T IN - NNG LNG IN TRNG

A. PHNG PHP GII BI TP

1. in dung ca vt dn c lp v in:
in dung ca vt dn c lp v in l t s gia in tch Q v in th V ca vt dn
Q
C
V

C(F) in dung; Q(V) in tch, V(V) in th

Ch :
in trng in th gy bi qu cu cn bng in:
- in th ca qu cu kim loi c bn knh R mang in tch Q gy ra ti mt im cch tm qu cu mt
khong r:
Q
V k
r

- Ti nhng im c r < R
Q
V k
R

in trng in th do hai qu cu ng tm gy nn
Cng in trng:
- Bn trong qu cu bng khng.
- Trn mt qu cu khng xc nh.
in th:
- Bn trong v trn mt qu cu bng nhau v bng in th trn mt:
Q
V k
R

- Bn ngoi qu cu:
Q
V k
r

2. in dung ca t in:
-T in l mt h thng hai vt dn t gn nhau v cch in vi nhau.
- in dung ca t in l i lng o bng t s gia in tch Q ca t in v hiu in th U gia hai
bn t:
Q
C
U

- in dung ca t in ph thuc vo: Hnh dng v kch thc ca bn, v tr tng i gia hai bn, bn
cht in mi gia hai bn
- in dung ca t in phng:
9
S
C
9.10 .4 d

Trong :

hng s in mi gia hai bn t, S(m

2
) din tch i din ca mi b n t, d(m) khong cch
gia hai bn t
Ch :
- Hiu in th gii hn: L hiu in th ti a t vo hai bn t m n vn hot ng bnh thng (in
mi khng b nh thng)
- in tch ca t in khng i khi t b ngt ra khi ngun.
- Hiu in th khng i khi mc t vo ngun.
3. Ghp t in:
Ghp song song Ghp ni tip
Quan h v hiu in th
U
1
= U
2
= = U
n
= U U
1
+ U
2
+ ... + U
n
= U
Quan h v in tch
q
1
+ q
2
+ + q
n
= q q
1
= q
2
= . = q
n
= q
in dung tng ng
C = C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n
1 2 n
1 1 1 1
.....
C C C C
+ +
4. Nng lng in trng
- Nng lng ca t in:
2 2
QU CU Q
W
2 2 2C

- Mt nng lng in trng:
2
9
E
w
9.10 .8

5. Ghp cc t tnh in S chuyn dch in tch:

- Khi ghp cc t in tch in th c s phn b in tch khc trc, do hiu in th ca t cng
thay i.
- S phn b in tch trn cc bn t tun theo nh lut bo ton in tch.
nh lut bo ton in tch: Trong h c lp v in, tng i s cc in tch l khng thay i
i
q const

- in lng di chuyn qua dy dn ni vi mt bn t no l:

,
q q q
q, q
,
l in tch trc v sau ca chnh bn t y.
B. BI TP:
I. BI TP V D:
Bi 1:
1.Tnh in dung ca qu cu kim loi bn knh R c lp.
2. Mt qu cu kim loi mang in tch Q=10
-9
C th c in th V=200V tnh:
a. in dung ca qu cu.
b. in trng ti mt im gn mt qu cu (bn ngoi)
Hng dn gii:
1. in th ca qu cu c lp in:
Q
V k
R

in dung ca qu cu:
Q R
C
V k

2. a. in dung ca t:
12
Q
C 5.10 F
V


b. in trng ti mt im gn mt qu cu xem nh cch tm qu cu mt khong R l:
4
2
Q
E k 4, 4.10 V / m
R
.
Bi 2: T in phng hnh trn c bn knh r, khong cch gia hai bn l d, hiu in th gia hai bn l U, trong
khong gia hai bn l khng kh. Tnh in tch ca t in:
Hng dn gii:
Din tch mi bn t:
2
S r
in tch ca t in l: Q = CU =
9
S
9.10 .4 d

