QUN TR MNG

Ging vin : Ths. ng Nhn Cch Email Forum Mobile : tucach@hcmutrans.edu.vn : www.chamhoc.net : 0988 757 797

Mc ch mn hc
n Kin thc: Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc c bn v lnh vc qun tr mng, Gii thiu phng php thit k xy dng cc dch v mng. n K nng: Sinh vin c o to k nng qun tr v ci t cc dch v mng. n Thi : Sinh vin ln lp y cc gi hc l thuyt v thc hnh,lm tt bi tp ln.

Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1 : Khi qut v cng ngh mng
+ Tng quan v mng my tnh + Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni + Cc giao thc c bn

Phn 2 : Qun tr h thng mng

+ Qun tr mng li + Qun tr h thng
3

Phn 1 : Khi qut v cng ngh mng

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni Chng 3 : Cc giao thc c bn

Phn 2 : Qun tr h thng mng

Qun tr mng li (network administration) : bao gm cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bo mng li hot ng hiu qu, m bo cht lng mng li cung cp ng ch tiu nh ra. Qun tr h thng (system administration) : l cc cng vic cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bo s tin cy, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca h thng, v m bo cht lng dch v cung cp trn h thng ng nh yu cu t ra.

Phn 2 : Qun tr h thng mng

Chng 1 : Tng quan v b nh tuyn Chng 2 : Active Directory Chng 3 : DNS v DHCP Chng 4 : Qun l ti khon ngi dng

Phn 2 : Qun tr h thng mng

Chng 5 : Chnh sch h thng, nhm Chng 6 : To v qun l th mc dng chung Chng 7 : Qun l in n Chng 8 : Bo mt h thng v tng la

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.1 Khi nim v mc ch kt ni mng 1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh 1.4 Chun ha mng my tnh

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.1 Khi nim v mc ch kt ni mng L tp hp cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no . Cc ng truyn vt l c hiu l cc mi trng truyn (c th l hu tuyn hoc v tuyn). Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l c s cc my tnh c th trao i c vi nhau v l mt yu t quan trng hng u khi ni v cng ngh mng my tnh.

nh gi kt qu
D lp: 10% Bi tp & Kim tra: 10% n mn hc: 20% Thi cui k: 60 %

- Hnh thc thi: trc nghim trn my

10

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.2.1. ng truyn L phng tin dng truyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu iu t chnh l cc thng tin, d liu c biu th di dng cc xung nh phn (ON_OFF), mi tn hiu truyn gia cc my tnh vi nhau u thuc sng in t Tu theo tn s m ta c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau - ng truyn hu tuyn (dy dn) - ng truyn v tuyn: thng qua cc sng v tuyn

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.2.2. K thut chuyn mch L c trng k thut chuyn tn hiu gia cc nt trong mng, c cc k thut chuyn mch nh sau: - K thut chuyn mch in (chuyn mch knh) - K thut chuyn mch thng bo - K thut chuyn mch gi

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.2.2. K thut chuyn mch

M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

+ S lien lac thong qua chuyen mach ien gom co 3 pha: xac lap mach, truyen so lieu va giai phong mach. a. Xac lap mach: + Trc khi co the truyen c so lieu t au nay en au kia. ng truyen trong mang can c xac lap. V du: Thue bao A can truyen so lieu cho E. No yeu cau Node 4 s noi mach en E. ng noi t A en 4 tren thc te a co. Node 4 can tm nhanh tiep theo e tao ng en 6.

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

+ Da vao nhng thong tin ve tm ng va s cho phep ve cac thong so khac. + Node 4 chon ng en 5 trong khi co nhieu thue bao c noi en 4 no can phai xac lap con ng ben trong t nhieu thue bao en nhieu Node khac. + Node 5 se tao cho ta con ng t 5 en 6 va nh vay con ng t 4 en 6 c xac lap va Node 6 hoan thanh cong viec noi vi E, trc khi hoan tat no can phai kiem tra xem E co b ban hay khong

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

b. Truyen d lieu: + Thong tin co the bat au truyen t A sang E. D lieu co the trong dang digital hoac dang analog. + Thong tin theo ng A en 4, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 4 en 5, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 5 en 6, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 6 en E. + Thong thng s noi mach cho phep hai chieu toan phan va d lieu co the truyen 2 chieu.

