Khuech Dai Raman

n tt nghip Li ni u
LI NI U
Mc d tn x khng n hi ca phn t nh sng, mt hin tng c
bit nh tn x Raman, c tm ra bi C.V. Raman trong nm 1928, nhng
hin tng phi tuyn ca tn x Raman kch thch khng c chng minh cho
n nm 1962. Khng lu sau , si quang silica suy hao thp c s dng
trong nm 1970, Roger Stolen v nhng ngi ng nghip s dng tn x
Raman kch thch trong nhiu si quang khng ch cho khuch i ca tn hiu
quang m cn cho cu to laser Raman si c s. Kh nng ca b khuch i
Raman cho b suy hao si quang trong h thng sng nh sng c chng
minh trong nhng nm 1980 trong mt vi th nghim c lm bi Linn
Mollenauer v ng nghip ca ng. Tuy nhin, nhng th nghim ny khng
ph hp cho s pht trin b khuch i Raman trong h thng thng tin quang
thng mi. Tip theo b khuch i si quang pha tp Erbium c bm s dng
laser bn dn c tnh thc tin hn nn khuch i Raman b b qua sut
nhng nm 1990.
Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu laser bm thch ng cho khuch i Raman vn
c tin hnh. Mt vi cng ngh tin tin c tm ra trong nhng nm 1990
gip cho vic sn xut ra laser bn dn n mode ngang c kh nng pht mc
cng sut vt qu 0,2 W. Ngi ta cng nhn thy rng mt vi laser bm c
th s dng tng thch ti bc sng khc nhau v cung cp khuch i
Raman qua mt bng tn rng bao gm c bng truyn dn C v L. Hn na,
ngi ta cng ch to ra b khuch i Raman phn b c khuch i trn 10
km c nhiu nh hn so vi b khuch i si pha tp Erbium c khuch i
trn 10 mt. Khi laser bn dn cng sut ln c gi tr v thng mi vo cui
th k 20, b khuch i Raman c s dng trong mt s th nghim v
thy rng n ci thin hiu nng ca h thng WDM. Ti nm 2003, vic s
dng b khuch i Raman kh ph bin cho h thng tm xa c thit k
hot ng qua hng ngn kilomet. Cc b khuch i quang Raman c rt
nhiu u im so vi nhng loi khuch i quang c s dng trc v
rt ph hp vi cc h thng WDM ang c trin khai hin nay. Cc b
khuch i quang Raman c coi l li gii cho bi ton khuch i quang
trong cc h thng truyn dn quang dung lng ln, c ly di v rt di.
i
n tt nghip Li ni u
Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca khuch i Raman trong h thng
thng tin quang, nn em chn ti Khuch i Raman trong h thng thng
tin quang lm ti n tt nghip.
Ni dung n gm 3 chng:
Chng 1: Gii thiu tng quan v khuch i quang: nguyn l
khuch i quang v mt s tham s khuch i quang.
Chng 2: Trnh by v khuch i Raman: tn x Raman, u
nhc im ca khuch i Raman, nguyn l khuch i Raman,
bm v phng trnh tn hiu, nhiu trong khuch i Raman, phn
loi cc b khuch i Raman.
Chng 3: Trnh by ng dng ca b khuch i Raman.
Mc d ht sc c gng nhng do khuch i Raman l mt vn
kh nn ni dung n kh trnh khi cc thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s ch
bo, gp ca cc thy, c gio, cc bn sinh vin n ny c hon thin
hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n c gio, ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Nga nhit
tnh hng dn em hon thnh n ny.
Em xin cm n cc thy, c gio trong b mn thng tin quang, khoa vin
thng dy d, du dt em trong sut 5 nm hc va qua.
Xin cm n gia nh, ngi thn v bn b ng vin, gip trong
sut thi gian qua.

H Ni, ngy thng nm 2008
Sinh vin
Vng Thnh Nam
ii
n tt nghip Mc lc
MC LC
1.2. Nguyn l b khuch i quang.................................................................1
1.3.Phn loi khuch i quang.........................................................................3
1.4. H s li.................................................................................................3
1.5. Bng thng li.......................................................................................5
1.6.2. Cng sut ng ra bo ho....................................................................6
1.7. H s nhiu.................................................................................................7
1.8. ng dng b khuch i quang..................................................................7
Kt lun chng I..................................................................................................9
CHNG II:B KHUCH I RAMAN........................................................10
2.1.Tn x Raman............................................................................................10
2.1.1.nh sng.............................................................................................10
2.1.2.Tng tc ca nh sng v mi trng..............................................10
2.1.3.Si quang............................................................................................11
2.1.4.Qu trnh truyn nh sng trong si quang.........................................13
2.1.5.Tnh cht phi tuyn ca si quang......................................................16
2.1.6.Tn x nh sng..................................................................................18
2.1.7.Tn x Raman.....................................................................................19
2.3.Nguyn l hot ng b khuch i Raman..............................................26
2.5.Ngun nhiu trong b khuch i Raman.................................................47
2.6.1.Khuch i Raman phn b DRA (Distributed Raman Amplifier). . .49
2.6.2.Khuch i Raman tp trung LRA (Lumped Raman Amplifier).......51
2.6.3.B khuch i quang lai ghp Raman/EDFA.....................................51
3.1.ng dng trong h thng WDM...............................................................53
iii
n tt nghip Mc lc
DANH MC HNH V
1.2. Nguyn l b khuch i quang.................................................................1
1.3.Phn loi khuch i quang.........................................................................3
1.4. H s li.................................................................................................3
1.5. Bng thng li.......................................................................................5
1.6.2. Cng sut ng ra bo ho....................................................................6
1.7. H s nhiu.................................................................................................7
1.8. ng dng b khuch i quang..................................................................7
Kt lun chng I..................................................................................................9
CHNG II:B KHUCH I RAMAN........................................................10
2.1.Tn x Raman............................................................................................10
2.1.1.nh sng.............................................................................................10
2.1.2.Tng tc ca nh sng v mi trng..............................................10
2.1.3.Si quang............................................................................................11
2.1.4.Qu trnh truyn nh sng trong si quang.........................................13
2.1.5.Tnh cht phi tuyn ca si quang......................................................16
2.1.6.Tn x nh sng..................................................................................18
2.1.7.Tn x Raman.....................................................................................19
2.3.Nguyn l hot ng b khuch i Raman..............................................26
2.5.Ngun nhiu trong b khuch i Raman.................................................47
2.6.1.Khuch i Raman phn b DRA (Distributed Raman Amplifier). . .49
2.6.2.Khuch i Raman tp trung LRA (Lumped Raman Amplifier).......51
2.6.3.B khuch i quang lai ghp Raman/EDFA.....................................51
3.1.ng dng trong h thng WDM...............................................................53
THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt Ting Anh Ting Vit
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission Nhiu t pht
CW Continuous Wave Sng lin tc
DCF Dispersion Compensating Fiber Si b tn sc
iv
n tt nghip Mc lc
DRA Distributed Raman Amplifier B khuch i Raman
phn b
DRS Double Rayleigh Scattering Tn x Raman kp
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Ghp phn chia theo bc
sng dy c
EDFA Erbium Droped Fiber Amplifer Khuch i quang si pha
Erbium
FWM Four Wave Mixing Trn bn sng
LRA Lumped Raman Amplifier B khuch i Raman tp
trung
NF Noise Figure H s nhiu
NZDF Nonzero Dispersion Fiber Si quang tn sc khc
khng
OFA Optical Fiber Amplifer B khuch i si quang
OSA Optical Spectrum Analyzer B phn tch ph quang
OSC Optical Service Channel Knh dch v quang
SBS Stimulated Brilloin Scattering Tn x Brilloin kch thch
SLA Superlarge Area Min siu rng
SMF Single Mode Fiber Si n mode
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn trn tp
SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier B khuch i quang bn
dn
SPM Self Phase Modulation T iu ch pha
SRS Stimulated Raman Scattering Hin tng tn x Raman
kch thch
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo
v
n tt nghip Mc lc
bc sng
XPM Cross Phase Modulation iu ch pha cho
ZDW Zero Dispersion Wave Bc sng tn sc khng
vi
n tt nghip Chng I:Gii thiu v khuch i quang
CHNG I: GII THIU V KHUCH I QUANG
1.1.Gii thiu chung
i vi tn hiu quang, khi khong cch truyn dn ln, s suy gim tn
hiu l khng th trnh khi. Do vy, trn mt ng truyn dn thng tin, tt
yu phi c b lp nhm khi phc tn hiu quang, khi phc li dng xung,
khi phc li bin ... Trong h thng thng tin c, cc b lp thng c
thc hin trn in. Tn hiu quang c truyn qua mt b chuyn i O/E, sau
khi khuch i, n li qua b E/O thc hin truyn d liu tip n ch.
Hnh 1.1:B lp quang in
Cc h thng hin nay (WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing), s
lng bc sng l rt nhiu. Nu s dng b lp nh hin nay, tc l khuch
i tn hiu trn tn hiu in, th s phi cn rt nhiu cc b lp khc nhau, mi
b lp thc hin khuch i mt bc sng. iu ny s lm cho chi ph tng ln
rt nhiu ln, m hiu qu khng cao. gii quyt chng ta t ra vn phi
thc hin khuch i ngay trn tn hiu quang.
iu ny s dn ti c mt s u im sau (so vi trm lp):
+) Khng cn chuyn i E/O v O/E, nn mch linh ng hn, cng knh.
+) C th khuch i cng lc nhiu bc sng.
+) Khng ph thuc vo phng thc iu ch v tc bit.
1.2. Nguyn l b khuch i quang
Nguyn l khuch i quang da trn nguyn l pht x kch thch v
khng c cng hng trong khuch i.
Vng Thnh Nam - D04VT1 1
Hin tng pht x kch thch l mt trong ba hin tng bin i quang
in c ng dng trong thng tin quang. Cc hin tng ny c minh ho
trong hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2: Cc hin tng bin i quang in
Hin tng hp th xy ra khi c nh sng ti c nng lng E
v
= hf
12
tc
ng vo vt liu c rng vng cm E
g
= E
2
E
1
bng nhau (E
v
= E
g
). Khi ,
in t s nhn nng lng v c nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn. y
chnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra hin tng suy hao cho tn hiu quang.
Hin tng pht x t pht xy ra khi mt in t mc nng lng cao
chuyn xung mc nng lng thp, ng thi pht ra mt photon c mc nng
lng E
v
bng ln di cm E
g
. Mi mt vt liu s c mt thi gian sng
khc nhau, khi ht thi gian sng n s thc hin bc x t pht. y chnh l
nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu ca b khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra khi c mt nh sng c nng lng
photon E
v
chnh bng nng lng di cm E
g
. Khi , mt in t mc nng
lng cao s b chuyn xung mc nng lng thp hn v pht ra photon c
cng pha vi nh sng kch thch. y chnh l nguyn l khuch i ca b
khuch i quang.
C th d dng nhn thy rng, hin tng bc x t pht c th xy ra bt k
lc no, v s gy ra nhiu cho b khuch i, c gi l nhiu t pht (ASE).
Hin tng hp th th s gy ra suy yu b khuch i. Nh vy, nu mt
nng lng trong vt liu khuch i l thp s gy ra hin tng hp th ln.
iu dn n, nu mun khuch i ln chng ta phi thc hin o mt
ht.
1.3.Phn loi khuch i quang
Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c thc
hin trong vng tch cc. Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch
cc vi li ln hay nh th ph thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t
ngun bm bn ngoi. Ty theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch
i quang thnh hai loi chnh l: Khuch i quang bn dn SOA v khuch i
quang si OFA.
Trong khuch i quang bn dn SOA, vng tch cc c cu to bng
vt liu bn dn. Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu l dng
in
Trong khuch i si quang OFA, vng tch cc l si quang c pha
t him. Ngun cung cp nng lng l laser c bc sng pht quang nh hn
bc sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i.
Mt trong nhng loi OFA tiu biu l EDFA. EDFA c nhiu u im
v c tnh k thut so vi SOA.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt loi khuch i c s dng nhiu trong cc h
thng WDM hin nay l khuch i Raman. Khuch i Raman cng s dng
si quang lm vng tch cc khuch i nh sng.
SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn pht x kch thch cn khuch i
Raman da trn nh hng phi tuyn ca si quang (hin thng tn x Raman
c kch thch SRS) hn l hin tng pht x kch thch.
1.4. H s li
Hu ht cc b khuch i quang u c thc hin thng qua hiu ng
bc x kch thch. Khuch i t c khi b khuch i quang thc hin bm
quang, hay bm in o ln mt . Nhn chung khuch i quang khng
ch ph thuc vo bc sng truyn m cn ph thuc vo cng bm, mt
ht c trong vt liu. Chng ta coi vt liu l ng nht, ta c c phng
trnh sau:
s
P P T
g
g
/ ) ( 1
) (
2
2
2
0
0
+ +
(1.1)
Trong g
0
l gi tr nh ca li, l tn s ca tn hiu quang ti,
0
l tn s truyn trung tm, P l cng sut ca tn hiu c khuch i, P
s
l
cng sut bo ho. Cng sut bo ho P
s
ph thuc vo cc tham s ca mi
trng khuch i. H s T
2
trong phng trnh (1.1) c gi l thi gian hi
phc phn cc, thng nh hn 1 ps . Phng trnh (1.1) c th dng m t
cc c tnh quan trng ca b khuch i nh l bng tn li, h s khuch
i v cng sut u ra bo ho.
ch cha bo ho, coi P/P
s
<< 1, khi phng trnh 1.1 tr thnh:
2
2
2
0
0
) ( 1
) (
T
g
g

