn t tng ng(hoc ln hn) nhng khng c lin kt

16

hyro nh H2S, HBr, HI... Lin kt hyro ca C2H5OH vi H2O lm cho ru etylic tan v hn trong nc.

... O - H ... O - H ...O - H ... ... H- O ... H C2H5 H ... O - H C 2H 5 C2H5

+) nh hng n bn ca ng phn VD: Hin tng ng phn tautome:

CH CH3 C C CH3 || || O - H ... O

CH3 C CH2 C CH3 || || O O

+) nh hng n tnh axit baz - Ngoi ra lin kt hyro cn nh hng n kh nng cho v nhn proton(H+), tc nh hng n tnh axit-baz ca cht. VD: HF to lin kt hyro mnh trong dung dch nn tnh axit ca HF gim mnh so vi cc axit HCl, HBr, HI. VI. lin kt Vanecvan (Lin kt phn t) VI.1. nh ngha: Lin kt Vanecvan l lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in rt yu gia cc phn t phn cc thng trc hay phn cc tm thi. Lc lin kt Vanecvan hnh thnh gia tp hp ca cc cht rn, lng, kh. VI.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti lc lin kt Vanecvan. ln ca lc lin kt Vanecvan ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: (K hiu F l lc lin kt vanecvan): - phn cc ca phn t cng tng th F tng. - Khong cch gia cc phn t cng gim th F cng tng. - Khi lng phn t cng tng th F cng tng. VI.2.1. Tng tc Vanecvan gm : - Tng tc lng cc : l tng tc tnh in gia cc phn t phn cc. Tng tc lng lc tng khi phn cc ca phn t tng. - Tng tc cm ng : Kh nng lm phn cc ho ln nhau ca cc phn t. Cc hp cht c cha lin kt linh ng, cha cc cp electron ho tr t do, cc hp cht thm l nhng cht d b phn cc ho, nn tng tc cm ng gia chng kh mnh. - Tng tc khuych tn : Tng tc ny ph thuc vo kch thc phn t v lc ht gia cc phn t. Cc phn t c kch thc cng nh, cng c tnh i xng cao v c cu trc tng ng nhau th cng d khuych tn vo nhau (d tan vo nhau nu c mt cht lng). VI.2.2. nh hng ca lc ht Vanecvan n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht :

17

- Tng t nh hng ca lin kt hyro nhng yu hn : Tng tc Vanecvan cng mnh th cht c nhit nng chy, nhit si cng cao, cng d ho lng, tan vo nhau ng k. V d : SO2 c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn CO2, do : MSO2 = 64 > MCO2 = 44 Phn t SO2 phn cc, phn t CO2 khng phn cc

> 0

O O

2 +

= 0

O=C=O

Do vy lc lin kt Vanecvan gia cc phn t SO 2 ln hn gia cc phn t CO2 lm cho nhit si ca SO2 cao hn CO2. Chng II: bi tp V lin kt ha hc I. Cu to phn t v lin kt ha hc: Bi 1. Hy cho bit kiu lai ho ca cc nguyn t v loi lin kt (, ) trong cc hp cht sau: Cl CH2 CH = O ; CH2= CH C N ; CH2= C = O Bi 2. Axit 3-aminobenzoic c cu to nh hnh v bn. Hy xc nh ho tr v s oxiho ca tt c cc nguyn t v trng thi lai ho ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cng thc cho v gii thch. Bi 3. Cho phn t: ClF3 hy: - Vit cng thc cu to; Cho bit kiu lai ho trong phn t; M t hnh dng phn t. Cho: ( phn cc) ca phn t l O,55 D ; gc lin kt FClF = 870 . Gii thch Bi 4. phn ly nhit (tnh theo %) 1000 K ca cc halogen: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 % 4,3 0,035 0,23 2,8 Hy nu quy lut chung ca s bin thin phn ly nhit, gii thch s bt thng v phn ly nhit t F2 n Cl2 Bi 5. Cho cc tr s gc lin kt trong phn t PX3: 100,30; 97,80; 101,50; 1020 v cc gc lin kt IPI; FPF ; ClPCl ; BrPBr . Hy gn tr s cho mi gc lin kt v gii thch. Bi 6. a) Ti sao trong cc phn t H2O,NH3 cc gc lin kt HOH (104,290) v HNH (1070) li nh hn gc t din (1090,28) ? b) Xt 2 phn t H2O v H2S ti sao gc HSH (92015) li nh hn HOH 0 (104 29) c) Xt 2 phn t H2O v F2O ti sao gc FOF (103015) li nh hn HOH 0 (104 29) Bi 7. Cho cc phn t: Cl2O ; O3 ; SO2 ; NO2 ; CO2 v cc tr s gc lin kt: 1200 ; 1110 ; 1320 ; 116,50 ; 1800. Hy ghi gi tr gc lin kt trn cho ph hp vi cc phn t tng ng v gii thch (ngn gn)

