Tich Hop IP Tren Mang Quang

n tt nghip i hc
Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TCH HP IP/QUANG

1.1 Gii thiu
1.1.1 Giao thc IP IP l giao thc cung cp dch v truyn thng theo kiu khng lin kt. Phng thc ny cho php bn gi v bn nhn khng cn phi thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu, v do khi khng truyn d liu, khng cn gii phng kt ni. 1.1.1.1Cu trc ca IP datagram trong IPv4 Hnh 1.1 l cu trc ca mt datagram trong phin bn IPv4. Vic x l datagram xy ra trong phn mm, ni dung v nh dng ca n khng b rng buc bi bt k phn cng no. V vy, n p ng c yu cu ca mng Internet l hon ton c lp cc lp thp hn 0 Ver 3 HL 7 TOS 15 18 23 31
Total Length Flags Fragment Offset
Identification TTL Protocol
Header Checksum
Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options (nu cn) Data Padding (nu cn)
Hnh1.1 : nh dng datagram ca IPv4 ngha ca cc trng nh sau: Ver (4 bit): cha gi tr ca phin bn giao thc IP dng to datagram. N m bo cho my gi, my nhn v cc b nh tuyn cng thng nht vi nhau v nh dng gi datagram. Vi IPv4 th gi tr l (0100).
Nguyn Th Qunh Trang Lp D04VT Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng
n tt nghip i hc
HL Header Length (4 bit): cung cp thng tin v di vng tiu ca datagram, c tnh theo cc t 32 bit. TOS Type of Service (8 bit): xc nh cch cc datagram c x l nh vng Identification ca datagram nh sau: 0 Precedence 23 D 4 T 5 R 6 0 0 7
+ Precedence (3 bit): xc nh u tin ca datagram, cho php ni gi xc nh quan trng ca mi datagram. N cung cp c ch cho php iu khin thng tin, ngha l khi mng c hin tng tc nghn hay qu ti xy ra th nhng datagram c u tin cao s c u tin phc v. 000 l u tin thp nht, 111 l u tin mc iu khin mng. + D Delay (1 bit): D = 0 tr thng thng. D = 1 tr thp. + T Throughput (1 bit): T = 0 lu lng thng thng. T = 1 lu lng cao. + R Reliability (1 bit): R = 0 tin cy thng thng. R = 1 tin cy cao. + Hai bit cui cng dng d tr, cha s dng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn mi nh OSPF v IS IS s a ra cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn c s trng ny. Total Length (16 bit): cho bit di ca IP datagram tnh theo octet bao gm c phn tiu v phn d liu. Kch thc ca trng d liu c tnh bng cch ly Total Length tr i HL. Trng ny c 16 bit nn cho php di ca datagram c th ln n 65535 octet. Tuy nhin, cc tng lin kt s phn mnh chng v hu ht cc host ch c th lm vic vi cc datagram c di ti a l 576 byte. Identification (16 bit): cha mt s nguyn duy nht xc nh datagram do my gi gn cho datagram . Gi tr ny h tr trong vic ghp ni cc fragment ca mt datagram. Khi mt b nh tuyn phn on mt datagram, n s sao chp hu ht cc vng tiu ca
n tt nghip i hc
datagram vo mi fragment trong c c Identification. Nh , my ch s bit c fragment n thuc vo datagram no. thc hin gn gi tr trng Identification, mt k thut c s dng trong phn mm IP l lu gi mt b m trong b nh, tng n ln mi khi c mt datagram mi c to ra v gn kt qu cho vng Identification ca datagram . Flags (3 bit): to cc c iu khin khc nhau nh sau: 0 Bit 0: d tr, c gn gi tr 0. Bit 1: DF DF = 0: c th phn mnh. DF = 1: khng phn mnh. Bit 2: MF MF = 0: fragment cui cng. MF = 1: vn cn fragment. Fragment Offset (13 bit): trng ny ch v tr fragment trong datagram. N tnh theo n v 8 octet mt (64 bit). Nh vy, di ca cc Fragment phi l bi s ca 8 octet tr Fragment cui cng. Fragment u tin c trng ny bng 0. TTL - Time to Live (8 bit): trng ny xc nh thi gian ti a m datagram c tn ti trong mng tnh theo n v thi gian l giy. Cng ngh hin nay gn gi tr cho trng Time to Live l s router ln nht m cc datagram phi truyn qua khi i t ngun ti ch. Mi khi datagram i qua mt router th gi tr ca trng ny s gim i mt. V khi gi tr ca trng ny bng 0 th datagram b hu. Protocol (8 bit): gi tr trng ny xc nh giao thc cp cao no (TCP, UDP hay ICMP) c s dng to thng ip truyn ti trong phn data ca IP datagram. V thc cht, gi tr ca trng ny c t nh dng ca trng Data. Header Checksum (16 bit): trng ny ch dng kim sot li cho tiu IP datagram. Trong qu trnh truyn, ti cc router s x l tiu nn c mt s trng b thay i (nh Time to Live) v th n s kim tra v tnh ton li ti mi im ny.
DF
MF
n tt nghip i hc
Source IP Address (32 bit): xc nh a ch IP ngun ca IP datagram. N khng thay i trong sut qu trnh datagram c truyn. Destination IP Address (32 bit): xc nh a ch IP ch ca IP datagram. N khng thay i trong sut qu trnh datagram c truyn. Options ( di thay i): trng ny cha danh sch cc thng tin c la chn cho datagram. N c th c hoc khng c, cha mt la chn hoc nhiu la chn. Padding ( di thay i): trng ny c s dng m bo cho tiu ca IP datagram lun l bi ca 32 bit (b cho trng option c di thay i). Nh n gin cho phn cng trong x l tiu ca IP datagram. Data ( di thay i): mang d liu ca lp trn, c di ti a l 65535 byte. Tiu vi cc trng c di c nh c th tng tc x l bng cch cng ho qu trnh x l thay cho x l bng phn mm. Tuy nhin, vic s dng phn cng s lm tng chi ph thit b cng nh khng mm do bng phn mm khi c nhng iu kin b thay i. 1.1.1.2 Phn mnh v ti hp a) Phn mnh Cc IP datagram c di ti a l 65535 byte. Nhng trong thc t, frame ca cc lin kt truyn dn c cc kch thc vng d liu b gii hn. Gi tr gii hn ny gi l n v truyn dn ln nht MTU ca lin kt. Mt khc, cc datagram li phi qua nhiu lin kt khc nhau trc khi n ch nn MTU cng thay i theo tng lin kt. MTU c gi tr nh nht trong cc MTU ca cc lin kt to nn ng truyn dn c gi l path MTU (MTU ca ng truyn). Cc datagram c th nh tuyn theo cc con ng khc nhau nn path MTU gia hai host khng phi l mt hng s. N s ph thuc vo tuyn c la chn nh tuyn ti thi gian ang s dng. Path MTU hng thun khc vi path MTU hng ngc.
