Chuong2 PDF

Trng H Giao thng vn ti Tp.
HCM
Khoa in - in t vin thng
Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu
5/27/2009
1
Chng 2
PHN TCH TN HIU MIN THI GIAN
Ni dung:
2.1 Mt s dng tn hiu thng dng
2.1.1 Tn hiu nng lng
2.1.2 Tn hiu cng sut
2.1.3 Tn hiu phn b
2.2 Cc thng s c trng ca tn hiu
2.3 Phn tch thnh phn tn hiu
2.3.1 Thnh phn thc- o
2.3.2 Thnh phn mt chiu- xoay chiu
2.3.3 Thnh phn chn- l
2.4 Phn tch tng quan tn hiu
2.4.1 Tng quan ca tn hiu nng lng
2.4.2 Tng quan ca tn hiu cng sut
2.4.3 V d v ng dng phn tch tng quan
Trng H Giao thng vn ti Tp.HCM
5/27/2009
2
Chng 2 PHN TCH TN HIU MIN THI GIAN
2.1 Mt s dng tn hiu thng dng:
2.1.1 Tn hiu nng lng:
a. Xung vung:
b. Xung tam gic:
c. Xung hm m gim:
a
0
t
2
t
1
t
x(t)
c
b
=

( ) ( )
t c
x t a
b
Chiu cao
xung
rng
xung
= ( ) ( )
t c
x t a
b
a
0
t
x(t)
c
2b
dch
xung

=

<
: 0
( )
0 : 0
t
Ae t
x t
t
5/27/2009
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2.1.1 Tn hiu nng lng (tt):
d. Hm sin suy gim theo hm m:
e. Hm Sa:
??? V tn hiu |Sa
0
t| v Sa
2

0
t
x(t)
1
0
t
/
0
2/
0
= =

0
0 0
sin
, 0
( )
1, 0
t
t
x t Sa t t
t
=

<
0
sin ; 0
( )
0; 0
t
Ae t t
x t
t
-A
0
x(t)
Ae
-t
-Ae
-t
t
A
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2.1.2 Tn hiu cng sut:
a. Hm bc nhy:
b. Hm m tng:
c. Hm du:
0
X
x(t)
t
t
0
0
0
0
,
( ) ( )
0,
X t t
x t Xu t t
t t
= =
<
X
0
t
x(t)
( ) (1 ) ( ); 0
t
x t X e u t
= >
1
-1
0 t
x(t)
1, 0
( ) ( ) 0, 0
1, 0
t
x t Sgn t t
t
>
= = =
<

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2.1.2 Tn hiu cng sut (tt):
d. Tn hiu sin:
e. Dy xung vung lng cc:
f. Dy xung vung n cc:
x(t)
0
1
t
0
4
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
6
2

-1
0
T 2T -T -2T
Y
t
( ) x t
t
x(t)
A
-A
0 T/2
T 2T -2T
-T
5/27/2009
6
2.1.3 Tn hiu phn b:
a. Phn b Delta Diract:
nh ngha:
V:
Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht chn: (t) = (- t)
Tnh cht ri rc: x(t) (t) = x(0) (t)
x(t) (t- t
0
) = x(t
0
) (t- t
0
)
Tnh cht lp: x(t)* (t) = x(t)
x(t)* (t- t
0
) = x(t- t
0
)
0
1
t
(t)
0
A
t
x(t)= A (t-t
0
)
t
0
0; 0
( ) ( )
; 0
t
x t t
t
= =

=
( ) 1 t dt
+

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2.1.3 Tn hiu phn b:
a. Phn b Delta Diract (tt):
nh ngha php chp gia hai tn hiu:
Tnh cht lc:
v
b. Phn b lt:
nh ngha:
trong : T: chu k lp li
( ) ( ) ( ') ( ') ' x t y t x t y t t dt
( ) ( ) (0) x t t dt x
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) x t t t dt x t
t
x(t)
1
0
-T -2T
T
2T
1
( ) ||| ( )
n
t
x t t nT
T T

=
| |
= =
|
\

5/27/2009
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Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht chn:
Tnh cht ri rc:
Tnh cht lp:
1
( ) ||| ( ) ( )
n
t
x t x nT t nT
T T

=
| |
=
|
\

1
( ) * ||| ( )
n
t
x t x t nT
T T
=
| |
=
|
\

||| ( ) ||| ( ) t t =
x(t)
t
0
t
0 1
2 3 -1
x(0)(t)
x(1)(t-1)
t
0
A
x(t)
T/2
t
0
A
T/2 -T/2 -T
T 2T 3T 4T
x(t-T)
x(t)
5/27/2009
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2.2 Cc thng s c trng ca tn hiu:
2.2.1 Tch phn tn hiu:
V d: Cho tn hiu x(t) = e
-t
, t 0.
Tch phn tn hiu:
2.2.2 Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu:
Nu tn hiu tn ti hu hn trong [t
1
,t
2
]:
Nu tn hiu c thi gian v hn:
Nu tn hiu tun hon, chu k T:

