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hn xt ca gio vin hng dn

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Thi Nguyn, Ngy

Thng

Gio Vin hng dn


(K ghi r h tn)

Nm 20...

Nhn xt ca gio vin chm


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Thi Nguyn, Ngy

Thng

Gio Vin hng dn


(K ghi r h tn)

TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP


KHOA IN T
B mn: K THUT MY TNH

Nm 20...

N MN HC

MN HC
H Thng Nhng

Nhm sinh vin: 1. V nh Thng


2. Nguyn Th Thnh
3. L Vn Thnh
Lp :

K43kt

Gio vin hng dn : ThS. Nguyn Tun Linh

Thi Nguyn 2011

M U.................................................................................................................6
Chng 1 : Phn Tch Bi Ton..............................................................................7
La chn phn mm :......................................................................................11
Chng 2: Thit K V Tnh Ton Cho H Thng..................................................12
S khi ca kha s...................................................................................12

S c T H Thng V S Call Graph:..................................................13


Phn tch v tnh ton phn cng.....................................................................14
2.3.1. PIC 16F877..........................................................................................14
2.3.2. LCD Hin Th........................................................................................24
Bn Phm.......................................................................................................27
Mch cu iu khin ng c........................................................................28
ng c......................................................................................................... 33
Khi Ngun....................................................................................................34
Chng 3: Xy dng lu thut ton v vit chng trnh cho h kha s.......34
3.1 lu gii thut:.......................................................................................34
3.2. hot ng ca sn phm..........................................................................35
3.3. Chng trnh qut phm c bn:................................................................36

M U

Vi mi gia nh, c qua, x nghip, trng hc hay bt c ni u, bo v


ti sn trong phng. Trn mi cnh ca ra vo c trang b thm chic kha . Hin
nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi kha ca nhng hu nh u l kha c kh, cc
kha c kh ny gp vn ln l tnh bo mt ca cc kha ny khng cao, nn d
dng b ph kha bi cc cha kha a nng.
a s kho k thut s ang c bn trn th trng l do Hn Quc sn xut,
ch yu l loi kho tay nm v c gi kh cao.
Kho s dng phng php ci t m s (nh kho s ca cc loi va li hay
cp s) kho hoc m v ngi s dng c th ci t s bt k. H thng s ca
kho c thit k nh cc phm bm s ca in thoi nn kh tin li khi s dng.
Bn cnh loi ch c mt chc nng kho bng m s, cn c loi km theo chc nng
kho bng cha. Cha ca loi ny cng c bit hn cc loi thng thng, n c
lm 4 cnh, kh lm gi nh cc loi kho 2 cnh.
Kho k thut s cn c loi m bng du vn. Loi kho ny c th ng k
c 25 hoc 40 vn tay khc nhau. Nh vy bn c th lu li rt nhiu vn tay ca
mi ngi trong gia nh vo b nh ca kho. Khi cho ng cc vn tay c lu trong
b nh th ca s c m. Phn ln loi ny khng s dng cha na.
V vy nng cao yu cu v tnh bo mt bo v ti sn, v dao din d
s dng. Nhm nghin cu chng ti ra gii php dng kha s da trn nn tng
ca k thut vi iu khin.

Chng 1 : Phn Tch Bi Ton


1.1.

Tng quan v kha s:

Kha s ni chung l loi kha bo v thit b, ti sn.m khi mun m ra


th phi tc ng n s m ta ci t trc. c 2 loi kha s c bn hin nay trn th
trng c l kha s c kh v kha s in t.
-

Kha s c kh : khi m kha hay kha li th ta phi xoay cc vng s trn


kha sao cho mt dy cc s no cng hp vi nhau th m c kha

Kha s in t : khi m kha th ta phi nhp ng mt khu l mt dy


cc s lin tip nhau, nu nhp ng cc dy s th m c kha.

Nhn chung th kha s in t s c nhiu k t, nhiu m s ci t hn,


cng nh di ca m s s di hn. V vy tnh bo mt ca kha s in t cng
cao hn. Bn cnh , thao tc trn kha s in t cng thc hin d dng hn vi
cc phm bm, ch khng phi l cc vng xoay kha s c kh. Khi thao tc i
mt khu cng d dng hn v thao tc trn cc phm bm.
Kha s in t ngoi tnh nng v bo mt cao, v thao tc d dng cn c
tnh nng cnh bo nu nhp mt m nhiu sai qu s ln quy nh. Vi dao din
ngi dng, hin th cc thng bo v nhp mt khu, cnh bo, thay i mt khu
khin ngi dng d s dng hn.
1.2. Nguyn l c bn ca kha s in t :
Nhp mt mt m a ti mt khi giao tip, v hin th nhng thng tin ti
ngi dng (nu c). Ri khi iu khin s gi tn hiu ti mt thit b chp hnh
ng ct, hoc iu khin cho ng hoc m ca nu nh mt m ng. V a ra
thng bo (nu c) khi nhp mt m sai, c th c bo ng khi nhp mt m sai qu
s ln quy nh.
Khi giao tip v
hin th thng tin

Khi iu khin

Thit b chp
hnh

Hnh 1.1: s khi kha s c bn.

