OMDE601 Section 9021 Group 1

First Wave of Development: Correspondence / Independent Study (1840s ) 1) Larger Context

(economics/ politics/ societal values and pressures/ government policies/ technological advances) > Access and support for rural/remote areas and warm-stricken areas. > Mostly adult learners and women > Cost-effective education available to the poor. > Massive illiteracy problems of developing nations. > Correspondence study > Distance Education seen as inferior education. > Curriculum enrichment in nontraditional educational settings > Specific skill sets (e.g. shorthand, mine safety) > Colonialism

Second Wave of Development: Systems Approach to Education (1960s )

> 1960s space exploration and Sputnik led concerns for reformed curriculum with more science and technology > Demand grew bigger - more adults wanted post-secondary education > Mind-shift regarding value of DE > Government policy commitment to expanding access to higher education; for example, Parliament supported the Open University UK > A rethinking of who should access higher education > Economic and political drive > Andragogy

Third Wave of Development: Internet / Web-Based Communication (1995 )

> Governance: demand and dependency on policy development and implementation > Formation of student bodies as part of governance > Transparency > Private and public funding of universities > Competition among nations > Developing countries > DE is not seen as an alternative, but as the way. > wave called technetronic age by Zbigniew Brzezinski > commonly called the information age > the most basic raw material of all-and on that can never be exhausted--is information > Enhanced manipulative abilities via computers, data processing, advanced communications

Future Wave: Exploring New Possibilities (2000s )

> Intuitive Wave > instant communication, networking, virtual learning

2) Theories/ Ways of Understanding

The Industrial Model of Distance Education- Otto Peters (1971, 1983) Guided Didactic Conversation - Borje Holmberg (1989) Independence and Autonomy Charles Wedemeyer (1977, 1981) Control - Garrison & Baynton (1987) Social Presence - Short, Williams & Christie (1976) > Teacher-centred approach (courses based on the general economic needs) > Student seen as an individual (outside the community/group)

Interaction - Garrison (1989), and Garrison & Shale (1990) Transactional Distance - Moore & Kearsley (1996) Sociocultural Context - Evans & Nation (1992) > Student-centred approach (needs of students starting to take centre stage) > Student motivation and initiation of group centres

> Interaction > Transactional Distance > Sociocultural Context > Constructivism > Social Constructivism > New code of behavior: flexible schedules, and disappearance of standardization

3) Institutional and Organizational Developments/ System

> Commercial > Correspondence, all manner of instruction done through post > Communication by letter > Universities > Government bodies - for distance schooling > Exam-Invigilator challenges > Time consuming systems (e.g. feedback) > Access and/or delivery of education free to some

> Open Universities - 1st in UK, 1969starts as a new institution and starts as a distance institution > Single mode distance education Universities Peters (2010,p.57) > Distance only universities with their own staff and courses > Linked to broadcasting organisations (like BBC)- but this does not seem to have been successful > Conferences as the mind shift and demand increases > Standard and quality of education and courses being raised > Also admin and support systems put in place > Introduction of libraries > Collaborations between institutions > Funding and Costs: large overhead as use of technology and more professionals are employed > Networks of teams > Standardization > Specialization > Synchronization > Maximization > Used course teams to design courses - contribution of subject matter experts, educational designers, project managers, etc. > Empathy (Holmberg) > Learner-centeredness, personal growth and students were pushed to self-improvement > Introduction of tutors > Division of labour (Peters) > Less student/teacher engagement and more student/tutor interaction > Change in the students responsibility - but to engage more with materials > Conversational and Constructivism approach > Increase of research and scholarship > Asynchronous communication > Qualitative approach

> Competition with traditional institutions rise (entry of residential institutions giving DE as a branch to their normal mode of teaching & learning) > Complicated organizational & institutional developments > Governance: demand and dependency on policy development and implementation > Formation of student bodies as part of governance > Transparency > Redesign of student support systems > flexible schedules, and > disappearance of standardization, > decentralization > collaboration in education at many levels

4) Teaching/ Learning Methodologies

(role of teacher/role of learner)

> Asynchronous learning > Student is self-motivated to acquire most knowledge on their own > Self-regulation by students, setting their own study time & pattern > Teacher is more of a guide > All materials posted via snail mail > Assessment based strictly on the information provided > Student-teacher identities completely unknown to each other > Culture and language not necessarily incorporated into the course development > No student empowerment (depended on feedback as is) > Impersonal > Quantitative approach

> Collaborations > Group/team approach and training > Socialism > Interaction (one-to-many, manyto-one, many-to-many) > Value-added teaching & learning > Student consultation and involvement > Legal approach > Vigorous content engagement (from both sides) > Learner-centeredness, personal growth and students were pushed to self-improvement > millennials

5) Predominant Technologies

> Mail/post > Mass-production and printing of study material > Paper-based education > Logistical challenges (trucking to rural areas) mode of transfer/transport

> Print/text > Telecourses > Teleconferencing > Television > Radio > Computers > Multimedia (audio-visual material radio, tv and computers) > Telephone and Fax

> Instant and interactive communication facilities/tools > Learning Management Systems (LMS) - eg. Sakai, D2L, WebCT, Moodle, Blackboard, etc > Workflow > Email > Internet and www > Increase use/introduction of Synchronous ICTs > Social networks >Audio and video on CD_ROM Bates Toffler (1970)

> instance > Web 2.0 > Social networks, email > Specialized web pages. > Cellphones > Shared platforms technologies > iPads, cloud, etc.