U=
2
9
r
36.10 d
U
Bi 3: Mt t in phng t trong khng kh c in dung C = 2pF c tch in hiu in th U = 600V.
a. Tnh in tch Q ca t.
b. Ngt t ra khi ngun, a hai bn ra xa tng khong cch ln gp hai ln. Tnh C
1
, Q
1
, U
1
ca t khi
.
c. Khng ngt t ra khi ngun, a hai bn t ra xa v cng khong cch tng gp hai ln. Tnh C
2
, Q
2
,
U
2
khi .
Hng dn gii:
a. in tch ca t in: Q = CU = 12.10
10
C
b. in dung ca t t l nghch vi khaongr cch gia hai bn t. Do :
12
1
C
C 10 F
2


Khi ngt t ra khi ngun, in tch ca t khng i: Q
1
= Q

=12.10
10
C
Hiu in th gia hai bn t khi :
1
1
1
Q
U 1200V
C

C. Ta c: U
2
= U = 600V; C
2
= C
1
= 10
-12
F
in tch ca t: Q
2
= C
2
. U
2
= 6.10
-10
C
Bi 4: Hai bn ca mt t in phng c dng hnh trn bn knh R = 30cm, khong cch gia hai bn l d =
5mm, gia hai bn l khng kh.
a. Tnh in dung ca t.
b. Bit rng khng kh ch cch in khi cng in trng ti a l 3.10
5
V/m. Hi:
- Hiu in th gii hn ca t in.
- C th tch cho t in mt in tch ln nht l bao nhiu t khng b nh thng?
Hng dn gii:
a. in dung ca t: C=
2
10
9 9
S R
5.10 F
9.10 .4 d 9.10 .4 d




b. Hiu in th gii hn:
gh max
U E .d 1500V
in tch ln nht:
7
max gh
Q C.U 7,5.10 C

Bi 5: Mt t in c in dung C
1
= 0, 2 F , khong cch gia hai bn l d
1
= 5cm c np in n hiu in
th U = 100V.
a. Tnh nng lng ca t in.
b. Ngt t ra khi ngun in. Tnh bin thin nng lng ca t khi dch hai bn gn li cn cch nhau
d
2
= 1cm.
Hng dn gii:
a. Nng lng ca t:
2 3
1 1
1
W C U 10 J
2


b. bin thin nng lng khi hai bn t li gn nhau:
Khi ngt t khi ngun in tch ca t khng i do :
( )
2
2 2
1 1
2
2 2 2
C U Q 1 1 C
W U
2C 2 C 2 C

bin thin nng lng:
2
1
1 2 1
2
1 C
W W W C U 1
2 C
_


,
(1)
Mt khc:
1 9
1
1 2
2 1
2 9
2
S
C
9.10 .4 d
C d 1
S C d 5
C
9.10 .4 d

'

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
6 2
1 1
W .0, 2.10 .100 1
2 5

_


,
=8.10
-4
J
Bi 6: Mt t in phng c in dung C trong khng kh, ngi ta nhng chm mt na vo dung dch in mi
lng c hng s in mi

. Tnh in dung ca t ni trn trong khi nhng nu:

a. Nhng ng t
b. Nhng ngang t (mt bn song song vi mt thong ca cht lng)
Hng dn gii:
a. Khi nhng thng ng, t tr thnh b t gm hai t mc song song. Mt t c in mi l khng khi, t
kia c in mi l cht lng
in dung ca t tro ng khng kh:
1
C
C
2

in dung ca t trong dung dch:

2 1
C
C C
2

in dung khi nhng thng ng: C = C
1
+ C
2
=
( )
1
C 1
2
+
b. Trng hp ny hai t mc ni tip:
in dung ca t trong khng kh: C
1
= 2C
in dung ca t trong dung dch: C
2
=2 C
in dung ca t nhng ngang trong dung dch:
1 2
1 2
C C 2 C
C
C C 1

+ +
Bi 7:
A B
I
C
1

II
C
2

III
Ba tm kim loi phng ging nhau c t song
song vi nhau nh hnh v. Din tch mi bn l S,
khong cch gia hai bn lin tip bng nhau v bng
d. Hiu in th gia hai im A v B l U.
a. Tnh in dung ca b t v in tch trn mi tm
kim loi
b. Ngt A, B ra khi ngun, dch chuyn bn II theo
phng vung gc vi bn xung gn bn III mt
on x. Tnh U
AB
theo x
Hng dn gii:
C
1
A B