1.3.

Cc sn phm kha s trn th trng

Trn th trng hin nay c bn rt nhiu loi kha s in t. Hu ht cc loi


kha in t u c tnh nng i mt m, cnh bo. Nhng li khng c tnh nng
giao din ngi dng bng mn hnh LCD khin ngi dng kh s dng cc sn
phm . Thit b m b kha s trn th trng iu khin ch yu l Roler ng,
m cht ca.

Hnh 1.2: kha s trn th trng khng c giao din ngi dng

Mt s loi trn th trng c giao din ngi dng qua nhng mn hnh
LCD 16x2 hin th thng tin ti ngi dng. Nh vy th d s dng hn cc loi
khc.

Hnh 1.3: kha s trang b mn hnh LCD giao din ngi dng.

1.4.

Cc yu cu chnh ca kha s v tnh nng ca sn phm:

Qua tham kho cc sn phm kha s trn th trng th


Yu cu ca mt b sn phm kha s thng thng:
-

Do din ngi dung d s dng.

Mt khu c di m bo tnh bo mt cao.

C th thay i c mt khu.

Tnh nng cnh bo khi nhp mt khu sai 3 ln lin tip.

ng c quay iu khin ca ht hnh trnh th dng li.

H thng phi lm vic c ngay c khi mt in.

Cc rng buc :
-

Thng thng h thng giao din vi ngi dng bn


ngoi, nn phi an ton, trnh c nhng tc ng ca ngoi
cnh.

Chi ph ca b sn phm (khng c ng c) khng qu


500.000vn.

Chu c qu ti ti khi gp chng ngi vt trong thi gian


di.
10

Vi yu cu v tnh nng nh trn, chng ti chn cc thit b chnh:


Vi iu khin 16f877 vi b nh eeprom c kh lu tr d liu
ngay c khi mt in.
Mn hnh LCD 16x2 vi mc ch hin th thng tin, giao tip vi
iu khin vi ngi dng
Bn phm 16 phm c cc phm s v phm chc nng a u
vo l mt khu, cc lnh ng m ca ti vi iu khin.
ng c ko cnh ca ng v m. Vi ti ny c yu cu
sn phm m phng thc t, chng ti chn ng c mt chiu
cng sut nh.
Ngun d tr khi mt in.
La chn phn mm :
CCS l trnh bin dch lp trnh ngn ng C cho Vi iu khin PIC ca hng
Microchip. Chng trnh l s tch hp ca 3 trnh bin dich ring bit cho 3 dng
PIC khc nhau l:
PCB cho dng PIC 12bit opcodes
PCM cho dng PIC 14bit opcodes
PCH cho dng PIC 16 v 18bit
Tt c 3 trnh bin dich ny uc tch hp li vo trong mt chng trnh bao
gm c trnh son tho v bin dch l CCS.
PIC 16f877a l pic 14. Ta c th dng phn mm lp trnh cho PIC vi ngn
ng C d s dng.
Cu chc c bn ca chng trnh khi vt vi C:
#include, #device, #use, #fuses.......

// cc tin x l

#define, int8 .......... //nh ngha cc d liu khai bo hng, bin...


Void tnhm() {} dng khai bo, nh ngha hm
Void main() {// chng trnh chnh.}
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Chng 2: Thit K V Tnh Ton Cho H Thng

khi ca kha s

Khi Bo ng

Mn Hnh Hin
Th LCD 16x2

Khi Ngun

Vi iu Khin
PIC 16F877a

ng C

Khuch i Tn
Hiu

Bn Phm Ma
Trn 4x4

Hnh 2.1: S khi ca Kha s


- Khi ngun: Nhm nhim v cung cp in p +5V, 12V lun n nh cho
mch in v vi iu khin.
- Vi iu khin: x l cc thng tin, nhn thng tin t bn phm , a n iu
khin ng c v a thng tin hin th ra LCD thng bo cho ngi dng. Lu tr
mt khu qua b nh EEPROM c th lu tr ngay khi mt in.
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- Bn phm: thc hin chc nng nhp cc d liu a n vi iu khin v bao


gm thao tc nhp mt khu, thay i mt khu, m ca, kha ca.
- H thng bo ng: cnh bo khi nhp sai mt khu qu 3 ln. Thng qua h
thng chng bo ng.
- B khuch i tn hiu v mch cu H :dng a tn hiu iu khin ng
c
- Mn hnh LCD: c chc nng chnh giao tip ngi dng vi Vi iu
Khin .
- ng c iu khin: Dng iu khin ng m ca qua iu khin t mch
cu H
c T H Thng V S Call Graph:
M Ca