( =

( ) x x t d t
0
0
[ ] 1
t t
x e dt e

= = =

2
1
2 1
1
( )
t
t
x x t dt
t t
0
1
( ) .
T
x x t dt
T
=

=

1
( )
2
lim
T
T
x x t dt
T
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2.2.2 Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu (tt):
V d: Cho tn hiu x(t) = (1-e
-t
)u(t).
Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu:
2.2.3 Nng lng ca tn hiu:
V d: Cho tn hiu: .
Nng lng ca tn hiu:

( (
= = + = + =

0
0
1 1 1 1
(1 ) 1
2 2 2 2
lim lim lim
T
T
t t T
T T T
x e dt t e T e
T T T
(
= =

2 2
| ( ) |
x
E x x t dt
=

( ) ( )
t c
x t a
b
+

(
= = = =

2
2 2 2 2
2
| ( ) |
b
c
x
b
c
E x x t dt a dt a b
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2.2.4 Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu:
Nu tn hiu tn ti hu hn trong [t
1
,t
2
]:
Nu tn hiu c thi gian v hn:
Nu tn hiu tun hon, chu k T:
V d: Cho tn hiu c dng chui xung tun hon n cc: .
Cng sut ca tn hiu:
= =

2
1
2
2 1
1
| ( ) |
t
x
t
P x x t dt
t t
= =

2
0
1
| ( ) |
T
x
P x x t dt
T
= =

2
1
| ( ) |
2
lim
T
x
T
P x x t dt
T
= = = =

/ 2
2 2 2
0 / 2
1 1
| ( ) |
T
x
P x x t dt X dt X
T T T
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2.2 Cc thng s c trng ca tn hiu (tt):
Nhn xt:
Du hiu nhn bit tn hiu nng lng (0 < E
x
< ):
Tn hiu tn ti trong khong thi gian hu hn,
V d: xung vung, xung tam gic, vv
Khi t , x(t) 0 ,
V d: hm m gim,vv
Du hiu nhn bit tn hiu cng sut (0 < P
x
< ):
Tn hiu tun hon,
V d: cc dng sng sin, chui xung vung,vv
Khi t , x(t) hng s khc zero ,
V d: hm m tng,vv
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2.3 Phn tch thnh phn tn hiu:
2.3.1 Thnh phn thc- o:
Gi s x(t) l tn hiu phc, x(t) c th c phn tch ra cc thnh phn thc
v o l:
V d: Cho tn hiu:
Thnh phn thc l:
Thnh phn o l:
*
*
1
R e { ( ) } [ ( ) ( ) ]
2
1
Im { ( ) } [ ( ) ( ) ]
2
x t x t x t
x t x t x t
j
= +
=
0
( )
j t
x t e

=
0 0
*
0
1 1
Re{ ( )} ( ) ( ) cos( )
2 2
j t j t
x t x t x t e e t

( (
= + = + =

0 0
*
0
1 1
Im{ ( )} ( ) ( ) sin( )
2 2
j t j t
x t x t x t e e t
j j

( (
= = =

5/27/2009
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2.3.1 Thnh phn thc- o (tt):
Tnh cht:
V d: Cho tn hiu:
Cng sut trung bnh ca thnh phn thc v o:
Re{ ( )} Im{ ( )}
Re{ ( )} Im{ ( )}
[ ] [Re{ ( )}] [Im{ ( )}]
Re{ ( )} Im{ ( )}
x x t x t
x x t x t
x x t x t
x x t x t
E E E
P P P
= +
= +
= +
= +
0
( )
j t
x t e

=
2 2
Re{ ( )} 0 Im{ ( )} 0
0 0
Re{ ( )} Im{ ( )}
1 1 1 1
cos ( ) ; sin ( )
2 2
1
T T
x t x t
x x t x t
P t dt P t dt
T T
P P P
= = = =
= + =