n tt nghip i hc
cc datagram c th ng gi vo cc frame ca tng lin kt th IP phi c kh nng phn mnh datagram thnh cc fragment c kch thc ph hp. Vic phn mnh c th ngay ngun hay cc b nh tuyn m ti datagram c kch thc ln hn kch thc vng d liu ca frame. Cc fragment u s c kch thc ti a sao cho va vi vng d liu ca frame, ring fragment cui cng s l phn d liu cn li (nh hn hoc bng vng d liu ca frame). Qu trnh phn mnh c thc hin nh cc trng Flag, Fragment Offset v lm thay i cc trng Total Length, Header Checksum. b) Ti hp Cc Fragment c truyn nh nhng datagram c lp cho n my ch mi c ti hp li. Thc hin ti hp s nh vo trng Flag bit c Fragment cui cng cng nh s dng Identification bit c fragment thuc vo datagram no. Nh vy, cc fragment c gi tr bn trng Identification, Source Address, Destination Address v Protocol ging nhau th s thuc cng vo mt datagram truyn ln lp cao. Ch khi pha thu nhn fragment th mi thc hin qu trnh ti hp. V vy, cn c cc b m, mt bng theo bit ch cc khi fragment nhn c, mt b m thi gian ti hp. D liu ca fragment c t vo mt b m d liu v v tr ca n ph thuc vo Fragment Offset, bit trong bng tng ng vi Fragment nhn c s c lp. Nu nhn c fragment u tin c Fragment Offset bng 0 tiu ca n c t vo b m tiu . Nu nhn c fragment cui cng (c MF ca trng Fragment bng 0) th di tng s c tnh. Khi nhn cc fragment (bit c bng cch kim tra cc bit trong bng bit khi Fragment) th sau datagram c gi ln tng trn. Mt khc, b m thi gian ti hp nhn gi tr ln nht l gi tr ca b m thi gian ti hp hin thi hoc gi tr ca trng Time to Live trong Fragment. Ch : Trong qu trnh ti hp, nu b m thi gian ti hp ht th cc ti nguyn phc v cho qu trnh ti hp (cc b m, mt bng theo bit ch cc khi fragment nhn c) s b gii phng, cc fragment nhn c s b hu m khng x l g datagram. Khi ti hp, gi tr khi u ca b m thi gian ti hp thng thp hn gii hn thi gian thc hin ti hp. l v thi gian thc hin ti hp s tng ln nu Time to Live trong fragment nhn c ln hn gi tr hin thi ca b m thi gian ti hp nhng n li khng gim nu nh hn.
n tt nghip i hc
i vi cc datagram c kch thc nh, trong qu trnh truyn khng phi phn mnh (c trng Fragment Offset v vng MF ca trng Flag bng 0) th pha thu khng cn thc hin ti hp m datagram c gi lun ln tng trn. Vic ch ti hp cc fragment ch cui cng c nhng hn ch sau: sau khi phn mnh cc fragment c th i qua mng c MTU ln hn, do khng tn dng c hiu qu truyn dn. Ngoi ra, nh ta bit cc fragment ch c ti hp li khi nhn . Vi s lng fragment ln th xc sut mt fragment cao hn, khi ko theo xc sut mt datagram cng cao v ch cn mt fragment khng v n ch trc khi b m thi gian bng 0 th ton b datagram s mt. Nhng vic kt hp cc gi tin ti ch s gip cho chc nng ca cc router n gin hn, x l nhanh hn v trnh c tnh trng ti hp ri li phn mnh. V th, c cu ny vn c s dng trong IP. 1.1.1.3 nh tuyn nh tuyn l mt trong cc chc nng quan trng ca IP. Datagram s c nh tuyn bi host to ra n v c th cn c mt s host khc (c chc nng nh cc router). Sau y, s tm hiu v nh tuyn trong IP. nh tuyn IP c th c chia thnh hai loi: nh tuyn tnh. nh tuyn ng.
a, nh tuyn tnh Phng php nh tuyn tnh s dng mt bng nh tuyn (cu trc trnh by trn) lu tr thng tin v cc ch c th n v lm sao c th n c . V c my tnh v router u phi chuyn datagram nn c hai u c cc bng nh tuyn. chuyn datagram i th trc ht phi tm thng tin trong bng nh tuyn. C ba bc tm kim thng tin trong bng nh tuyn theo th t nh sau: + Tm xem c host no c a ch ph hp vi a ch ch khng (trng hp c vng net ID v vng host ID). Khi ny, c th truyn trc tip datagram ti ch. + Tm xem c host no c a ch ph hp vi a ch ch khng (trng hp vng net ID). Khi ny, datagram c gi ti router (c xc nh ti ct
n tt nghip i hc
next hop address) hay giao din kt ni trc tip (c xc nh ti ct interface) vi mng trn. + Tm kim mt u ra mc nh (u ra mc nh trong bng nh tuyn thng c xc nh l mt a ch mng). Datagram c gi ra theo next hop router c xc nh tng ng vi dng ny. Nu khng bc no thc hin c th datagram s khng c chuyn i. Nu datagram ang trn host to ra n th li host unreachable, hay network unreachable c gi v ng dng to ra datagram ny. b, nh tuyn ng nh tuyn ng l cng ngh ti u bi n thch ng vi nhng iu kin thay i ca mng. Cc router s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn ng trao i cc thng tin cn thit cho nhau. Qu trnh trao i thng tin ny s thc hin cp nht bng nh tuyn cho cc router. V vic nh tuyn sau li da vo thng tin ca bng nh tuyn. B nh tuyn s dng cc s liu c nh gi theo mt ch tiu no xy dng ng dn ti u gia hai host. Cc ch tiu c th l: khong cch ngn nht, gi thnh r nhtKhi , nu c nhiu tuyn i n ch th thng tin v ng i tt nht s c cp nht vo bng. c bit khi c mt lin kt trn tuyn b li, tuyn s c b i v thay th bng mt tuyn khc nn khc phc c li. C nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau s dng cc thut ton khc nhau xc nh ng i ti u ti ch. Cc thut ton l: thut ton vc t khong cch DVA v thut ton trng thi lin kt LSA. Trong , cc giao thc s dng thut ton DVA thng ch dng cho cc mng c phm vi nh. Cc mng ca cng mt nh cung cp s dng chung giao thc nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc router. Cc giao thc ny c gi l giao thc trong cng IGP. Cc loi giao thc IGP bao gm: giao thc RIP da trn thut ton DVA, giao thc OSPF, IS IS l nhng giao thc IGP c s dng thay th cho giao thc RIP v da trn thut ton LSA. trao i thng tin gia cc router thuc cc nh cung cp khc nhau ngi ta s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn gi chung l giao thc nh tuyn ngoi cng EGP hoc hin nay s dng ph bin l giao thc cng bin BGP.