Bo ng

Nhp Mt
M

Thao Tc
Phm

Nhp Mt
M C

i Mt M

Mt M
Mi

Kha Ca

i Mt
M

Hnh 2.2: s c t ca h thng

13

Thao Tc Phm

Controller
software

Chng
Trnh Bo
ng

Giao Tip
LCD
Giao Tip
EEPROM

Mn Hnh LCD

Giao Tip
Bn Phm

EEPROM

Bn Phm

iu Khin
ng c

ng C

Chung Bo

Hnh 2.3 : s Call graph gia phn cng v phn mm

Phn tch v tnh ton phn cng


2.3.1. PIC 16F877

a. c im pic 16f877a:
Cng ngh CMOS c c tnh : cng sut thp, cng ngh b nh
Flash/EEPROM tc cao. in p hot ng t 2V n 5,5V v
tiu tn nng nng thp. ph hp vi nhit lm vic trong
cng nghip v trong thng mi.
Tc hot ng :
- DC 20MHz ng vo xung clock
- DC 200ns chu k lnh
Dung lng ca b nh chng trnh Flash l 8K x 14words.
Dung lng ca b nh d liu RAM l 368x8Bytes.
Dung lng ca b nh d liu EEPROM l 256x8 Bytes.
o B nh d liu EEPROM cho php xa v ghi 1.000.000
ln.
o B nh EEPROM c th lu gi d liu hn 40 nm v c
th t lp trnh li c di s iu khin ca phn mm.
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S chn : 40 pins. 5 cng vo ra s RA,RB,RC,RD,RE.

Hnh 2.4: S chn ca pic 16F877a.

b. Cc cng vo ra ca PIC 16F877a:


Vic iu khin cc cng vo ra ca pic da trn vic iu khin cc File thanh
ghi. V trong ti ch s dng 3 cng vo ra l PORTB, PORTC, PORTD nn chng
ti xin a ra c im ca cc chn.
PORTB v thanh ghi TRISB:
Portb (RPB) gm 8 pin I/O. thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISB. Bn cnh mt s chn ca PORTB cn c s dng trong qu trnh np
chng trnh cho vi iu khin vi cc ch no khc nhau. PORTB cn lin quan
dn ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0. PORTB cn c tch hp chc nng in tr ko ln
c iu khin bi chng trnh.
Ba chn ca PORTB c a hp vi mch in g ri bn trong v chc nng
lp trnh in p thp RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC v RB7PGD.
Mi chn ca PORTB c in tr ko ln. Bit iu khin RBPU
(OPTION_REG<7>) =0 th c th m tt c cc in tr ko ln . khi portb c thit
lp l ng ra th s t ng ngt chc nng in tr ko ln , cng tng t khi CPU b
reset lc mi cp in.
Bn chn ca portb RB4:RB7 c cu chc ngt thay i, ch c nhng chn
c thit lp cu hnh l ng vo th mi c chc nng ngt. cc chn ng vo l
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(RB4:RB7) c so snh vi gi tr c c cht trong ln c trc ca portb.


Cc ng ra khng trng nhau ca cc chn RB4:RB7 c OR li vi nhau tao ra
ngt PORTB vi bt c bo ngt RBIF<INTCON<0>>.
Ngt ny c th kch hot vi iu khin tr li trng thi hot ng khi n ang
ch SLEEP. Trong chng trnh phc v ngt th ngi dng c th xa ngt
bng cc cch khc nhau:
Bt k lnh c hay ghi PORTB s kt thch iu kin khng
thch ng.
Xa bt c RBIF.
iu kin khng tng thch s tip tc lm c bo ngt RBIF bng 1. Khi c
PORTB s chm dt iu kin khng tng thch v cho php xa bt c bo ngt
RBIF.
Cu trc ngt thay i dng thot khi ch ngh khi c nhn phm v cc
hot ng m PORTB ch c dng cho cu trc thay i ngt.
PORTC v thanh ghi TRISC:
PORTC l port 2 chiu 8 bt. Thanh ghi nh hng l TRISC. Khi bit
TRISC=1 th portc l nhp, khi TRISC=0 th portc l xut.
Portc c a hp vi vi chc nng ngoi vi. Cc chn ca portc c mch
m Schmit Trigger ng vo. Khi khi I2C c cho php th cc chn PORTC (3,4)
c th c nh cu hnh cc mc I2C hoc mc SMBUS bng cch s dng bt
CKE (SSPSTAT<6>).
Khi cho php chc nng ngoi vi, nn ch n cc bt TRIS cho mi chn ca
PORTC. Mt vi thit b ngoi vi ghi ln bt TRIS lm mt chn nh l 1 ng ra,
trong khi cc thit b ngoi vi ghi ln bt TRIS lm nh mt chn ng vo. Khi
ghi bt TRIS th khng nh hng n cc thiets b cho php, cc knh c
hiu chnh ghi (BSF,BCF,XORWF) vi TRISC l ch n phi trnh dng. Ngi
s dng tham chiu ti phn thit b ngoi vi tng ng thip lp cho ng bt
TRIS
PORTD v thanh ghi TRISD:
PORTD l port 8 bt vi ng vo c mch Schmitt Trigger. Mi chn c th
c cu hnh c lp l ng vo hoc ng ra. PORTD c th nh cu hnh nh l
port ca vi s l 8 bt bng cch thit lp bt iu khin PSPMODE(TRISE<4>).
Trong mode ny th cc b n ng vo dng TTL. PORTD v TRISD khng c
xy dng cho cc b m ng vo TTL
16