18

Bi 8. Mt trong ba cht hu c sau: ortho-diclobenzen ; meta-diclobenzen ; para-iclobenzen c momen lng cc bng 1,53 D. Hy ch r l cht no? c gii thch, bit rng mnclobenzen c momen lng cc l 1,53D). Bi 9. C 5 cht hu c vi cc gi tr mmen lng cc tng ng nh sau: Cht hu A B C D E c 0,0 1,89 1,97 1,71 2,13 (D) Bit A, B, C, D, E thuc trong cc cht sau: cis - CHCl = CHCl ; cis - CH3 CH = CH Cl ; trans - CHCl = CHCl; trans - CH3CH = CHCl v trans - CH3 CH = CH COOH . Hy ch r A,B,C,D,E l nhng cht no? gii thch. Bi 10. Gii thch ti sao : nhit thng, lu hunh c tnh tr v ha hc nhng khi un nng th hot ng ha hc tng ? Bi 11. Trong phn t HCHO c 2 gc lin kt l 1160 v 1220. Hy cho bit l gc no? Gii thch. Bi 12: Cho 3 phn t SCl2, F2O, Cl2O vi cc tr s gc o c bng 1110, 1030, 1050. Hi l nhng gc no? Gii thch. Bi 13. Gii thch ti sao CCl4 l hp cht tr, khng b thu phn trong H2O, cn SiCl4 li b thu phn rt mnh trong H2O. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Bi 14. M t cu trc cc phn t N(CH3)3 v N(SiH3)3. So snh gc lin kt CNC vi SiNSi. So snh tnh baz gia 2 hp cht trn. Bi 15. Hp cht A c tng s electron trong phn t = 100. A c to thnh t 2 phi kim thuc cc chu k nh v thuc 2 nhm khc nhau. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A, bit rng tng s nguyn t cc nguyn t trong A l 6. M t cu to phn t A (hnh dng, kiu lin kt). Xc nh trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm hnh dng phn t Bi 16. V sao nc li nh hn nc lng? Hng dn : Xc nh v mng tinh th ca nc c hnh thnh nh th no, loi lin kt trong tinh th nc so vi nc lng t so snh th tch ca cng mt lng nc khi lng ring Bi 17. Momen lng cc ca lin kt C Cl bng 1,6D. Triclo- benzen C6H3Cl3 c momen lng cc = 0. Hy ch r cu to ca ng phn ny? Nu cu to ca ng phn C6H3Cl3 c momen lng cc ln nht v tnh momen . Bi 18. Axit Flohydric l mt axit yu nht trong cc axit HX nhng li to c mui axit cn cc axit khc th khng c kh nng ny ? Bi19. Bo v Nhm l hai nguyn t k nhau phn nhm IIIA. ti sao c phn t Al2Cl6 nhng khng c phn t B2Cl6 ? Bi 20. C 3 hidrocacbon: C2H6 ; C2H4 ; C2H2 . Ngi ta ghi c cc s liu sau: - V gc ho tr (gc lin kt) : 1200 ; 1800 ; 1090 . - V di lin kt: 1,05 ; 1,07 ; 1,09 ; 1,200 ; 1,340 ; 1,540 . - m in ca nguyn t cacbon : 2,5 ; 2,69 ; 2,75 . Hy in cc gi tr ph hp vi tng hidrocacbon theo bng sau: Hidrocacbo Kiu Gc ho m in
19

di lin

di lin

n CH3-CH3 CH2 = CH2 CHCH

lai ho

tr

ca nguyn t cacbon

kt C-C ( A )

kt C-H ( A )