C
2
a. ba bn kim loi phng c thit k nh trn, xem
nh mch gm hai t mc song song vi nhau.
in dung ca mi t:
1 2 9
S
C C
9.10 .4 d

Hai t mc song song: C = C
1
+ C
2
=
9
2 S
9.10 .4 d

in tch ca t C
1
:
1 1 9
S
Q C U .U
9.10 .4 d

in tch ca t C
2
:
1 2 9
S
Q C U .U
9.10 .4 d

in tch trn bn I: Q
I
=
1 9
S
Q .U
9.10 .4 d

in tch trn bn III: Q

III
=
2 9
S
Q .U
9.10 .4 d

in tch trn bn II: Q

II
= Q
I
+ Q
III
=
9
2 S
9.10 .4 d

U
b. Trng hp ny ta c:
in dung mi ca t C
1
:
I 9
S
C
9.10 .4 (d x)

+
in dung mi ca t C
2
:
II 9
S
C
9.10 .4 (d x)

in dung mi ca b t:
( )
,
I II 9 2 2
2 S
C C C
9.10 .4 d x

+

Khi ngt in, in tch ca b t khng i:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
=
9
2 S
9.10 .4 d

U
Hiu in th khi :
( )
2 2
,
2
U d x
U
d

C
1

C
4
A

C
2
B
C
6
C D
C
5
C
3
Bi 8: Cho mch in nh hnh v:
1
C 2 F ,
2
C 4 F ,
3
C 6 F ,
4 5
C C 6 F ,
1
C 8 F . Tnh U
AB
v in tch
ca cc t. Bit q
4
= 12.10
-6
C
Hng dn gii:
1 2 3
C / /C / /C :
123 1 2 3
C C C C 12 F + +
C
123
ni tip vi C
4
:
123 4
1234
123 4
C .C
C 4 F
C C

+
; Q
123
= q
4
= 12.10
-6
C;
123
AB
123
q
U 1V
C

q
1
= C
1
U
AB
= 2.10
-6
C; q
2
= C
2
U
AB
= 4.10
-6
C; q
3
= C
3
U
AB
= 6.10
-6
C
q
1234
= q
4
= q
123
= 12.10
-6
C;
1234
CD
1234
q
U 3V
C

q
5
= C
5
U
CD
= 18.10
-6
C; q
6
= q
1234
+ q
5
= 30.10
-6
C
Bi 9: hai t in c in dung ln lt C
1
= 5.10
-10
F v C
2
= 15.10
-10
F, c mc ni tip vi nhau. Khong cch
gia hai bn ca mi t in l d = 2mm. in trng gii hn ca mi t E
gh
= 1800V. Tnh hiu in th gii
hn ca b t
Hng dn gii:
V hai t mc ni tip nn:
1
1 1 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2
3
U U
q q q CU C U C U
4
U U U U U U 1
U U
4

' ' '
+

Hiu in th gii hn ca t C
1
, C
2
ln lt l:
U
1gh
= E
gh
.d = 3600V
U
2gh
= E
gh
.d = 3600V
Ta c:
1 1gh
gh
2 1gh
3
U U U 3600V
U 4800V
4
U 4800V
1 U 14400V
U U U 3600V
4

' '

C
1
M C
2

C
5

A O B

C
3
N C
4
Bi 10: Cho mch in nh hnh v vi:
1
C 12 F ,
2
C 4 F ,
3
C 3 F ,
4
C 6 F
5
C 5 F , U
AB
= 50V. Tnh:
a. in dung ca b t
b. in tch v hiu in th mi t.
c. Hiu in th gia hai im M v N
Hng dn gii:
a. Ta c:
1 2
12
1 2
C .C
C 3 F
C C