Cc BANK thanh ghi:


B nh d liu trn c chia lm nhiu Bank v cha nhng chc nng
c bit. hai bit RP0, RP1 nm trong thanh ghi STATUS thuc bit th 5 v th 6 dng
chn BANK thanh ghi.
Hai BANK thanh ghi : BANK 0 v BANK 1 thuc a ch t 0x5 n
0x09 l a ch ca PORTA n PORTE dng xut nhp d liu. a ch t 0x85 n
0x89 l a ch ca cc thanh ghi nh hng TRISA n TRISE.
Khi chn BANK thanh ghi ta thit lp cc gi tr ca RP0 v RP1 thuc
thanh ghi STATUS nh sau:
Bank 0 : RP0=0, RP1=0.
Bank 1 : RP0=1, RP1=0.
Bank 2 : RP0=0, RP1=1.
Bank 3 : RP0=1, RP1=1.

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18

Hnh 2.5: S File thanh ghi.

19

Vi phn mm CCS vit chng trnh C cho PIC, khi truy xut cc d liu
t cc cng th ta khng cn chn BANK thanh ghi phc tp nh trn. Ta ch cn
dng cc lnh : SET_TRIS_X v OUTPUT_X l c th xut nhp. Nhng khi nhp d
liu vi cc cng ta khng nn dng lnh OUTPUT_X v trc khi thc hin xut mt
d liu th mc nh n SET_TRIS_X. Ta nn khai bo a ch ban u ca thanh
ghi v d:
#BYTE PORTB =0x06, #BYTE PORTC=0x07.
Nh th th ta c th xut d liu ra cc cng bng cc lnh gn
PORTX=0xXX m khng lm nh hng n thanh ghi nh hng ban u qua lnh
SET_TRIS_X.
Cc cng RB, RC, RD l cng vo ra 8 bt, vi cc chn RX0 n RX7.

c. chn cng vo ra kt ni vi thit b ngoi vi :


Do trong phn mm CCS c h ch file LCD.C mc nh dng cng PORTD
nn ta dng cng RD kt ni vi LCD. iu khin LCD dng PORTD vi
thit lp ban u l cng xut d liu iu khin LCD nn ta thit lp ban
u l SET_TRIS_D(0x00).
o Cc chn t RD4 => RD7 ca PIC ni vi cc chn d liu D4 => D7
ca LCD
o Chn RD0 ca pic ni vi chn cho php E (enable) ca LCD.
o Chn RD1 ni vi chn RS chn chn thanh ghi ca LCD
o Chn RD2 ni vi chn RW chn chn ch c/ ghi ca LCD.
Chn cng qut 16 phm: ma trn phm ni vi cng RC.
Chn cng iu khin ng c , cng tc hnh trnh v bo ng : cng RB
o

Chn RB0, RB1 ni vi cng tc hnh trnh dng ng c khi iu

khin ca
o Chn chn RB6,RB7 iu khin ng c thng qua mch cu.
o Chn chn RB5 a tn hiu ra h thng bo ng.
d. B nh EEPROM:
D liu EEPROM v b nh chng trnh Flh c th c v ghi trong sut
qu trnh hot ng bnh thng. B nh ny khng c thit lp trc tip trong
khng gian file thanh ghi c bit. C 6 thanh ghi FSR c s dng c v ghi b
nh ny:
EECON1
20

