Cc phng php nh tnh v nh lng cc nhm chc hu c thng gp trong cc thuc. Cho v d minh ha bng cc thuc hc.

. Phn chung: - Tt c cc nhm chc ring bit u c ph hp th IR ring u c th nh tnh bng php o ph hp th IR, so snh vi ph chun - Cc hp cht c h dy ni i lin hp (vitamin A), c cha nhn thm hay d vng thm u c th + nh tnh, nh lng bng pp o ph hp th UV + nh tnh bng pp SKLM + nh lng bng pp o quang - Cc hp cht c C* (C bt i) u c th nh tnh bng pp o gc quay cc ring - Tt c cc nhm chc u c th nh tnh v nh lng bng pp HPLC - 1 s cht c nguyn t S, Cl trong cng thc th c th v c ha, ri nh tnh nh bnh thng. Phn dnh ring cho tng nhm chc: Acid hu c nh tnh: - Ha giy qu xanh - To dd mui c mu vi ion kim loi nng V d vi Fe3+ to mu hng - Bng pp trung ha: vi kim trong mi trng khan

nh lng: Este

nh tnh: nh lng:

- Thy phn trong mi trng acid, cho tc dng vi CaCO3 d, lc dch cho tc dng Fe3+ cho dd mu hng - nh lng so mu khi cho t/d Fe3+ , hoc chun bng lng d NaOH ri chun li bng acid

Aldehyd nh tnh: - P/ vi dd AgNO3/NH3 to ta Ag - P/ vi TT Fehling to ta Cu2O mu gch - Lm mt mu dd Br2, I2, KMnO4 - P/ vi hp cht hydrazine to hydrazon c tinh th mu 1

vng nh lng: Amin bc ba nh tnh: nh lng: Amin thm bc nht nh tnh: nh lng: Amid ca amin thm bc nht nh tnh: nh lng: Amid - Thy phn trong mtr acid ri thc hin p/ to phm mu azo - Thy phn trong mtr acid ri thc hin pp o nitrit - P/ to phm mu azo - Pp o nitrit - To ta vi TT alkaloid cho mu c trng - Pp trung ha, o acid trong mi trng khan - Pp o iod, nh lng I2 d bng dd Na2S2O3, ch th h tinh bt

nh tnh: nh lng: Nitro thm nh tnh: nh lng: Amin bc nht, bc hai

- un vi kim gii phng kh lm xanh giy qu m - nh lng lng NH3 gii phng khi un vi kim

- Kh ha bng H2 mi sinh ri thc hin p/ to phm mu azo - Kh ha bng H2 mi sinh ri thc hin pp o nitrit

nh tnh: Hydrazin nh tnh:

- P/ vi TT Ninhidrin cho mu tm

- Lm mt mu dd Br2, I2, KMnO4 - P/ vi dd AgNO3/NH3 to ta Ag - P/ vi TT Fehling to ta Cu2O mu gch - P/ vi cc hp cht cha nhm aldehyd hoc ceton cho hydrazon mu vng - Pp o Br2 hoc o I2

nh lng: Phenol nh tnh: nh lng: Ethinyl nh tnh: nh lng: Nhn thm (VD: gc phenyl)

- P/ vi Fe3+ cho mu tm - Pp o mu (lm vi p/ tc dng Fe3+)

- To ta trng vi AgNO3 - P/ to mui bc vi AgNO3, nh lng HNO3 sinh ra bng NaOH, o th

nh tnh:

- Nitro ha bng HNO3 cho dn cht nitro mu vng - P/ vi hh formol v H2SO4 cho vng trn ranh gii gia 2 lp - P/ vi HNO2 cho mu vng cam, chuyn sang cam - o ph hp th UV

nh lng: Barbiturat, barbituric

nh tnh:

- un si gii phng kh lm xanh giy qu - Mui Na p/ vi AgNO3 cho ta mu trng; to phc v ta vi Co2+ v Ca2+. - Pp trung ha: bng dd NaOH, ch th thymolphtalein

nh lng: Amid ca hydrazin

nh tnh: nh lng:

- To phc vi CuSO4 cho mu xanh da tri, c ta; ung nng, cho mu xanh ngc thch v gii phng kh - Pp o Br2, lng d Br2 c xc nh bng php o nitrit hoc natri thiosulfat

Thiol nh tnh: nh lng: Sulfon - Lm mt mu dd I2 - Pp o iod

nh tnh: Ceton lin hp vi 1 lin kt i nh tnh:

- Vi cc cht c tnh oxy ha mnh nh HNO3 hoc H2O2 un nng to ion SO42-, dng Ba2+ nhn bit

- Thc hin p/ Zimmerman cho mu tm - P/ vi hydrazine to hydrazon

Nhm guanidine

nh tnh:

- Thy phn gii phng NH3 - Tc dng vi naphtol v natri hypobromid/OH- to 4

naphtoquinoimin c mu tm Khung penicillin

nh tnh:

nh lng: Khung cephalosporin

- o ph IR - P/ amin phn: dng NH2-OH.HCl/NaOH v tp phc mu vi CuSO4 hoc FeCl3 (vi FeCl3 to hydroxamat mu ) - Tc dng acid sulfuric v formaldehyd, un cch thu, tao mu c trng - P/ ca N, S, nhm carbonyl, gc R tng t cc phn trc - Pp o Hg - Pp o iod (ch dng cho cc dng bo ch)

nh tnh: nh lng: Cc ion kim loi kim nh tnh:

- Ging nh nhm penicillin - Pp o iod (ging penicillin) - Pp trung ha: chun bng CH3ONa trong mi trng DMF, ch th mu hoc o in th Nhng dy Pt vo dd, t - Na+ : cho mu vng - K+ : cho mu tm - Ca2+: mu da cam - Cl-: t/d vi dd AgNO3 cho ta trng - SO42-: t/d dd BaCl2 cho ta trng

Cc gc acid nh tnh