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

c. Giai phong mach: + Sau khi hoan thanh s truyen. Co tn hieu bao cua A hoac E, bao cho 4, 5, 6 giai phong s noi mach. ng noi t A en E khong con na. + Tuy nhien khi ng noi gia 2 thue bao c noi th d lieu c truyen tren mot ng co nh, khong co th gian gi lai cac Node.

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

ac iem : + Moi nut mang ong vai tro la mot tong ai. + ng noi gia cac nut mang : ng trung ke c thiet ke da tren s d bao lu lng truyen dan trong nhng khu vc khac nhau + Lien lac thong qua chuyen mach mach ien ac trng bi viec cung cap ng noi co nh gia 2 thue bao. No co the la ng noi vat ly hay kenh thong tin.

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

ac iem : + Mat khoang thi gian e thiet lap mach. + Mot kenh truyen dan se c thiet lap va ton tai t khi bat au cuoc truyen d lieu cho en khi ket thuc cuoc truyen d lieu + Sau khi hai thue bao hoan thanh cong viec cua mnh th mot trong hai thue bao co the gi yeu cau cat mach va mang se giai phong kenh truyen. Khi o kenh mi c cap phat cho thue bao khac.

1.2.2.1 Chuyen mach ien

Nhc iem : + Mat thi gian thiet lap mach=>thi gian ap ng nhanh + Hai thue bao can phai hoat ong trong cung thi gian + Nhng nguon cung cap cung phai on nh va cung cap qua mang gia 2 thue bao. + Neu co s co tren ng truyen dan en gian oan ng truyen th mang khong co kha nang nh tuyen lai

1.2.2.2 Chuyen mach thong bao

+ Hien nay nhng bc ien bao, th ien t, files cua may tnh c goi la nhng thong bao, va no c truyen qua mang nh s trao oi nhng d lieu so c trao oi 2 chieu gia cac thue bao. * ac iem : + Cac nut mang la cac may tnh lam nhiem vu nhan ban tin, dch ban tin, ong dau phat ban tin. + D lieu truyen dan qua mang phai c to chc thanh cac ban tin trong o ngoai phan d lieu th phai kem theo a ch ch va mot vai thong tin ve nh tuyen + Vi chuyen mach thong bao khong ton tai s thiet lap va cung cap lo trnh co nh

1.2.2.2 Chuyen mach thong bao

+ Moi nut mang ch hoan thien nh tuyen va gi ban tin en nut ke tiep. Mot nut mang muon truyen mot thong bao, no se gan a ch cua ngi nhan vao thong bao. + tai moi Node thong bao c nhan, tam gi va truyen sang Node khac. + Thi gian tre moi Node bao gom ca thi gian nhan thong bao vao Node va th gian sap hang ch en lt mnh e chuyen en Node khac.

1.2.2.2 Chuyen mach thong bao

V du : Thong bao can truyen t A en E + Thue bao A gan a ch cua E vao thong bao va gi no vao Node 4. Node 4 gi thong bao va tm nhanh tiep theo (v du nh 5) va no sap hang thong bao e ch truyen tren ng noi 4-5. + Khi ng noi cho phep, thong bao se c gi sang 5 va nh the no c a en 6 va E. He thong chuyen mach thong bao la he thong luon gi va gui tiep cac thong bao.

1.2.2.2 Chuyen mach thong bao

* u iem : + khong mat thi gian thiet lap mach + Co kha nang nh tuyen tr lai + Khong can ong thi on nh cho ca ben phat va thu, mang co the tam gi thong bao khi bo phan thu cha san sang. + Thong bao co the ong thi gi en nhieu thue bao nhan, co the sao chep thong bao e gi en ngi nhan can thiet + Co the kiem tra sai va quan ly qua trnh trong mang thong bao.

1.2.2.2 Chuyen mach thong bao

* Nhc iem : + Cha ap ng c thi gian truyen dan khi lu lng hoat ong cua mang cao + Phai thue ng trung ke, cac kenh truyen dan => chi ph cao

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

+ Chuyen mach goi (PS) gan giong nh chuyen mach thong bao. + Cho khac nhau c ban la o dai cua mot khoi d lieu a vao mang c han che thanh tng goi. o dai ien hnh moi goi t 1000 cho en hang chuc ngan bit. + Trong PS thong bao a c chia thanh tng goi nho. Goi bao gom d lieu cung vi a ch va cac

thong so can thiet.