(1.2)
T phng trnh ny c th nhn thy, h s li ln nht khi tn s
khuch i

=
0
tn s trung tm.
Nu gi P
in
, P
out
ln lt l cng sut u vo v u ra ca b khuch i. Vy
th h s khuch i l:
in
out
P
P
G
(1.3)
Mt khc, ta li c cng thc sau:
gP
dz
dP
(1.4)
Suy ra:
) exp( ) ( gz P z P
in
(1.5)
Vi P(z) l cng sut tn hiu ti v tr z so vi u vo.
Gi s khong rng ca b khuch i l L, khi P
out
= P(L). Suy ra h
s khuch i ca tn hiu quang c di L l:
L g
in
L
in
out
e
P
P
P
P
G
) (
) (

(1.6)
D dng nhn thy rng, g() t gi tr ln nht ti =
0
nn G() cng t
gi tr ln nht ti
0
. V gi tr hai h s ny cng u gim khi (
0
) tng.
Ta c biu sau:
Hnh 1.3: Mi tng quan h s khuch i
1.5. Bng thng li
Bng tn li c nh ngha l 2 g
T / 2
hay l:
2
1
2 T
v
g
g

(1.7)
Nh vy, nu v
g
~ 5THz vi b khuch i quang bn dn c T
2
= 60fs. B
khuch i bng rng thch hp vi cc h thng vin thng thng tin quang, v
li ca c bng tn gn nh l hng s, thm ch c khi l tn hiu a knh.
Bng tn khuch i v
A
c nh ngha l mt FWHM, v lin quan ti v
g
theo cng thc sau:

2 / 1
0
) 2 / ln(
2 ln
1
]
1

G
v v
g A
(1.8)
Vi G
0
= exp(g
0
L).
D dng nhn thy, bng tn khuch i nh hn bng tn li, v s khc bit
ny cn tu thuc vo li khuch i.
1.6. Cng sut ng ra bo ho
1.6.1. li bo ho
bo ho ca li ph thuc vo gi tr g() trong phng trnh 1.1.
D dng nhn thy rng, khi P tin ti P
s
th gi tr g gim dn, ng thi h s
khuch i G cng gim theo tng ca cng sut tn hiu. Chng ta coi gi tr
nh xy ra khi =
0
. Theo 1.1 v 1.4, chng ta c:
s
P P
P g
dz
dP
/ 1
0
+
(1.9)
Xt phng trnh vi chiu di b khuch i l L, v coi P
0
= P
in
, v
P(L)=GP
in
= P
out
, t ta c phng trnh:
)
1
exp(
0
s
out
P
P
G
G
G G

(1.10)
D dng nhn thy, G bt u gim dn t gi tr nh G
0
khi gi tr P
out
t gn ti gi tr cng sut bo ho P
s
, m t trong hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.4: S ph thuc ca cng sut ra (theo P
s
) theo li G (theo G
0
)
1.6.2. Cng sut ng ra bo ho
T cng thc 1.10, chng ta xem xt n cng sut ng ra bo ho, l
cng sut ln nht to c cng ra, k hiu l
s
out
P
. C th nhn thy rng,
gi tr li ny t c khi li khuch i gim t 2 n 3 dB, tng ng
vi gi tr G = G
0
/2. Khi , ta c cng thc:
s
s
out
P
G
G
P
2
2 ln
0
0
(1.11)
1.7. H s nhiu
Cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin quang khc, b khuch i ny
cng c nhiu. Nguyn l ca b khuch i l da trn nguyn l bc x kch
thch. Nhng trong qu trnh khuch i, c rt nhiu cc in t ht thi gian
sng, chuyn i t mc nng lng cao xung mc nng lng thp, hay t di
dn sang di ho tr, y chnh l bc x t pht. Bc x ny, khi c phng
cng lung in t, s gy nh hng ln bin v pha ca tn hiu. Hin
tng ny c gi l hin tng nhiu bc x t pht ASE. Do vy, cng sut
ca ra gm c cng sut vo khuch i v cng sut bc x t pht:
P
out
= G.P
in
+ P
ASE
(1.12)
nh hng nhiu i vi b khuch i quang c biu din bi h s nhiu
NF, m t s suy gim t s tn trn tp ti u ra v u vo:
out
in
SNR
SNR
NF
Hay NF = SNR
in
(dB) SNR
out
(dB) (1.13)
Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng, gi tr hng s nhiu tnh c th theo cng
thc sau:
NF = 2n
sp
(G-1)/G 2n
sp
(1.14)
H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh cng tt, v gi tr nh nht c th
t c l 3dB. Ti gi tr ny, chng ta gi l gi tr lng t.
1.8. ng dng b khuch i quang
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang
nh b lm tng cng sut trn ng truyn, khc phc suy hao do si quang
v cc mi hn ni trn ng truyn. Tu theo v tr lp t m cc b khuch
i c chia ra lm 3 loi, nh hnh v 1.5 pha di.
Hnh 1.5:Cc ng dng khuch i
(a)Khuch i ng dy (In-line amplifier)
(b)Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier)
(c)B tin khuch i (Preamplifier)
B khuch i ng dy c thc hin nhm lm b s mt mt tn
hiu trn ng dy do hn ni, do khong cch Yu cu ca b ny l gi
nhiu mc thp, thc hin vic trao i tn hiu quang vi si quang tt
nht, v n nh trn ton b di thng ca WDM.
B khuch i cng sut c t ngay b pht quang nhm lm tng cc
i nht tn hiu truyn, nhm ng truyn xa nht c th. Yu cu ca b
khuch i ny cng sut ng ra ln nht, khng phi l li.
B tin khuch i c t ngay pha trc b thu nhm khuch i tn
hiu thu c. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt nhy thit b thu, v
cho php h thng truyn dn vi tc cao hn. Yu cu ca b tin khuch
i ny l nhy ln, li ln, v nhiu thp.
Kt lun chng I
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v khuch i quang. Nguyn l hot
ng ca b khuch i quang. Mt s thng s ca b khuch i quang. ng
dng ca b khuch i quang.
chng tip theo em s trnh by chi tip v b khuch i Raman.
n tt nghip Chng II:B khuch i Raman
CHNG II:B KHUCH I RAMAN
2.1.Tn x Raman
2.1.1.nh sng
nh sng c tnh lng tnh sng ht. Tnh cht sng ca nh sng c
quan st thy qua cc hin tng giao thoa, tn sc. nh sng c bn cht sng
in t. Cc mode trng in t l tp cc nghim ca phng trnh sng. Tnh
cht ht ca nh sng c th hin qua kh nng m xuyn, hin tng quang
in, tc dng ion ho. nh sng bao gm cc photon mang nng lng xc
nh bng hf trong h l hng s Plank cn f l tn s ca nh sng.
2.1.2.Tng tc ca nh sng v mi trng
Mt chm sng i t chn khng vo mi trng b phn x mt phn
mt ngn cch. Phn khc x vo mi trng li b tn sc, b mi trng hp
th v b tn x mt phn v mi pha.
Theo Lorentx ta tha nhn nhng gi thit c bn sau y:
Phn t ca mi cht c to thnh t ion v electron. Electron c khi
lng m v mang in tch nguyn t
19
10 . 6 , 1

e
C v c coi nh
in tch im.
Bn trong vt dn, electron chuyn ng hon ton t do. Chuyn ng c
hng ca electron trong vt dn di nh hng ca in trng to nn
dng in dn.
Trong in mi, electron khng th chuyn ng t do. Nhng cng
khng lin kt c nh vi ion, m c th dch chuyn mt cht di tc
dng ca nhng lc bn ngoi. Ion mang in tch m hoc dng cng
c th dch chuyn di tc dng ca in trng. Nhng ion c khi
lng ln hn electron nhiu nn di chuyn chm. Trong in trng bin
i nhanh ca sng nh sng trong min thy c, ion hu nh khng
kp dch chuyn. Ch khi no kho st trong min hng ngoi ta mi cn
k n nh hng ca ion.
Nhng electron c kh nng dao ng cng bc vi tn s
ca sng
in t trong vng quang hc gi l electron quang hc. Chng l cc electron
lp ngoi.
Cc electron nm trong lp su, gn ht nhn nguyn t, lin h cht ch
hn vi ht nhn. Chng ch c th dao ng vi bin ng k khi tn s

nm vo vng Rngen.
Lc ca dao ng cng bc do in t trng tc dng ln electron c
gi l lc Lorentx v bng :

eE f
1
(2.0)
Mt khc electron vn chu mt lc chun n hi, rng buc n vi ht
nhn
r m kr f
2
1 2
(2.0)
Trong k l hng s chun ca lc n hi, xc nh tn s dao ng
ring ca electron theo h thc:
m k /
1

, r l lch ca electron ra khi v tr
cn bng. Hng s lc k ph thuc vo in tch ht nhn nguyn t, hoc cu
trc phn t nn
1
l hon ton c trng cho nguyn t, phn t cho. Do

electron dao ng tr thnh lng cc dao ng, bc x sng in t th cp.
Lng cc dao ng cng c th va chm vi cc phn t xung quanh, truyn
nng lng dao ng cho chng. S bo tn nng lng dao ng v pht sng
v v va chm tng ng vi tc dng ca mt lc hm
,
3
gr f
(2.0)
g l gia tc ca electron khi dao ng, kt qu l phng trnh chuyn
ng ca electron c dng:
eE r g r m r m +
2
1
(2.0)
t
m g /
, gi l h s tt dn, ta c phng trnh dao ng ca
electron
m E e r r r / .
2
1
+ + (2.0)
Phng trnh (2.5) cng vi cc gi thuyt ca Lorentx l c s cho vic
gii cc bi ton tn sc v hp th nh sng.
2.1.3.Si quang
Si quang gm mt li hnh tr bng thu tinh c chit sut
1
n
, bao
quanh li l mt lp v phn x ng tm vi li. Lp v c chit sut
2
n
(
2
n
<
1
n
).
Si quang c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Nu phn
loi theo s thay i chit sut ca li si th si quang c chia thnh hai loi.
Loi si c chit sut ng u li c gi l si quang chit sut bc. Loi
si c ch s chit sut li gim dn t tm li ra ti lp tip gip gia li v
v phn x c gi l si c chit sut Gradient (GI-Graded Index). Nu phn
chia theo mode truyn dn th c loi si quang a mode v si n mode. Si
a mode cho php nhiu mode truyn dn trong n cn si n mode ch cho
php mt mode truyn dn trong n.
(a) (b)
(c)
Hnh 2.1:Cu to ca si quang
(a) Si quang (b) Si chit sut bc (c) Si chit sut gim dn
Mt trong cc vt liu c s dng rng ri ch to si quang hin
nay l silic dioxide SiO
2
. Mi nguyn t trong thu tinh lin kt vi cc nguyn
t khc theo cu trc t din nh Hnh 2.2. Trong mi nguyn t silic c
bao quanh bi bn nguyn t Oxygen.
Hnh 2.2:Cu trc t din ca Silic dioxide trong thu tinh
Si quang cng c th c pha tp vi nhiu cht khc nhau thay i
ch s chit sut. V d
2
GeO
v
5 2
O P
c pha thm vo tng chit sut ca
li. gim chit sut ca li, c th s dng cc vt liu nh l Boron (B) v
Fluorine (F)Ngoi ra mt s cht khc nh Eribium cng c s dng trong
cc b khuch i quang.
2.1.4.Qu trnh truyn nh sng trong si quang
Suy hao
Vn tc truyn nh sng trong si quang nh hn vn tc truyn nh sng
trong chn khng. K hiu
c
l vn tc truyn nh sng trong chn khng, n l
chit sut ca li si, khi vn tc truyn nh sng trong si quang c tnh
theo cng thc (2.6)
n
c
v
,
( ) s m c / 10 . 3
8
(2.0)
nh sng khi truyn dc theo si s b suy hao. K hiu
[1/m] l h s
suy hao ca si quang,
0
P
l cng sut u vo si quang, cng sut u ra si
quang c chiu di L c tnh theo cng thc:
L
T
e P P

0
(2.0)
tnh ton h s suy hao, n v thng c s dng l
dB
[ ] km dB/
.
Phng trnh chuyn i n v :
[ ] m
dB
/ 1
1000
10 ln
10
,
_
(2.0)
Cng sut quang cng thng c tnh theo n v l dBm thay cho
Watt. Quan h gia hai n v ny c biu th trong cng thc (2.9).
[ ]
[ ]
1
]
1
W
W P
dBm P
3
10
10
log . 10
(2.0)
Tn sc
Tn sc l hin tng dn rng xung nh sng khi truyn trong si quang.
Tn sc c nhiu loi nh tn sc mode, tn sc mu v tn sc mode phn cc.
Tn sc mode ch xy ra trong si quang a mode. Do cc mode c tc
lan truyn khc nhau nn thi gian truyn cc mode l khc nhau, gy ra tn sc
mode.
Tn sc mu c phn chia thnh tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn
sng. Tn sc vt liu xy ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo bc sng. Tn
sc ng dn sng xy ra do nh sng truyn trong si khng phi l nh sng
n sc, hng s lan truyn
l hm ca bc sng. Cc thnh phn bc sng

khc nhau c vn tc nhm khc nhau gy ra tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc mu
c nh hng rt ln n h thng thng tin quang. Tn sc mu lm tng nh
hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang dn n gii hn v khong
cch truyn dn trong h thng thng tin quang.
Loi si quang ph bin nht trn th gii hin nay l si quang n mode
tiu chun (theo khuyn ngh G.652 ca ITU-T) SMF-28
TM
c h s tn sc:
( )
1
]
1