EECON2
EEDATA
EEDATH
EEADR
EEADRH
Khi giao tip vi khi b nh d liu , thanh ghi EEDATA cha 8bt d liu
cho vic c/ghi v thanh ghi EEADR cha a ch nh ca EEPROM ang c
truy xut. Nu pic c b nh 128 byte th a ch nm trong khong t 80H n FFH,
nu PIC c b nh EEPROM l 256 byte th a ch nm trong khong t 00h n
FFh. Vi PIC 16f877a c 256 byte b nh nn EEPROM nm trong khong t 00h
n FFh.
Khi giao tip vi b nh chng trnh th hai thanh ghi EEDATA v EEDATH
kt hp vi nhau li thnh thanh ghi 16 bit lu tr d liu 14bit cho lnh c/ghi v
hai thanh ghi EEADR v EEADRH kt hp li thnh thanh ghi 16 bt lu a ch
13 bit ca nh ang truy sut . Vi pic c dung lng b nh chng trnh l 8k
wd th a ch trong khong t 0000h n 1FFFh . Nu truy sut nh c a ch ln
hn th s b cun nm trong vng nh thc
B nh d liu EEPROM cho php c v ghi 1 byte b nh chng trnh
Flash cho php c 1 word v ghi khi 4 word . Hot ng ghi ca b nh chng
trnh s t ng thc hin xa trc khi ghi vo khi 4 word . Mt byte ghi vo b
nh d liu EEPROM s t ng xa nh ri mi ghi d liu mi xa trc khi
ghi
Khi chip c m bo bb th CPU c th c v ghi d liu b nh EEPROM.
Ty thuc vo cch thit lp cc bt bo v chng ghi, PIC c th cho hoc khng cho
ghi d liu vo mt vi khi b nh chng trnh ; tuy nhin cho php c b nh
chng trnh. Khi PIC coa m bo v th ngi dung khng cn c truy cp b nh
d liu hoc b nh chng trnh.
Thanh ghi EEADR v EEADRH
Cp thanh ghi EEADRH:EEADR c th nh a ch ti a 256 byte ca b
nh d liu EEPROM hoc ti a 8k word ca b nh chng trnh EEPROM
Khi truy xut b nh d liu th ch dung thanh ghi EEADR lu byte a ch
thp
Khi truy xut b nh chng trnh th dung thanh ghi EEADR lu byte a
ch thp v thanh ghi EEADRH lu byte cao
21

Thanh ghi EECON1 v EECON2:


EECON1 l thanh ghi iu khin truy xut b nh . Bt iu khin EEPGD
dng truy xut b nh chng trnh hoc b nh d liu. Khi reset hoc khi b
EEPGD s cho php truy sut b nh d liu. khi bit EEPGD bng 1 th truy xut b
nh chng trnh.
Thanh ghi EECON1
Bit 7: EEPGD bit la chn b nh d liu/ chng trnh EEPROM
o EEPGD=1 truy xut b nh chng trnh
o EEPGD=0 truy xut b nh d liu.
Bit 6 => 4 cha s dng
Bit 3 WRERR : bt c li EEPROM
o WRERR =1 vic ghi thc hin xong sm
o WRERR = 0 vic ghi c hon thnh.

Bit 2: WREN bit cho php ghi eeprom


o WREN=1 cho php ghi.
o WREN=0 khng cho ghi.

Bit 1: WR bit iu khin ghi


o WR=1 bt u chu k ghi. Bit WR c xa bng phn cng sau
mi ln ghi xong
o WR=0 qu trnh ghi vo eeprom hon thnh
Bit 0 :RD bit iu khin c
o RD=1 bt u chi k c eeprom . bit RD c xa bng phn
cng .bit RD ch c th c set trong phn mm
o RD=0 khng khi ng chu k c eeprom.
c d liu t b nh EEPROM:
c d liu ca mt nh ngi s dng phi ghi a ch vo thanh ghi
EEADR, xa bit iu khin EEPGD (EECON1,7) v sau set bit iu khin RD
(EECON1<1>) . D liu s xut hin trong thanh ghi EEDATA chu k k.
EEDATA s lu gi tr ny cho n khi xut hin ln c k hoc b thay i bi
ngi s dng.
Cc bc c b nh d liu EEPROM:
Ghi a ch vo EEADR a ch khng c ln hn dung lng b nh
Xa bit EEPGD ch hng vo b nh d liu EEPROM
Set bit RD bt u hot ng c.
22

c d liu t thanh ghi EEPROM.


Cc bc trn khi dung vi ngn ng ASM th ta phi tun th ng quy tc.
nhng khi dung vi ngn ng C th ta ch cn dung vi mt lnh
read_eeprom(address) trong address l a ch ca EEPROM m ta cn c, a ch
ny vi dng pic 16f877a t 00h n FFh.

Ghi d liu vo b nh EEPROM:


ghi d liu vo EEPROM th ngi s dng phi ghi a ch vo thanh ghi
EEADR v d liu vo thanh ghi EEDATA . sau phi thc hin ghi theo trnh t
ch nh ghi cho mi byte.
Qu trnh ghi s khng c khi ng nu th t ghi khng c thc hin
chnh xc cho mi byte . phi cm tt c cc yu cu ngt khi thc hin qu trnh ghi
ny .
Ngoi ra bit WREN trong thanh ghi EECON2 phi c set cho php ghi.
C ch ny ngn chn cc hot ng ghi ngu nhin vo EEPROM lin quan n sai
st m bo b . Ngi s dng nn gi bit WREN trng thi Clear , ngoi tr khi
truy cp d liu vo b nh d liu EEPROM. Bit WREN khng c xa bng phn
cng.
Sau khi qu trnh ghi c khi ng th nu ta xa bit WREN s khng nh
hng n chu k ny. Bit WR s b chn khng cho ln 1 tr khi bit WREN c set.
Khi hon tt chu k ghi bit WR c xa bi phn cng v bit c bo ngt
hon thnh xong qu trnh ghi EEIF c set. Ngi dung c th cho php s ngt
hoc kim tra bit ny bit qu trnh ghi kt thc . bit EEIF phi c xa bng phn
mm.
Tuy rng cc bc ghi d liu vo b nh EEPROM c nhiu bc v nhiu
bit trn thanh ghi c n nh vy nhng khi dng C lm vic vi PIC th ta
ch cn ch n lnh ghi : WRITE_EEPROM(address,x)
Trong lnh :write_eeprom(address,x)
Address : a ch ca EEPROM ta cn ghi
X : gi tr ta cn ghi (byte).