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

* ac iem : + Khong thiet lap mach t thue bao nay en thue bao khac + Moi nut mang co kch thc goi tin khac nhau. Moi goi ngoai d lieu con co thong tin ve a ch, nh tuyen, va cac thong tin c xac nh theo nhieu giao thc khac nhau. + Mot goi co the co nhieu ban tin va i nhieu ng khac nhau e en cung mot ch. + Tha ke cac u iem cua mo hnh chuyen mach thong bao. Cac nut mang eu co kha nang sap xep lai ban tin va x ly tren nguyen tac lap a ch e loai tr kha nang that lac goi.

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

Mang chuyen mach goi.

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

* u iem : + Cho phep truyen dan vi lu lng ln + Thi gian ap ng nhanh + Hieu suat s dung cao nhat Thong thng mang chuyen mach goi cung cap hai dch vu truyen thong : data-gram va mach ao

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

a. Data-gram: + oi vi dch vu data-gram luong thong tin c chia thanh nhieu goi nho goi la data-gram. Tren moi packet o phan header cha hai thong tin can thiet la a ch nguon, a ch ch, th t goi + Khong co s thiet lap ng lien lac co nh gia hai DTE ma cac data-gram co the c truyen tren nhieu hng khac nhau. Trong qua trnh truyen tin, goi th nhat co the en sau goi th hai, th ba,... + Khi ben nhan a nhan u so lng goi, ben nhan se tai hp cac goi lai thanh message ban au.

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

a. Data-gram:

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

a. Data-gram: Message c chia thanh ba data-gram va c truyen i tren hai ng khac nhau. + Packet 1 va 3 : DTE1-CANTHO-HCM-DANANGHANOI-DTE2 + Packet 2 : DTE1-CANTHO-MYTHO-HCM-DANANGHANOI-DTE2 Ket qua nhan c la : packet 1-packet 3 packet 2

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

b. Mach ao : + Moi mach ao cung cap mot link gia hai DTE tren mang. g. + Tuy thuoc vao cong nghe chuyen mach va toc o chuyen mach cua cac cac PSE (tong ai chuyen mach goi) + Mot kenh trung ke trong mang truyen so lieu co the cho phep thiet lap en 4096 mach ao tai mot thi iem.

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

b. Mach ao : + Mach ao tam thi : khong co nh ve lo trnh, trnh, co ngha rang moi lan ket noi ao, cac tong ai trong mang truyen so lieu t chon mot lo trnh thch hp tren c s chon tuyen co mat o thong lng loang nhat e thiet lap mach ao cho thue bao. bao. + Nhng lan ket noi khac nhau co the co nhng lo trnh khac nhau mac du hai DTE o khong thay oi v tr vat ly + Mach ao thng xuyen : c thiet lap mot lan va co nh lo trnh. trnh. Mach ao nay thng dung cho cac ket noi hoat ong suot 24 gi moi ngay. Co the so sanh mach ao thng xuyen nh kenh leasedleased-line line. .

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

b. Mach ao :

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

b. Mach ao : + Mach ao th nhat c thiet lap cho ket noi gia DTE1 VA DTE2 : DTE1-MYTHO-HCM-DANANG-HANOI-DTE2 + Mach ao th hai c thiet lap cho ket noi gia DTE3 VA DTE4 : DTE3-MYTHO-CANTHO-HCM-DANANG-HANOI-DTE4

1.2.2.3 Chuyen mach goi

Tom lai : oi vi mang chuyen mach goi th khong the da hoan toan vao khoang cach gia hai au truyen tin, v c che chuyen mach ao va datagram t chon lay lo trnh, co khi phai qua vong hang tram km trong khi hai DTE ch cach nhau vai chuc km.

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.2.3. Kin trc mng n Kin trc mng my tnh th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. n Khi ni n kin trc ca mng th c hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol)

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.2 c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 1.2.4. H iu hnh mng H iu hnh mng l mt phn mm h thng c cc chc nng sau: - Qun l ti nguyn ca h thng - Qun l ngi dng v cc cng vic trn h thng. H iu hnh m bo giao tip gia ngi s dng, chng trnh ng dng vi thit b ca h thng. - Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li (Format a, sao chp tp v th mc, in n, ...)