6) Key Authors

Holmberg (1986) Keegan (1986) Wedemeyer (1977) Moore (1973) Peters (1971) Baath (1982) Sewart (1987) Daniel & Marquis (1979) Short, Williams, & Christie (1976) Garrison & Baynton (1987)

Moore (1996) Peters (2010) Bates (2011) Rumble (2004) Tait (2008) Evans (2008)

Peter Drucker??

References
Bates, A. W. (2011, November). The second wave of distance education and history of the Open University United Kingdom [Online video]. Available from http://vimeo.com/32292234 (Transcript:h ttp://www.box.com/s/cvygk4334sub0i6atrn8) Baath, J. (1982). Distance students' learning - empirical findings and theoretical deliberations. Distance Education, 3(1), 6-27.

Buchanan, E. (2009). Library Services for Distance Education Students in Higher Education. In P. Rogers, G. Berg, J. Boettcher, C. Howard, L. Justice, & K. Schenk (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Distance Learning, Second Edition (pp. 1261-1264). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-198-8.ch197. Retrieved from http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/encyclopedia-distance-learning-second-edition/11924 Daniel, J., & Marquis, C. (1979). Interaction and independence: Getting the mixture right. Teaching at a Distance, 15, 25-44. Dyrud, M. A. (2000). The third wave: A position paper. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(3), pp. 81-93. Retrieved from http://businesscommunication.org/
Evans, T., & Nation, D. (1992). Theorising open and distance education, Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 7(2), 3-13. doi: 10.1080/0268051920070202 Evans, T. Haughey, M., and Murphy, D. (eds). (2008). Introduction: From Correspondence to Virtual Learning Environments. In Evans et.al. International Handbook of Distance Education, 1-24. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Garrison, D. R., & Baynton. M. (1987). Beyond independence in distance education: The concept of control. The American Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 3-15. Garrison, D.R. (1989). Understanding distance education: A framework for the future . London, England: Routledge. Garrison, D. R., & Shale, D. (1990). Education at a distance: From issues to practice. Melbourne, FL.: Krieger. Haughey, M. (2010). Teaching and learning in distance education before the digital age. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison, An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 46-66). New York, NY and London, England: Routledge. Holmberg, B. (1986). Growth and structure of distance education. London, England: Croom Helm. Holmberg, B. (1989). Theory and practice of distance education. London, England: Routledge. Keegan, D. (1986). The foundations of distance education (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.

McIsaac, M.S. & Gunawardena, C.N. (1996). Distance education. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology: A project of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (pp. 403-437). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Macmillan. Moore, M. G. (1973). Toward a theory of independent learning and teaching. Journal of Higher Education, 44, 66-69. Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education: A systems view. New York, NY: Wadsworth. Paulson, K. (2002). Reconfiguring faculty roles for virtual settings. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(1), 123-140. doi: 10.1353/jhe.2002.0010 Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhe/summary/v073/73.1paulson.html Peters, O. (1971). Theoretical aspects of correspondence instruction. In O. Mackenzie & E. L. Christensen (Eds.), The changing world of correspondence study. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University. Peters, O. (1983). Distance teaching and industrial production: A comparative interpretation in outline. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 95-113). London, England: Croom-Helm. Peters, O. (2010). The greatest achievement of industrialized education: Open universities. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments and issues (5th edition) . Oldenburg, Germany: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg Pirmann, C. (2009). Best practices and principles for providing support services to distance education students. Retrieved from http://courseweb.lis.illinois.edu/~pirmann2/portfolio/white_paper_final.pdf Sewart, D. (Ed.). (1987). Staff development needs in distance education and campus-based education: Are they so different?. London, England: Croom Helm. Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. London, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Swan, K. (2010). Teaching and learning in post-industrial distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 108-134). New York, NY & London, England: Routledge. Toffler, A. (1970). The Third Wave. Colby Glass, MLIS. Retrieved from http://calculemus.org/lect/07pol-gosp/arch/proby-dawne/materialy/waves.htm#third Wedemeyer, C. A. (1977). Independent study. In A. S. Knowles (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of higher education. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.
Wedemeyer, C. (1981). Learning at the back door: Reflections on non-traditional learning in the lifespan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.