23

2.3.2. LCD Hin Th


a. Hnh dng v kch thc:
C rt nhiu loi LCD vi nhiu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, trn hnh
1 l hai loi LCD thng dng.

Hnh 2.6: Hnh dng ca LCD


Khi sn xut LCD, nh sn xut tch hp chp iu khin (HD44780) bn
trong lp v v ch a cc chn giao tip cn thit. Cc chn ny c nh s th
t v t tn nh bn di :

Hnh 2.7: S chn ca LCD

b. Chc nng cc chn:

Chn s
1

Tn
Vss

Chc nng
Chn ni t cho LCD, khi thit k mch ta ni chn ny vi
GND ca mch iu khin
24

Vdd

3
4

Vee
Rs

R/w

7-14

DB0DB7

Chn cp ngun cho LCD, khi thit k mch ta ni chn ny


vi VCC=5V ca mch iu khin
Chn ny dng iu chnh tng phn ca LCD.
Chn chn thanh ghi (Register select). Ni chn RS vi logic
0 (GND) hoc logic 1 (VCC) chn thanh ghi.
+ Logic 0: Bus DB0-DB7 s ni vi thanh ghi lnh IR
ca LCD ( ch ghi - write) hoc ni vi b m a ch
ca LCD ( ch c - read)
+ Logic 1: Bus DB0-DB7 s ni vi thanh ghi d liu
DR bn trong LCD.
Chn chn ch c/ghi (Read/Write). Ni chn R/W vi
logic 0 LCD hot ng ch ghi, hoc ni vi logic
1 LCD ch c.
Chn cho php (Enable). Sau khi cc tn hiu c t
ln bus DB0-DB7, cc lnh ch c chp nhn khi c 1 xung
cho php ca chn E.
+ ch ghi: D liu bus s c LCD chuyn
vo(chp nhn) thanh ghi bn
trong n khi pht hin mt xung (high-to-low
transition) ca tn hiu chn E.
+ ch c: D liu s c LCD xut ra DB0DB7 khi pht hin cnh ln (low-to-high transition)
chn E v c LCD gi bus n khi no chn E
xung mc thp.
Tm ng ca bus d liu dng trao i thng tin
vi MPU. C 2 ch s dng 8 ng bus ny :
+ Ch 8 bit : D liu c truyn trn c 8 ng, vi
bit MSB l bit DB7.
+ Ch 4 bit : D liu c truyn trn 4 ng t DB4
ti DB7, bit MSB l DB7

Bng 2.1: Chc nng ca cn chn LCD

25

c. Cc thanh ghi
Chp HD44780 c 2 thanh ghi 8 bit quan trng : Thanh ghi lnh IR (Instructor
Register) v thanh ghi d liu DR (Data Register)
- Thanh ghi IR : iu khin LCD, ngi dng phi ra lnh thng qua tm
ng bus DB0-DB7. Mi lnh c nh sn xut LCD nh a ch r rng. Ngi
dng ch vic cung cp a ch lnh bng cch np vo thanh ghi IR. Ngha l, khi ta
np vo thanh ghi IR mt chui 8 bit, chp HD44780 s tra bng m lnh ti a ch
m IR cung cp v thc hin lnh .
VD : Lnh hin th mn hnh c a ch lnh l 00001100 (DB7DB0)
Lnh hin th mn hnh v con tr c m lnh l 00001110
- Thanh ghi DR : Thanh ghi DR dng cha d liu 8 bit ghi vo vng
RAM DDRAM hoc CGRAM ( ch ghi) hoc dng cha d liu t 2 vng
RAM ny gi ra cho MPU ( ch c). Ngha l, khi MPU ghi thng tin vo DR,
mch ni bn trong chp s t ng ghi thng tin ny vo DDRAM hoc CGRAM.
Hoc khi thng tin v a ch c ghi vo IR, d liu a ch ny trong vng RAM
ni ca HD44780 s c chuyn ra DR truyn cho MPU. Bng cch iu khin
chn RS v R/W chng ta c th chuyn qua li gi 2 thanh ghi ny khi giao tip vi
MPU. Bng sau y tm tt li cc thit lp i vi hai chn RS v R/W theo mc
ch giao tip.
RS
0
0