+
,
3 4
34
3 4
C .C
C 2 F
C C

+
AO 12 34
C C C 5 F +
AO 5
AB
AO 5
C .C
C 2,5 F
C C

+
b. V C
AO
mc ni tip vi C
5
:
AO 5 AB
q q C.U 125 C
5 AO
5 AO
5 AO
q q
U 25V, U 25V
C C

V C
1
ni tip vi C
2
:
1 2 12 AO
q q C .U 75 C
1 2
1 2
1 2
q q
U 6,52V; U 18, 75V
C C

V C
3
ni tip vi C
4
:
3 4 34 AO
q q C .U 50 C
3 4
3 4
3 4
q q
U 16, 7V; U 8,3V
C C

c. Hiu in th gia M v N:
MN MA AN 3 1
U U U U U 10, 45V + +
II. BI TP NGH
Bi 1: Bn t in ging nhau c in dung C c ghp ni tip vi nhau thnh mt b t in. Tnh in dung
ca b t in .
S: C
b
= C/4.
Bi 2: Bn t in ging nhau c in dung C c ghp song song vi nhau thnh mt b t in. Tnh in
dung ca b t in .
S: C
b
= 4C.
Bi 3: Mt t in c in dung 500 (pF) c mc vo hiu in th 100 (V). in tch ca t in l bao nhiu?
S: q = 5.10
-2
(

C).
Bi 4: Mt t in phng gm hai bn c dng hnh trn bn knh 3 (cm), t cch nhau 2 (cm) trong khng kh.
Tnh in dung ca t in .
S: C = 1,25 (pF).
Bi 5: Mt t in phng gm hai bn c dng hnh trn bn knh 5 (cm), t cch nhau 2(cm) trong khng kh.
in trng nh thng i vi khng kh l 3.10
5
(V/m). Hu in th ln nht c th t vo hai bn cc ca t
in l bao nhiu?
S: U
max
= 6000 (V).
Bi 6: Mt t in phng c mc vo hai cc ca mt ngun in c hiu in th 50 (V). Ngt t in ra khi
ngun ri ko cho khong cch gia hai bn t tng gp hai ln th hiu in th gia hai bn t c gi tr l
S: U = 100 (V).
Bi 7: Hai t in c in dung C
1
= 0,4 (

F), C
2
= 0,6 (

F) ghp song song vi nhau. Mc b t in vo

ngun in c hiu in th U < 60 (V) th mt trong hai t in c in tch bng 3.10
-5
(C). Hiu in th ca
ngun in l bao nhiu.
S: U = 50 (V).
Bi 8: B t in gm ba t in: C
1
= 10 (

F), C
2
= 15 (

F), C
3
= 30 (

F) mc ni tip vi nhau. Tnh in

dung ca b t in
S: C
b
= 5 (

F).
Bi 9: B t in gm ba t in: C
1
= 10 (

F), C
2
= 15 (

F), C
3
= 30 (

F) mc song song vi nhau. Tiinhs in

dung ca b t in
S: C
b
= 55 (

F).
Bi 10: B t in gm hai t in: C
1
= 20 (

F), C
2
= 30 (

F) mc ni tip vi nhau, ri mc vo hai cc ca

ngun in c hiu in th U = 60 (V). Tnh in tch ca b t in .
S: Q
b
= 7,2.10
-4
(C).
Bi 11: B t in gm hai t in: C
1
= 20 (

F), C
2
= 30 (

F) mc ni tip vi nhau, ri mc vo hai cc ca

ngun in c hiu in th U = 60 (V). in tch ca mi t in l bao nhiu?
S: Q
1
= 7,2.10
-4
(C) v Q
2
= 7,2.10
-4
(C).
Bi 12: B t in gm hai t in: C
1
= 20 (

F), C
2
= 30 (

F) mc ni tip vi nhau, ri mc vo hai cc ca

ngun in c hiu in th U = 60 (V). Hiu in th trn mi t in l bao nhiu.
S: U
1
= 45 (V) v U
2
= 15 (V).
Bi 13: B t in gm hai t in: C
1
= 20 (

F), C
2
= 30 (

F) mc song song vi nhau, ri mc vo hai cc ca

ngun in c hiu in th U = 60 (V). Hiu in th trn mi t in l bao nhiu.
S: U
1
= 60 (V) v U
2
= 60 (V).
Bi 14: B t in gm hai t in: C
1
= 20 (