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh 1.3.1. Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l Nu ly khong cch a l th ta c mng cc b (LAN), mng th (MAN), mng din rng (WAN), mng ton cu (INTERNET) 1.3.2. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol) - Khi phn loi theo topo mng ngi ta thng c phn loi thnh: mng hnh sao, trn, tuyn tnh - Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnh mng : TCP/IP, mng NETBIOS . ..

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh
1.3.2. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng - Mng hnh sao: Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch - Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus): Trong mng trc tt c cc trm phn chia mt ng truyn chung (bus). ng truyn chnh c gii hn hai u bng hai u ni c bit gi l terminator. Mi trm c ni vi trc chnh qua mt u ni ch T (Tconnector) hoc mt thit b thu pht (transceiver).

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh
1.3.2. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng

- Mng hnh vng Trn mng hnh vng tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater) do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu. Mng hnh vng c u nhc im tng t mng hnh sao, tuy nhin mng hnh vng i hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnh sao

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh 1.3.2. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.3 Phn loi mng my tnh 1.3.3. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch + Mng chuyn mch knh + Mng chuyn mch thng bo + Mng chuyn mch gi. 1.3.4. Phn loi theo h iu hng mng Nu phn loi theo h iu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnh mng ngang hng, mng khch/ch hoc phn loi theo tn h iu hnh m mng s dng: Windows, Unix, Novell . . .

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.4. Chun ha mng my tnh
o Khi thit k cc giao thc mng, cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Vn khng tng thch lm tr ngi cho s ng tc gia nhng giao thc mng khc nhau. o Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln thc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to thit b mng . o Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (Internatinal Organnization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m OSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection).

Chng 1 : Tng quan v mng my tnh

1.4. Chun ha mng my tnh
o o o o o o o Lp ng dng (application) Lp th hin (presentation) Lp phin (session) Lp giao vn (transport) Lp mng (network) Lp lin kt d liu (data link) Lp vt l (physical link)

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.1 Cc mi trng truyn
2.1.1 Mi trng nh hng
a. Dy song hnh b. Cp xon i c. Cp ng trc d. Cp quang 2.1.2 Mi trng khng nh hng a. Viba mt t b. Viba v tinh c. Sng radio d. V tuyn t bo

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.1. Card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card) l mt card c cm trc tip vo my tnh trn khe cm m rng ISA hoc PCI hoc tch hp vo bo mch ch PC. Trn c cc mch in gip cho vic tip nhn (receiver) hoc pht (transmitter) tn hiu ln mng. 2.2.2 B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.2 B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) Nhim v ca cc repeater l hi phc tn hiu c th truyn tip cho cc trm khc bao gm c cng tc khuch i tn hiu, iu chnh tn hiu

M hnh lin kt mng s dng Repeater

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.2 B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) Repeater khng c x l tn hiu, ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuch i tn hiu b suy hao v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nhng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni
2.2.2 B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) Hot ng ca b chuyn tip trong m hnh OSI

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE o Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. o Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. o Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE o Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung bng a ch (c ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni). o Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn sang pha bn kia. o y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE o C hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. o Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu. o Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. o Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE o V d Bridge bin dch:

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE
o o Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau : M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b Repeater. Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc. ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

o o

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.3 Cu ni BRIDGE

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.4. Router (B chn ng)
o Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. o Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.4. Router (B chn ng)

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.4. Router (B chn ng)
Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router th Router mi x l v gi tip.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.4. Router (B chn ng)
Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng ch ng (Router table) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.4. Router (B chn ng)
Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.5. Cc b tp trung (Concentrator hay HUB) HUB l mt loi thit b c nhiu u cm cc u cp mng. Ngi ta s dng HUB ni mng theo kiu hnh sao. u im ca kiu ni ny l tng c lp ca cc my khi mt my b s c dy dn. HUB th ng (passive HUB) l HUB ch m bo chc nng kt ni hon ton khng x l li tn hiu. HUB ch ng (active HUB) l HUB c chc nng khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch ng.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.5. Cc b tp trung (Concentrator hay HUB)
HUB l mt loi thit b c nhiu u cm cc u cp mng. Ngi ta s dng HUB ni mng theo kiu hnh sao. u im ca kiu ni ny l tng c lp ca cc my khi mt my b s c dy dn. C loi HUB th ng (passive HUB) l HUB ch m bo chc nng kt ni hon ton khng x l li tn hiu. HUB ch ng (active HUB) l HUB c chc nng khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao. HUB thng minh (intelligent HUB) l HUB ch ng nhng c kh nng to ra cc gi tin mang tin tc v hot ng ca mnh v gi ln mng ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin qun tr t ng