3
4
0 0
4

S
D
,
1
]
1
km nm
ps
.
(2.0)
Trong D l h s tn sc,
l bc sng,
085 . 0
0
S

) . /(
2
km nm ps
l
dc tn sc khng,
0
bc sng tn sc khng (ZDW). Tn sc ca loi si ny

c biu din trn Hnh 2.3
Hnh 2.3:H s tn sc ca si quang SMF-28
TM
.
Chiu di hiu dng
Khi mt tn hiu truyn dc theo si quang, cng sut tn hiu b gim dn
do suy hao. Tuy nhin, trong thc t c th gi s rng cng sut l hng s trn
mt chiu di hiu dng eff
L
bi v hu ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn u xy ra
pha u ca si. nh ngha chiu di hiu dng ca si quang c th hin
trn Hnh 2.4.
Hnh 2.4: (a) Cng sut truyn dc theo si c chiu di L(b) M hnh tng
ng ca chiu di hiu dng.
Hnh 2.4 (a) cng sut b suy hao khi truyn dc theo ton b si c
chiu di L, hnh 2.4 (b) cng sut c coi l khng i trn mt chiu di
si:
( )

L
L z L z
L
eff
e
e e dz e P
P
L

1
1
1
/
1 1
0
0
0
0
(2.0)
Din tch hiu dng
Tt c cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang u ph thuc vo cng
nh sng truyn dc theo si. Tuy nhin trong thc t cc php o u thc
hin o cng sut u vo v u ra si quang. Cng sut i ra khi si quang
chnh l tch phn ca phn b cng nh sng trn din tch mt ct ca si
quang. Nu gi core
A
l din tch mt ct ca si quang, meas
P
l cng sut o c
u ra ca si quang. Gi thit cng I phn b u trn din tch mt ct
ca si. Ta c:
core
meas
A
P
I
(2.0)
Tuy nhin trong si quang n mode, cng nh sng khng phn b
u trn ton b din tch mt ct ca si, cng nh sng s tng dn t lp
tip gip gia li v v ti trc ca si. Mc tng ph thuc vo chit sut
ca si.
Do tnh ton trong trng hp ny, tham s din tch hiu dng eff
A

c tnh theo cng thc:
( )
( ) rdr r E
rdr r E
A
eff
4
0
2
0
2
2
,
_
(2.0)
Vi
( ) r E
l cng in trng ca mode c bn ti khong cch r so
vi trc ca si. i vi si chit sut bc din tch hiu dng eff
A
c th c
tnh theo cng thc:
( )
2
w A
eff

(2.0)
Trong
( ) w 2
l ng knh trng mode ca si bc sng
.
2.1.5.Tnh cht phi tuyn ca si quang
Trong nguyn t c cc in t mang in tch m v ht nhn mang in
tch dng. Do khi in trng tc ng vo vt liu cc in t v cc ht
nhn b dch chuyn v hai hng ngc nhau. Lc in trng lm cho cc
nguyn t b phn cc, k hiu l P, ph thuc vo in trng tc ng v bn
cht ca vt liu v c tnh nh sau:
...) . . . (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
0
+ + + EEE EE E P
(2.0)
Trong
0
l hng s in mi trong chn khng.

) ( j
l in cm
cp j.
in cm tuyn tnh
) 1 (
ng vai tr rt ln trong P, nhng nh hng

do n em li c biu hin qua h s chit sut n, h s suy hao
. in
cm cp hai
) 2 (
l nguyn nhn gy ra cc hiu ng nh sinh ho m cp hai.

Tuy nhin vi cc phn t c cu trc i xng nh
2
SiO
,
) 2 (
gn nh bng 0
nn c th b qua. Cc in cm
) 4 (
,
) 5 (
rt nh so vi
) 3 (
. V vy ch c
) 3 (
l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia thnh hai loi. Loi th nht sinh ra do
s tng tc ca sng nh sng vi cc phonon. Loi ny bao gm hai hiu ng
quan trng l tn x Raman kch thch (SRS-Stimulated Raman Scattering) v
tn x Brilloin kch thch (SBS-Stimulated Brilloin Scattering). Loi th hai
gm cc hiu ng phi tuyn Kerr, sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut phi
tuyn vo cng in trng E. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn Kerr bao gm: SPM,
XPM v FWM.
Hu ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang u sinh ra do chit sut
phi tuyn, l s ph thuc ca cng nh sng lan truyn trong si vo
chit sut. Mi quan h gia cng nh sng, chit sut v cng sut P c
biu th bng phng trnh:
P
A
n
n I n n n
eff
.
2
0 2 0

,
_
+ +
(2.0)
Trong
0
n
l thnh phn ph thuc bc sng ca chit sut
n
, eff
A
l
din tch hiu dng ca si quang,
2
n
c gi l ch s chit sut phi tuyn. T
s eff
A n /
2 c gi l h s phi tuyn. Tham s ny c th o c m khng
cn bit din tch hiu dng ca si quang.
Ngoi ra khi nghin cu cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang mt tham
s na cng c a ra l
gi l tham s phi tuyn (nonlinear parameter) v

quan h vi chit sut phi tuyn
2
n
theo cng thc:
eff
cA
n
2 0

=
eff
A
n
2
2
(2.0)
0
l tn s gc ca nh sng, c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng,

l bc sng nh sng, eff
A
l din tch hiu dng ca si.
Ch s chit sut phi tuyn
2
n
(
20
2
10 4 . 3 2 . 2

n
W m /
2
) lin quan vi
) 3 (
nh sau:
( )
) 3 (
2
Re
8
3

n
n
(2.0)
Vi
( )
) 3 (
Re
l phn thc ca
) 3 (
.
Ngoi ra c tnh ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang cn chu nh
hng ca nhiu tham s nh cng ca tn hiu, chiu di si, khong cch
gia cc knh (trong h thng WDM).
2.1.6.Tn x nh sng
Khi nh sng truyn qua mi trng vt cht trong sut th phn ln nh
sng truyn thng v mt phn nh s b tn x. Mi trng c th gy ra nhiu
loi tn x trong in hnh l tn x Rayleigh, tn x Brillouin, tn x
Raman Tu thuc vo loi vt cht, nh sng, iu kin mi trng m mi
loi tn x xy ra khc nhau.
Tn x Rayleigh l qu trnh tn x n hi, tn s nh sng tn x bng
tn s nh sng ti. Trng thi ca cc phn t vt cht do tn x Rayleigh
khng thay i sau khi nh sng truyn qua. Ngc li, tn x Brillouin v tn
x Ramman l cc qu trnh tn x khng n hi, cc nguyn t b kch thch
khi c nh sng i qua v tn s nh sng tn x b dch chuyn so vi tn s ca
nh sng ti.

a-Qu trnh tn x n hi b-Qu trnh tn x khng n hi.
Hnh 2.5:Qu trnh tn x nh sng
Qu trnh tn x khng n hi c s tham gia ca cc phonon. Trong qu
trnh ny cc phonon c th sinh ra hoc b hp th. Mc thay i tn s ca nh
sng tn x so vi nh sng ti bng vi tn s ca phonon. Tn x Brilloin lin
quan n cc phonon m hc cn tn x Raman lin quan n cc phonon quang
hc. Do nh sng tn x Raman c mc dch chuyn tn s ln hn nh sng
tn x Brilloin. Nu nh sng tn x c tn s nh hn nh sng ti th nh sng
tn x c gi l nh sng Stoke v qu trnh tn x c gi l tn x Stoke.
Ngc li, nu nh sng tn x c tn s ln hn nh sng ti th nh sng tn
x c gi l nh sng phn Stoke v qu trnh tn x c gi l tn x phn
Stoke. Vi tn x khng n hi, n v o dch tn ca nh sng tn x l
(rad/s) hoc l cm
1
vi
c
v
2
v
l dch chuyn tn s theo cm
1
,
l dch
chuyn tn s theo rad/s v c l vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng theo
cm/s).
Cc hiu ng tn x s lm gii hn cng sut quang ln nht c th
truyn trong si. Trong h thng WDM tn x l nguyn nhn gy nhiu gia
cc knh. Tuy nhin tn x Raman cng c ng dng trong cc b khuch i
quang Raman nhng bc sng m b khuch i quang EDFA khng ph
hp. Hiu ng tn x Brilloin l nguyn l trong cc b cm ng o nhit
mi trng ti nhng ni m b cm ng in khng ph hp.
Tn s
Hnh 2.6:Tn s ca nh sng tn x.
2.1.7.Tn x Raman
Tn x Raman c phn chia thnh hai loi: Tn x Raman t pht
(Spontaneous Raman Scattering) v tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated Raman
Scattering). Hiu ng tn x Raman t pht c d on bi Smekal vo
nm 1923 v n nm 1928 c Raman ch ra bng thc nghim.
Trong qu trnh tn x Raman t pht, nh sng ti tng tc vi mi
trng lm sinh ra cc photon. Tu thuc vo bn cht ca mi trng cc
photon sinh ra s c tn s ln hn hoc nh hn tn s ca nh sng ti.
Gin nng lng ca qu trnh tn x Raman c th hin trn Hnh
2.7. Electron s chuyn t trng thi khi u (trng thi c bn) ln trng thi
o (trng thi kch thch) khi hp th mt photon c nng lng bng hiu nng
lng gia trng thi o v trng thi khi u. Khi chuyn t trng thi o v
trng thi cui electron s pht x mt photon c nng lng bng hiu nng
lng trng thi o v trng thi cui.
Nu nh trng thi khi u c nng lng thp hn nng lng ca trng
thi cui, tn s photon pht x s nh hn tn s nh sng ti v qu trnh tn
x to ra nh sng Stoke.
Hnh 2.7:Gin nng lng qu trnh tn x Raman.
(a)Tn x Stoke (b)Tn x phn Stoke.
Gi s
1
,
2
ln lt l tn s ca nh sng ti v nh sng tn x, l
tn s phonon c sinh ra. Khi theo nh lut bo ton chuyn ho nng
lng th
2

1
-
.
Ngc li nu trng thi cui c nng lng thp hn th qu trnh tn x
to ra nh sng phn Stoke c tn s
+
1 2

, chch lch gia mc nng
lng trng thi khi u v trng thi cui chnh l nng lng ca mt
phonon. Thc t, tn x phn Stoke thng yu hn tn x Stoke.
Tn s ca cc photon tn x c xc nh bng tn s dao ng ca
nguyn t. Vi thu tinh, quang ph ca nh sng tn x Raman gm nhiu
thnh phn tn s khc nhau l do cc nguyn t trong thu tinh dao ng trong
mt khong tn s rt rng.
Hiu ng tn x Raman t pht c ng dng xc nh cu trc ca
cc phn t, thnh phn cu to v loi lin kt trong cc phn t .
Khi ta tng dn cng sut bm u vo th cng sut ca sng Stoke cng
tng dn. Nhng nu nh cng sut sng bm vt qu mt gi tr xc nh th
cng sut sng Stoke s tng ln rt nhanh theo hm m. Nguyn nhn gy ra
hin tng ny l qu trnh tn x Raman kch thch.
2.2. u im ca khuch i Raman
Trong phn ny, ta xt hai u im ca khuch i Raman trong h thng
truyn dn. Trc ht n c th c s dng nh th no ci thin h s
nhiu ca h thng; th hai l mu khuch i phng c th t c nh th
no. Tt c u im c th p dng cho bt k si quang truyn dn no.
2.2.1.Ci thin h s nhiu
H s nhiu(NF) ca b khuch i l t s ca SNR tn hiu u vo v
SNR tn hiu u ra. N l thc o bit b khuch i suy gim tn hiu nh
th no. Trong h thng khuch i Raman, h s nhiu tng ng (NF
eq
),
biu din h s nhiu mt b khuch i c t ti cui b thu ca bng
truyn dn, khng c b khuch i Raman, cung cp cng SNR t c
nh khi s dng b khuch i Raman phn b. Hai h thng tng ng c
ch ra trong s hnh 2.8. Suy hao trong bng hnh 2.8b l
L
S
; do li
l G = (
L
S
)
-1
, v h s nhiu ca bng khng bm l
L
S
(khng thm nhiu

v NF = P
in
/ P
out
). Biu thc bit cho h s nhiu cho hai b khuch i bc
a ra l NF
sys
= NF
1
+ (NF
2
1)/ G
1
. Trong NF
1
(NF
2
) l h s nhiu ca b
khuch i u tin (th hai) v G
1
l li ca b khuch i u tin. Cho h
thng tng ng trong hnh 2.8b:
NF
sys
= NF
eq
L
S