F), C
2
= 30 (

F) mc song song vi nhau, ri mc vo hai cc ca

ngun in c hiu in th U = 60 (V). Tnh in tch ca mi t in.
S: Q
1
= 1,2.10
-3
(C) v Q
2
= 1,8.10
-3
(C).
Bi 15: Hai bn ca mt t in phng l hnh trn, t in c tch in sao cho in trng trong t in bng
E = 3.10
5
(V/m). Khi in tch ca t in l Q = 100 (nC). Lp in mi bn trong t in l khng kh. Bn
knh ca cc bn t l bao nhiu?
S: R = 11 (cm).
Bi 16: C hai t in: t in 1 c in dung C
1
= 3 (

F) tch in n hiu in th U
1
=300 (V), t in 2 c
in dung C
2
= 2 (

F) tch in n hiu in th U
2
= 200 (V). Ni hai bn mang in tch cng tn ca hai t
in vi nhau. Tnh hiu in th gia cc bn t in.
S: U = 260 (V).
Bi 17: C hai t in: t in 1 c in dung C
1
= 3 (

F) tch in n hiu in th U
1
=300 (V), t in 2 c
in dung C
2
= 2 (

F) tch in n hiu in th U
2
= 200 (V). Ni hai bn mang in tch cng tn ca hai t
in vi nhau. Nhit lng to ra sau khi ni l bao nhiu?
S: 6 (mJ).
Bi 18: Mt t in c in dung C = 6 (

F) c mc vo ngun in 100 (V). Sau khi ngt t in khi ngun,

do c qu trnh phng in qua lp in mi nn t in mt dn in tch. Tnh nhit lng to ra trong lp in
mi k t khi bt u ngt t in khi ngun in n khi t phng ht in.
S: 30 (mJ).
Bi 19: Mt t in c in dung C = 5 (

F) c tch in, in tch ca t in bng q= 10

-3
(C). Ni t in
vo b acquy sut in ng 80 (V), bn in tch dng ni vi cc dng, bn in tch m ni vi cc m ca
b acquy. Sau khi cn bng nng lng ca b acquy thay i nh th no?
S: Nng lng ca b acquy tng ln mt lng 84 (mJ).
Bi 20: Mt t in khng kh phng mc vo ngun in c hiu in th U = 200 (V). Hai bn t cch nhau 4
(mm). Mt nng lng in trng trong t in l bao nhiu?
S: w = 11,05 (mJ/m
3
).
Bi 21:: Hai t in khng kh phng c in dung l C
1
= 0,2
F
v C
2
= 0,4
F
mc song song. B c tch
in n hiu in th U=450V ri ngt khi ngun. Sau lp y hai bn t in C
2
bng in mi c hng s
in mi l 2. Tnh in th ca b t v in tch ca mi t
S: 270V; 5,4.10-5C v 2,16.10-5C
Bi 22: Hai t in phng c C
1
= 2C
2
,mc ni tip vo ngun U khng i. Cng in trng trong C
1
thay
i bao nhiu ln nu nhng C
2
vo cht in mi c 2 .
S: Tng 1,5 ln
Bi 23: Ba tm kim loi phng ging nhau t song song vi nhau nh hnh
v:
Din tch ca mi bn l S= 100cm2, Khong cch gia hai bn lin tip l d=
0,5cm
Ni A v B vi ngun U= 100V
a. Tnh in dung ca b t v in tch ca mi bn
b. Ngt A v B ra khi ngun in. Dch chuyn bn B theo phng vung gc vi cc bn t in mt
on l x. Tnh hiu in th gia A v B theo x. p dng khi x= d/2
A
B
S: a. 3,54.10
-11
F; 1,77.10
-9
C v 3,54.10
-9
C
b.
2 2
'
2
d x
U U.
d

