Ch 3

CC DNG BI TP THNG GP CHNG NGUYN T HA HC 10 Dng 1: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nguyn t khi bit tng s ht proton, electron, ntron l a ht ( vi a l s ht cho trc) Phng php gii: Gi E, N, P ln lt l s ht electron, ntron, proton c trong mt nguyn t ca nguyn t . i vi cc nguyyn t thuc nguyn t c Z 82 c gi l nguyn t bn nn chng ta c cng thc: 1
N P

1,5

(1)

Mt khc tng s ht electron, ntron, proton trong 1 nguyn t l a ht nn: E + P + N = 2P + N = a > Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: 1 >
a 3.5 a 3

N = a (3)

2P
a 2P P

(2) 1,5

V P N* nn ta ly cc gi tr nguyn dng. Nu P ch c 1 gi tr th ta suy ra ngay nguyn t . Nu P c nhiu gi tr khc nhau th ta phai lp bng bin lun nh sau: P A Vi A = N + P v N = a 2P

A l s khi ca nguyn t. T hng th A bng hoc gn bng vi nguyn t khi ca nguyn t nguyn t v g tr i s nn ta ly cp P v A tha mn ri suy ra tn nguyn t .

Ch :
Khi lm bi tp trc nghim th chng ta ch cn nh cng thc (3) d lm nhanh bi tp dng ny. VD1: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t khi bit tng s ht proton, electron, ntron l 21 ht VD2: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t khi bit tng s ht proton, electron, ntron l 13 ht. VD3: Tng s ht proton , ntron , electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t kim loi l 34. a) Xc nh tn nguyn t da vo bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc). b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ca nguyn t . c) Tnh tng obitan v s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t trng thi c bn. Dng 2: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nguyn t khi bit in tch ca ht nhn hay in tch ca lp v electron ca nguyn t nguyn t l Q. Phng php gii: S proton hay s electron ca nguyn t nguyn t : P = E =
Q 1,602 10 19

T gi tr ca P suy ra tn nguyn t v vit cu hinh electron. VD1: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nguyn t khi bit in tch ca ht nhn l + 17.622 10 19 culng. Dng 3:

Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron ca 1hoc xc nh s khi ca n khi bit:

3.1

Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) ca nguyn t nguyn t R l a ht v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l b ht ( vi a, b l s ht cho trc) Phng php gii: Gi s ht electron, ntron, proton trong mt nguyn t nguyn t R ln lt l P, N, E.( P, N, E > 0). Tng s ht c bn c trong 1 nguyn t R: P + N + E = a (1) Hiu s ht mang in so vi s ht khng mang in: 2P - N = b (2) Gii h (1) v (2) ta c: P T gi tr ca P = =
a +b 4 a +b 4

(I) = a - 2P (II)

N = 2P - b cu hnh e ca n d dng.

> tn nguyn t v A = P + N v vit

Ch :
Khi lm bi tp trc nghim th chng ta ch cn quan tm dn cng thc (I), (II) lm nhanh bi tp dng ny. VD1: Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) ca nguyn t nguyn t R l 28 ht v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 8 ht. Xc inh tn nuyn t Rv s khi A ca n. VD2: Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) ca nguyn t nguyn t R l 82 ht v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22 ht. Xc inh tn nuyn t Rv s khi A ca n. VD2: Mt nguyn t X c tng 3 loi ht c bn l 40 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12. X l:

A. Ca C. Al
3.2

B. Ni D. Si

Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) ca nguyn t nguyn t R l a ht v s ht mang in gp c ln s ht khng mang in ( vi a, c l s ht cho trc). Phng php gii: Gi s ht electron, ntron, proton trong mt nguyn t nguyn t R ln lt l P, N, E.( P, N, E > 0). Tng s ht c bn c trong 1 nguyn t R: P + N + E = a (1) Mt khc ta c: P + E = 2P = c . N (2) Gii h (1) v (2) ta c: P = N = T gi tr ca P =
a c 2 (c +1) a c 2 (c +1)

(III)

a c +1

(IV) > tn nguyn t v A = P + N v

vit cu hnh e ca n d dng. Ch : Khi lm bi tp trc nghim th chng ta ch cn nh cng thc (IV) hoc (III) lm nhanh bi tp dng ny. VD1: Tng s ht c bn ( p, n, e ) ca nguyn t nguyn t R l 34 ht v s ht mang in gp
11 6

ln s ht khng mang in. Xc nh tn nguyn

t Rv s khi A ca n. Dng 4: Xc nh c bao nhiu phn t loi A2B c to thnh t n ng v 4.1 ca A v m ng v ca B. Phng php gii: Gi s ng v ca A ln lt ng vi cc ng v l:
1

Phn t A2B dc vit li dng: ABA

Ly 1 ng v ca B kt hp vi n ng v ca A. 1 Chn A ng u ta c cc lai phn t:

AB 1A
2

AB 2 A . 1 AB n A c
2

n loii phn t.