(2.19)
Phng trnh h s nhiu ca h thng khuch i Raman cng ging h thng
tng ng, ta thy rng:
NF
eq
=
L
NF
S
R
hoc NF
dB
eq = NF
dB
R
- (
L
S
)
dB
, (2.20)
trong ch s trn dB cho bit bin c biu din bng dB.
Hnh 2.8: S ca h thng khuch i Raman phn b (a) v h thng
tng ng ca bng truyn dn v b khuch i si Er pha tp (b)
T phng trnh (2.20) ta thy rng NF
dB
eq c th b hn 0. Nh l mt b
khuch i khng c thc hin v mt vt l, nhng b khuch i Raman
phn b c hiu nng tt hn mc d khng c ghp vi mt b khuch i
ri rc t sau bng. R rng, khuch i lun lun lm tng thm nhiu cho tn
hiu, lm gim SNR ca n. Trong trng hp tt nht, nu tn hiu lan truyn
dc theo si cp m khng c suy hao v khng c khuch i, SNR ca n s
bng gi tr u vo v bng NF. Trng hp xu nht l tn hiu b suy hao
ton b v sau c khuch i. y l trng hp xu nht v li yu cu
t b khuch i ti im cui ca bng c tng ln; bi v nhiu ngun
bm c yu cu, nhiu khuch i bc x t pht(ASE) c sinh ra trong
b khuch i. Thm na cng sut tn hiu u vo cho b khuch i c
gim bt. Cng sut tn hiu thp hn c ngha l ASE c th chim u th hn
vi tn hiu cho li trong b khuch i. Hai h s phi hp cho SNR u ra
thp hn v tng NF. Nu bng truyn dn c xt cho mt lot b khuch i
ri rc, sau cc li u c phn b dc theo cp, th li t nht c
yu cu t mi b khuch i ring l v cng sut tn hiu cao hn c yu
cu trong mi b khuch i . y l l do ti sao khuch i phn b cung
cp hiu nng c ci thin hn so vi khuch i ri rc. Thm na, n cng
gii thch ti sao mi khi khuch i Raman lm vic, khuch i u c
phn b dc theo chiu di si quang, ci thin hiu nng tt hn l cung cp
bi h thng khuch i phn b. Mc ch ca nhiu cuc tho lun sau ny l
lm tng khuch i bng vic phn b u dc theo si quang.
2.2.2. Ci thin h s phng
Trong h thng vin thng a bc sng mt iu quan trng l tt c cc
bc sng tn hiu c ngun quang tng t nhau. S bin thin trong li ca
mi bc sng khc nhau sau khi i qua mt b khuch i u c tham
chiu n li phng. Nu tn hiu ti mt bc sng khng t l vi khuch
i, khi n i qua mt vi b khuch i, n s tng tng i vi knh khc
lm gim li cho knh khc. Tuy nhin h thng s b gii hn bi knh vi
khuch i thp nht. Kt qu, sau mi b khuch i ph khuch i ni
chung l phng. Gn nh l chn phn t tn hao vo bc sng ph thuc trong
b khuch i vi mu ph tng ng. Khuch i Raman a ra kh nng t
c iu ny m khng cn phn t tn hao.
Trong khuch i Raman mt mu ph phng c th nhn c bng s
dng nhiu bc sng bm. Xt cho mt si quang, khuch i Raman chun
ch ph thuc vo bc sng bm, ln ca khuch i t l vi cng sut
bm, v dng biu ca khuch i khng ph thuc bc sng bm. V
th, nu a bm c s dng mt mu ph khuch i phng c th t c.
Bc sng bm v khuch i c yu cu ti mi bc sng c th
xc nhn bng php cng logarit mu khuch i ti bc sng bm ring l.
Hnh 2.9 ch ra mu khuch i ring l theo xp chng logarit. Ta c th
thy rng phn ln khuch i l do bc sng bm ln nht. Tuy nhin,
cng sut bm yu cu khng th t c mt cch d dng t s tnh ton s
lng ngun bm cn thit sinh ra mt gi tr ca khuch i Raman.
l bi v trong khuch i Raman bm lin kt th bm bc sng ngn khuch
i bm bc sng di. Tc ng ny cng ch ra trong hnh 2.9, m ng
cong nh du l bm bm dc hn 3 dB trong ph khuch i khi khuch
i Raman bm lin kt c xt.

Hnh 2.9: khuch i c tng hp t cc bc sng ring l ( 1420,
1435, 1450, 1465, v 1480nm), xp chng logarit ca n, v tng hp biu
khuch i vi s tng tc bm ti bm cho bng 25km ca si quang
dch tn sc. Cng sut bm tng ng l 61, 55, 48,47 v 142 mW.
S tng tc bm bm cng tc ng vo s pht trin cng sut bm
nh ch ra trong hnh 2.10. N ch ra s gim ca cng sut bm trong bng
25km ca si quang dch tn sc khi cng sut l 100mW ti mi bc sng
bm. Ban u cng sut ti bc sng bm ln nht tng khi n nhn khuch
i Raman t bc sng bm khc. Do , vic phn b cng sut bm in
hnh nh trong hnh 2.11. Mc d hu ht khuch i c cung cp bi
bc sng di nhng cng sut bm ti bc sng ny tng i km. Nh
bc sng v cng sut bm ch ra trong hnh 2.11, khuch i 12 dB c
th thu c vi khuch i bin thin t hn 0,5 dB t 1525 ti 1595nm.
Hnh 2.10:Cc cng sut bm khc nhau trong mt h thng khuch i
Raman.
Hnh 2.11: So snh gia cng sut bm pht v khuch i cung cp
bi mi bc sng bm.
2.3.Nguyn l hot ng b khuch i Raman
Khuch i Raman da trn hin tng tn x Raman kch thch
(Stimulated Raman Scattering). Tn x Raman kch thch l hin tng mt
nguyn t hp th nng lng ca mt photon, sau to ra mt photon c nng
lng khc. V vy, tn x Raman kch thch c nh ngha l hin tng
photon th cp c sinh ra do ngun bn ngoi.
c khuch i Raman th phi to ra s nghch o nng . iu ny
t c bng cch cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang t
mt laser bm c bc sng thp hn bc sng ca tn hiu. Khi , cc
nguyn t ca si quang s hp th nng lng bm c nng lng cao(bc
sng ngn) v chuyn ln mc cao hn. Khi c tn hiu n, n s kch thch cc
nguyn t ang mc nng lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp
hn v gii phng ra mt nng lng di dng photon nh sng c cng bc
sng (di hn bc sng bm) v cng pha vi tn hiu n. Do , tn hiu
c khuch i
Hnh 2.12:S chuyn nng lng trong khuch i Raman
Da trn gin nng lng trn, tn s nh sng bm f
bm
v tn s nh
sng c khuch i f
khuch i
c tnh nh sau
f
bm
= E
3
-E
1
(2.21)
f
khuch i
= (E
2
-E
1
)/h (2.22)
Trong : h l hng s Plank;E
1
, E
2
, E
3
l nng lng ca cc trng thi
nng lng cao(transition state), trng thi nng lng trung gian (vibration
state) v trng thi nng lng thp (ground state) ca cc nguyn t trong si
quang.
Trong khuch i Raman, tn hiu quang c khuch i dc theo ton
b chiu di ca si quang silic bnh thng. Cu trc ca mt b khuch i
Raman c minh ha trong hnh 2.13
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc b khuch i Raman
Si quang: l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i. Si quang ny cng l si
quang truyn tn hiu nh si SMF, DCF..
B ghp(Coupler): dng ghp cc bc sng tn hiu vo sng bm
Laser bm(Pump Laser):dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t
ca si quang chuyn ln trng thi kch thch gip to ra s nghch o nng
B cch ly(Isolator):t hai u ca b khuch i quang ngn chn
tn hiu phn x hai u b khuch i. ng thi n cng gip loi tr nhiu
ASE theo hng ngc v pha u vo c th gy nh hng n tn hiu u
vo.
2.4.Bm v phng trnh tn hiu
Trong bt k phn t mi trng no, tn x Raman t pht c th chuyn
mt phn nh nng lng ( thng thng < 10
-6
) t mt min quang ti mt
min quang khc m tn s ca n b dch xung bi mt i lng c xc
nh bng kiu dao ng ca mi trng. Hin tng ny c tm ra bi
Raman trong nm 1928 v c bit nh tc ng Raman. Nh trong hnh 2.14,
n c th c nhn di dng c hc lng t nh tn x ca mt photon c
nng lng h
P
to ra mt phn t c nng lng photon tn s thp hn h S
.
Phonon quang c nng lng khc nhau c sinh ra trong sut qu trnh ny,
l do phn t ny chuyn ti trng thi dao ng kch thch. Thc vy, nh
sng ti tc ng nh mt bm cho pht sinh s dch bc x RED gi l dng
Stokes. B phn dch BLUE c bit nh l dng phn Stokes, n cng c
sinh ra nhng cng ca n yu hn nhiu so vi dng Stokes bi v qu
trnh phn Stokes yu cu trng thi dao ng xc nh ban u ca mt phonon
phi ng nng lng v ng lng. Trong phn sau chng ta b qua qu trnh
phn Stokes coi nh n chy o khng c vai tr trong khuch i quang.

Hnh 2.14:S minh ha ca qu trnh tn x Raman t quan im c
hc lng t. Mt photon Stokes nng lng gim h
s
c to tc thi khi mt
photon bm c nng lng h
p
c nng ln ti mc o nh ng nt t.
Mc d tn x Raman t pht xy ra trong bt k phn t mi trng no,
nhng n yu c th b qua khi mt chm tn hiu quang lan truyn qua
mt si quang. N c quan st trong nm 1962 cho trng quang cng
ln, hin tng phi tuyn ca SRS c th xy ra trong sng Stokes tng
nhanh bn trong mi trng ging nh hu ht cng sut chm nh sng bm
truyn qua n. K t nm 1962, SRS c nghin cu rng ri trong nhiu
mi trng phn t v tm ra mt s ng dng. SRS c quan st trong
si quang silica nm 1972; sm sau , suy hao ln nht ca si quang c
gim ti mc c th chp nhn c. K t , c im ca qu trnh tn x
Raman c lng t ha cho nhiu gng quang trong c dng si v dng
khi.
Thc t, SRS khng d dng quan st trong si quang s dng chm nh
sng bm CW bi v gi tr ngng ca n tng i cao ( ~ 1W). Tuy nhin,
nu mt chm nh sng Stokes vi tn s ng c bm cng vi chm nh
sng bm nh trong hnh 2.15 n c th c khuch i ng k khi s dng
mt chm nh sng bm CW vi mc cng sut ~ 100mW. Bm v tn hiu c
th c bm trong hng i nhau bi v bn cht gn nh ng hng ca
SRS. Trong thc t, cu hnh bm nghch li c u tin bi v n lm hiu
nng b khuch i Raman tt hn. Mc du, b khuch i Raman si quang
c s thu ht s ch ng k sut nhng nm 1980, nhng n ch c gi tr
vi laser bm thch ng trong cui nhng nm 1990.

Hnh 2.15:B khuch i Raman si quang c s trong cu hnh bm
thun.
2.4.1. Ph khuch i Raman.
c tnh quan trng nht ca b khuch i Raman l h s khuch i
Raman g
R
. N m t cng sut Stokes tng nh cng sut bm c truyn qua
n thng qua SRS nh th no. g
R
c lin h vi phn o ca nhy phi
tuyn cp 3. Mt cch gn ng, tha mn iu kin CW hoc chun CW, s
gia tng ban u ca tn hiu quang yu c iu chnh bng:
, ) (
S P R
S
I I
dz
dI

(2.23)
trong
) (
R
c lin h vi g
R,

S P

biu din dch Raman, v
P
v
S
l tn s quang lin h vi trng bm v tn hiu c cng tng ng l

I
p
v I
s
.
Ph khuch i Raman c o cho thy tinh silica cng nh si
quang silica c bn. Hnh 2.16 ch ra h s khuch i Raman cho khi silica
nh mt hm ca dch tn s khi bm v tn hiu khng phn cc (nt lin )
hoc phn cc vung gc (nt t). khuch i nh c chun ha ti 1
trong trng hp khng phn cc v th biu tng ng c th c s
dng cho bc sng bm bt k
P
. Gi tr nh t l nghch vi
P
v bng
khong 6
10
14
m/W cho bm gn 1,5
m
.
c im quan trng nht ca ph khuch i Raman cho si quang silica
l khuch i tn ti qua mt bng tn rng (ln ti 40THz) vi v tr b rng
cao nht gn 13,2THz. C c trng thi ny l v c tnh khng kt tinh ca
thy tinh silica. Trong nhng vt liu v nh hnh nh silica hn hp, tn s
dao ng phn t lan truyn trong bng tn lp v to ra di lin tc. Kt qu l,
tng phn vi hu ht mi trng phn t, m khuch i Raman xy ra ti
tn s d xc nh c bit, n ko di lin tc qua bng rng trong si quang
silica. Si quang c th hot ng nh b khuch i Raman bng rng bi
nhng c im ny. c im quan trng khc ca hnh 2.16 l s ph thuc
phn cc ca khuch i Raman; khuch i gn nh trit tiu khi bm
v tn hiu phn cc vung gc.
Hnh 2.16: Ph khuch i Raman cho khi silica c o khi bm v
tn hiu khng phn cc (nt lin) hoc phn cc vung gc (nt t).
khuch i nh c chun ha ti 1 trong trng hp khng phn cc.
Trong si quang n mode, mu khng gian ca c bm v chm tn hiu
c cng bc bng thit k si quang v khng bin i dc theo chiu di
ton b si quang. Cng v l y, n thng x l tng cng sut quang xc nh
nh sau:
P
j
(z) =
y dxd z y x I
j

) , , (
, (2.24)
Trong j = p hoc s. Phng trnh (2.23) c th c vit li trong iu
kin ca ngun quang nh sau:
S P R S P eff R
S
P P g P P A
dz
dP
) / (
, (2.25)
Trong din tch li hiu dng c xc nh nh sau:
A
eff
=

dxdy x y x I z y x I
dxdy z y x I dxdy z y x I
S P
S P
) , , ( ) , , (
) ) , , ( )( ) , , ( (
(2.26)
Biu thc phc tp ny rt gn ng k nu chng ta gi s rng mu
trng mode F(x,y) gn ging nhau cho c hai bm v
Stokes. Trong iu kin ca mu mode ny, A
eff
c th c vit nh sau:
A
eff
=

,
_
dxdy y x F
dxdy y x F
4
2
2
) , (
) , (
(2.27)
Nu chng ta c chng mu mode bi mt hm Gaussian ca dng
F(x,y) = exp[ - (x
2
+ y
2
)/
2
], trong l bn knh trng mode, v s dng
php tnh tch phn trong phng trnh (2.27), chng ta c c kt qu n A
eff

2
. T bn knh trng mode c thit lp cho bt k si quang no,
A
eff
l tham s bit m gi tr c th thay i trong khong 10 ti 100m
2
ph
thuc v thit k ca si quang; gi tr thp ca A
eff
xy ra cho si quang b tn
sc (DCF) cho ng knh li tng i nh.
Hnh 2.17 ch ra g
R

/A
eff
( i khi c gi l hiu sut khuch i
Raman) cho mt DCF, mt si quang tn sc khc khng (NZDF), v mt si
quang min siu rng (SLA)tng ng vi A
eff
= 15, 55 v 105m
2
. Trong tt
cc trng hp, si quang c bm ti bc sng 1,45m v c cung cp
khuch i ti bc sng gn 1,55m. Mt im ch chnh l DCF gn nh
gp 10 ln hiu dng cho khuch i Raman. Tng 7 ln khi din tch li hiu
dng gim. Phn tng cn li v mc pha tp cao hn ca germania trong
DCF( Nhng phn t GeO
2
biu hin khuch i Raman nh rng hn gn
13,1THz). Ph thay i nh hnh 2.17 cho 3 si quang do mc pha tp GeO
2
.