n tt nghip i hc
IP pht trin rt nhanh chng v cung cp dch v rt a dng. Chuyn mch gi IP c xem l c s ca mng th h sau, chnh nh s n gin trong s dng m giao thc IP tr thnh mt giao thc chun cho cc dch v mng mi, dn dn s thay th cc dng giao thc khc 1.1.2 Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM Cng ngh DWDM c coi l cng ngh then cht trong mng li. Vi dung lng truyn dn ln v kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc b kt ni cho quang cho php xy dng mng quang ng hn, nh cc kt ni bng tn ln c th c thit lp theo yu cu. Wavelength Division Multip lexing (WDM) l cng ngh cho php ghp nhiu knh c bc sng khc nhau trn cng mt si quang tn dng ti a bng tn ca si, Hn na, mi bc sng quang c th mang cc ti trng cc tc s khc nhau( OC-3c, OC-12c, OC-48c, OC192c)vi cc nh dng khc nhau (SONET,Ethernet, ATM).V d, c rt nhiu mng WDM c h tr mt b trn tn hiu SONET vn hnh tc xp x 2,5Gbps v 10Gbps qua mt si quang n, to ra s nhy vt trong cu trc h tng mng vin thng a dch v c ti u cho truyn s liu bi n tn dng c u th bng thng ln, tc cao, khng nh hng bi sng in t ca si quang. Ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) c pht trin t WDM vi khong cch gia cc knh ghp st nhau, s tr thnh phng tin truyn dn chnh trong cc mng ngy nay. Nu khong knh ( khong cch gia hai bc sng k nhau, c xc nh bng bng tn hot ng ca b khuch i quang v dung lng ca my thu) bng hay nh hn 200Ghz c gi l DWDM. Hin nay, cc cng ngh mng quang ang c s pht trin nhy vt c v chc nng v nng lc. Mng IP/quang v mi lin kt gia hai min quang - in ngy cng nhn c s tp trung ch ca cc nh cung cp dch v, thit b vin thng cng nh cc t chc tiu chun. Trong n ny thut ng "optical network" c s dng ch c mng truyn ti trn c s SONET/SDH v mng ton quang. 1.1.3 Cc khi nim lin quan n mng quang Mt b OXC l mt b chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian, c th chuyn tn hiu quang t mt cng u vo n mt cng u ra . C th thc hin chuyn i quang in u vo v chuyn i in quang u ra, cng c khi khng cn x l tn hiu in, tn hiu u l quang. Loi th nht gi l OXC
n tt nghip i hc
khng trong sut, loi th hai l OXC trong sut. Cu to ca OXC c 3 thnh phn chnh: B tch knh chia bc sng quang u vo: thc hin tch cc knh quang theo cc bc sng khc nhau t cc si quang vo khc nhau. Ma trn chuyn mch: thc hin u ni cho t mt knh quang u vo ti mt knh quang u ra. Trng chuyn mch c th l chuyn mch chia thi gian hoc chuyn mch chia bc sng c trnh by mc sau. B ghp knh chia bc sng quang u ra: thc hin ghp cc knh quang t cc u ra tng ng ca trng chuyn mch truyn dn trn mt si quang. Khi nim mng truyn ti quang dng y l ch mng gm cc OXC m h tr cc ng knh quang end to-end cung cp chc nng nh nh tuyn, gim st, cp nhm lu lng, bo v phuc hi cc knh quang. Cc lin kt gia cc OXC trong mng ny c th da trn topo li tng th. Cc lp con sau c th tn ti trong vi mng ny Lp knh quang (Och): nh ngha mt kt ni quang (lighpath) gia hai thc th client quang. Lp knh quang l trong sut vi cc bn tin t u cui n u cui (Knh quang Och tng ng vi mt bc sng trong DWDM). N thc hin cc chc nng sau: nh tuyn tin tc ca thu bao khch hng, phn phi bc sng, sp xp knh tn hiu quang mng kt ni linh hot, x l cc thng tin ph ca knh tn hiu quang, o kim lp knh tn hiu quang v thc hin chc nng qun l. Khi pht sinh s c, thng qua vic nh tuyn li hoc ct chuyn dch v cng tc sang tuyn bo v cho trc thc hin u chuyn bo v v khi phc mng. Lp on ghp knh quang (OMS): cung cp phng tin truyn cho cc knh quang. Lp ny nh ngha vic kt ni v x l trong ni b ghp knh hay mt nhm cc kt ni quang mc knh quang Och (OMS cn c gi l mt nhm bc sng truyn trn cp si quang gia hai b ghp knh DWDM). N m bo truyn dn tn hiu quang ghp knh nhiu bc sng gia hai thit b truyn dn ghp knh bc sng ln cn, cung cp chc nng mng cho tn hiu nhiu bc sng. OMS c cc tnh nng nh: cu hnh li on ghp knh quang m bo mng nh tuyn nhiu bc sng linh hot, m bo x l hon chnh tin tc phi hp ca on ghp knh quang nhiu bc sng v thng tin ph ca on ghp knh quang, cung cp chc nng o kim v qun l ca on ghp knh quang vn hnh v bo dng mng.
