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TNG QUAN V B NH TUYN

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Tng quan v b nh tuyn


o B nh tuyn l thit b c s dng trn mng thc thi cc hot ng x l truyn ti thng tin trn mng. o C th xem b nh tuyn l mt thit b my tnh c thit k c bit m ng c vai tr x l truyn ti thng tin trn mng ca n v do n cng bao gm cc CPU, tri tim ca mi hot ng, b nh ROM, RAM, cc giao tip, cc bus d liu, h iu hnh v.v...

Tng quan v b nh tuyn


o Chc nng ca b nh tuyn l nh hng cho cc gi tin c truyn ti qua b nh tuyn. o Trn c s cc thut ton nh tuyn, thng tin cu hnh v chuyn giao, cc b nh tuyn s quyt nh hng i tt nht cho cc gi tin c truyn ti qua n. o B nh tuyn cn c vai tr x l cc nhu cu truyn ti v chuyn i giao thc khc

Tng quan v b nh tuyn


o Vai tr ca b nh tuyn trn mng l m bo cc kt ni lin thng gia cc mng vi nhau, tnh ton v trao i cc thng tin lin mng lm cn c cho cc b nh tuyn ra cc quyt nh truyn ti thng tin ph hp vi cu hnh thc t ca mng. o B nh tuyn lm vic vi nhiu cng ngh u ni mng din rng khc nhau nh FRAME RELAY, X.25, ATM, ISDN, xDSL... m bo cc nhu cu kt ni mng theo nhiu cc cng ngh v chun mc khc nhau m nu thiu vai tr ca b nh tuyn th khng th thc hin c.

Cc chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn- OSI


Application

o M hnh OSI gm 7 lp trong bao gm:


n 3 lp thuc v cc lp ng dng
o lp ng dng o lp trnh by o lp phin

Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

n 4 lp thuc v cc lp truyn thng


o o o o lp vn chuyn lp mng lp lin kt d liu lp vt l

OSI TCP/IP
Application Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
6

Transport Internetnet Network access

Cc chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn- OSI


i vi cc lp truyn thng: o - Lp vn chuyn: phn chia / ti thit d liu thnh cc dng chy d liu. Cc chc nng chnh bao gm iu khin dng d liu, a truy nhp, qun l cc mch o, pht hin v sa li. TCP, UDP l hai giao thc thuc h giao thc Internet (TCP/IP) thuc v lp vn chuyn ny. o - Lp mng: cung cp hot ng nh tuyn v cc chc nng lin quan khc cho php kt hp cc mi trng lin kt d liu khc nhau li vi nhau cng to nn mng thng nht. Cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng trong lp mng ny. o - Lp lin kt d liu: cung cp kh nng truyn ti d liu t qua mi trng truyn dn vt l. Mi c t khc nhau ca lp lin kt d liu s c cc nh ngha khc nhau v giao thc v cc chun mc kt ni m bo truyn ti d liu. o - Lp vt l: nh ngha cc thuc tnh in, cc chc nng, thng trnh dng kt ni cc thit b mng mc vt l. Mt s cc thuc tnh c nh ngha nh mc in p, ng b, tc truyn ti vt l, khong cch truyn ti cho php...

Cc chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn- OSI


o Vai tr ca b nh tuyn trong mi trng truyn thng l m bo cho cc kt ni gia cc mng khc nhau vi nhiu giao thc mng, s dng cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau. o Chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn l:
n nh tuyn (routing) n Chuyn mch cc gi tin (packet switching)

Cc chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn- OSI


o nh tuyn l chc nng m bo gi tin c chuyn chnh xc ti a ch cn n. Chuyn mch cc gi tin l chc nng chuyn mch s liu, truyn ti cc gi tin theo hng nh trn c s cc nh tuyn c t ra. o Nh vy, trn mi b nh tuyn, ta phi xy dng mt bng nh tuyn, trn ch r a ch cn n v ng i cho n. B nh tuyn da vo a ch ca gi tin kt hp vi bng nh tuyn chuyn gi tin i ng n ch. Cc gi tin khng c ng a ch ch trn bng nh tuyn s b hu. o Chc nng u tin ca b nh tuyn l chc nng nh tuyn nh tn gi ca n cng l chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn lm vic vi cc giao thc nh tuyn. B nh tuyn c xp vo cc thit b mng lm vic lp 3, lp mng.

Cu hnh c bn v chc nng ca cc b phn ca b nh tuyn


o c thit k c bit m ng c vai tr x l truyn ti thng tin trn mng. o N c thit k bao gm cc phn t khng th thiu nh CPU, ROM, RAM, cc bus d liu, h iu hnh. o Cc phn t khc ty theo nhu cu s dng c th c hoc khng bao gm cc giao tip, cc module v cc tnh nng c bit ca h iu hnh.