Hnh 2.17: Ph khuch i Raman c ch nh cho 3 loi si quang
bm ti 1,45m. Din tch li hiu dng v mc pha tp GeO
2
khc nhau cho 3
loi.
R rng t hnh 2.17 thy rng, khi mt chm nh sng bm c bm
vo si quang khc nhau vi mt chm tn hiu yu, n s c khuch i bi
v khuch i Raman ch cn tn s khc nhau =
S P

trong phm vi
bng tn ca ph khuch i Raman. khuch i tn hiu ph thuc ng
k vo tn s khc nhau v l ln nht khi chm tn hiu km tn s bm
13,2THz (khong 100nm trong di 1,5m). khuch i Raman tn ti trong
tt c di ph; tc l si quang c th c s dng cho khuch i bt k tn
hiu no cung cp mt ngun bm thch ng c s dng. c im ng ch
ca b khuch i Raman ny kh khc so vi b khuch i si quang pha
Eribium, ch c th khuch i tn hiu c bc sng khng bin i xy ra ti
bc sng gn 1,53m.
c tnh khng u ca ph khuch i Raman trong hnh 2.17 lin
quan n h thng sng quang ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) bi
v cc knh khc nhau s c khuch i bng gi tr khc nhau. Vn ny
c gii quyt trong thc tin bng s dng a bm ti cc bc sng yu khc
nhau. Mi bm cung cp khuch i khng u nhng ph khuch i
c kt hp t bm khc nhau. Vi mt la chn thch ng ca bc sng v
cng sut cho mi laser bm, n c th thc hin mu khuch i gn phng
qua mt bng bc sng rng ng k. Ta s xt h thng n bm trc,
a ra khi nim c bn trong phng php n bm, v sau tp trung vo
cu hnh a bm ca khuch i Raman.
2.4.2.B khuch i Raman n bm.
Xt trng hp chm nh sng bm CW n c bm vo mt si
quang s dng cho khuch i mt tn hiu CW. Ngay c trong trng hp ny,
phng trnh (2.25) nn thay i bao gm suy hao si quang trc khi n c
th c s dng. Hn na, cng sut bm cn li thay i dc theo si quang.
Khi c nhng tc ng, qu trnh khuch i Raman ph thuc vo hai phng
trnh sau:
S S S P R
S
P P P g
dz
dP

, (2.28)
P P S P R
S
P P
P P P g
dz
dP

, (2.29)
trong S
v
P
gii thch cho suy hao ca si quang theo th t bc

sng Stokes v bc sng bm. Tham s
ly gi tr 1 t ph thuc vo cu hnh
bm; du tr khi bm nghch.
Phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29) c th c suy ra chnh xc t phng trnh
Maxwell. Chng c th c vit theo hin tng logic bng ch qu trnh
xuyn qua m photon xut hin hoc khng xut hin trong mi chm sng nh
sng. T l tn s S P
/
xut hin trong phng trnh (2.29) bi v nhng
photon tn hiu v bm c nng lng khc nhau. Chng c th chng minh
trong trng hp khng c suy hao:
0
,
_
+
P
P
S
S
P P
dz
d
(2.30)
Ch rng P
j
/
j
lin h vi dng photon ti tn s
j
, y l phng trnh
ch biu din bo ton tng s photon sut qu trnh SRS.
Phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29) khng d dng gii theo php gii tch bi
tnh cht phi tuyn ca chng. Thc t trong nhiu trng hp, cng sut bm
ln hn so vi cng sut tn hiu do s cn bm c th c b qua bng
cch t g
R
= 0 trong phng trnh (2.29), sau c gii d dng. Nh v d,
P
P
(z) = P
0
exp(-
P
z) trong trng hp bm thun (
1
), trong P
0
l nng
lng u vo ti z = 0. Nu chng ta thay th nghim ny vo phng trnh
(2.28), chng ta nhn c:
S S S P R
S
P P z P g
dz
dP
) exp(
0
.
(2.31)
Phng trnh ny c th d dng tch phn c:
P
S
(L) = P
S
(0)exp(g
R
P
0
L
eff
-
S
L)
G(L)P
S
(0) (2.32)
trong G(L) l khuch i tn hiu, L l di b khuch i, v L
eff
l
di hiu dng c nh ngha:
L
eff
= [1- exp(-
P
L)]/
P.
(2.33)
Nghim (2.32) ch ra rng, do s hp th bm, nn di khuch i hiu dng
c gim t L ti L
eff.
Trng hp bm nghch c th c xt trong mt hm ng dng. Trong
trng hp ny, phng trnh (2.29) c th c gii vi g
R
= 0 v
1
s
dng iu kin b P
P
(L) = P
0
; kt qu l P
P
(z) = P
0
exp[-
P
(L z)]. Tch phn
ca phng trnh (2.28) sinh ra nghim ging nh a ra trong phng trnh
(2.32), chng t rng cng sut tn hiu khuch i ti mc bm a ra l
ging nhau trong c cu hnh bm thun v bm nghch.
Trng hp bm hai hng phc tp hn khng ng k bi v hai laser
bm c t i din nhau cui si quang. Cng sut bm trong phng trnh
(2.28) by gi biu din tng P
P
= P
f
+ P
b
, trong P
f
v P
b
tm c bng cch
gii phng trnh( vn b qua s cn kit ca bm):
dP
f
/dz = -
P
P
f
, dP
b
/dz =
P
P
b
. (2.34)
Gii nhng phng trnh ny chng ta tm c cng sut bm P
P
(z) ti khong
cch z nh sau:
P
P
(z) = P
0
{r
f
exp (-
P
z) + (1- r
f
) exp[ -
P
( L z)]} , (2.35)
trong P
0
l tng cng sut bm v r
f
= P
L
/P
R
l t l ca cng sut bm
bm trong hng thun. Tch phn phng trnh (2.28) thu c khuch i
tn hiu:
G(z) =
,
_
z dz z P g
P
z P
S
z
P R
S
S
) ( exp
) 0 (
) (
0
(2.36)
Hnh 2.18 ch ra cng sut tn hiu thay i th no dc theo chiu di 100km
ca b khuch i Raman phn b vi r
f
khc nhau t 0 ti 1. Trong tt c cc
trng hp, tng cng sut bm c chn ging nh khuch i Raman
b cho suy hao si quang, l: G(L) = 1.
Hnh 2.18:S bin thin ca cng sut tn hiu trong bm hai chiu, b
khuch i Raman c chiu di 100km vi bm thun thay i t 0 n 100%.
Phn gii hn bi ng thng l trng hp si quang th ng khng c
khuch i Raman.
C th t cu hi cu hnh bm no l tt nht cho h thng. Cu tr li
khng n gin khi n ph thuc vo nhiu h s. Bm thun l tt hn khi xt
ti nhiu. Cho mt h thng tm xa gii hn bi si quang phi tuyn, bm
nghch c th a ra hiu nng tt hn bi v trong trng hp ny cng sut tn
hiu qua chiu di ng dn l nh nht. Tng tch ly dch pha phi tuyn c
gy ra bi s t iu pha (SPM) c th tm c:
z d z G P dz z P
L L
S S NL

0 0
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
(2.37)
trong
) /( 2
2 eff S
A n
l tham s phi tuyn gy ra SPM. Dch pha phi tuyn
tng v khuch i Raman c th lng t ha qua t s:
R
NL
=
L
eff
NL
NL
dz z G L
off pump
on pump
0
1
) (
) (
) (
. (2.38)
Hnh 2.19: S ci thin trong hiu ng phi tuyn ph thuc khuch
i trong chiu di 100km, bm hai chiu, b khuch i Raman phn b vi
bm thun thay i t 0 n 100%. ng dc ch ra trng hp m khuch
i Raman b tng suy hao si quang.
Hnh 2.19 ch ra t s ny thay i ph thuc khuch i G(L) cho b
khch i Raman phn b ko di 100km cho h thng khc nhau ca bm
thun v bm nghch. R rng, nh hng phi tuyn l b nht trong trng hp
bm nghch v tng hn 10dB khi bm thun c s dng.
i lng G(L) biu din khuch i tn hiu mng v c th bng
<1(mng suy hao) nu khuch i Raman khng b suy hao si quang.
Rt c li khi a vo khi nim khuch i Raman bt - tt s dng nh
ngha:
G
A
=
) exp(
) (
) (
0 eff R
S
S
L P g
off pump with L P
on pump with L P
(2.39)
R rng, G
A
biu din tng s khuch i phn b qua mt chiu di L
eff
. Nu
chng ta s dng gi tr c trng ca g
R
= 3W
-1
/km cho mt DCF t hnh 2.17
cng vi L
eff
= 1km, tn hiu c th c khuch i bng 20dB cho P
0

1,5W.
Hnh 2.20 ch ra bin thin ca G
A
vi P
0
quan st trong th nghim nm 1981
m si cp chiu di 1,3km c s dng khuch i tn hiu 1,064m bng
cch s dng bm 1,017m. H s khuch i G
A
tng ly tha vi P
0
ban u,
nh d bo bi phng trnh (2.39) nhng lch hn P
0
> 1W. l v
khuch i bo ha xy ra v cn kit bm. Kt qu l ph hp hon ton vi d
liu v tha mn phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29) cho m hnh khuch i Raman.
Hnh 2.20:S bin thin ca khuch i b khuch i G
A
vi cng
sut bm P
0
.
Biu thc gn ng cho khuch i bo ha G
s
trong b khuch i
Raman c th nhn c bng cch gii phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29) phn tch
vi gi nh

P S . Php tnh gn ng ny khng lun lun ng nhng
n c th m bo cho si cp quang trong vng 1,55m. Gi thit bm thun (
1
) v lm php bin i P
j
=
j
F
j
exp( - z) vi j = s hoc p, chng ta nhn
c hai phng trnh n:
S P R P
S
F F g
dz
dF

,
S P R P
P
F F g
dz
dF

. (2.40)
Ch rng F
P
(z) + F
S
(z) = C, trong C l mt hng s, phng trnh vi phn
cho F
S
c th c tch hp qua chiu di b khuch i nhn c kt qu sau:
G
S
=
( )
eff R P
S
S
S
S
CL g
F C
L F C
F
L F
exp
) 0 (
) (
) 0 (
) (
,
_
. (2.41)
S dng C = F
P
(0) + F
S
(0) trong phng trnh trc, khuch i bo
ha ca b khuch i c cho bi:
G
S
=
( )
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
r
A
r
A
G r
G r
+
+
+
+
, (2.42)
trong r
0
lin h vi t s cng sut bm tn hiu ti u vo si quang nh
sau:
r
0
=
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
P
S
S
P
P
S
P
P
F
F
(2.43)
v G
A
= exp(g
R
P
0
L
eff
) l khuch i cha bo ha c a vo trong phng
trnh (2.39). Thng thng , P
S
(0) << P
P
(0). V d, r
0
< 10
-3
khi P
S
(0) < 1mW
trong khi P
P
(0) ~ 1W. Di nhiu iu kin, khuch i bo ha ca b
khuch i c th xp x:
G
S
=
A
A
G r
G
0
1+
. (2.44)
khuch i b gim 2 hoc 3 dB khi b khuch i Raman c bm
mnh khi r
0
G
A
= 1. iu ny c th xy ra cho r
0
= 10
-3
khi khuch i Raman
bt tt n gn 30 dB. Chnh xc chng ta c th quan st trong hnh 2.20.
Hnh 2.21 ch ra c im bo ha bng biu din G
S
/G
A
ph thuc G
A
r
0
vi mt vi gi tr ca G
A
. khuch i bo ha b gim 2 ln khi G
A
r
0