R/W
0
1

1
1

0
1

Khi cn
Ghi vo thanh ghi RS ra lnh cho thanh ghi
c c bn DB7 v gi tr ca b m a ch
DB0-DB6
Ghi vo thanh ghi DR
c d liu t DR

Trong chng trnh s dng LCD ch 4bit. Cc lnh c s dng:


lcd_send_byte( BYTE address, BYTE n ) iu khin LCD v d
nh lnh : lcd_send_byte(0,0x01) dng xa mn hnh,
lcd_send_byte(0,0x08) a con tr v u dng th nht
lcd_gotoxy(a,b) a con tr v cc v tr mong mun thc cc
dng khc nhau ca LCD. Lcd_gotoxy(x,1) a con tr v dng
1 v tr x, v tr x c th t 1->16 ca LCD
printf(lcd_putc,): in mt xu k t ra mn hnh.xu k t c
di < 16 k t LCD c th hin th c y
lcd_putc() : in mt k t ra mn hnh.
26

Bn Phm
Hnh 2.8: Ma Trn 16 Phm
Thc hin chc nng giao tip vi vi iu khin PIC 16F87, dng hin th
nhp password, thay i password, m kha ca
S dng bn phm ma trn 16 phm
Vi cc phm s t 0 =>9 v cc phm chc nng m ca, kha ca, v i mt
khu.
kt ni vi vi iu khin th ta treo 8 u vo ca ma trn phm vi tr treo
ln dng ngun, vi gi tr cu tr treo l R8=4.7K.
Dng cc phm bm c 4 chn ging nh hnh v:

Hnh 2.9 : nt bm s dng trong mch

27

Hnh 2.10 : S chn ca nt bm dng lm mch


Ta s dng nt bm thng m, vi cc chn ni cho nhau, chn 1-3, 2-4 c
th dng nh nhau, v th khi ni mch ta dng mt trong 2 cp chn ny.
Mch cu iu khin ng c
Cc dng cu to ca mch cu H
Mch cu H c cu to bi 2 dng chnh:

Dng 1
c cu to bi 4 transitor (Fet)
Cng knh N. S nguyn l mch
c cu to nh sau (Ch v mch dng
transitor mnh ha)
i vi dng ny th c cu to bi cc
transitor cng knh N. v ch cn 2 tn hiu iu
khin kch m cc transitor
28

Dng 2:
c cu to bi 2 cp
i transitor P,N hay FET
(Thun, ngc). S
nguyn l cu to ca n
c cu to nh bn :(Ti
cng dng transitor mnh
ha. i vi thit k ny
qu l thy kh l n
nh i vi in p u
vo nh khong 24V) i
vi mch cng sut ln th
cc FET cng sut ln thng ko c knh P nn ta ko dng c theo cch ny m
phi dng theo cch 1
Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch cu H.
Ch xt n nguyn l hot ng v hot ng nh th no ca mch cu H con
BJT c chn v d cn Fet th n gn tng ng nhau.
Ta hy phn tch mt dng mch cu H nh trn. Hai dng ny c nguyn l
hot ng ging nhau ch khc l linh kin cu to ln cu H nh th no v vic ng
m cc transitor hay Fet nh th no? i vi dng 1 khi dng Fet cng knh th phi
dng mch li i vi cng sut ln v in p ln. Cn dng 2 dng vi cng sut
nh vi in p u vo nh.
Ta i phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca mch dang 2 nh sau:
Mch cu H ny c iu khin bi 4 tn hiu ng m cc van l cc
tn hiu 1 v tn hiu 2( Nh trn hnh 2) v iu khin c 2 chiu (C ngha l o
chiu dng in). Xt tng ch thun v nghch
Nh chng ta bit iu kin ng m cc transitor thng l:
+ i vi knh N m th Ube > 0 v m transitor bng dng in

29

30

+ i vi transitor knh P m th Ube <= 0 . Thng th bng 0 l n s m


iu khin ch thun
ch thun ny cp 4 tn hiu iu iu khin
vo 4 con Transitor v iu kin c dng thun
chy qua ti trong 1 thi im l :
+ Tn hiu 1 = 0 (Tc l m transitor Q1).
+ Tn hiu 2 = 0 ( Tc l ng transitor Q2)
+ Tn hiu 3 = 1 (Tc l ng transitor Q3)
+ Tn hiu 4 = 1 (Tc l m transitor Q4)
V dng ng i c m t nh hnh v hnh bn:
y l dng i ca chiu thun : Dng in t ngun qua Q1 sau qua ti v qua Q2
xung GND.
iu khin vi ch nghch
ch ny ta cng cp 4 tn hiu iu khin vo
4 con transitor. V 4 tn hiu iu khin ny phi
tha mn iu kin sau :
+ Tn hiu 1 = 1 (Tc l kha transitor Q1).
+ Tn hiu 2 = 1 ( Tc l m transitor Q2)
+ Tn hiu 3 = 0 (Tc l m transitor Q3)
+ Tn hiu 4 = 0 (Tc l ng transitor Q4)
V dng ng i ca chng c th hin nh
hnh v bn.
* u nhc im ca cu H.
o

u im : S dng cu H lm cho mch tr nn n gin hn v tip kim


chi ph.