5/27/2009
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2.3.2 Thnh phn mt chiu - xoay chiu:
Tn hiu x(t) c th c phn tch ra cc thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu
trong : : thnh phn mt chiu
: thnh phn xoay chiu
V d: Cho tn hiu: x(t) = (1+ cos
0
t)cos(
0
t + )
Thnh phn mt chiu l:
Thnh phn o l:
( ) x t x x = +
x x =
( ) x x t x =
0 0
1
( ) cos( ) [cos(2 ) cos ];
2
x t t t = + + + +
= = + + + + =
0 0
1 1 1
( ) cos( ) cos(2 ) cos cos
2 2 2
x x t t t
= = + + +
0 0
1
( ) co s( ) co s(2 )
2
x x t x t t
5/27/2009
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2.3.3 Thnh phn chn l:
Tn hiu x(t) c th c phn tch ra cc thnh phn chn v l nh sau:
trong : : thnh phn chn
: thnh phn l
V d: Cho tn hiu: x(t) = e
-t
u(t). Xc nh v v thnh phn chn v l.
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
ch l
x t x t x t = +
= +
=
1
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
2
1
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
2
ch
l
x t x t x t
x t x t x t
=
= + = +
= =
( ) ( )
1 1
( ) [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
2 2
1 1
( ) [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
2 2
t
t t
ch
t t
l
x t e u t
x t x t x t e u t e u t
x t x t x t e u t e u t
5/27/2009
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2.3.3 Thnh phn chn l (tt):
Ch :
Hm chn: x
ch
(t) = x
ch
(- t) : i xng qua trc tung
Hm l: x
l
(t) = -x
l
(- t) : i xng qua gc ta 0.
Ta lun c:
0
t
1/2
x
ch
(t)
t
1
0
x(t)
t 0
1/
2
-1/2
x
l
(t)
=
+
= +
= +
x x c h x l
x x c h x l
E E E
P P P
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2.4 Phn tch tng quan:
Hm tng quan cho bit s quan h gia hai tn hiu
2.4.1 Tng quan ca tn hiu nng lng:
nh ngha: Cho hai tn hiu nng lng x(t) v y(t)
Hm tng quan cho (cross-correlation):
Hm t tng quan (auto-correlation): tng quan vi chnh n

+ +

= = +

* *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y
x t y t dt x t y t dt

+ +

= = +

* *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y x
y t x t d t y t x t d t

+ +

= = +

* *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x t x t dt x t x t d t
5/27/2009
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2.4.1 Tng quan ca tn hiu nng lng (tt):
Tnh cht: i/
ii/
V d: Cho hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t)
nh hnh v. Hy xc nh v v
hm tng quan cho
xy
(t) ?
*
( ) ( )
xy xy
=
*
( ) ( )
xx xx
=
2
(0) ( )
xx x
x t dt E
+
= =
( ) (0)
xx xx

Nu x(t): hm thc
xx
:hm chn
Nng lng tn hiu chnh bng
gi tr hm t tng quan ti = 0
t
0 T -T
-T/2
T/2
1
3
x(t)
y(t)
5/27/2009
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Li gii:
Ta c:
Cho x(t) ng yn, dch y(t) mt on .
Tnh ton gi tr hm
xy
() ty theo tng khong gi tr ca .
< -3T/2:
-3T/2 < -T/2:

+
*
( ) ( ) ( )
x y
x t y t dt
= ( ) 0
x y
| |
= = +
|
\
2
3
( ) 3 1 3
2
T
x y
T
T
d t
3
1
t
0
-T T
-T/2
x(t)
y(t- )
3
1
t
0
-T T
-T/2
x(t)
y(t- )

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-T/2 < T/2:
T/2 < 3T/2:
3T/2:
= =
2
2
( ) 3 1 3
T
x y
T
d t T
| |
= =
|
\
2
3
( ) 3 1 3
2
T
x y
T
T
d t
= ( ) 0
x y
3
1
t
0
-T T
-T/2
x(t)
y(t- )
3
1
t
0
-T T
-T/2
x(t)
y(t- )
3
1
t
0
-T T
x(t)
y(t- )

5/27/2009
22
Vy, hm tng quan l:
V d: Cho tn hiu: x(t) = e
-|t|
sgn(t)
Hy xc nh hm t tng quan
v tnh nng lng ca tn hiu?
Li gii:
Ta c:
| |
|
\
<
3
0 , | |
2
3 3
( ) 3 | | , | |
2 2 2
3 , | |
2
x y
T
T T T
T
T

0
T/2
-T
3T/2 -T/2
T
-3T/2
3T
0
t
e
-t
1
-1
-e
t
x(t)

+
*
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x t x t dt
5/27/2009
23
< 0:
Nhn xt: Do x(t): hm thc hm t tng quan i xng trng hp
> 0: tng t
0
( )
( )
0
2 2
0
0
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
(1 )
2 2 2 2
t t
xx
t t
t t
t t
e e dt
e e dt
e e dt
e e e e e e
e t e e

+

+

=
+
+
= = + + = +
1
-1
0
t
-
e
-t
-e
t
e
-(t- )
-e
(t- )
5/27/2009
24
> 0:
Vy, hm t tng quan:
0
0
( )
0
2 2
0
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
(1 )
2 2 2 2
t t
xx
t t
t t
t t
e e dt
e e dt
e e dt
e e e e e e
e t e e