1.
iu kin ny c tha mn khi cng sut tn hiu c khuch i bt u
n gn cng sut bm u vo P
0
.
Hnh 2.21: c im khuch i bo ha ca b khuch i Raman
vi mt vi gi tr ca khuch i b khuch i cha bo ha G
A
.
Trong thc t, P
0
l n v o tt ca cng sut bo ha b khuch i Raman.
V thng thng P
0
> 1W, nn cng sut bo ha ca b khuch i Raman ln
hn nhiu so vi b khuch i quang si Erbium.
Nh trong hnh 2.20, b khuch i Raman c th khuch i mt tn hiu
vo ln 1000 ln ( khuch i 30 dB) khi cng sut bm vt qu 1W. Hu
ht cc th nghim gn y u s dng cho bm mt laser Nd:YAG hot ng
ti 1,06m bi v n c th cung cp mc nng lng nh CW. Laser ny cng
c th hot ng ti bc sng 1,32m. Trong th nghim nm 1983, tn hiu
1,4m c khuch i s dng nh mt laser, v mc khuch i ln ti 21
dB thu c ti cng sut bm 1W. khuch i ca b khuch i ny gn
nh ging nhau trong c cu hnh bm thun v bm nghch. Mt laser
Nd:YAG c th vn c s dng nu dng Stokes bc cao hn c s dng
nh mt bm. V d, dng Stokes bc nht ti bc sng 1,4m t mt laser
bc sng 1,32m c th hot ng nh mt bm khuch i tn hiu quang
gn 1,5m. Nh gn y nm 1984, b khuch i vi h s hn 20 dB c
thc hin bng s dng nhiu h thng. Nhng th nghim cng ch ra s
quan trng ca vic dung hp hng phn cc ca bm v sng tn hiu nh
SRS tng xy ra trong trng hp ca phn c vung gc. S dng si quang
lu tr phn cc vi li germania cao a n khuch i 20 dB ti bc
sng 1,52m khi si quang c bm vi cng sut 3.7W.
Hn ch chnh ca b khuch i Raman t quan im ca h thng ng
dng sng nh sng l chng yu cu mt laser CW cng sut cao cho bm. Hu
ht cc th nghim thc hin trong nhng nm 1980 trong vng ph 1,55m
s dng laser mu trung tm iu hng c nh mt bm; nhng laser qu
cng knh cho ng dng vin thng. V nguyn nhn ny, m b khuch i
quang si Erbium c dng ti nm 1989, cn b khuch i Raman t khi
c s dng trong vng sng 1,55m.
Tnh hnh thay i vi kh dng ca laser bn dn cng sut ln v
laser si quang. Thc vy, s pht trin ca b khuch i Raman tri qua
thi k phc hng o sut nhng nm 1990. Mt cch gn ng, ba i ca cch
t si quang c chn vo bn trong si quang s dng cho khuch i
Raman. Bc sng Bragg ca nhng cch t ny c chn ging nh chng
to thnh ba bung cng hng cho ba laser Raman hot ng ti nhng bc
sng 1,117 , 1,175 , 1,24m tng ng dng Stokes bc nht, bc hai, bc ba
ca bm ti 1,06m. C ba laser c bm qua SRS ni tng s dng laser n,
laser bm diode, laser si quang Nd. Sau Laser bc sng 1,24m bm cho
b khuch i Raman cung cp tn hiu khuch i trong vng 1,3 m.
tng tng t ca SRS ni tng c s dng thu c khuch i 39
dB ti bc sng 1,3 m bng cch s dng b ghp WDM thay cho cch t si
quang. Theo cch tip cn khc, li ca si quang silica c pha tp nhiu
germania. Ging nh si quang c th bm cung cp khuch i 30 dB ti
cng sut bm ch 350mW, mc cng sut c th thu c khi s dng mt
hoc nhiu laser bn dn. Cu hnh bc hai cng c s dng trong si
quang pha tp di 2km c t cng vi si quang dch tn sc di 6km trong
dng ring. Ging nh khuch i Raman, khi bm vi laser bc sng 1,24m
cung cp khuch i 22 dB trong vng bc sng 1,3m vi nhiu k hiu
khong 4 dB.
2.4.3 Khuch i Raman a bm.
Bt u t nm 1998, s dng a bm cho khuch i Raman c
nghin cu cho s pht trin ca b khuch i quang bng rng yu cu cho h
thng sng nh sng WDM hot ng ti vng sng 1,55m. H thng WDM
ln ( 80 knh hoc hn) thng thng yu cu b khuch i quang c kh nng
cung cp khuch i khng i trn bng bc sng t 70 n 80nm. Mt
cch gn ng, b khuch i lai ghp lm bi s kt hp pha tp erbium vi
khuch i Raman c s dng. Mt s b sung cho tng ny, gn y
bng thng 80nm c thc hin bng cch lin kt mt b khuch i si
quang pha tp Erbium vi hai b khuch i Raman, bm ng thi ti ba bc
sng khc nhau (1471, 1495, v 1503nm) s dng 4 module bm, mi module
bm cng sut hn 150mW vo si quang. khuch i kt hp l 30dB gn
nh u trn bng bc sng 1,53 1,61m.
Khuch i bng rng trn bc sng 80nm hoc hn c th cng thc
hin bng cch s dng mt h thng khuch i Raman thun ty. Trong
trng hp ny, mt di si quang tng i di (thng thng > 5km) vi li
tng i hp (nh DCF) c bm s dng nhiu laser bm. Mt phng n
thay th l chng c th s dng chnh si quang truyn dn nh mi trng
khuch i Raman. Trong cu trc mi ny, ton b ng dn si quang tm
xa b chia ra nhiu on (chiu di 60 n 100km), mi on c bm nghch
s dng mt module bm thnh phn ca nhng laser bm ny. khuch i
Raman c dn li qua ton b di tng on b vo suy hao si quang ca
on trong kiu phn tn.
B khuch i a bm s dng trong thc t c khuch i Raman tn
ti ti bt c bc sng no min l bc sng bm ph hp c chn. Do ,
mc d l ph khuch i ca mt n bm khng qu rng v ch phng qua
mt vi nano mt ( xem hnh 2.17) nhng n c th c m rng v c lm
phng ng k bng cch s dng mt vi bc sng bm khc nhau. Mi bm
to mt mu khuch i tng t ph ch ra trong hnh 2.17. S chng cht
mt vi ph c th gy ra khuch i gn nh khng i qua vng ph rng
khi sng bm v mc cng sut c chn mt cch chnh xc. Hnh 2.22 ch
ra mt s v d khi 6 laser bm hot ng ti bc sng trong vng 1420
1500nm. Cng sut bm ring (thanh dc) c chn cung cp ph
khuch i ring ( ng cong nt t) nh vy tng khuch i Raman l 18
dB gn nh phng qua mt bng rng 80nm (ng nt lin). Khong cng sut
bm t 40 n 200 mW v rng hn cho nhng bc sng bm ngn hn bi v
tt c bm tc ng qua SRS, v mt vi cng sut c chuyn ti nhng bc
sng bm di hn trong b khuch i. Cng ngh ny c th cung cp
khuch i bng tn hn 100nm vi mt thit k thch ng. Trong 2000 chng
minh, 100 knh WDM vi khong cch knh 25 GHz hot ng ti tc bit
10Gb/s, c truyn qua 320km. Tt c cc knh c khuch i ng thi bi
bm ti di si quang 80km trong hng nghch s dng bn laser bn dn. Nh
vy b khuch i Raman phn b cung cp khuch i 15 dB ti cng sut
bm tng l 450 mW.
Hnh 2.22:S tng khuch i Raman( ng nt lin) ca b
khuch i Raman c bm vi 6 laser vi bc sng v cng sut u vo
khc nhau( ct dc). ng nt t biu th khuch i Raman cung cp bi
bm ring l.
T hnh 2.16, ta thy khuch i Raman nhy vi phn cc. iu
ny to ra mt vn trong thc t khi m phn cc tn hiu khng th on
trc trong hu ht h thng sng quang. Vn phn cc c th c gii
quyt bng kiu bm ca b khuch i Raman nh l hai laser phn cc vung
gc c s dng ti bc sng bm hoc bng u ra khng phn cc ca laser
bm. Trng thi phn cc ca bm v trng tn hiu thay i ngu nhin trong
bt k si quang no v tnh lng chit quang bin thin dc theo chiu di si
quang. Vn khc l phi nh a ch c lin kt ti tn x ngc Rayleigh
kp v nhiu c gy bi tn x Raman t pht.
B khuch i Raman bng rng c thit k s dng kiu tng tc
bm bm, tn x ngc Rayleigh, v tn x Raman t pht. Ging nh xt vi
mi tn s thnh phn ring v yu cu gii phng trnh kp sau:
[ ]
>
+
v
b f R
f
P P v g
dz
v dP
) ( ) ( ) , (
) (

d v hvn v P
sp f
)] ( 2 ) ( [ +
-
>
+
v
b f R
P P v g
)] ( ) ( )[ , (

d v hvn v P
sp f
)] ( 4 ) ( [ +
-
), ( ) ( ) ( v P f v P v
b r r f
+
(2.45)
trong
biu din tn s quang v ch s di

f
v
b
biu din sng lan
truyn theo th t tin v li. Tham s n
sp
c nh ngha nh:
n
sp
() = [1 exp ( - h/k
B
T)]
- 1
, (2.46)
trong =
v
l chuyn v Raman v T biu din nhit tuyt i ca b
khuch i. Trong phng trnh (2.45) iu kin th nht v th hai gii thch
cho nng lng Raman cm ng chuyn vo v ra mi bng tn. H s 2 trong
iu kin u tin gii thch cho hai mode phn cc ca si quang. H s 2 b
sung trong iu kin th hai bao gm pht x t pht trong c hai hng thun
v nghch. Suy hao si quang v tn x ngc Rayleigh bao gm c hai iu
kin cui v ph thuc bi tham s theo th t
v
r
;
r
f
biu din mt phn
ca nng lng tn x ngc n c bt li bi mode si quang. Mt phng
trnh tng t gi sng lan truyn ngc li.
Hnh 2.23: khuch i Raman c xc nh ph thuc chiu di
bc sng tn hiu cho mt b khuch i chiu di 25 km c bm vi 12
laser. Tn s bm v mc cng sut bm s dng cho trong bng bn phi.
thit k b khuch i Raman bng rng, ton b phng trnh c
gii tm khuch i knh, v cng sut bm c iu chnh ti khi
khuch i gn nh ging nhau cho tt c cc knh ( hnh 2.22). Hnh 2.23 ch ra
mt ph khuch i c o qua thc nghim ca b khuch i Raman
c to bi bm si quang dch tn sc chiu di 25km vi 12 laser diode. Tn
s v cng sut ca laser bm c ch th trong dng bng. Ch rng tt c
cng sut u di 100 mW. B khuch i cung cp khuch i khong
10,5 dB trn bng tn 80 nm vi gn sng nh hn 0,1 dB. Ging nh b
khuch i thch ng cho h thng WDM kn bao c bng C v L. Mt vi th
nghim s dng b khuch i Raman bng rng chng minh truyn dn
qua khong cch di ti tc bit cao. Th nghim trong nm 2001, 77 knh mi
knh hot ng ti 42,7 Gb/s c truyn dn qua 1200km s dng bng C v L
mt cch ng thi. K t , nhiu chng minh dng khuch i Raman cho
nhiu h thng WDM.
2.5.Ngun nhiu trong b khuch i Raman
C 4 ngun nhiu c bn trong k thut Raman, l:
Nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp DRS
N tng ng vi 2 hin tng tn x n (mt tn x phn x v mt
tn x ti) do tnh cht khng ng nht ca b vi hin th bng thu tinh tng
hp. Khuch i bc x t pht(ASE) truyn trong hung nghch s c phn
x li trong hng thun nh DRS v nhng kt qu thu c l do kch thch
Raman phn tn to nn. iu ny gp phn lm cho ASE phn x rt nhiu ln,
n s lm gim t s S/N. Hn th na, DRS gy ra rt nhiu tuyn nhiu giao
thoa v iu cng lm gim SNR. DRS tng ng vi chiu di ca si v h
s tng ch bn trong si, v th n l iu ht sc quan trng trong k thut
Raman bi trn di ca si quang, nht l nhng ni c chiu di vi km
th l yu cu in hnh. ng trn quan im thc t, h s tng ch ca
DRS gii hn trn mt tng c khong xp x 10 n 15 dB. b khuch i
t c h s tng ch cao hn th s dng bin php cch ly gia cc tng vi
nhau trong b khuch i. V d, mt b khuch i Raman phn tn 30 dB
c gii thiu vi 2 tng khuch i cho nhiu nh hn 5.5 dB.
Nhiu do thi gian sng ca electron ti trng thi kch thch ngn
Ngun nhiu th hai xut hin trong thi gian sng rt ngn ( c khong 3
n 6 fs) ca bc x Raman trng thi cao hn ( bc x t trng thi thp ln
trng thi cao). Kt qu ca hin tng gn nh xy ra tc th ny l s ghp ni
ca dao ng kch thch ti tn hiu. Cch thng dng trnh ghp ni bt li
ny l to mt b kch thch v mt b m truyn tn hiu, n s c tc dng
hu hiu khi m u cho thi gian sng trng thi cao m tng ng vi
thi gian truyn trong ton b si. Nu s dng b m truyn tn hiu v b
kch thch th Laser kch thch s khng b kch thch. iu khin chng c
cng rt nh, bi vy mi c gi l Cng nhiu tng i (RIN). V
d, b m truyn kch thch s dng Laser Diode Fabry-Perot thay v s dng
LD c b lc quang n nh.
Nhiu pht x t pht ASE
Ngun nhiu ch yu th ba trong k thut Raman thng l ASE. in
hnh l cc mc cng sut trung bnh, vi tn hiu ASE lun c nhiu tng hp
tn ti trn n - gi l nhiu tng ASE. Rt may l b khuch i Raman vn
c nhiu thp i vi nh hng t tn hiu ASE tng bi v h thng Raman
lun hot ng nh l mt h thng o hon ton. V d, cng thc tnh mt
ph cng sut ASE :
S
ASE
() = (G 1).h.N
2
/(N
2
N
1
) (2.47)
V cng thc tnh dng nhiu l :
NF = 1/G.[ 2.S
ASE
()/ h + 1 ] (2.48)