31

Nhc im : Nu nh mch iu khin th cng bt 2 cng tc cng 1


na cu th s mch ng lc ca chng ta b ngn mch ngun. Nu hin
tng xy ra trong 1 thi gian ngn (Qu ) S xut hin dng trng dn
qua van cng sut lm tng cng sut tiu tn trn van. Nu thi gian trng
dn di, dng trng dn s ln lm chy van cng sut.Tc l mch ko
c bo v dng v in p

Trong thc t c 1 loi IC bn dn c tch hp lun c cu H trong ta ch


cn cp xung iu khin, c bo v dng :
+ L293 : Vi in p u vo l 36V v dng in nh qua n l 1.2A
+ L298 : Vi in p u vo l 46V v dng in nh qua n l 4A
Chn linh kin tranzitor vi mch : s dng 2 tranzitor thun v 2 tranzitor
ngc, vi tranzitor cng sut : NEC D882 PNP v D886 NPN

Hnh 2.11 : S chn ca D882 PNP

32

Hnh 2.12 : S chn ca D866 NPN

ng c
Trong m phng v trong gii hn ca m hnh sn phm s dng ng c mt
chiu 12V iu khin ng m ca, hoc c th dng iu khin ng m cht,
then ci.
Ta c th s dng role thay cho ng c ht hoc y cht ca, tng ng
vi m/ kha ca.

Hnh 2.9: ng c
Thng qua mch cu H ta a hai tn hiu iu khin ng c t chn RB6,RB7
ca vi iu khin

33

Khi Ngun

Hnh 2.10: S Khi Ngun

Chng 3: Xy dng lu thut ton v vit chng trnh cho h kha s

3.1 lu gii thut:

Bt u

Khi To Bin, Mng,


LCD

QUT PHM

NHP
PHM
34

KIM TRA
S LN >=3
M CA - I PASS

END

Hnh 3.1 lu gii thut

3.2. hot ng ca sn phm


Khi mun m ca th phi g ng mt khu vi di 8 k t. Nu g ng
th ng c s quay thun, v ca s m. V g sai th mn hnh LCD hin th ch
nhp sai mt khu.
Khi ng c quay ht hnh trnh, cng tc hnh trnh m xong ng, khi
LCD thng bo m xong.
Nu nhp mt khu sai 3 ln lin tip th h thng bo ng s hot ng, thng
qua chn RB5.
Trong khi m xong, nu nhn kha th ng c s quay v ca kha li, ng
c quay th nt cng tc hnh trnh kha xong s m, v nu cng tc hnh trnh m
xong ng li th ng c ngng quay, LCD bo m xong.
Mun i mt khu ta nhn nt i mt khu trn bn phm, khi ny LCD bo
nhp mt khu c, v ta phi nhp ng mt khu c th mi i c mt khu, nu
nhp ng mt khu th LCD thng bo nhp mt khu mi. nhp xong th nhn OK,
vy l mt khu c i.

Hnh 3.2: S tng th h thng

35

3.3. Chng trnh qut phm c bn:


void quetphim(){
PORTB=0xfe;// RB0=0;RB1=1;....RB7=1: kim tra hng 1 c bm
if(RB4==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB5==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB6==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB7==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
PORTB=0xfd;// RB0=1;RB1=0;RB2=1;....RB7=1: kim tra hng 2 c bm
36

if(RB4==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }


if(RB5==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB6==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB7==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
PORTB=0xfb;// RB0=1;RB1=1;RB2=0;RB3=1;....RB7=1: kim tra hng 3
if(RB4==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB5==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB6==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB7==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
PORTB=0xf7;// RB0=1;RB1=1;RB2=1;RB3=0;RB4=1;....RB7=1: hng 4
if(RB4==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB5==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB6==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
if(RB7==0) { chng trnh;while(RB4==0) {khng lm g khi gi phm} }
}
Kt Lun: vi hot ng nh trn , t m phng trn phn mm hon ton c
th a ra lm mch tht.
Vi mt hn ch l trn m hnh. V nu dng ng c cng sut ln
ko cnh ca ra vo th phi tnh ton rt nhiu.
Hng pht trin: a sn phm vo thc tin, c th l mt sn phm kinh
doanh mang tnh kinh t.

Danh mc ti liu tham kho:


1. Vi x l 2 Nguyn nh Ph.
2. H Thng Nhng - T.HKTCN Thi Nguyn.
37

3. Internet.

38

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