Hng dn : Trng thi lai ho cng nh m in cng ln di lin kt cng nh Bi 21. Vit cu trc Lewis ca NO2 v nu dng hnh hc ca n. D on dng hnh hc ca ion NO2- v ion NO2+. So snh hnh dng ca 2 ion vi NO2. Bi 22. Nng lng lin kt ca BF3 = 646 kJ/mol cn ca NF3 ch = 280 kJ/mol. Gii thch s khc bit v nng lng lin kt ny. Bi 23. im si ca NF3 = 1290C cn ca NH3 = 330C. Amoniac tc dng nh mt baz Lewis cn NF3 th khng. Momen lng cc ca NH3= 1,46D ln hn nhiu so vi momen lng cc ca NF3 = 0,24D mc d m in ca F ln hn nhiu so vi H. Hy gii thch. Bi 24. Ti sao c cc phn t BF3, BCl3, BBr3 nhng khng c phn t BH3? Bi 25. Nhm clorua khi ho tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi nhit khng qu cao th tn ti dng ime (Al2Cl6). nhit cao (7000C) ime b phn li thnh monome (AlCl3). Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t ime v monome; Cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t ; M t cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t . Bi 26. Phn t HF v phn t H 2O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn bng nhau (HF =1,91 D, H 2O = 1,84 D, MHF = 20, MH2O = 18); nhng nhit nng chy ca hiroflorua l 83 0C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca nc l 00C, hy gii thch v sao? Bi 27: Khi nghin cu cu trc ca PCl5(r), PBr5(r) trng thi tinh th bng tia X ngi ta thy: a) PCl5 gm cc ion [PCl4]+; [PCl6] phn b trong tinh th. b) PBr5 gm cc ion [PBr4]+; Br . Hy cho bit cu trc khng gian ca cc phn t v gii thch ti sao c s khc nhau trn? Bi 29. Dng cu trc ca ion SO32 gii thch kh nng phn ng: 2Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4. v Na2SO3 + S Na2S2O3. Bi 30. Khuynh hng dime ha AlX3 v MCl3 thay i th no khi chuyn t F n I v khi chuyn t Al n In. Bi 31. Hy v r rng dng hnh hc ca 3 anion [NiCl4]2-,[PtCl6]2-,[PdCl4]2-v cu trc ca phn t Pd(NH3)2Cl2. Ghi ng k hiu lp th v gii thch. Bi 32. Bng thc nghim ngi ta xc nh c gi tr momen lng cc ca phn t H2S l 1,09D v ca lin kt S H l 2,61.1030 C.m. Hy xc nh: a) Gc lin kt HSH .

20

b) ion ca lin kt S H , bit rng di lin kt S H l 1,33 . Cho 1D = 3,33. 1030C.m. Gi s ca cp electron khng chia ca S l khng ng k. u u u u r u u u r Bi 33. Xc nh momen lng cc (D) Cl v NO2 trong cc dn xut th 2 u r ln ca nhn benzen sau: 1,2 dinitrobenzen ( = 6,6 D); 1,3 u r u r u r diclobenzen ( = 1,5 D); para nitrToluen ( = 4,4 D); nitrobenzen ( = 4,2 D). II.1..4.1. Lin kt ion Bi 34. M t s chuyn dch electron t nguyn t liti sang nguyn t flo to thnh hp cht litiflorua theo ba cch: a) Theo cu hnh electron. b) Theo s obitan (cc lng t) c) Theo k hiu Liuyt. Bi 35:. M t s to thnh ion Na+ v O2- t cc nguyn t theo s obitan v k hiu Liuyt. Xc nh cng thc ca hp cht ? Bi 3: M t kiu lin kt trong cc hp cht CaO, CaCl 2, Ca(OH)2, NaClO3, Na2SO3. Bi 36 a) Nng lng to thnh mng li ion (gi tt l nng lng mng li, k hiu Hml ) l g ? - Nng lng phn li mng li ion l g ? - Quan h gia hai i lng trn ? b) Nhng yu t no nh hng n Hml ? c) Hml nh hng n nhng tnh cht no ca cc tinh th ion ? Bi 37:. 1)D on xem hp cht no sau y c nhit nng chy cao hn, ha tan trong nc nhiu hn ? V sao ? a) NaCl v RbCl b) CsCl v NaCl c) NaI hay LiF d) CsI hay CsBr 2) on xem nhit nng chy ca cht no sau y cao hn: a) MgO v BaO b) NaCl v MgCl2 III.1.4.2. Lin kt cng ha tr Bi 38. Vit cng thc electron (theo s Liuyt) ca cc phn t v ion sau: a) Amoniac NH3 b) Fomanehit H2CO c) Ion hipoclorit Ocld) Ion nitroni NO2+ - Da vo quy tc no vit nhng cng thc ? Bi 39. Vit cng thc ca cc phn t v ion sau theo s Liuyt: a) Cl2, N2 b) H2S, SO2, SO3, H2O, CO, HCN c) NH4+, NO+ d) NO2-, NO3-, CO32-, SO32-, PO43-, SO42-, ClO2-, ClO3-, ClO4Bi 40.Xt lin kt cacbon-oxi trong fomalehit H2CO v trong cacbon monoxit CO. - Trong phn t no lin kt cacbon-oxi ngn hn ? - Trong phn t no lin kt cacbon-oxi bn hn ? V sao ? Bi 41. So snh lin kt nit - nitr trong hirazin H 2NNH2 v trong kh ci N2O. - Trong phn t no lin kt nit - nit ngn hn ?
21