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.6. Switching Hub (hay cn g i tt l switch) L cc b chuyn mch thc s. Khc vi HUB thng thng, thay v chuyn mt tn hiu n t mt cng cho tt c cc cng, n ch chuyn tn hiu n cng c trm ch. Do vy Switch l mt thit b quan trng trong cc mng cc b ln dng phn on mng. Nh c switch m ng trn mng gim hn. Ngy nay switch l cc thit b mng quan trng cho php tu bin trn mng chng hn lp mng o VLAN.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.7. Modem L tn vit tt t hai t iu ch (MOdulation) v gii iu ch (DEModulation) l thit b cho php iu ch bin i tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t c th gi theo ng thoi v khi nhn tn hiu t ng thoi c th bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu s. 2.2.8. Multiplexor - Demultiplexor B dn knh c chc nng t hp nhiu tn hiu cng gi trn mt ng truyn. B tch knh c chc nng ngc li ni nhn tn hiu

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.9. Gateway (Cng ni)
o Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe) o Do cc mng hon ton khng thun nht nn vic chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng ca h thng m OSI. Thng c s dng ni cc mng LAN vo my tnh ln. o Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, mt Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.

Chng 2 : Cc thit b v cc chun kt ni

2.2 Cc thit b kt ni 2.2.9. Gateway (Cng ni)
Hot ng ca Gateway trong m hnh OSI

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

o Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. o H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng. o Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP

o 3.1.1. Tng qut o Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. o Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut o S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). o a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. o Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP

o o o o

3.1.1. Tng qut Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E).

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP

o o o o o o

3.1.1. Tng qut Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut Cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: + Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. + Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

o Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring). o Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

o a ch khi b sung vng subnetid

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut
o n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng :

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

o VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. o IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. o Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

o o o o o o o o o o Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng D = 1 gi tin tr thp T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v T = 1 thng lng cao R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu R = 0 tin cy bnh thng R = 1 tin cy cao

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut o Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. o Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut o Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. o Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. o Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

o ngha c th ca trng Flags l:
o o o o bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut:

o o o o

Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 GIAO THC IP 3.1.1. Tng qut

o o o o

Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun. Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). o Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. o Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1 Giao thc IP 3.1.2. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP o Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n. o i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: o To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c. o Tnh checksum v ghp vo header c a gi tin. o Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. o Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.1. Giao thc IP 3.1.2. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: n 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. n 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. n 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. n 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. n 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. n 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi cc cng vic sau: n 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. n 2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on) n 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.2 Cc giao thc iu khin trong mng IP o mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn. o Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng) gia cc gateway hoc mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.2 Cc giao thc iu khin trong mng IP o Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring). o Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thit. o Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP o 3.3.1 Khi qut chung o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l mt giao thc c lin kt (connection oriented), ngha l cn thit lp lin kt (logic), gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. o TCP cung cp kh nng truyn d liu mt cch an ton gia cc my trm trong h thng cc mng. N cung cp thm cc chc nng nhm kim tra tnh chnh xc ca d liu khi n v bao gm c vic gi li d liu khi c li xy ra. TCP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau: n 1. Thit lp, duy tr, kt thc lin kt gia hai qu trnh. n 2. Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy. n 3. nh s th t (sequencing) cc gi d liu nhm truyn d liu mt cch tin cy. n 4. Cho php iu khin li. n 5. Cung cp kh nng a kt ni vi cc qu trnh khc nhau gia trm ngun v trm ch nht nh thng qua vic s dng cc cng. n 6. Truyn d liu s dng c ch song cng (full-duplex).