Cu hnh c bn v chc nng ca cc b phn ca b nh tuyn


o CPU: iu khin mi hot ng ca b nh tuyn trn c s cc h thng chng trnh thc thi ca h iu hnh. o ROM: cha cc chng trnh t ng kim tra v c th c thnh phn c bn nht sao cho b nh tuyn c th thc thi c mt s hot ng ti thiu ngay c khi khng c h iu hnh hay h iu hnh b hng. o RAM: gi cc bng nh tuyn, cc vng m, tp tin cu hnh khi chy, cc thng s m bo hot ng ca b nh tuyn khc. o Flash: l thit b nh / lu tr c kh nng xo v ghi c, khng mt d liu khi ct ngun. H iu hnh ca b nh tuyn c cha y. Ty thuc cc b nh tuyn khc nhau, h iu hnh s c chy trc tip t Flash hay c gin ra RAM trc khi chy. Tp tin cu hnh cng c th c lu tr trong Flash.

Cu hnh c bn v chc nng ca cc b phn ca b nh tuyn


o H iu hnh: m ng hot ng ca b nh tuyn. H iu hnh ca cc b nh tuyn khc nhau c cc chc nng khc nhau v thng c thit k khc nhau.
n Mi b nh tuyn c th chy rt nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th, cc chc nng cn thit phi c ca b nh tuyn v cc thnh phn phn cng c trong b nh tuyn. Cc thnh phn phn cng mi yu cu c s nng cp v h iu hnh. Cc tnh nng c bit c cung cp trong cc bn nng cp ring ca h iu hnh. Giao tip WAN: m bo cho cc kt ni din rng thng qua cc phng thc truyn thng khc nhau nh leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25, ISDN, ATM, xDSL ... Cc giao tip WAN cho php b nh tuyn kt ni theo nhiu cc giao din v tc khc nhau: V.35, X.21, G.703, E1, E3, cp quang v.v... Giao tip LAN: m bo cho cc kt ni mng cc b, kt ni n cc vng cung cp dch v trn mng. Cc giao tip LAN thng dng: Ethernet, FastEthernet, GigaEthernet, cp quang.

o Cc giao tip: b nh tuyn c nhiu cc giao tip trong ch yu bao gm:


n

nh tuyn tnh
o nh tuyn tnh do ngi qun tr phi cu hnh c nh cc thng tin n cc mng khc cho router. Quyt nh nh tuyn tnh khng da trn s nh gi lu lng v topo mng hin thi. Khi cu trc mng c bt k thay i no th ngi qun tr mng phi xa hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router.

Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh gm ba bc chnh sau:


o Ngi qun tr cu hnh cc ng i c nh cho router. o Router ci t cc thng tin ny vo bng nh tuyn. o Gi tin c nh tuyn theo cc ng c nh c ci t.

Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh:

nh tuyn ng
o nh tuyn ng la chn tuyn da trn thng tin trng thi hin thi ca mng. Thng tin nh tuyn c cp nht t ng vo trong cc bng nh tuyn ca cc node mng trc tuyn, v p ng tnh thi gian thc nhm trnh tc nghn cng nh ti u hiu nng mng. o Giao thc nh tuyn cho php router chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n bit cho cc router khc.

Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn:


o + nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. o + nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.

Mt s giao thc nh tuyn IP:


o o o o RIP (Routing Information Protocol) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) o BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)


L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. S dng s lng hop lm thng s chn ng i. Nu s lng hop ti ch ln hn 15 th gi tin s b hy b. Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 30 giy.

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)


L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. S dng bng thng, ti, tr v tin cy ca ng truyn lm thng s la chn ng i. Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 90 giy.

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)


o IGRP l giao thc nh tuyn ni vi theo vect khong cch c pht trin bi Cisco gia thp nin 1980. N c mt vi c im khc vi nhng gii thut nh tuyn theo vect khong cch khc nh l RIP

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)


o Phm vi c gia tng: Pht trin nh tuyn trong mng ln hn so vi mng c s dng trong h thng RIP. IGRP c th c s dng trn gii hn 15 hop ca RIP.Mc nh s hop ti a ca IGRP l 100 hop,c th cu hnh ti a l 255 hop. o H tr nhiu ng: IGRP c th duy tr trn su con ng c chi ph khc nhau gia mng ngun v mng ch. Nhiu ng c th c s dng tng bng thng c th s dng c hoc cho tm ng d tha.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)


L giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. S dng thut ton SPF tnh ton chn ng i tt nht. Ch cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)


L giao thc nh tuyn nng cao theo vect khong cch. C chia ti. C u im ca nh tuyn theovect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt S dng thut ton DUAL (Diffused Update Algorithm) tnh ton chn ng i tt nht. Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 90 giy hoc cp nht khi c s thay i v cu trc mng.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)


L giao thc nh tuyn teo vect khong cch. c s dng nh tuyn gia cc IPS hoc gia IPS v cc khch hng. c s dng nh tuyn lu lng Internet gia cc h t qun (AS).

KT THC BI HC

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