Chn A ng u ta c cc lai phn t:

2

AB 2 A

AB 3A .

AB n A c

(n - 1) loi phn t.

5.1

. . Chn n A ng u ta c cc lai phn t: n AB n A c 1 loi phn t. Vy khi 1 dng v ca B kt hp vi n ng v ca A th c tt c:

1 +
S =

+ .. + n =

n(n + 1) loi phn t. 2

V B c m ng v nn c tt c :

m n(n + 1) (V) loi phn t A2B c to thnh. 2 1 2 3 H ; 1 H; 1 H ; Oxi c 3 ng v l: 16 VD1: Hidro c 3 ng v l: 1 16 O ; 17 18 16 O ; 16 O .Hy xc nh c bao nhiu phn t loi H2O c to thnh t

cc lai ng v trn. 17 18 VD2 : Trong t nhin Oxi c 3 ng v: 16 16 O ; 16 O ; 16 O ; Cacbon c 2 13 ngv l: 12 Hi c th c bao nhiu loi phn t kh cacbonic 6C ; 6C hp thnh t cc ng v trn. Xc nh c bao nhiu phn t loi A3B c to thnh t n ng v 4.2 ca A v m ng v ca B.
Chng minh tng t ta c cng thc: C tt c : S = m (
n(n + 1) + 2 (n 1)n ( n 2)(n 1) + +.. + 1) (VI)loi 2 2

phn t A3B c to thnh. Ch :

Khi lm bi tp trc nghim th chng ta ch cn nh cng thc (V) v (VI) lm nhanh bi tp dng ny. Dng 5: Vit cu hnh electron ca 1 nguyn t nguyn t R khi bit s 5.1 electron hoc s proton hoc in tch ht nhn. Phng php gii: Khi nim: Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b e trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau. Quy c cch vit cu hnh e nguyn t: - s th t lp e c vit bng cc ch s (1, 2, 3..) - phn lp c k hiu bng cc ch ci thng (s, p, d, f). - s e dc ghi bng ch s pha trn, bn phi k hiuca phn lp ( s2, p2..). Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t: - Xc inh s electron ca nguyn t. - Cc electron c phn b theo th t tng dn cc mc nng lng AO, theo cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t. Theo s cc mc nng lng sau: 7s 6s 5s 4s 3s 3p 2s 1s 2p 7p 6p 5p 4p 3d 7d 6d 5d 4d 7f 6f 5f 4f 7g 6g 5g 7h 6h

- Vit cu hinh electron theo th t cc phn lp trong mt lp v theo th tca cc lp electron. VD1:

Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nguyn t Na (Z =11), Fe (Z =26), Ca (20), Zn (Z = 30)

Ch :
Khi vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t th phi lu 2 trng hp gi bo ha sau: TH1 : Trng hp bn bo ha: Khi vit m electron cui cung in vo AOd nh sau: (n-1)d4 ns2 th 1 electron phn lp ns nhy sang phn lp (n-1)d t cu hnh bn vng hn nn phai vit lai cu hinh ng ca cc nguyn t nguyn t ny dng (n-1)d5 ns1 th mi ng vi thc t. VD 1: Vit cu hinh electron ca nguyn t Cr (Z = 24) TH2 : Trng hp vi bo ha: Khi vit m electron cui cung in vo AOd nh sau: (n-1)d9 ns2 th 1 electron phn lp ns nhy sang phn lp (n-1)d t cu hnh bn vng hn nn phai vit lai cu hinh ng ca cc nguyn t nguyn t ny dng (n-1)d10 ns1 th mi ng vi thc t. VD 2: Vit cu hinh electron ca nguyn t Cu (Z = 29). Vit cu hnh electron ca ion R+n khi bit s proton hoc in tch ht nhn. Phng php gii: - Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R. - Bt dn t 1, 2, . n electron trong cu hnh electron ca R theo th t t ngoi vo ( t phi sang tri theo th t sp xp trong cu hnh nguyn t R theo quy tc ht lp ngoi ri mi vo n lp trong. Ch : i vi nguyn t nguyn t R c cu hnh 2 phn lp ngoi l (n1)da ns2 th khi vit cu hinh cho ion R ta cng bt ln lt 1, 2, . n electron t phn lp ns2 trc n ht ri mi bt electron phn lp (n1)da. VD1: Vit cu hnh electron ca ion K+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Cr2+, Pb2+
5.2

T cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng hy bin lun tm tn nguyn t: VD1:Hy bin lun tm tn nguyn t R khi bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng nh sau: (n-1)da ns1. Phng php gii: V phn lp ns ch c 1 electron nn c 3 kh nng xy ra: - nu a = 0 th nguyn t R l nguyn t S > cu hnh ca R ri > Z v tn nguyn t R. - nu a = 5 th nguyn t R l nguyn t d > cu hnh ca R ri > Z v tn nguyn t R. - nu a = 10 th nguyn t R l nguyn t d > cu hnh ca R ri > Z v tn nguyn t R. T cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t nguyn t 5.4 R hy vit cu hnh electron y ca n v xc nh tn nguyn t R: VD1: Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca 1 nguyn t nguyn t R l 4s1 hy xc nh tn tt c cc nguyn t R c th c. Dng 6: S ht trong c bn trong A nhiu hn trong B: 6.1 TH1 : Trong phn t AaB c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht. S khi ca nguyn t A ln hn s khi ca nguyn t B l d3. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t A nhiu hn trong nguyn t B l d4 ht. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B. Vit cng thc phn t hp cht . Phng php gii: Phn t AaB trung ha v in c to yhnh do s kt hp a nguyn t A v 1 nguyn t B. Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t A, ln lt l: x, z (x, z > 0). Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t B ln lt l: y, t (y, t > 0). V cc nguyn t lun trung ha v in nn ta c: s ht electron trong nguyn t A, B ln lt l x, y.

5.3

S proton v s ntron khng b thay ddooir khi xy ra phn ng ha hc kt hp a nguyn t A vi 1 nguyn B.s dng cc iu kin u bi ra ta c h cc phng trnhbc 1 sau: + Trong phn t AaB c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht: 2a.x + 2y + a.z + t = d1 (1) + Trong phn t AaB s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht: 2a.x + 2y - a.z - t = d2 (2) + S khi ca nguyn t A ln hn s khi ca nguyn t B l d3: x y + z - t = d3 (3) + Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t A nhiu hn trong nguyn t B l d4 ht: 2x - 2y + z - t = d4 (4) Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) thu c:

x = y =

d 1 + d 2 + 4( d 4 d 3 ) 4(a + 1)

x -

(d4 - d3 )

VD1: Trong phn t A2B c tng s ht (p, n, e) l 140 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca nguyn t A ln hn s khi ca nguyn t B l 23. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t A nhiu hn trong nguyn t B l 34 ht. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B. Vit cng thc phn t hp cht .
6.1

TH2 : S ht trong c bn trong A nhiu hn trong B: Trong phn t AaBb c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht. S khi ca nguyn t A ln hn s khi ca nguyn t B l d3. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t A nhiu hn trong nguyn t B l d4 ht. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B. Vit cng thc phn t hp cht . Phng php gii: Phn t AaB trung ha v in c to yhnh do s kt hp a nguyn t A v 1 nguyn t B.

Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t A, ln lt l: x, z (x, z > 0). Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t B ln lt l: y, t (y, t > 0). V cc nguyn t lun trung ha v in nn ta c: s ht electron trong nguyn t A, B ln lt l x, y. S proton v s ntron khng b thay ddooir khi xy ra phn ng ha hc kt hp a nguyn t A vi 1 nguyn B.s dng cc iu kin u bi ra ta c h cc phng trnhbc 1 sau: + Trong phn t AaB c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht: 2a.x + 2y + a.z + bt = d1 (1) + Trong phn t AaB s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht: 2a.x + 2y - a.z - bt = d2 (2) + S khi ca nguyn t A ln hn s khi ca nguyn t B l d3: x y + z - t = d3 (3) + Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t A nhiu hn trong nguyn t B l d4 ht: 2x - 2y + z - t = d4 (4) Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) thu c: X =
d 1 + d 2 + 4b(d 4 d 3 ) 4(a + b)

y
6.2

- (d4 - d3 )

TH1 : S ht trong c ban trong B nhiu hn trong A: Phng php gii: Phn t AaB trung ha v in c to yhnh do s kt hp a nguyn t A v 1 nguyn t B. Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t A, ln lt l: x, z (x, z > 0). Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t B ln lt l: y, t (y, t > 0).