n tt nghip i hc
10
Lp on truyn dn quang (OTS): cung cp cc chc nng truyn dn cho tn hiu quang thng qua cc phng tin khc nhau. Lp ny nh ngha cch truyn tn hiu quang trn cc phng tin quang ng thi thc hin tnh nng o kim v iu khin i vi b khuch i quang v b lp. Lp ny thc hin cc vn sau: cn bng cng sut, iu khin tng ch ca EDFA, tch lu v b tn sc. Lp si quang: l tng vt l di cng, gm cc si quang khc nhau nh: G.652, G.653, G.655... Mng truyn ti quang OTN s cung cp lung quang ti client nh l cc b nh tuyn IP, cc phn t mng SONET/SDH v chuyn mch ATM. Mt lp iu khin chuyn mch cn thit lp tuyn trn mng v n tng tc vi b iu khin OXC khi to chuyn mch trong OXC. Mt knh bo hiu gia cc nt m bo rng mi OXC bit c trng thi ti nguyn mng, cc tuyn kh dng. Mt lighpath c coi l tha mn thuc tnh lin tc ca bc sng nu n c truyn ti cng mt bc sng end to end. Tnh lin tc cu bc sng c yu cu trong mng quang khng c s chuyn i bc sng. Mt lightpath tha mn thuc tnh lin tc ca bc sng c gi l wavelength path. C hai loi mng quang, mng quang trong sut v khng trong sut Mt mng quang trong sut l mng m trong tn hiu quang c truyn t thit b truyn dn trong mt min quang n thit b thu m khng cn chuyn i OEO. Tng qut cc node chuyn mch trung gian trong mt mng quang trong sut khng th can thip g vo cc tn hiu quang l ti trng c truyn qua. Ch rng, s khuch i tn hiu qua node chuyn mch c cho php trong mng quang trong sut, v d s dng EDFA Mt khc, trong mng quang khng trong sut , cc node trung gian ny c th thc hin chuyn i tn hiu quang truyn qua chng, v d nh thc hin chuyn i OEO, lin quan n vn hnh 3R, nh dng li, nh thi li, ti to li v c th cn khuych i
1.2 ng lc thc y tch hp IP/quang

1.2.1 Gii thiu Vic tch hp mng IP v quang l xu th tt yu to nn mng li Internet quang - c s mng th h sau. Cc kt ni cho quang OXC (optical crossconect)
n tt nghip i hc
11
ngy cng cho php xy dng mng quang ng hn, nh cc ni kt b ng thng ln hn. Lung quang (lighpath) c th c thit lp theo nhu cu. Qu trnh tch hp khng nhng gip loi b mt s x l trung gian khng cn thit, lp li gia cc lp mng m cn c th gim bt lp mng 1.2.2 Tch hp IP/ quang nhm gim lp mng S phn lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao thc mng khin cho nhiu lp c lp c chc nng chng cho nhau dn n thng xuyn c s mu thun ln nhau do c cc chnh sch khc nhau. V vy mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l mng mt cch trit l gim s lp mng. Gim lp mng c ngha l loi b c mt nhm lp giao thc c thc hin trong lp thit b hay mng Khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v quang tng ln, th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn mng IP/ quang hiu qu v mm do. Trong giai on lu lng IP chim u th trong mng th cu trc mng phn lm nhiu lp khng cn thch hp na. Mc ch l ti thiu ha truyn mo u v cc i ha bng tn truyn dn hu ch. Tt nhin l phc tp trong gim st, iu hnh, lp k hoch mng v k thut cng cn gim bt cc tiu ha chi ph iu hnh ca nh cung cp dch v v tng li nhun. Chng ta c th loi b hn ATM, SDH khi nhu cu lu lng cao truyn trc tip IP(MPLS) trc tip trn quang WDM
Hnh 1.2 : Xu hng tch hp IP/ quang

n tt nghip i hc
12
1.2.3 Tch hp IP/ quang nhm gim lp giao thc, thit b Trc y, ch c 1 cch duy nht truyn ti cc gi tin IP trn si quang s dng cng ngh WDM l kt ni cc b nh tuyn IP ti cc chuyn mch ATM. Sau , cc t bo ATM s c gi qua cc thit b SONET c kt ni ti h thng truyn dn WDM. Kt qu l ngn xp giao thc c y 4 tng. Trong , IP mang ng dng v dch v, ATM cn thit cho tch hp a dch v (thoi v s liu), SONET cn cho s kt hp v bo v cc lung, v d nh kt hp cc lung ATM 155Mbit/s thnh cc lung STM-16. Kin trc ny c s chng cho chc nng gia cc tng, thi gian thit lp u ni chm, thi gian tr ln. Do c tnh bng tn khng c thit k bm theo kch thc gi IP nn kh nng m rng km trc s bng n lu lng, gii hn kh nng m rng ca tng lp do s nh hng n ton mng, tng chi ph qun l, bo dng. Khi tng ATM,SDH cng b loi b, cc gi tin IP c chuyn trc tip xung tng quang. Vic loi b tng ATM v SDH tng ng vi vic c t tng phi qun l hn. Khi IP c chc nng x l lu lng d liu v c cc loi lu lng khc trong tng lai bao gm ghp knh, nh tuyn, c ch phc hi v iu khin lu lng, DWDM cung cp chc nng truyn dn, bo v v phc hi.
Hinh 1.3 : Truyn ti gi IP qua bc sng
n tt nghip i hc
13
IP c tin rng l giao thc hi t, n c thit k cho giao thc lp 3, dng a ch mng, nh tuyn thng qua cc mng con khc nhau vi cc cng ngh lp 2 khc nhau. Di lp IP, lp quang s dng WDM ha hn l cng ngh. Cc ng c IP over optical c tng kt sau: Mng quang WDM c th ch trng pht trin ca lu lng IP bng cch trin khai trn kin trc si quang tn ti sn. S dng cng ngh WDM tng ng k kh nng tn dng bng thng si quang Hu ht lu lng d liu qua mng IP, gn nh cc d liu ng dng u s dng IP. D liu thoi truyn thng c th s dng chuyn mch gi bng k thut VoIP. IP/WDM k tha tnh linh hot , tng thch ca giao thc iu khin IP IP/WDM c th t c mc tiu cp pht bng thng theo yu cu ng ( hoc cp pht thi gian thc) trong mng quang: Pht trin mng truyn thng, mng quang iu khin phn tn, mng iu khin ring, mng tch hp IP/WDM khng ch gim gi c vn hnh mng, m cn cung cp ti nguyn ng theo yu cu dch v IP/WDM c hy vng phi hp cc nh cung cp phn t mng vi s gip ca giao thc IP: cc mng quang yu cu mt phng iu khin thng nht v d dng thay i thng qua cc mng con c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp WDM, giao thc iu khin IP c trin khai rng ri v linh hot. MPLS khng ch cung cp k thut lu lng m cn t c mc ch c mt mt phng iu khin thng nht trung tm IP. K thut iu khin phn tn s to c hi cho IP/WDM t ti c phc hi ng ng trn quan im dch v, mng IP/WDM c cc u im v qun l cht lng, cc chnh sch v cc k thut d kin s s dng v pht trin trong mng IP. Truyn ti IP hoc tn hiu SDH qua WDM. Mt phn mm iu khin s iu khin c cu chuyn mch. IP ng vai tr l mt cng ngh lp mng da trn lp lin kt d liu cung cp: o Khung(trong SONET hoc Ethernet) o Pht hin li (CRC) o iu khin li (yu cu pht li t ng ARQ) Mt mc tiu ca mng quang l cung cp phng tin truyn ti t u cui n u cui gim thiu c chi ph. Yu cu ny i hi cc giao din ton quang v cc c cu chuyn mch ton quang cho cc phn t mng bin v gia.
n tt nghip i hc
14
Transponder c s dng tng cng tn hiu quang. C cc b transponder ton quang (laser iu hng)v cc b transponder chuyn i O-E-O Gim lp giao thc ng ngha vi vic gim x l trong thit b mng. M hnh tch hp cho php tng tc gia cc lp mng cht hn do hiu qu v dung lng, gim lp giao thc.... Hin nay mt s hng (Tellium, Cisco, NEC, TILAB, Siemens, Alcatel...) a ra cc gii php tch hp IP/quang thng nht, cho php pht trin mng mt cch lin tc. Tuy nhin m bo c c mi trng mng cnh tranh, th cng cn c cc tiu chun ph hp v thng nht. Tnh tng thch v iu khin kiu IP ang tr thnh hin thc, hin nay cc t chc cng nghip ang th nghim v hy vng ti y s c chun thng nht.