Vi N
2
l mu trng thi cao hn, N
1
trng thi thp. Vi k thut
Raman th t s N
2
/(N
2
N
1
) lun gii hn xung quanh mc 1. Chng hn k
thut EDFAs th t s ny thng ln hn 1. Trong mt si EDFAs th gii
hn t s ny ch ngang bng mc 1 i vi b khuch i o hon ton trn
ton b chiu di si quang thu. Mt khc, t khi k thut Raman s dng si
quang tuyn di, phn mt mt th ng rt nh ca si thu cng cn c tnh
thm vo khi xt ti dng nhiu. Nhng d sao, b khuch i Raman phn tn
vi nhiu khong 4.2 dB cng c xt n.
Nhiu do bc sng nh sng bm v nh sng tn hiu gn nhau
N xut hin khi mt thanh t b kch thch bi nhiu quang to ra khi
bc sng ca tn hiu c ph ca n c khuch i gn bng vi bc sng
kch thch c s dng khi khuch i. Ni mt cch khc th nhit phng
hay nhit trong thang my, c mt mu nhit khin cho cc thanh t trong si
thy tinh c th t ng kch hot t cc b to sng kch thch, theo m n
to thm nhiu cho tn hiu gn vi bc sng kch thch. N cho thy rng iu
ny c th dn n vic tng nhiu ln ti 3 dB i vi tn hiu c bc sng
gn bng bc sng kch thch.
2.6.Phn loi cc b khuch i Raman
2.6.1.Khuch i Raman phn b DRA (Distributed Raman Amplifier)
Hnh 2.24: Khuch i tp trung (a) v khuch i phn b (b)
Vi b khuch i Raman phn b DRA, nh sng bm c phn b tri
di trong si quang. DRA tn dng si quang sn c trong mng nh mt
phng tin khuch i tn hiu v nh vy nh sng s c khuch i
ng u dc theo si quang trn mt khong cch ln (Vi cc b khuch i
DRA, thng thng nh sng bm c cng sut cao c bm theo hng
ngc kt hp vi cc b khuch i tp trung khc nh cc b khuch i
quang si pha t him EDFA. u im chnh ca DRA l ci thin t s tn
hiu trn nhiu SNR v gim tnh phi tuyn.
Hnh 2.25: Cng sut tn hiu trong h thng s dng DRA
Hnh 2.25 biu din mc cng sut nh sng tn hiu theo khong cch
ca h thng khuch i theo chu k. nh hnh rng ca tng ng vi cc
im khuch i tp trung. ng nt t l biu din cng sut nh sng tn
hiu trong h thng ch s dng cc b khuch i tp trung vi tng ch cao.
ng cong trn hnh tng ng vi cng sut nh sng tn hiu trong trng
hp s dng b khuch i DRA kt hp vi b khuch i quang tp trung c
tng ch nh. Khi s dng DRA mc cng sut tn hiu dc theo si quang s
ng u hn. Nu kt hp cc b khuch tp trung mc nh sng tn hiu nh
khng qu ln. Nh vy s trnh c cc hiu ng phi tuyn. ng thi mc
cng sut nh sng tn hiu cng khng xung thp qu do nh hng ca suy
hao do t s SNR c ci thin. T s SNR cao tng ng vi kh nng
tng khong cch gia cc b khuch i hoc tng dung lng ca knh tn
hiu. Khong cch gia cc b khuch i quang tp trung thng khong 80
km, bng cch s dng DRA hiu nng ca h thng tng ng vi s dng
khuch i quang tp trung vi khong cch gia chng l 35 n 38 km .
Ngoi kh nng tng khong cch gia cc b khuch i hoc tng tc
bit DRA cn c s dng trong h thng WDM gim khong cch gia
cc knh hoc hot ng ti bc sng tn sc khng.
Bn cnh cc u im va nu, khuch i Raman tp trung cng c mt s
nhc im:
Si quang c chiu di hiu dng thp L
eff
c xc nh t h s suy hao
ca si. Trong cc b khuch i DRA chiu di hiu dng ca si quang
thng nh hn 40 km. Chiu di hiu dng thp lm gim kh nng
tng khong cch gia cc b khuch i.
DRA c cng sut nh sng bm rt cao, v d ti u ho mc nhiu
cng sut nh sng bm vi si dch tn sc khong 580 mW v 1.28 W
vi si n mode chun. Vi mc cng sut nh sng bm cao nh vy
cc thit b quang nh connector rt d b h hi.
DRA rt nhy cm vi cc iu kin mi trng nh nhit , m
v s thay i c hc.
Mt vn ng c quan tm khc i vi DRA l nhiu tn x
Rayleigh kp. Cc b khuch i DRA thng c nhiu DRS cao hn so
vi cc b khuch i Raman tp trung khi s dng cng loi si v c
chiu di si nh nhau.
Nhng vn trn lm gim tnh u vit ca DRA. Tuy nhin do li ch t t s
SNR v gim hiu ng phi tuyn ca DRA l rt ln nn DRA c s dng
kh rng ri trong cc h thng c ly di.
2.6.2.Khuch i Raman tp trung LRA (Lumped Raman Amplifier)
Hnh 2.26: Khuch i Raman tp trung
B khuch i Raman tp trung LRA l mt khi n. Trong b khuch
i Raman tp trung tt c cng sut nh sng bm c tp trung trong mt
khi. Hnh 2.26 l mt th d kt ni b khuch i Raman tp trung trong h
thng thng tin quang. Trong s trn nh sng bm c gi trong b
khuch i bng cc b cch ly xung quanh b khuch i vi chiu di si tng
ch Raman khong vi km. Nh vy khc vi b khuch i Raman phn b nh
sng bm khng i vo si quang t bn ngoi b khuch i.
c im ng lu nht ca khuch i Raman tp trung l kh nng
s dng di bc sng mi m ti cc di bng ny EDFA khng th hot ng.
2.6.3.B khuch i quang lai ghp Raman/EDFA
Hnh 2.27: Khuch i quang lai ghp EDFA/Raman
Nh trong phn (2.6.1) trnh by, khuch i quang Raman phn b
DRA c th c s dng kt hp vi cc b khuch i tp trung khc in
nh sng bm
Laser bm
nh sng tn hiu c
Si quang khuch
i Raman
khuch i
B cch ly quang
Coupler
hnh trong s l kt hp vi b khuch i EDFA hnh thnh b khuch i
quang lai ghp Raman/EDFA. Loi khuch i quang ny c th thay th b
khuch i EDFA trong khuch i Raman phn b ng vai tr ca mt b
khuch i tp m nh (tin khuch i).
Kt lun chng II
Chng II trnh by cc khi nim v c im v khuch i Raman
nh: tn xa Raman, nguyn l khuch i Raman, u im ca khuch i
Raman, bm v phng trnh tn hiu, nhiu trong khuch i Raman, phn loi
cc li khuch i Raman.
Chng tip theo em xin trnh by ng dng ca b khuch i Raman.
n tt nghip Chng III:ng dng ca b khuch i Raman
CHNG 3 :NG DNG CA B KHUCH I RAMAN
3.1.ng dng trong h thng WDM
Khuch i Raman l nn tng cho khuch i cng sut ti c ly truyn
dn di v cc di, hot ng ti bng tn rng v ti cc tn s m EDFA
khng th hot ng. Mt khc, nh cc k thut an xen nn khuch i Raman
c th c rng bng tn ln hn. Hin nay, khuch i Raman bng rng ln
n 136nm thay v 100nm nh trc.
Trong cc h thng DWDM c ly di, khuch i Raman chim u th do
s n gin v mm do, linh hot. V d khuch i Raman h tr h thng c
rng bng tn 136 nm, n s bao gm cc bng S, C v L. Nu cc h thng
DWDM trong tng lai truyn dn trn c ba bng S, C v L m vn s dng
cc b khuch i quang tp trung nh hin nay th h thng ny phi cn thm
cc b kt hp bng tn, b chia bng tn v ba b khuch i tp trung nh trn
hnh 3.1.
Hnh 3.1: Khuch i quang trong h thng DWDM a bng.
Cc b lc bng cng khng phi l l tng nn cn c thm cc khong
bc sng bo v xung quanh mi bng. Do nhiu v suy hao t cc b ghp
tch bng h thng cn tng qu cng sut ng truyn.
i vi h thng ny ch cn mt b khuch i Raman tp trung bng rng i
km vi mt b khuch i Raman phn b bng rng l c th p ng nhu
cu. B khuch i Raman phn b bng rng c th khng khc vi h thng
trn. Tuy nhin, b khuch i tp trung th n gin hn rt nhiu: s lng
ngun bm t hn, mt h thng gim st v c bit l khng c cc b hp v
chia bng. ng thi c th kt hp si tng ch v si b tn sc trong b
khuch i tp trung nng cao hiu nng ca h thng.
Tr ngi ln nht cho vic s dng khuch i Raman trong mng vin
thng l hiu qu thp so vi EDFA. Tuy nhin, khi tc bit v tng s
knh tng ln, khuch i Raman cng tr nn hp dn hn. Tng ch ca
khuch i Raman ln hn khi cng sut bm ln, iu ny c p ng bi
cc h thng trong tng lai.
Trong h thng thng tin quang th h mi, khuch i Raman s chim u th
v hiu qu nh sng bm hn khi so snh vi EDFA c nh sng bm 1480
nm. iu ny c ch ra trn hnh 3.2 bng cch so snh hiu sut chuyn i
cng sut
% 100 / ) (
pump in out
P P P PCE
ca EDFA nh sng bm 1480nm v
khuch i Raman vi cng sut vo 200
mW
.
Hnh 3.2: Hiu sut chuyn i cng sut ca Raman v EDFA
3.2. ng dng vo thit b khuch i quang OPTera Long Haul 1600G
CQ40Gbit/s Nortel
3.2.1. Gii thiu chung h thng OPTera Long Haul 1600
H thng OPTera Long Haul 1600 cung cp cc gii php ng trc a
dch v vi h thng ghp knh quang phn chia bc sng dung lng cao ln
ti 1.6Tbps trn mt si quang v tng thch cc b ghp knh khc nhau ca
nhiu nh cung cp. Hnh 3.3 cho thy kin trc chung ca h thng OPTera
Long Haul 1600 Optical Line.
Hnh 3.3:Kin trc chung Long Haul 1600
V c bn c th phn chia Long Haul 1600 thnh 2 lp c bn ( hnh 3.4
v hnh 3.5): lp truyn dn (Line) v lp dch v (Service).
Hnh 3.4:Cc lp ca Long Haul 1600.
Lp truyn dn Line bao gm: 1600 Amplifier v MOR Plus.
Lp dch v bao gm : Wavelengh Combiner, Wavelength Translator,
Dense Regenerator v Optical Dedicated Protection Ring.
OPTera Long Haul 1600
Services Line

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Hnh 3.5: Cc ng dng ca OPTera Long Haul 1600
3.2.1.1 1600 Amplifier
1600 Amplifier h tr hai cu hnh chnh l Unidirectional v OADM
( Optical Add Drop Multiplexing ) cung cp kh nng linh ng cho php cu
hnh s dng hoc ch ring bng tn C, hoc kt hp bng tn C vi bng tn L
hoc ch s dng bng tn L. Ngoi ra vi vic s dng b phn tch ph quang
OSA ( Optical Spectrum Analyzer ) dung lng h thng cn c tng ng
k.
a. Cu hnh Unidirectional.
Trong cu hnh ny s dng hai si quang, mt si pht v mt si thu
vi cc cu hnh:
Ch s dng bng tn C.
S dng kt hp bng C v bng L.
Ch s dng bng L.
Vi cu hnh s dng kt hp bng C v bng L, dung lng h thng cho
php ln n 800 Gbps trn mi si quang tng ng 80 bc sng 10 Gbps
trn mi si ( 40 bc sng trn bng C v 40 bc sng trn bng L).
Vi cu hnh ch s dng bng C hoc bng L, dung lng h thng l
400 Gbps trn mi si quang, tng ng 40 bc sng. Nu h thng ang s
dng bng C th c th m rng s dng bng L bng cch thm cc phn
cng thch hp.
Vi cu hnh ch c bng L, thng c dng vi h thng c s dng
si quang dch chuyn tn sc DSF ( Dispersion Shifted Fiber) s cho php tit
kim chi ph khi nng cp dung lng.
b.Cu hnh OADM
Cu hnh ny cho php h thng Add/Drop mt hay nhiu bc sng ti
cc trm thuc tuyn. C th Add/Drop mt, hai hay nm bc sng ty thuc
nhu cu v cu trc b OADM c s dng.
3.2.1.2.MOR Plus Amplifier
MOR Plus Amplifier l ng dng Bidirectional khuch i ti a 32 bc
sng (tng ng 16 knh) trong di bc sng t 1528,77 nm n 1560 nm.
Vi MOR Plus, bc sng c chia thnh 2 bng. Bng BLUE c cc bc
sng t 1528,77 nm n 1531,30 nm, bng RED c cc bc sng t 1547,72
n 1560,60 nm. Do MOR Plus l bidirectional nn cc bc sng bng RED v
BLUE truyn ngc chiu nhau trn cng mt si quang. Mi knh d liu
Bidirectional gm 1 bc sng bng RED v 1 bc sng bng BLUE.
3.2.1.3.Wavelength Combiner
Chc nng ny kt hp 4 knh tc 2,5 Kbps, 8 knh Gigabit Ethernet
GE hoc kt hp c hai to thnh tn hiu tc 10 Gbps chun cho truyn dn.
3.2.1.4.Wavelength Translator
Chuyn i 1 bc sng t bn ngoi thnh bc sng DWDM chun v
thc hin sa dng tn hiu, nh dng ng b v khuch i gi chung l 3R
(Re sharp, Re time, Re amplifier ) m khng cn ti to li ton b khung
mo u. Vi kh nng ny, h thng cho php thch ng vi mi trng a
ngi dng.
3.2.1.5.Dense Regenerator
Cho php m rng tm hot ng ca h thng bng cch ti to tn hiu
quang mi hng ti im trung gian gia hai trm kt cui. Cc b ti to v
khuch i quang mc chui cho php m rng tm hot ng ca h thng ln
hng trm km.
3.2.1.6.Optical Dedicated Protection Ring
Cho php thit lp chuyn mch bo v tc 10 Gbps lp quang bng
cch s dng module chuyn mch quang OSM (Optical Switch Module).
3.2.2. S nguyn l ca mt trm c khuch i Raman
Tu thuc vo yu cu v cu hnh tng trm m cc thnh phn c s
khc nhau. Di y ta xt mt trm vi y cc thnh phn ca mt trm
khuch i, trm c khuch i Raman