; 75V
Bi 24: Bn tm kim loi phng ging nhau nh hnh v. Khong cch BD=2AB=2DE. B
v D c ni vi ngun in U = 12V, sau ngt ngun i. Tm hiu in th gia B v
D nu sau :
a. Ni A vi B
b. Khng ni A vi B nhng lp y khong gia B v D
bng in mi 3
S: a. 8V b. 6V
Bi 25: Cho mt s t in ging nhau c in dung l C
0
= 3
F
. Nu cch mc dng t nht cc t in trn
mc thnh b t c in dung l C= 5
F
. V s cch mc ny?
Bi 26: Cho b t nh hnh v .Tnh in dung ca b t
hiu in th gia hai bn t in, v in tch ca cc t.
Cho bit: C
1
=C
3
=C
5
=1
F
; C
2
= 4
F
v C
4
= 1,2
F
. U=30V
Bi 27: Cho mch in nh hnh v: Ngun U
MA
= 3V; U
NB
= 8V, T C
1
=2
F
;
C
2
= 3
F
.
Tnh hiu in th ca mi t
S: U
NM
= 3V; U
AB
= 2V
Bi 28: T in phng khng kh c tch in bng ngun in c hiu in th
l U. Hi nng lng ca t in thay i nh th no, nu tng khong cch gia
hai bn t in ln gp i? Cho bit trc khi d tng:
a, Vn ni t vi ngun in
b. T c ngt ra khi ngun in
S: : a. Gim cn mt na
b. Tng gp i
Bi 29: T in C
1
= 0,5
F
c tch in n hiu in th U
1
= 90V ri ngt t ra khi ngun. Sau t C
1
c ni song song vi t C
2
= 0,4
F
cha tch in. Tnh nng lng ca tia la in pht ra khi ni hai t vi
nhau (Khi ni hai t vi nhau gim nng lng chuyn ho thnh nng lng ca tia la in).
S: 900
J
Bi 30: T in phng khng kh d= 5mm, S= 100cm
2
, nhit lng to ra khi t phng in l 4,19.10
-3
J. Tm U
np
S: 21,7kV
Bi 31:T in phng khng kh c tch in ri ngt ra khi ngun . Hi nng lng ca t thay i nh th
no khi nhng t vo in mi lng c hng s in mi l 2
S: : Gim i 2 ln
Bi 32: T in phng khng kh v in dung l C= 10-10F c tch in n hiu in th U= 100V ri ngt ra
khi ngun. Tnh cng cn thit tng khong cch gia hai bn t ln hai ln
S: : 5.10
-7
C
Bi 33:T in phng khng kh v in dung l C= 6
F
c tch in n hiu in th U= 600V ri ngt ra
khi ngun. Nhng t vo in mi lng c hng s in mi l 4 v
nhng ngp 2/3 din tch ca mi bn. Tnh hiu in th ca mi bn.
S: 200V
Bi 34: Mt ht bi c khi lng l m= 0,2g mang
in tch q=5.10
-5
C t st bn dng ca t in phng khng kh. Hai
bn t cch nhau d= 5cm v hiu in th gia hai bn t l U=500V.
Tm thi gian ht bi chuyn ng gia hai bn t v vn tc ca n khi
A
B
D
C
+
-
C
5
C
3
C
1
C
4
C
2
A B
M
N
C
1
C
2
+
_
+
_
+
x
F
O
-
_-
n bn t m. B qua tc dng ca trng lc. S:
t=2.10
-3
s v v=50m/s
Bi 35: T in phng khng kh, hai bn t c khong cch d= 1cm,
chiu di mi bn t l L=5cm, Hiu in th gia hai bn t l U= 91V.
Mt electron bay vo in trng gia hai bn t theo phng song song
vi cc bn t vi vn tc ban u v
0
= 2.107 m/s v bay ra khi in
trng ca t. B qua tc dng ca trng lc
a. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca electron
b, Tm di ca electron theo phng vung gc vi cc bn t
khi n va bay ra khi t
c. Tnh vn tc ca electron khi n bay ra khi t
d. Tnh cng ca lc in trng
S: a.y=2.x
2
b.) 5mm c. 2,04. 10
4
m/s
2
d. A= 7,28.10
-18
J
+
_