1.3
M hnh tch hp IP/optical
Kin trc mng IP/quang c 3 m hnh : M hnh xp chng (Overlay Model) M hnh ngang hng (Peer to peer Model) M hnh lai gia tng (Augmented Hybrid Model) Chng ta s xt m hnh xp chng v m hnh ngang hng. 1.3.1 M hnh xp chng M hnh ny t ton b s iu khin lp quang cho chnh lp quang nh hnh 1.4 , cn gi l m hnh ch khch (server-client ). N da trn gi thuyt iu khin lp quang l c lp v lp quang to nn mt nn m cho nhiu tn hiu khc nhau bao gm c IP. M hnh ny xem xt kin trc mng da trn quan im chuyn mch knh. Trong m hnh ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn bo hiu, s phn b cu hnh u ph thuc vo min quang v trong m hnh ny vic phn phi cu hnh, tnh ton tuyn, cc giao thc bo hiu c xc nh cho min quang v c lp vi min IP.
n tt nghip i hc
15
Hnh 1.4: M hnh xp chng M hnh ny cho php mi router giao tip trc tip vi mng quang thng qua giao din mng - ngi s dng UNI (User- Network Interface). Giao din gia cc mng con c thc hin thng qua giao din mng-mng NNI (Network Network Interface). M hnh giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh mng ISDN. Trong m hnh ny mi mng con s tin trin c lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc mng a cc cng ngh mi m khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc cn c th p ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l cc nh khai thc c th tm thy c mi trng mng quang nhiu nh cung cp, n cho php thc hin c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh cc giao din UNI v NNI. 1.3.2 M hnh ngang hng m hnh ny, mt iu khin IP hot ng ngang hng vi mt iu khin mng truyn ti quang nh hnh 1.5. M hnh ny da trn gi thuyt l vic iu khin lp quang c chuyn sang lp IP. N xem xt kin trc mng trn quan im chuyn mch gi. Khi c s lin kt gia mng quang v mng IP, cn phi c giao thc chung trong nh tuyn v bo hiu. Gii php y l nh a ch IP cho c hai min quang v IP. Khi cc phn t mng quang s tr thnh cc thc th c nh a ch IP.
n tt nghip i hc
16
Hnh 1. 5: M hnh ngang hng
M hnh ny qu trnh iu khin thit lp bc sng quang ng nh cc Router bin c ni vi mng quang. Khi Router c tc nghn, th h thng qun l mng NMS hay chnh Router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng. Sau cc chuyn mch quang s to mi hay ci thin knh quang trn lp quang p ng nhu cu ca Router. V vy, thit lp bc sng ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng. M hnh ngang hng gi nh rng cc Router iu khin lp mng quang. Mi quan h gia IP v OXC l bnh ng v mt iu khin. V vy v mt bo hiu v nh tuyn s khng c s phn bit no gia UNI, NNI v giao din gia cc Router. Trong m hnh ny cn mt khi lng ln thng tin trng thi v iu khin chuyn qua li gia lp IP v quang. Do s kh hn cho vic kt ni trong mi trng nhiu nh khai thc khi so vi m hnh xp chng. 1.3.3 Nhn xt C hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c Topo mt li vi nn iu khin IP da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ( Multi Protocol Label Switching). Cc m hnh ny u s dng kin trc iu khin theo IP, nhng qun l cc ng dng khc nhau. Sau y l bng so snh mt s mt
n tt nghip i hc
17
Tiu ch Thng nht v mt iu khin Cn tm hiu bn trong mng Mc n gin kh m Hiu nng mng Kh nng h tr thit b i c Kh nng duy tr H tr VPN Kh nng tng thch iu khin lung u-cui Thng tin iu khin
M hnh xp chng Khng Khng C C Khng Tt hn Khng C
M hnh ngang hng C C Khng Tt hn Tt hn Khng Tt hn C C Nhiu hn
Bng 1.1: So snh gia hai m hnh xp chng v ngang hng M hnh chng ln gn vi hin nay ang trin khai , cc lp mng IP, MPLS, SDH , WDM trin khai c lp nhau, d trin khai. Do vy, c l tin trnh pht trin mng IP/quang s bt u trn c s m hnh ny v cha c s trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia IP v quang. Bc tip theo c l l s tng tc gia 2 vng IP v quang cho php lung quang nh l mt phn ca thit lp chuyn mch nhn LSP im-im. V giai on cui s h tr ton b m hnh ngang hng vi trao i y thng tin nh tuyn gia hai min IP v quang.