V cc nguyn t lun trung ha v in nn ta c: s ht electron trong nguyn t A, B ln lt l x, y. S proton v s ntron khng b thay ddooir khi xy ra phn ng ha hc kt hp a nguyn t A vi 1 nguyn B.s dng cc iu kin u bi ra ta c h cc phng trnhbc 1 sau: + Trong phn t AaB c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht: 2a.x + 2y + a.z + t = d1 (1) + Trong phn t AaB s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht: 2a.x + 2y - a.z - t = d2 (2) + S khi ca nguyn t B ln hn s khi ca nguyn t A l d3: -x + y - z + t = d3 (3) + Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t B nhiu hn trong nguyn t A l d4 ht: -2x + 2y - z + t = d4 (4) Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) thu c:

x y
6.2

= = x

d 1 + d 2 4( d 4 d 3 ) 4( a + 1)

(d4 - d3 )

TH2 : S ht trong c ban trong B nhiu hn trong A:

Trong phn t AaBb c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht. S khi ca nguyn t B ln hn s khi ca nguyn t A l d3. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t B nhiu hn trong nguyn t A l d4 ht. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B. Vit cng thc phn t hp cht . Phng php gii: Phn t AaB trung ha v in c to yhnh do s kt hp a nguyn t A v 1 nguyn t B. Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t A, ln lt l: x, z (x, z > 0). Gi s proton, s ntron trong ht nhn ca nguyn t B ln lt l: y, t (y, t > 0).

V cc nguyn t lun trung ha v in nn ta c: s ht electron trong nguyn t A, B ln lt l x, y. S proton v s ntron khng b thay ddooir khi xy ra phn ng ha hc kt hp a nguyn t A vi 1 nguyn B.s dng cc iu kin u bi ra ta c h cc phng trnhbc 1 sau: + Trong phn t AaB c tng s ht (p, n, e) l d1 ht: 2a.x + 2y + a.z + t = d1 (1) + Trong phn t AaB s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l d2 ht: 2a.x + 2y - a.z - t = d2 (2) + S khi ca nguyn t B ln hn s khi ca nguyn t A l d3: -x + y - z + t = d3 (3) + Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t B nhiu hn trong nguyn t A l d4 ht: -2x + 2y - z + t = d4 (4) Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) thu c:
d 1 + d 2 4b(d 4 d 3 ) 4(a + b)

(d4 - d3 )

Dng 7: Xc inh tn nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron ca n hoc xc nh s khi ca nguyn t khi bit: TH1 : Tng s electron trn phn lp p l m ht.(m l s cho trc) Phng php gii: V s e t a trn phn lp p khi c lp y l 6 e nn ta vit c di dng: n.6 + a = m dng phong php th cc gi tr ca n sao cho n.6 m ri ly 1 gi tr ca n n.6 l gi tr gn vi m nht ri i xc nh gi tr ca a(sao cho a < 6 ) . khi a l s e cui cng c in vo phn lp p th ( n + 1) > cu hnh e ca nguyn t R > tn R TH1 : Tng s electron trn phn lp s l m ht Phng php gii:

V s e t a trn phn lp s khi c lp y l 2 e nn ta vit c di dng: n.2 + 1 = m (nu m l s l) > cn 1 e cui cng c in vo phn lp s th (n + 1). 2.n = m > 2 e cui cng c in vo phn lp s th n. > cu hnh e ca nguyn t R > tn R. Dng 7: Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca R toC, bit rng t nhit khi lng ring ca R l d g/cm3. gi thit rng trong tinh th cc nguyn t Rl nhng hnh cu chim b% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng gia cc qu cu. Cho bit nguyn t khi ca R l MR. Phng php gii: Th tch 1 mol nguyn t nguyn t R l:

=
VR =

M R d
V b 23 100 6,02 10 4 3 3

V trong V cha 6,02.1023 nguyn t R => th tch 1 nguyn t R : Mt khc: bn knhnguyn t tnh theo cng thc:
VR =

T suy ra bnh knh nguyn t gn ng ca R. VD1:Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi, bit th tch ca 1 mol canxi tinh th bng 25,87 cm3. Cho bit: Trong tinh th, cc nguyn t canxi ch chim 74% th tch, cn li l khe trng. Chn cu tr li ng: A. 2,17 . 10-8 dm B. 1,20 . 10-8 cm C. 1,97 . 10-8 cm D. 2,17 . 10-8 cm L TRN TR NGUYN