- Trong phn t no lin kt nit - nit bn hn ? V sao ? HD: Lin kt nit-nit trong hirazin l lin kt n, cn lin kt nit-nit trong kh ci N2O l lin kt ba nn lin kt nit-nit trong phn t hirazin ngn hn v km bn hn trong lin kt nit-nit N2O. Bi 42. a) So snh lin kt v lin kt . b) Ti sao nng lng lin kt i C = C (614 kJ/mol) khng lp gp i nng lng lin kt n C C (347 kJ/mol) v ti sao nng lng lin kt ba C C li khng ln gp ba ? Bi 43. Da vo cng thc Liuyt v nng lng lin kt, hy : a) Tnh nhit ca phn ng t chy metan (CH4) ? b) Tnh nhit ca phn ng clo ha metan to thnh CHCl3 ? Bi 44. Da vo nng lng lin kt, hy tnh nhit ca cc phn ng sau: a) N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k) b) C2H4 (k) + HBr (k) C2H5Br (k) Bi 45. Bng cch dng mt lung photon vi bc sng xc nh, cc nh bc hc c th phn li khi hiro ioua (HI) thnh cc nguyn t. Khi HI b phn li, cc nguyn t H chuyn ng nhanh hn cn cc nguyn t I tng i nng nn chuyn ng chm hn. a) Hi bc sng di nht l bao nhiu (tnh theo nm) c th phn li c mt phn t HI ? b) Nu dng mt photon c bc sng l 254 nm th nng lng d (tnh theo J) l bao nhiu so vi nng lng cn thit phn li ? c) Nu nguyn t H nhn ton b nng lng d nh l ng nng th tc ca n l bao nhiu (theo m/s). Cho bit: - Nng lng phn li H-I l 295 kJ/mol - Khi lng ca nguyn t H l 1,66.10-27 kg. Bi 46. Cc nh ha hc dng laze pht ra nh sng c nng lng xc nh ph v lin kt ha hc. a) Hi mt photon phi c nng lng ti thiu v tn s l bao nhiu phn li mt phn t Cl2 ? b) Ngi ta cho rng giai on u tin trong qu trnh ph hy tng ozon trn tng bnh lu do cht clorofloro cacbon (CCl2F2) cng nghip gy ra l s phn li lin kt C-Cl bi nh sng. Hi mt photon phi c bc sng di nht l bao nhiu mi c th gy ra s phn li ? Cho bit: - Nng lng phn li Cl Cl l 243kJ/mol. - Nng lng phn li C Cl l 339 kJ/mol.
H N H N H H

Bi 47. a) C th tn ti cc phn t sau y hay khng ? Gii thch ? SF6, Cl7F, ClF3 b) Gii thch v sao trong dy cc hp cht HF, HCl, HBr, HI nhit si v nhit nng chy ca HF cao hn HCl v tng dn theo th t HCl, HBr, HI. III.1.5. Dng hnh hc ca phn t :
22