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP 3.3.1 Khi qut chung

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP 3.3.1 Khi qut chung o Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun. o Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. o Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. o Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. o Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu). o Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai o Control bit (cc bit iu khin): o URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. o ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. o PSH: Chc nng PUSH.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP 3.3.1 Khi qut chung
o o o o o o o o o RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun. Window (16 bit): cp pht credit kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn. Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data) Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment. Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP
o 3.3.2Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP Thit lp kt ni Thit lp kt ni TCP c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree - way Handsake) hnh sau. Yu c u kt ni lun c tin trnh trm khi to, bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca client. Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi kt ni c yu cu (gi tr ny quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun kt ni (bc 1). Mi thc th kt ni TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi s ny c tng theo thi gian. V mt kt ni TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP c dng li nhiu ln, do vic thay i gi tr INS ngn khng cho cc kt ni dng li cc d liu c (stale) vn cn c truyn t mt kt ni c v c cng mt a ch kt ni.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP
3.3.2Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP Thit lp kt ni
o Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t c ACK=1 trong trng hp sn sng nhn kt ni. Thng ip ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm trong trng hp s tun t thu bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm (bc 2). Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thng bo tr li ACK cui cng. Bng cch ny, cc th c th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d liu g; tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn tiu ca thng ip TCP (bc 3).

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.3. Giao thc TCP 3.3.2Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP Kt thc kt ni o Khi c nhu cu kt thc kt ni, thc th TCP, v d c th A gi yu cu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1. V kt ni TCP l song cng (full-duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc kt ni ca A (A thng bo ht s liu gi) thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn s liu cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1 ca mnh. o Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca chnh mnh, kt ni TCP thc s kt thc.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.4. Giao thc UDP UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.4. Giao thc UDP
UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.4. Giao thc UDP

M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

Chng 3: Cc giao thc c bn

3.4. Giao thc UDP
OSI TCP/IP

Mi quan h gia m hnh OSI v TCP/IP

APPLICATION PRESENTATIO N SESSION TRANSPORT

APPLICATI ON

Telnet, FTP, DNS

TRANSPOR T

TCP, UDP

NETWORK

INTERNET

IP

DATA PHYSICAL

NETWORK INTERFACE

WANs, TokenRing

Phn 2 : QUN TR H THNG MNG

TNG QUAN QUN TR MNG

Tng quan qun tr mng

o Qun tr mng theo ngha mng my tnh c th c hiu khi qut l tp bao gm ca cc cng tc qun tr mng li v qun tr h thng. o Qun tr mng li (network administration) l cc cng vic qun l mng li bao gm cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bo mng li hot ng hiu qu, m bo cht lng mng li cung cp ng ch tiu nh ra. o Qun tr h thng (system administration) c nh ngha l cc cng vic cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bo s tin cy, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca h thng, v m bo cht lng dch v cung cp trn h thng ng nh ch tiu nh ra

Tng quan qun tr mng

o Cng tc qun tr mng bao gm :
n Qun tr cu hnh, ti nguyn mng : Bao gm cc cng tc qun l, kim sot cu hnh, qun l cc ti nguyn cp pht cho cc i tng s dng khc nhau. n Qun tr ngi dng, dch v mng: Bao gm cc cng tc qun l ngi s dng trn h thng, trn mng li v m bo dch v cung cp c tin cy cao, cht lng m bo theo ng cc ch tiu ra.

Tng quan qun tr mng

n Qun tr hiu nng, hot ng mng : Bao gm cc cng tc qun l, gim st hot ng mng li, m bo cc thit b, h thng, dch v trn mng hot ng n nh, hiu qu.
o Cc cng tc qun l, gim st hot ng ca mng li cho php ngi qun tr tng hp, d bo s pht trin mng li, dch v, cc im yu, im mnh ca ton mng, cc h thng v dch v ng thi gip khai thc ton b h thng mng vi hiu sut cao nht.

Tng quan qun tr mng

n Qun tr an ninh, an ton mng: Bao gm cc cng tc qun l, gim st mng li, cc h thng m bo phng trnh cc truy nhp tri php, c tnh ph hoi cc h thng, dch v, hoc mc tiu nh cp thng tin quan trng ca cc t chc, cng ty hay thay i ni dung cung cp ln mng vi dng xu. o Vic phng chng, ngn chn s ly lan ca cc loi virus my tnh, cc phng thc tn cng v d nh DoS lm t lit hot ng mng hay dch v cng l mt phn cc k quan trng ca cng tc qun tr an ninh, an ton mng.

KT THC BI HC