+

+

=
+
+
= = + =
1
-1
0
t
e
-t
-e
t
e
-(t-)
-e
(t-)
( ) (1 ) (0) 1
xx x xx
e E
= = =
5/27/2009
25
2.4.2 Tng quan ca tn hiu cng sut:
a.Tn hiu tun hon:
nh ngha: Cho hai tn hiu tun hon x(t) v y(t)
Hm tng quan cho:
Hm t tng quan:
0 0
0 0
* *
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t T t T
xy
t t
T T

+ +
= = +

0 0
0 0
* *
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t T t T
yx
t t
y t x t dt y t x t dt
T T

+ +
= = +

0 0
0 0
* *
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t T t T
xx
t t
x t x t dt x t x t dt
T T

+ +
= = +

5/27/2009
26
a.Tn hiu tun hon (tt):
Tnh cht: i/ ;
ii/
V d: Cho tn hiu x(t) = Asin(t + ). Xc nh hm t tng quan?
*
( ) ( )
xy yx
=
*
( ) ( )
xx xx
=
(0)
x xx
P =
( ) (0)
xx xx

Nu x(t): hm thc
xx
:hm chn
Cng sut tn hiu chnh bng gi tr
hm t tng quan ti = 0
0
2
0
2 2 2
2
0 0
1
( ) sin( ) sin[ ( ) ]
sin( )[sin( ) cos cos( ) sin ]
1
sin ( ) cos sin 2( ) sin cos
2 2
T
xx
T
T T
A t A t dt
T
A
t t t dt
T
A A A
t dt t dt
T T

= + +
= + + +
= + + =

5/27/2009
27
b. Tn hiu c cng sut trung bnh hu hn:
nh ngha: Cho hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t)
Hm tng quan cho:
Hm t tng quan:
Tnh cht: (tng t phn tn hiu tun hon)
* *
1 1
( ) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) ( )
2 2
T T
xy
T T
T T
T T

= = +

* *
1 1
( ) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) ( )
2 2
T T
yx
T T
T T
y t x t dt y t x t dt
T T

= = +

* *
1 1
( ) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) ( )
2 2
T T
xx
T T
T T
x t x t dt x t x t dt
T T

= = +

5/27/2009
28
b. Tn hiu c cng sut trung bnh hu hn (tt):
V d: Cho hai tn hiu sau: x(t) = u(t) v y(t) = (1 - e
-t
)u(t).
Xc nh hm tng quan ?
Li gii:
Ta c:
Xt hai trng hp:
< 0:
*
1
( ) lim ( ) ( )
2
T
xy
T
T
x t y t dt
T

0
t

1
y(t- ) ; >0
y(t- ); <0
x(t)
y(t)
0
0
1
( ) lim 1(1 )
2
1 1 1 1
lim [ )] lim [ ] 0 0
2 2 2 2
T
t
xy
T
T
t T
T T
e dt
T
t e e T e e
T T

=
= + = + = + =

5/27/2009
29
0:
Vy, hm tng quan:
V d: Tnh tng quan gia hai tn hiu sau: x(t) = u(t) v y(t) = e
-t
u(t).
Nhn xt: x(t) l tn hiu cng sut
y(t) l tn hiu nng lng
p dng cng thc nh trng hp tn hiu nng lng
*
1 1
( ) lim ( ) ( ) lim 1(1 )
2 2
1 1 1
lim [( ) ( )] 0 0
2 2 2
T T
t
xy
T T
T
T
x t y t dt e dt
T T
T e e e
T
= =
= + = =

1
( )
2
xy
=
5/27/2009
30
Ta c:
0:
< 0:
( ) 1
[0 1] 1
t t
xy
e dt e e

+
= =
= =
0
0
( ) 1
[0 ]
t t
xy
e dt e e
e e

+
= =
= =
*
( ) ( ) ( )
x y
x t y t dt
1
0
t
y(t - ) ;
>0
y(t - ) ; <0
e
-

0
1

xy
( )
5/27/2009
31
2.4.3 V d v ng dng phn tch tng quan:
Gi s mun xc nh khong cch trong h thng nh hnh v.
Mt xung x(t) c pht n mc tiu (car).
Xung phn x thu c x(t-).
xc nh khong cch, ta cn xc nh
chnh xc gi tr .
Mun vy, ngi ta thc hin cu trc
h thng nh hnh bn.
Nhnh no c gi tr ng ra ln nht s
c chn gi tr s c c lng theo
i
nhnh ny.

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Trng H Giao thng vn ti Tp.

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