Bi 48. a) Gc lin kt l g ? b) Trong phn t nc H2O, di lin kt O-H bng 0,96.10 -10m v gc HOH bng 104,50. Tnh khong cch gia hai nguyn t H (theo nm) ? Bi 49. a) Cn c vo nguyn tc no xc nh dng hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion n gin. b) Trn thc t thng gp nhng dng no ? c) D on dng hnh hc ca mt s phn t v ion sau: - BeCl2, CO2, CS2, HCN, C2H2. - NH3, PH3, H3O+, PF3. - BF3, CH2O, NO3-, CO32-. - H2O, SO2, SCl2, OF2 - CH4, NH4+, SO42-, PO43-. d) Hy nu mt s bc cn tin hnh xc nh dng hnh hc ca cc phn t trn. e) Nhn xt v mi lin h gia s nhm electron xung quanh nguyn t trung tm v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t nu trong phn c. Bi 50. Trong phn t amoniac NH3, di lin kt l ca cc lin kt N - H bng 100 pm. Gc lin kt HNH bng 107 0. Tnh khong cch gia hai nguyn t hiro (theo pm). Bi 51. a) Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong H2S, BeH2 v SO2. b) Hy cho bit dng hnh hc ca NH4+, PCl5, NH3, SF6 bng hnh v. Xc nh trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm. Bi 52. Hy cho bit dng hnh hc phn t ca SO 2 v CO2. T so snh nhit si v ha tan trong nc ca chng. Bi 53. So snh v gii thch: a) Gc ONO trong cc phn t NO2; KNO2; NO2Cl b) Gc FBF, HNH, FNF trong cc phn t BF3; NH3; NF3. Bi 54. Clotriflorua (ClF3) l tc nhn flo ha rt mnh c dng tch urani ra khi cc sn phm khc c trong thanh nhin liu ht nhn qua s dng. a) Vit cu trc chm Liuyt ca ClF3. b) Da trn thuyt lin kt ha tr hy v cc dng hnh hc phn t c th c ca ClF3. c) M t r dng hnh hc phn t tn ti trong thc t ca ClF 3, gii thch v sao n tn ti dng ny. d) Tnh dn in ca ClF3 lng ch hi thp hn nc. Tnh cht ny c gii thch l do s t ion ha ca ClF3 to ion ClF2+ v ClF4-. V v m t cu trc ph hp tng ng ca hai ion ny. III.1.5.2. S lai ha cc obitan Bi 55. a) Th no l s lai ha cc obitan nguyn t ? b) C my kiu lai ha ? Bi 56. Trong trng hp no th xy ra s lai ha sp, sp 2, sp3 ? Khi mt nguyn t lai ha theo kiu sp, sp2, sp3 cn bao nhiu obitan p thun tu (tc l khng lai ha) trong nguyn t ? C th to thnh bao nhiu lin kt ? Bi 57. M t s to thnh cc phn t sau theo thuyt lai ha: BeF2, HCN, BCl3, H2CO, SiCl4, NH3, H2O, SCl2
23

Bi 58. C nhng kiu lai ha no xy ra trong phn t axit axetic CH3COOH ? Bi 59. a) Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong H2S, BeH2 v SO2. Bi 60 V cng thc Liyt ca phn t O3, bit gc lin kt khong 119 0C v di cc lin kt nh nhau. Hi nguyn t oxi trung tm thuc loi lai ha g ? Bi 61. a) M t dng hnh hc phn t, trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t: IF5, XeF4, Be(CH3)2. b) So snh ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t sau y. Gii thch. PI 3, PCl5, PBr3, PF3. Bi 62. Ngy nay, ngi ta c lp c mt s hp cht ca cc nguyn t kh him nh Kripton v Xenon. a) Dng thuyt lin kt ha tr, d on hnh hc phn t c th c ca XeF2 v XeF4. b) S oxi ha ca Xe trong mi hp cht trn l bao nhiu ? Ta d on chng phn ng nh mt cht oxi ha hay cht kh ? Bi 63. Da vo l thuyt lai ha cc obitan, hy gii thch s to thnh cc ion v phn t: [Co(NH3)6]3+ , [MnCl4]2- , [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]. III.1.6. S phn cc lin kt. Phn t phn cc v khng phn cc Bi 64. B m in ca C trong C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 tng ng bng 2,48; 2,75; 3,29. Hy sp xp ba cht trn theo th t gim dn phn cc ca lin kt CH; ly v d phn ng ho hc minh ha v dng cc s liu trn gii thch s sp xp . Bi 65. Trong mi cp lin kt nu sau y, hy nu r lin kt no phn cc hn v dng mi tn ch chiu ca s phn cc (t dng sang m) mi lin kt. a) C O v C N b) P O v P S c) P H v P N d) B H v B I HD: Da vo hiu m in ca cc nguyn t to thnh lin kt. Hiu m in cng ln th phn cc ca lin kt cng ln. Trong lin kt A B ; gi s A >B th = A - B ; cng ln th lin kt A B cng phn cc, theo chiu AB Bi 66. Phn t sau y l acrolein, mt cht u iu ch mt s cht plastic.
H H C H C H C O ..