1.4 Kin trc truyn ti IP/quang

1.4.1 Kin trc da trn ATM (IP/ATM/ SDH/ WDM v IP/ATM/WDM) IP/ATM/SDH/WDM l kin trc u tin c thit k truyn ti IP trn mng quang. Trong giai on ny, mun truyn ti IP qua lp mng quang phi qua cc tng ATM v SDH. Do , phi s dng cc giao thc c nh ngha cho mi tng. Hin nay, kin trc ny vn c s dng rt rng ri trong mng ng trc. Tuy nhin, n khng cn ph hp vi nhng yu cu ang ni ln trong mng trc do s phc tp, nhng gii hn v chc nng, kh nng m rng
n tt nghip i hc
18
Ngn xp c ngm nh s dng cho truyn ti IP qua ATM nh hnh
IP LLC/SNAP AAL5 ATM SDH WDM Fiber
Hnh 1.6 : Ngn xp giao thc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM Tng IP: Nhn d liu (c th l thoi, m thanh, hnh nh,...) t tng trn v ng gi thnh cc gi datagram c di t 250 n 65535. Tng LLC/SNAP: Thc cht, c 2 cch ng gi cc gi tin IP trong khung AAL5: iu khin lin kt logic LLC/SNAP v ghp knh o. Tuy nhin, k thut c ngm nh trong hu ht cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang l LLC/SNAP. Trong k thut ny, cc gi tin IP c gn thm 8 byte mo u to nn AAL5-SDU. Tng AAL5: Lp thch ng ATM, c s dng truyn dn d liu phi kt ni c tc thay i VBR. Lp ny thc hin gn thm 8 byte tiu to thnh AAL5-PDU. Sau , AAL5-PDU c ct ra thnh cc ti 48 byte ca tng ATM. Tng ATM: nhn cc ATM-PDU t tng trn xung v gn thm 5 byte tiu to ra cc t bo ATM 53 byte. Tng SDH: sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc khung VC-n. Sau c ghp vo cc khung STM-N (N = 1,4,16 hay 64). Cui cng cc lung STM-N s c ghp knh v truyn dn trn h thng WDM ti ch. gim bt lp giao thc c th s dng kin trc IP/ATM/WDM. Trong trng hp ny, cc t bo ATM khng c ng trong cc khung SDH m c gi trc tip qua mi trng vt l (cc knh WDM). V mt kin trc n hon
n tt nghip i hc
19
ton nh kin trc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM ch khc vic truyn dn trn c s t bo. 1.4.2 Kin trc IP/ SDH/ WDM C th thc hin mt cch n gin truyn dn khung SDH c ng gi cc IP datagram qua mng WDM nh s dng cc Transponder (b thch ng bc sng). Hoc cng c th truyn dn cc khung SDH mang thng tin ca cc gi IP qua mng truyn ti SDH ng thi vi cc lu lng dch v khc. Nhng cng vi s pht trin ca c s h tng mng truyn ti quang th truyn dn trn mng WDM l xu th tt yu v c nhiu u im hn. Trong kin trc ny tng ATM b loi b v gi tin IP c chuyn trc tip xung tng SDH. Do xu th pht trin yu cu cc b nh tuyn IP cn phi nhanh hn na v khi QoS c m bo lp IP th ATM s khng cn cn thit na. Do , loi b c cc chc nng, s hot ng v chi ph bo dng cho ring mng ATM. Vic c thm k thut MPLS (chuyn mch nhn a giao thc) b sung vo tng IP s xut hin 2 kh nng mi. u tin, n cho php thc hin k thut lu lng nh vo kh nng thit lp knh o ging nh trong ATM. Th hai, MPLS tch mt iu khin ra khi mt chuyn tip nn cho php giao thc iu khin c th d dng x l i vi nhng gi tin IP c di thay i. Vi h thng SDH ta c th thc hin chuyn mch bo v cho cc lin kt lu lng IP khi t cp nh cc chuyn mch bo v t ng ASP. Qu trnh thc hin ti tng quang thc hin truyn dn IP trn SDH c th s dng cc giao thc PPP/HDLC . Gi trn SDH hay IP trn SDH lin quan n vic b sung thm cc giao din SDH vo b nh tuyn kt cui PPP. Cc card ng dy trong cc b nh tuyn IP s thc hin ng khung PPP/HDLC v sp xp vo ti SDH.
Hnh 1.7 : Ngn xp giao thc IP/SDH/WDM

n tt nghip i hc
20
C nhiu loi giao din IP/SDH khc nhau: Cc lung VC-4 hay VC-4-Xc (ni mc xch, c s ng b v gia ti tin vi ranh gii ca khung VC-4): Cung cp bng thng tng m khng c s phn bit gia cc loi dch v IP khi chng xut hin ng thi trong mt lung Cc giao din knh: Ti y cc u ra STM-16 quang c th gm 16 lung VC-4 ring bit trong mi lung VC-4 tng ng vi mt loi dch v. Sau , cc lung VC-4 c th c nh tuyn qua mng quang vi cc b nh tuyn ch khc nhau nh kh nng tch xen mt lung bt k ca h thng SDH. PPP l mt phng thc c chun ho ng gi cc tin truyn dn qua cc phng tin truyn dn. PPP cung cp bao gi a giao thc, iu khin li v cc tnh nng iu khin khi to lin kt. Khun dng ca khung PPP nh hnh
Hnh 1.8 : Khun dng khung PPP Trng giao thc c chc nng ch loi d liu c mang trong trng thng tin. D liu c th l gi tin IP hoc d liu iu khin lin kt hoc d liu iu khin mng. Trng m nhm m bo cho di ca trng thng tin t di quy c l 1500 byte. Cng c th khng dng trng ny khi s dng bn tin LCP (Link Control Protocol) tho thun trc di ca trng thng tin. HDLC l mt chun ca ISO, c khun dng nh hnh.
Hnh 1.9: Khun dng khung HDLC Khung HDLC c thm cc byte c phn bit u cui ca mi khung. Trng c trc trng a ch c gi l c m u khung, trng kia gi l c kt thc khung hoc c th l c m u ca khung tip theo. Trng giao thc
n tt nghip i hc
21
ch loi dch v t tng trn a xung c ng gi, y l PPP. Trng FSC kim sot li cho khung HDLC. Nhiu container c kt ni vi nhau to ra mt container v ti c sp xp vo to tc giao din cao. S sp xp ny cn c gi l kt chui o ti SDH. Kt chui o l mt c ch cung cp kh nng khai thc ti SONET/SDH hiu qu v mm do. T o ng xu chui cc ti trong SONET/SDH cung cp bng tn mm do ph hp vi kch thc s liu. Cc lung bc cao to thnh c dung lng ph hp vi giao din ca cc b nh tuyn. Ngoi ra, cn c cc k thut truyn ti IP trn SDH s dng giao thc SDL v LAPS 1.4.3 Kin trc IP/ RPR/WDM RPR (Resilient Packet Ring) hay IEEE 802.17 l giao thc lp MAC ang c chun ha bi IEEE. Bng cch ghp thng k gi IP truyn trn h tng vng si quang, c th khai thc hiu qu dng vng quang v tn dng u im truyn gi. RPR l giao thc lp MAC vn hnh lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, n khng nhn bit lp 1 nn c lp vi truyn dn nn c th lm vic vi WDM, SDH. Gm c hai mc Mc giao thc ti s dng khng gian Mc chuyn mch bo v thng minh IPS (Intelligent Protection Switching). RPR s dng vng sng hng gm hai si quang truyn ngc chiu nhau, c hai vng ng thi c s dng truyn gi d liu v iu khin. RPR cho php nh cung cp dch v gim chi ph thit b phn cng cng nh thi gian v chi ph ca vic gim st mng. Trong RPR khng c khi nim khe thi gian, ton b bng thng c n nh cho lu lng. Bng cch tnh ton kh nng mng v d bo yu cu lu lng, RPR ghp thng k v phn phi cng bng bng thng cho cc node trn vng trnh tc nghn c th mang li li ch hn nhiu so vi vng SDH/SONET da trn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. RPR phn bit 2 mc lu lng c mc u tin cao v thp v ch c mc lu lng u tin thp l s dng thut ton cn bng(fairness) cn bng lu lng m bo nt s khng b nghn. Thut ton cn bng ch o s truy nhp nt trong ring.
