Trng H Giao thng vn ti Tp.

HCM Khoa in - in t vin thng B mn in t vin thng

BI GING MN HC

L THUYT TN HIU

Tp. H Ch Minh, 08/2009

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging mn hc:

L THUYT TN HIU
Ni dung mn hc:
Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn Chng 2: Phn tch tn hiu min thi gian Chng 3: Phn tch tn hiu min tn s Chng 4: Truyn tn hiu qua mch tuyn tnh Chng 5: Tn hiu iu ch Chng 6: Tn hiu ngu nhin

Phn b thi gian:

L thuyt: 30 tit (2 tit/tun x 15 tun) Th nghim: 0 tit
2 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN
Ni dung:
1.1 Tn hiu
1.1.1 Khi nim tn hiu 1.1.2 Khi nim nhiu

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu 1.3 Phng php biu din tn hiu
1.3.1 Phng php biu din lin tc tn hiu 1.3.2 Phng php biu din ri rc tn hiu 1.3.3 Biu din vector cc tn hiu
3 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1
1.1 Tn hiu:

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1 Khi ni m tn hi u (Signal): Tn hiu l biu din vt l ca thng tin m n s truyn t ni pht (ngun) n ni nhn (thu). Cc dng tn hiu vt l c quan tm ch yu: Dng in, in p trong cc mch in- in t. Sng in t c bc x trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn. Nhiu trong cc h thng in t thng tin. 1.1.2 Khi ni m nhi u (Noise): Nhiu l tn hiu khng mong mun, tc ng n h thng tn hiu m chng ta ang quan tm. Lu : Bn thn nhiu cng l mt tn hiu - tn hiu nhiu (Ni dung v nhiu s c cp cc phn sau !)
4 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1
1.2 Phn loi tn hiu:

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2.1 Tn hi u v t l v tn hi u m hnh ton h c: Tn hiu vt l: biu din ca mt qu trnh vt l (thc hin c) Yu cu: Nng lng hu hn Bin hu hn v lin tc Ph hu hn Tn hiu m hnh: l cc hm (thc, phc) trnh biu din, phn tch v x l tn hiu. dng n gin hn cho qu

Cht lng ca m hnh ph thuc vo cht lng ca vic xp x gn ng c ng dng ang kho st v tnh thun tin khi p dng. Lu : Tn hiu m hnh khng b rng buc bi cc yu cu nh trn.

5 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.2 Tn hi u xc nh v tn hi u ng u nhin: Tn hiu xc nh (Deterministic signal): qu trnh bin thin c biu din bng mt hm ton hc xc nh. V d:

Tn hiu ngu nhin (Random signal): qu trnh bin thin khng bit trc c khng th m t bng hm ton hc xc nh m ch s dng cc cng c thng k. V d:

6 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.3 Tn hi u nng l
ng v tn hi u cng su t: Tn hiu nng lng (Energy signal): tn hiu c nng lng hu hn

Ex =
V d: Cc tn hiu qu

2 | x ( t ) | dt <

Tn hiu cng sut (Power signal): tn hiu c cng sut trung bnh hu hn

1 2 Px = lim | x ( t ) | dt < T 2T T
V d: Cc tn hiu tun hon Lu : Tn hiu nng lng s c cng sut trung bnh hu hn bng zero. Tn hiu cng sut trung bnh hu hn s c nng lng v hn.
7 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.4 Phn lo i d a vo d ng tn hi u: Da vo bin v bin thi gian l lin tc hay ri rc, ngi ta chia tn hiu thnh cc loi sau: Tn hiu lin tc/tng t (Continuous-time signal/ Analog signal)(Hnh a) Tn hiu ri rc (Discrete signal) Tn hiu lng t (Quantized signal) Tn hiu s (Digital signal) (b) (c) (Hnh b) (Hnh c) (Hnh d) 0 (d)
t

(a)

8 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.5 Phn lo i d a vo b r ng ph (Spectral Width): Gm cc loi tn hiu sau: Tn hiu di nn (Baseband signal) Tn hiu di thng (Passband signal) Tn hiu bng hp (Narrowband signal) Tn hiu bng rng (Broadband signal ) (Hnh d) (Hnh c) (Hnh c) (Hnh a)

Tn hiu bng tn gii hn (Bandlimited signal) (Hnh b)

9 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.6 Phn lo i d a vo chi u c a tn hi u: Tn hiu mt chiu/ tn hiu v hng (Scalar signal) V d : Cc tn hiu in p, dng in. x(t): hm theo mt bin thi gian t Tn hiu a chiu/ tn hiu vector (Vector signal) V d : Tn hiu 2 chiu (2-D): nh tnh f(x,y) Tn hiu 3 chiu (3-D): nh ng f(x,y,t)