Group 1 Members S Johnston M Modise C Patterson A King S Edwards Central African Time GMT+2 Central African Time GMT +2 Central time (Chicago) GMT -5 Australian Central Standard Time GMT +9.5 Eastern time (Maryland) GMT -4

Notes on the document 1. Changed the axis because it will read better on a web page as a single sheet. 2. Can we think of an idea to add as 7 (or 8) on the list - just so we are adding something extra in. (Number of institutions, numbers of students, etc) 3. NB: I think it is important to note that we started our conversation long back through our emails before coming, and we are all actively conversing through the email. The question, do we include our email conversations to our E-Portfolio as part of the journey? MP Modise (15 June, 2013) 4. We might also say that we misinterpreted the instructions and divided up the grid - person to a wave, because we thought it was all due this week. Hence we have some information in the latter stages. Activity Log June 11, 2013: A King Set up Google Docs grid template. June 13, 2013: SJ Johnston I have started the ball rolling in the First Wave. Ive included information in items 1, 5 and 6. We may have to go back to having each wave on a separate page. It may get a little cramped. :) June 13, 2013: S Edwards (by email) Added information to items 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 June 13, 2013: C Patterson (by email) Added information to item 4. June 14, 2013: MP Modise Added the theories and key authors under wave 1. Theories under wave 2. Added some text under Larger Context wave 1. Added technologies under future wave (not sure about this) and wave 3. Please note that I also changed font size inside the grid to give more space as we add more details. ,and added a little colour to the grid :) June 14, 2013: SJ Johnston Added the title and the references section. Added to item 4. Updated the activity log to include activity via email. June 15, 2013 MP Modise Added a list of reference, only two references, I got the key authors and the theories all in one source. I will add the other source tomorrow, I can't seem to find it, its probably in my external drive, eish, working on various resources is not nice....but then again the journal is a great tool to use and keep record and also to keep all your refs in once documents as recommended by UCSP 611. :) June 15, 2013: SJ Johnston Moved the notes and log to a separate page. They are not part of the project so should be kept separate. Added to item 3. June 15, 2013: A King Added items to 1, 3 and 5 -.and expanded on what was there June 16, 2013 MP Modise

Colleagues, I read through my documents and realised that the above reference is actually my source for the list of theories, key authors and the dates, I will send the document to all of you via email for verification. Thank you. It seems I am the only one who was requested to give my sources, and its only one reference we have on our grid, can somebody also add some reference there? I have noted that its a bit difficult typing on Google Docs for some reason when you use space bar, it sometimes carries other letters, but can we all do spell check after each addition to the grid.I decided to first type my stuff on my PC Word, and then copy and paste them int o the shared drive, at least I have some control on my PC Word. Thanks June 16, 2013 SJ Johnston Included the references for the first wave. All should be in correct APA format. Corrected some formatting and typos. June 16, 2013 A King

This site is now a public document - I have taken out our email addresses and full names (just to avoid SPAMers). I have added these details to a file in our group locker with a link to this Google doc, just in case anyone needs to work on it but is away from their usual computer - you can follow the link from there. Link to this document is : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Qu1HQ81ZU7Z1Mc9yfCDNO3gJQrXHRkwtEsspLdp2v0/edit?usp=sharing I have also taken a copy of what we have as at 16/6 and uploaded that to our Group Locker (just in case, we make a mistake and wipe the whole thing out) I wonder if the industrial model is better suited to the second wave? June 16, 2013 MP Modise Thank You SJ For Everything, Thank You All For Being So Supportive, Helpful And Inspiringly Active!! I Hope To Experience A Similar Attitude In My
Next Group!! We Are The Revolutionary Team Indeed! I am inspired!!!!

June 17, 2013 C Patterson Added input for Wave 2 Source: Cleveland-Innes, M.F. & Garrison, D.R. (2010). An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era. pp _____ (chapter 4 - im using an e-book). New York, NY: Routledge. Is this the chapter by Haughey? Ive included it. SJ June 24, 2013 SJ Johnston Added input in items 4 & 5 of Wave 2. Included some references. June 24, 2013 A King Added to 1,3,4,5 June 28, 2013 SJ Johnston Added input in items 3 & 4 of Wave 2. June 28, 2013 MP Modise Added author Evans in the Wave 2 and a few references. Can we add Alan Tait as one of the authors in wave 2?

June 29, 2013 SJ Johnston Updated some ref items and converted some to APA format. June 30, 2013 A King Another stage done. I have made a copy and saved this to our group file area as a backup. July 1, 2013 MP Modise suggestion: to change the grid view (structural design) Incorporated Cindys comments for Wave 1 and 2, as per her feedback and email. Added stuff in item 1,2,3,4, and 5. on wave 2 and 3. rd I will add my references for 3 wave later, please also notice that there might an overlap of issues between waves. July 3, 2013 SJ Johnston Made changes as per instructors requests. Included Mpho-Entles work from the grid she emailed us - thanks Mpho-Entle! Wonderful stuff! I dont think it is a good idea to change the structural design of the grid just yet. Lets get the P first!! Still not sure about Workflow in Wave 3, item 5. July 10, 2013 MP Modise Wave 3: Added key author Reference Dyrud and Toffler (I can't edit it for APA on google driv, please help) Added info on Larger Context,Theories, and technologies Added info in the larger context on future wave Added a key author for future - Peter Drucker (hes believed to have predicted that in"In 30 years, the universities of America, as we have traditionally known them, will be barren wastelands." - please help here, thanks. July 12, 2013 SJ Johnston Added dates to the Authors for Wave 2 from S Edwards. Fixed some formatting errors in the grid and the references.