..

a) Trong phn t, nhng lin kt no phn cc ? Nhng lin kt no khng phn cc ? b) Lin kt no phn cc nht trong phn t ? Bi 67. Cho cc phn t sau: a) CO2 b) H2O c) NH3 d) NF3 - Phn t no c lin kt phn cc nht ? - Phn t no phn cc ? Khng phn cc ? V sao ? Bi 68. Phn t no sau y phn cc ? Khng phn cc ? V sao ? a) BF3 b) HBF3 c) CH4 d) CH3Cl e) CH2Cl2 f) CHCl3 g) CCl4
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Bi 6. Cht icloroetilen (cng thc phn t l C2H2Cl2) c ba ng phn k hiu l X, Y, Z. - Cht X khng phn cc, cn cht Z phn cc. - Cht X v cht Z kt hp vi hiro cho cng sn phm. C2H2Cl2 (X hoc Z) + H2 ClCH2 CH2Cl a) Vit cng thc cu to ca X, Y, Z. b) Cht Y c momen lng cc khng ? Bi 69. init iflo, l phn t v c bn c ni i N = N. Cht ny tn ti di hai dng ng phn l cis v trans. a) D on gc lin kt trong phn t ca hai dng ng phn trn ? b) D on xem dng no phn cc ? Khng phn cc ? Bi 70. Clo triflorua l mt trong nhng cht hot ng nht ngi ta bit. N phn ng mnh lit vi nhiu cht c coi l tr v c dng ch to bom chy trong chin tranh th gii th II. N c iu ch bng cch un nng Cl2 v F2 trong thng kn. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng th hin phn ng iu ch ClF3 t Cl2 v F2. b) Nu trn 0,71g Cl2 vi 1,00g F2 th thu c ti a bao nhiu gam ClF3 c) Vit cng thc Liuyt ca phn t ClF3. d) Bit rng phn t ClF3 phn cc, d kin hnh dng ca phn t ? Bi 71. Gia cis icloroetilen v trans icloroetilen, cht no c nhit si ln hn? V sao ?
H C Cl C Cl Cl H H C C H Cl

dng cis ( 0)

dng trans ( = 0)

Bi 72. Cc cht no sau y c lin kt hiro ? a) C2H6 b) CH3OH c) CH3 CO NH2 Nu cht no c lin kt hiro, v lin kt hiro gia hai phn t. Bi 73. C nhng lc tc dng no gia cc phn t trong mi trng hp sau v sp xp cc tng tc theo chiu mnh dn. a) CH4 CH4 (lng) b) H2O CH3OH c) LiCl H2O Bi 74. Cc cht sau y cht no c nhit si ln hn: a) CH3NH2 v CH3F b) PH3 v NH3 c) LiCl v HCl Bi 75. Sp xp cc cht sau y theo chiu tng nhit si : H2S, H2O, CH4, H2, KBr Bi 76. Cho cc s liu ca NH3 v NF3 nh sau: NH3 NF3 Momen lng cc Nhit si 1,46D -330C 0,24D -1290C

Gii thch s khc nhau v momen lng cc v nhit si ca hai phn t trn.
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III.1.7. Tinh th kim loi Bi 77. ng (Cu) kt tinh c dng tinh th lp phng tm din. 0 a) Tnh cnh lp phng a( A ) ca mng tinh th v khong cch ngn nht gia hai tm ca hai nguyn t ng trong mng, bit rng nguyn t 0 ng c bn knh bng 1,28 A . b) Tnh khi lng ring d ca Cu theo g/cm3. (Cho Cu = 64). Bi 78. Phn t CuCl kt tinh di dng lp phng tm din. Hy biu din mng c s ca CuCl. a) Tnh s ion Cu+ v Cl - ri suy ra s phn t CuCl cha trong mng tinh th c s. b) Xc nh bn knh ion Cu+. 0 Cho: d(CuCl) = 4,136 g/cm3 ; rCl = 1,84 A ; Cu = 63,5 ; Cl = 35,5 Bi 79. T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm khi, t 1185K n 1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng

tm din. 293K st c khi lng ring d = 7,874g/cm3. a) Hy tnh bn knh ca nguyn t Fe. b) Tnh khi lng ring ca st 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k do s dn n nhit). Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia cc nguyn t st b chim bi nguyn t cacbon. Trong l luyn thp (l thi) st d nng chy khi cha 4,3% cacbon v khi lng. Nu c lm lnh nhanh th cc nguyn t cacbon vn c phn tn trong mng li lp phng ni tm, hp kim c gi l martensite cng v dn. Kch thc ca t bo s ng ca Fe khng i. c) Hy tnh s nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe vi hm lng ca C l 4,3%. d) Hy tnh khi lng ring ca martensite. (cho Fe = 55,847; C = 12,011; s N = 6,022. 1023 )

Bi 80. a) Hy v s m t cu trc ca mt t bo s ng ca kim cng. 0 b) Bit hng s mng a = 3,5 A . Hy tnh khong cch gia mt nguyn t C v mt nguyn t C lng ging gn nht. Mi nguyn t C nh vy c bao quanh bi my nguyn t khong cch ? c) Hy tnh s nguyn t C trong mt t bo s ng v khi lng ring ca kim cng. Bi 81. Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm mt ca cc ion Na +, cn cc ion Cl- chim cc l trng tm mt trong mng c s ca cc ion Na +, ngha l c 1 ion Cl- chim tm ca hnh lp phng. Bit cnh a ca 0 mng c s l 5,58 A . Khi lng mol ca Na v Cl ln lt l 22,99 g/mol; 35,45 g/mol. Tnh :
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a) Bn knh ca ion Na+.

b) Khi lng ring ca NaCl (tinh th).

III.1.9. Bi tp tng hp Bi 82 p dng thuyt lai ha gii thch kt qu thc nghim xc nh c BeH2, CO2 u l phn t thng. Bi 83. 1) Nhm clorua khi ha tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi nhit khng qu cao th tn ti dng ime (Al 2Cl6). nhit cao (7000C) ime b phn li thnh monome (AlCl3). Vit cng thc cu to Liuyt ca phn t ime v monome; cho bit kiu lai ha ca nguyn t nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t; M t hnh hc ca cc phn t . 2) Phn t HF v phn t H2O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn bng nhau (HF : 1,91D , 20v.C ; H 2O: 1,84D , 18v.C); nhng nhit nng chy ca hiroflorua l -83 0C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca nc l 00C, hy gii thch v sao ? Bi 84. 1) Trong s cc phn t v ion: CH 2Br2, F-, CH2O, Ca2+, H3As, (C2H5)2O. Phn t v ion no c th to lin kt hiro vi phn t nc ? Hy gii thch v vit s m t s hnh thnh lin kt . 2) a) 238U t phn r lin tc thnh mt ng v bn ca ch. Tng cng c 8 ht c phng ra trong qu trnh . Hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng chung ca qu trnh ny. b) Uran c cu hnh electron [Rn]5f36d17s2. Nguyn t ny c bao nhiu electron c thn ? C th c mc oxi ha cao nht l bao nhiu ? 3) Trong nguyn t hoc ion dng tng ng c t 2 electron tr ln, electron chuyn ng trong trng lc c to ra t ht nhn nguyn t v cc electron khc. Do mi trng thi ca mt cu hnh electron c mt tr s nng lng. Vi nguyn t Bo (s n v in tch ht nhn Z = 5) trng thi c bn c s liu nh sau: Cu hnh Nng lng (eV) Cu hnh Nng lng (eV) electron electron 1s1 -340,000 1s22s2 -660,025 2 1s -600,848 1s22s22p1 -669,800 2 1 1s 2s -637,874 Trong : eV l n v nng lng; du - biu th nng lng tnh c khi electron cn chu lc ht ht nhn. a) Hy trnh by chi tit v kt qu tnh cc tr s nng lng ion ha c th c ca nguyn t Bo theo eV khi dng d kin cho trong bng trn. b) Hy nu ni dung v gii thch qui lut lin h gia cc nng lng ion ha 4) Nng lng lin kt ca N N bng 163 kJ/mol, ca N N bng 945 kJ/mol. T 4 nguyn t N c th to ra mt phn t N 4 t din u hoc 2 phn t N2 thng thng. Trng hp no thun li hn ? Hy gii thch.

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