10 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.2 Phn loi tn hiu (tt): 1.2.7 Phn lo i d a vo tnh nhn qu (Causality): Tn hiu nhn qu (Causal signal)

x (t ) = 0, t < 0
Tn hiu khng nhn qu (Non- causal signal): khng tha mn iu kin trn 1.2.8 Phn lo i d a vo tnh tu n hon (Periodicity): Tn hiu tun hon (Periodic signal)

x (t ) = x (t nT ), t

(T: chu k)

Tn hiu khng tun hon (Non- periodic signal): khng tha mn iu kin trn

11 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.3 Phng php biu din tn hiu: 1.3.1 Ph

ng php bi u di n lin t c tn hi u: Da trn php bin i (php tch phn), bin i tn hiu cho sang min khc thun tin hn cho vic x l. X ( s ) = x (t ) (t , s ) dt ; t T Min thi gian: x(t)
T

Min bin i:

X(s); s: bin phc

x (t ) =

X ( s ) ( s , t ) dt ; s

V d:

1. Php bin i Laplace (phn tch mch trng thi qu )

X (s) =

st x ( t ) e dt ;

x (t ) =

st X ( s ) e ds

2. Php bin i Fourier (phn tch ph tn hiu)

X ( ) =
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j t x ( t ) e dt ;

1 x (t ) = 2

j t X ( ) e d

12

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.3 Phng php biu din tn hiu (tt): 1.3.2 Ph

ng php bi u di n r i r c tn hi u: Tn hiu c biu din bng tp cc hm s hay dy s (thc, phc).

x (t ) =

k =1

k (t )

trong : {k(t)}: l tp hm c s ca khng gian tn hiu {k} : cc h s biu din ri rc ca x(t) V d: Chui phc Fourier (phn tch ph tn hiu tun hon)

x (t ) = X
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n =

X ne

jn 0 t

; = 2 T

1 = T

t0 + T

t0

x ( t ) e jn 0 t ; n = 0 , 1, 2 ,...
13

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.3 Phng php biu din tn hiu (tt): 1.3.3 Bi u di n vector cc tn hi u: Biu din tn hiu bng vector: Gi {k(t)}: l tp n hm c lp tuyn tnh to nn c s ca khng gian tn hiu. Theo cch biu din ri rc tn hiu:

x (t ) =

k =1

k (t )

trong : cc h s {k} to nn mt tp n s xc nh mt im trong khng gian n chiu vi cc ta (1, 2,, n). Nh vy, {k} : l mt s biu din ca x(t) trong khng gian tn hiu vi c s l tp hm {k(t)}. Lu : Vi mi c s s c mt biu din vector tng ng. Do vy, s c nhiu cch phn tch mt tn hiu.
14 1/17/2010

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ng H Giao thng v n t i Tp.HCM Khoa i n - i n t vi n thng

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.3.3 Bi u di n vector cc tn hi u (tt): Khong cch gia hai tn hiu: l s o v s khc nhau gia hai tn hiu Khong cch trung bnh bnh phng (khong cch Euclidean) gia hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) trn khong thi gian T l:

2 d ( x, y) = K | x(t ) y(t ) | dt T

1/ 2

(K l hng s)

Lu : * y l nh ngha khong cch thng dng v thun tin nht. * Nu hai tn hiu ging nhau th khong cch gia chng lun bng zero. V d: Xc nh khong cch gia hai tn hiu sau theo thng s tr . x(t) = Acos0t; y(t) = Acos0(t-);
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d(x,y) = 2A|sin(/T)|

(K = 1/T)
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Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Chng 1

CC KHI NIM C BN

1.3.3 Bi u di n vector cc tn hi u (tt): Tch v hng ca cc tn hiu: Tch v hng ca hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) trn khong thi gian (t1,t2) l:

< x, y >= x(t ) y(t )dt

t1

t2

Chun ca mt tn hiu:
t2

|| x || =

2 2 | x ( t ) | d t || x || = < x, x > t1

Tn hiu trc giao (Orthogonal signals): Hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) c gi l trc giao trn [t1,t2] nu tch v hng ca chng bng zero.

< x , y >= 0
Tp tn hiu {xk(t)}, 1 k m l tp trc giao nu :

< xi (t), xj (t) > = 0, i, j i

16

Tp trc chun = tp trc giao + mi tn hiu {xk(t)} u c chun bng 1.

1/17/2010