Hnh 3.6: Trm u cui c khuch i bng C, bng L v khuch i Raman
Nhng nhm card CPG dng cho cu hnh mng quang n chiu ca thit
b khuch i OPTera Long Haul 1600G CQ40Gbit/s Nortel bao gm:
+ Cc b khuch i Raman Dra-A v Dra-B.
+ Card phn tch ph quang OSA.
+ B b tn sc v suy hao MSA.
+ Card knh dch v quang OSC .
+ Card khuch i kp bng C.
+ Card khuch i Bosster.
3.2.3. Chc nng cc thnh phn.
3.2.3.1.Cc b khuch i Raman Dra-A v Dra-B:
tng c c ly truyn dn, pha thu ngi ta lp thm mt b
khuch i Raman.
Card khuch i Raman ch mi xut hin t phin bn 7 tr i, ch c
dng khi s dng cu hnh n chiu vi card UniOSC 1510/1615nm. Khuch
i da trn nguyn l s dng hiu ng phi tuyn Raman, vi u im lm
gim t s nhiu/tn hiu, tng c c ly truyn dn.
Hiu ng Raman xy ra khi c s tng tc gia nh sng v cc phn t
chuyn ng trong si quang. Cc phn t ca si quang hp th nng lng t
bc sng bm Raman v pht li chng tn s 13,2THz, vi mc nng lng
tng ng vi mc nng lng ca sng bm tr i mc nng lng dao
ng ca phn t.
Nguyn l khuch i Raman khng hiu qu bng nguyn l khuch i
EDFA, v nguyn l khuch i Raman cn mt cng sut bm ln hn t
cng mt gi tr li. Do hn ch v cng sut pht ca Laser bm trong b
khuch i Raman nn thng s dng ghp gia EDFA v Raman.
Di bc sng khuch i Raman ph thuc vo tn s dao ng ca cc
phn t trong li si quang v bc sng bm. c bit ph thuc nhiu vo
cng bc sng bm (do y l hiu ng phi tuyn).
Bc sng cn thit ca Laser bm vo si quang ngn hn 50nm i
vi ph bc sng cn khuyt i. i vi bng-C (1530-1565nm), bc sng
bm l 1450nm. tng li v lm cho li bng phng hn, bng cch
s dng nhiu bc sng bm khc nhau. Card DRA khng th thiu trong cc
h thng ng di do c tnh lm tng c ly truyn dn ca khuch i
Raman. Do vai tr ca n ngy cng quan trng vi h thng thng tin quang
trong tng lai.
Thit b khuch i 1600G Rel 7 c 2 card khuch i Raman DRA-A v
DRA-B. C 2 card phi c lp c khuch i Raman phn b. Khuch i
Raman ch c dng trong truyn dn n hng. Khuch i Raman phn b
c thit lp trn c s ca hin tng tn x Raman, mt hiu ng phi tuyn
trong truyn dn si quang gip truyn ti nng lng t cc bc sng bm, i
trn qung ng ngn hn vo cc bc sng i trn qung ng di hn.
Card DRA cung cp cng sut bm bc sng ngn hn cho khuch i Raman
phn b. Khuch i Raman phn b ci thin ton b t s tn hiu quang trn
nhiu (OSNR).
Cu trc card khuch i Raman c minh ha trong hnh 3.7
Hnh 3.7:S khi card khuch i Raman
Chc nng cc cng.
Vi DRA A :
Out : Pht bc sng DRA A vo si quang truyn dn khuch
i tn hiu quang mang lu lng thu c t upstream.
Drop : Gi tn hiu quang c khuch i Raman n cng vo
ca Dual Amp cng trm.
UPG (DRA B): Nhn bc sng Raman t DRA B .
MON_C : Cung cp cng sut tn hiu bng C ti cng DROP
gim st cng sut.
MON_L: Cung cp cng sut tn hiu bng L ti cng DROP
gim st cng sut.
Vi DRA B:
Cng Out: Gi bc sng DRA B n cng UPG ca UPG ca
DRA A .
3.2.3.2.Card phn tch ph quang OSA
Card phn tch ph quang OSA c lp trong gi chnh ca gi khuch
i. OSA gia tng cn bng khuch i v cht lng bng cch kim tra cng
sut knh quang, t s tn hiu quang trn nhiu (OSNR) v cng sut ton bng
ca mi mt cng hot ng. Card ny dng gim st cng sut, t s tn hiu
trn nhiu v cng sut ton bng trn mi cng. Vi tn hiu quang mu c
cung cp t cc card Dual v card Booster, card OSA tin hnh phn tch v
pht tn hiu thng bo cho nh iu hnh mng bit tin cho vic thay th
hay chnh sa.
Vic trin khai card OSA ph thuc vo:
- Dung lng bc sng.
- Dng si quang.
- S lung.
- S c mt ca DRA.
- S c mt ca OAMD.
Card OSA c 8 cng, 4 cng gim st bng-C v 4 cng gim st
bng-L. Mi cng OSA ni n 1 cng kim tra b khuch i MON ph hp
theo mt s kt ni c nh.
Tn hiu t cc ng MON ca cc card khuch i Dual v card Booster
c a vo cc ng IN ca card OSA. Sau , tn hiu ny c a n b
phn tch ph (Optical Analizer) qua mt Coupler v mt Switch. Tn hiu ny
s c phn tch v kt qu c dng iu khin cng sut khuch i.
Switch Switch
WDM
coupler
Phn tch phquang
C-Band
L-Band
In-1
In-2
In-3
In-4
In-5
In-6
In-7
In-8
Connector
Hnh 3.8: Card OSA
3.2.3.3.B b tn sc v suy hao MSA
MSA l im truy nhp kt ni cc b b tn sc vo OADM, ngoi ra
MSA cn s dng cc b suy hao hn ch cng sut ng vo ca card sao cho
khng vt qu mc Photodetector hot ng tt.
3.2.3.4.Card knh dch v quang OSC n chiu UniOSC
Card UniOSC cung cp knh dch v quang ngoi bng bc sng cho
truyn thng gia cc trm trn mt tuyn quang, cc bc sng hot ng nh
hnh 3.9. Card ny c cc chc nng sau.
- Khai thc, qun tr, bo tr, gim st ( OAM v B ).
- Chuyn cc cnh bo n b qun l khai thc ( OPC ) v qun l
mng.
- Gim st v bo dng t xa.
- Ti phn mm t xa.
- Dng lm knh nghip v.
Hnh 3.9:Bc sng hot ng ca UniOSC 1510/ 1615nm
Knh OSC mang thng tin dng gim st cc trm khuch i ng
dy (khng mang lu lng ti), c truy sut ti cc b khuch i ng
dy. Knh ny cn c dng cho vic iu khin cc trm khuch i ng
dy, nh: m hay tt trm s dng cho mc ch kim tra z
Theo cng ngh Nortel, ngi ta s dng hai knh OSC c bc sng l
1510nm v 1615 hot ng ngoi bng bc sng. iu ny to iu kin cho
vic xen/ r knh OSC. Bc sng ny hon ton tho mn yu cu, nm ngoi
bng tn v khng trng lp vi cc bc sng bm.
Hnh 3.10: Cc cng ca card OSC
3.2.3.5.Card khuch i kp ( Dual Amplifier Circuit Pack )
Chc nng v c tnh card Dual Amplifier:
1510 nm 1530 nm 1563 nm 1570 nm
1603 nm 1615 nm
Conventional band
( C band )
Long band
( L band )
OPTera Long Haul 1600 gain
window
OSC
1
OSC
2
Mi card khuch i kp c cha hai b khuch i EDFA khuch i
quang theo c hai chiu. Card khuch i kp c dng trong tt c cu hnh
khuch i 1600G. Card khuch i kp bng-C s dng pht cc bc sng
ca bng-C v khuch i kp bng-L dng pht cc bc sng ca bng -L.
EDFA
EDFA
UPA-1
UPA-2
OSC and L-band Out
OSC and L-band Out
OUT-1
Hng 1
OUT-2
Hng 2
IN-1
IN-2
WDM coupler
WDM coupler
coupler
coupler
Connector
MON-2
MON-1
Hnh 3.11:Cc cng card Dual Amp
Chc nng cc cng
IN 1 : Nhn tn hiu quang bng C v OSC chuyn n hng 1
(Direction 1)
UPA 1 :Trch tn hiu OSC t OSC t lu lng hng 1
MON 1 : Giao tip n OSA cung cp mu cng sut ra theo
hng 1( ~ 2% cng sut) gim st.
OUT 1 : Pht tn hiu c khuch i bng C theo hng 1 ti
Boosters.
3.2.3.6.Card khuch i Booster
Chc nng v c tnh khuch i Booster
Trong cu hnh khuch i ca mng quang vi thit b 1600G, cc b
khuch i Booster c dng lin kt vi card khuch i kp, mi card
khuch i Booster c mt b khuch i EDFA, card khuch i Booster 21
bng-C c cng sut ng ra ti a 21 dBm (Card khuch i Booster 18 c cng
sut ti a l 18dBm).
B khuch i 1600G yu cu t nht 1 cp card Booster. Ty cu hnh
m s dng 1 cp booster 18 hoc 1 cp Booster 21 hoc 1 cp gm c Booster
18 v Booster 21. Hnh 3.12 m t cu trc card Booster.
OUT IN
WDM
coupler
Coupler
Circulator EDFA
Connector
INTLV MON UPB
Hnh 3.12:S khi card Booster
Chc nng cc cng:
Cng IN: Nhn tn hiu bng C, bng L
Cng INTLV: ch dng cho cu hnh 2 hng.
Cng MON: Cung cp mu cng sut ra(~ 2 % cng sut) gim
st ti OSA.
Cng UPB: Cng ny dng trong cu hnh 2 bng C & L.
Cng OUT: Ph thuc vo v tr trong cu hnh khuch i, u ra c
th bng C hoc bng L, bng C + OSC, bng L + OSC, hoc
C/L + OSC.
Kt lun chng III
Chng 3 trnh by c ng dng ca khuch i Raman trong h
thng WDM v trong thit b khuch i quang 1600G - 40Gps. Vic s dng
b khuch i Raman trong h thng thng tin quang hin nay l xu th tt yu
ca s pht trin thng tin quang bi tn kh nng khuch i trong mt di
bng tn rng v khuch i ln ca b khuch i Raman.
n tt nghip Kt lun
KT LUN
B khuch i Raman c pht trin da trn nguyn l bc x kch
thch, tn x Raman, c can nhiu thp, cng sut khuch i ln, v u im
ln nht ca b khuch i Raman l c th khuch i trong mt ph bng
tn rng. Xu th ca thng tin quang hin nay l yu cu s lng knh tng v
dung lng knh nhiu hn, do s dng b khuch i Raman l xu hng
tt yu ca thng tin quang hin i.
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu em hon thnh n vi nhng ni dung:
Tm hiu tng quan v khuch i quang ni chung nh nguyn l
khuch i quang, cc loi khuch i quang, mt s tham s ca
khuch i quang.
Tm hiu v tn x Raman, nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i
Raman, u im ca khuch i Raman, v cc c im ca khuch
i Raman.
Tm hiu v ng dng ca khuch i Raman trong mng WDM, v
trong mt thit b khuch i quang 1600G 40Gbps.
Mt ln na, cho php em c gi li cm n su sc nht n c gio,
ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Nga, cc thy c gio trong khoa Vin thng I, Hc vin
Cng ngh BCVT cng ton th cc thy c gio, cc phng ban, cc bn sinh
vin lp D04VT1 gip em rt nhiu trong qu trnh thc hin bn n
ny cng nh trong sut thi gian 5 nm hc va qua.
n tt nghip Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems,
Clifford Headley - Govind P. Agrawal, Elsevier, Inc, 2005.
2. Nonlinear fiber optics, Govind P.Agrawal, Academic Press, Inc, 1995
3. Fiber optic communications system, Govind P.Agrawal, John Wiley &
Son, Inc, 2000.

Khuech Dai Raman

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n tt nghip Li ni u

l hon ton c trng cho nguyn t, phn t cho. Do

l hm ca bc sng. Cc thnh phn bc sng

bc sng tn sc khng (ZDW). Tn sc ca loi si ny

l hng s in mi trong chn khng.

ng vai tr rt ln trong P, nhng nh hng

l nguyn nhn gy ra cc hiu ng nh sinh ho m cp hai.

l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

gi l tham s phi tuyn (nonlinear parameter) v

l tn s gc ca nh sng, c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng,

(khng thm nhiu

to ra mt phn t c nng lng photon tn s thp hn h S

l tn s quang lin h vi trng bm v tn hiu c cng tng ng l

gii thch cho suy hao ca si quang theo th t bc

biu din tn s quang v ch s di

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