n tt nghip i hc
22
RPR c c trng bi: Topo vng ring, s lng cc nt trong ring v lu rng vng ring hot ng trn phng thc chia s phng tin, tt c cc nt trong vng ring phi c cng tc . RPR l mt giao thc MAC cung cp chc nng chuyn mch tng t nh Ethernet v gi tin IP c bao gi trong cc khung SRP trc khi c truyn dn trn mng truyn ti quang
Hnh 1.10: Khun dng khung SRP Cc byte c phn bit u cui ca mi khung. Trng c trc trng tiu c gi l c m u khung, trng kia gi l c kt thc khung hoc c th l c m u ca khung tip theo. 1.4.4 Kin trc IP/GbE/WDM Gigabit Ethernet l m hnh m rng ca tiu chun mng Ethernet phin bn IEEE 802.3, c tc truyn 1 Gbit/s. Ch ng dng thch hp trc tin ca n l khun vin i hc, ti y n c th c s dng kt ni cc h thng mng Ethernet 10 Mbit/s v 100 Mbit/s ang c sn. Gigabit Ethernet c th cung cp thay th cho ng trc FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) 100 Mbit/s, v n cnh tranh vi cc cng ngh ATM trong mi trng mng dng ring. Gigabit Ethernet s dng giao thc truy nhp cm nhn sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision detection), cng nh dng khung, v vng kch thc khung. Nh ni, Gigabit Ethernet c thit k dnh cho ng trc bng thng cao, kt ni cc b nh tuyn, cc b chuyn mch, hub, b lp, v my ch cho cc khu trng i hc hay cc to nh cng s. Hin nay, Ethernet chim ti 85% trong tng s nhng ng dng mng LAN. Chun Gigabit Ethernet c th c s dng m rng dung lng mng LAN tin ti MAN v thm ch n c WAN nh cc card ng truyn Gigabit trong cc b nh tuyn IP. Cc my ch c trang b card mng Gigabit Ethernet phi c kh nng qun l hng triu gi tin mi giy. Nhng card ny c gi r hn 5 ln so vi card ng truyn cng dung lng s dng cng ngh SDH. Nh , cng ngh Gigabit Ethernet tr nn hp
n tt nghip i hc
23
dn trong mi trng mng Metro truyn ti lu lng IP qua cc mch vng WDM hoc thm ch cho c cc tuyn WDM c li di. Hn th na, cc cng Ethernet 10Gbit/s s c chun ho trong tng lai gn. Kt ni gia Gigabit Ethernet v Desktop rt cn thit cho tng lai. Khung Gigabit Ethernet c cu trc nh hnh 1.11
Hnh 1.11 : Khung Gigabit Ethernet di cc i ca khung Gigabit Ethernet l 1500 byte nhng c th m rng n 9000 byte trong tng lai. Khung Ethernet c m ho trong sng mang quang s dng m 8B/10B. Do , thng lng u ra 1Gbit/s th tc ng truyn l 1,25Gbit/s. Vic m ho cng c m bo in y khi cc gi khng pht i m bo kh nng khi phc ng h. Gigabit Ethernet h tr ch truyn thng song cng gia hai thit b chuyn mch vi nhau v gia chuyn mch v trm u cui, cng nh h tr ch bn song cng trn cc lin kt mng chia s thng qua b lp v phng php a truy nhp cm nhn a sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD. Trong mi trng chuyn mch song cng, thc ra khng phi d tm xung t (CSMA/CD) bi v mt lin kt dnh ring s c thnh lp gia cc trm u cui, v mi trm s s dng ng dn d liu ca ring n trong qu trnh truyn ti. Tuy nhin, CSMA/CD vn c gi li duy tr tnh tng thch vi cc tiu chun Ethernet ang tn ti. Theo tiu chun ca IETF vic sp xp khung Ethernet qua SDH s dng th tc to khung HDLC. Mc ch ca k thut ny l truyn ti cc khung Ethernet qua mng WAN tc bit rt cao, hn rt nhiu so vi tc cho trong h giao thc Ethernet v vi khong cch ln hn khong cch m GbE thc hin c cho n nay. 1.4.5 Kin trc IP/WDM Cui cng, kin trc mc tiu m cc nh cung cp mong mun t ti l IP(MPLS)/WDM, trong tng SDH, ATM u b loi b, cc gi tin IP c chuyn trc tip xung tng quang. Vic loi b tng ATM v SDH tng ng vi vic c t tng phi qun l hn. Khi IP c chc nng x l lu lng d
n tt nghip i hc
24
liu v c cc loi lu lng khc trong tng lai bao gm ghp knh, nh tuyn, c ch phc hi v iu khin lu lng, WDM cung cp chc nng truyn dn, bo v v phc hi.
Hnh 1.12: Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP/WDM
Hnh 1.12 l kin trc tng qut ca mng IP/WDM. C nhiu mng quang tn ti trong min quang, trong giao din ENNI(Extent Network-Network Interface) c s dng bo hiu gia cc mng quang vi nhau. Mt mng quang ring l bao gm cc mng nh hn v bo hiu gia chng s dng giao din INNI( Inter Network-Network Interface). Mt mng quang nh hn gm nhiu node quang(b OXC) c ni vi nhau bi si quang. Cc mng khch hng nh IP, ATM, SONET giao tip vi mng quang thng qua giao din UNI(User-Network Interface). Cc k thut chuyn mch quang quyt nh loi dch v m mng quang c th cung cp cho mng khch hng Vi kin trc IP /WDM cc datagram c x l hon ton trong min quang t ngun ti ch theo tng n v truyn dn. N c th li dng c u im ni bt ca k thut gi l nng cao c hiu qu ti nguyn mng (thit b truyn dn, thit b chuyn mch) do cc gi ca cng mt ch c th i theo cc hng khc nhau tu vo kh nng p ng ca ti nguyn theo hng . ng thi kt hp vi h thng truyn dn quang tc cao, bng thng rng. Giai on ny ch c th thc hin khi cng ngh cho php x l gi ti min quang. V c bn, ch cn nng cp cc thit b ti cc node ca mng IP over WDM sao cho
n tt nghip i hc
25
p ng c nng lc x l gi quang. Cc datagram khc nhau c th nm cng trn mt bc sng khi truyn dn nhng ti cc node n c x l ring r m khng cn thc hin bin i E/O. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi quang s c gng t c hiu nng nhm gi tin truyn qua mng quang tt nht. Lung thng tin tiu hoc thng tin iu khin trn mt knh iu khin ring s thit lp ng truyn n hng Chng ta s xt ba kin trc mng IP/ WDM 1.4.5.1 IP over point to point WDM Cc thit b nh OADM khng to thnh mng WDM m cung cp mt lin kt lp vt l gia cc router IP. SONET c th c s dng truyn cc khung trn cc knh WDM. Gi IP c ng khung trong khung SONET. H thng ny c th tri rng nn pht trin cc mng c khong cch xa. Kin trc ny i hi cc router IP lin kt trc tip vi nhau qua cc lin kt si quang a bc sng. Giao din gia hai router lng ging l c nh, topo c nh, cu hnh mng l tnh, h thng qun l tp trung, vi s tng tc gia lp IP v WDM l nh nht
Hnh 1.13: kin trc IP/WDM im im
n tt nghip i hc
26
1.4.5.2 IP over WDM cu hnh li WDM cu hnh li s dng trong mng WDM chuyn mch knh, lighpath c hnh thnh bng cch thit lp cc knh c th cu hnh li p ng s thay i lu lng v k hoch mng Giao din router IP c kt ni vi giao din client ca mng WDM. Trong kin trc ny, giao din kt ni cho v giao din add/drop tng tc vi nhau trong cc lin kt si a bc sng.
Hnh 1.14: Kin trc IP/ WDM cu hnh li Mng WDM c mt topo vt l, mt topo lighpath ring. Topo vt l bao gm cc NE lin kt vi nhau bng si quang, topo lighpath c to ra bi cc kt ni knh bc sng. Do cng ngh WDM cu hnh li l cng ngh chuyn mch knh, nn vic thit lp v gii phng knh bc sng c xy dng, duy tr bng cc pha. Chuyn mch lu lng IP, chuyn mch bc sng khng bao gi lm vic trn cng mt lp, n tng ng vi mng xp chng Lighpath y c thit k ph hp vi topo IP. Bng vic cu hnh thch hp cc kt ni cho, mt giao din c th kt ni vi bt k giao din khc ti bt k mt router no. Kt qu l, vi mt giao din router cho trc, hng xm ca n c cu hnh theo .
n tt nghip i hc
27
1.4.5.3 IP over WDM chuyn mch WDM chuyn mch s dng trong mng WDM chuyn mch gi, cc header hoc nhn quang c gn vo d liu, truyn cng ti trng x l ti mi node. Da trn t l thi gian x l tiu gi v chi ph truyn dn gi c th s dng chuyn mch burst, chuyn mch nhn, hoc chuyn mch gi. Kin trc ny h tr dung lng chuyn mch tng gi, i ngc vi mc ch n gin ha vic cung cp lighpath t u vo n u ra
Hnh 1.15 : kin trc IP/ WDM chuyn mch OBS v OLS s dng kiu chuyn mch khc vi IP truyn thng v IPv4 s dng n lc ti a chuyn gi ti ch khi nh tuyn. OLS tng t nh MPLS nhng li khng h tr chuyn tip gi tin truyn thng do khng hiu cc tiu gi IP. Ngoi ra n a ra lu lng c tnh ht trung bnh Hnh OBS, OLS c xem l cc OLSR. im khc bit ch yu gia OBS, OLS l OBS s dng chuyn mch gi, OLS s dng chuyn mch lung. OLS s dng mt bc sng inband mang thng tin iu khin v d mo u ca lung. Trn hnh OLSR c trin khai trong mt cm. Trong cm ch c OLSR bin yu cu thc hin nhim v ca giao thc IP c cung cp b m
n tt nghip i hc
28
in, v vy cc gi IP n c th ch ti hng i trong trng hp thit lp LSP ng OLSR c kt ni vi nhau bng si c h tr knh a bc sng. OPR c th c trin khai nh mt router in nhng khc mt s giao din.
1.5 Gii php tch hp v iu khin ASON/GMPLS

1.5.1 Gii thiu c ch iu khin v MPLS Trong thp k va qua, cng ngh mng quang pht trin nhy vt. Sau khi cc OXC ton quang hay cn gi l OXC trong sut c pht trin, cc thnh phn mng quang c h tr them nhiu c im v chc nng, cho php topo mng quang thay i t point- to- point n Ring v mesh. V vy cc mng quang tr nn thng minh, c th chuyn mch t ng, c th iu khin. Mt ng truyn quang l mt kt ni lp quang point to-point gia hai im truy nhp(cp node client), chng ta s dng vi thut ng lighpath. Mng quang c s trong sut v giao thc,cn mt b my iu khin thit lp lighpath v gii phng n thi im hin ti, m hnh mng vin thng ca chng ta l IP/ATM/SONET,SDH. M hnh chng cho ny dn n s phc tp trong mt phng qun l, iu khin cng nh vn nng cp mng. Cn qu nhiu m hnh a ch, c ch chuyn i khung, giao thc qun lMc ch lu di ca tch hp Optical l chuyn c lu lng ca IP trc tip qua lp quang, vi mt mt phng iu khin thng nht. iu ny c khng t nhng kh khn Chng ta hy bt u bng cch tm hiu mt s khi nim c bn cng hai loi iu khin cho m hnh IP/ quang. Mt cch c bn, tn ti hai cch tip cn vi iu khin mng : tp trung v phn b. Trong c ch iu khin tp trung, nt iu khin trung tm cha ton b thng tin v trng thi mng hin ti v cung cp cc yu cu thit lp lightpath. C ch ny c th cp pht cc ti nguyn mng hiu qu hn bi v nt iu khin trung tm bit c tt c thng tin v s h hng lin kt, s bc sng sn c trn mi lin kt. Tuy nhin c ch ny c hai nhc im. Th nht l kh nng m rng km do nt trung tm phi x l qu nhiu thng tin v tr thnh mtt im tht nt c chai trong mng. Nhc im th hai l kh nng sng cn thp, nu nt trung tm c s c th ton b mng s b mt iu khin. Do c ch iu khin tp trung ch thch hp cho cc mng loi nh. C ch iu khin phn b khng c nt iu khin trung tm. Thay vo , mi nt iu khin vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng thng qua vic kt hp vi cc nt ln cn. C ch ny c hai u im l kh nng m
n tt nghip i hc
29
rng cao v tnh sng cn cao. Do , c ch ny thch hp hn vi cc mng lai ln. Trong cc mng vin thng, iu khin mng c kt hp vi qun l mng v c thc hin nh mt phn ca h thng qun l v c gi l mng qun l v iu khin(NC& M) nm trong mng qun l vin thng. Internet c m hnh iu khin mng phn tn, c cc giao thc ri rc, cc chc nng phn pht v qun l ti nguyn, chn v c tnh tuyn ng c thc hin qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. Do Internet khng c hng kt ni nn khng cn cc giao thc bo hiu. Pht hin li v khi phc c thc hin thng qua nh tuyn v nh tuyn li. T lu, IP c coi l mng c trin khai rng ri h tr cc ng dng theo phng thc gi. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) l mt gii php chuyn mch IP v c chun ho bi IETF, ra i vo nm 1996. Gi l chuyn mch nhn v: S dng c ch hon i nhn lm k thut chuyn tip lp bn di (lp 2). Gi l a giao thc v: MPLS c th h tr nhiu giao thc lp mng (lp 3), khng ch ring IP. MPLS l s kt hp hai k thut IP v ATM vi nhau, c th l kt hp u im ca IP (v d c cu nh tuyn) v ca ATM (nh phng thc chuyn mch, iu khin lu lng), MPLS gm hai chc nng quan trng: Chc nng chuyn tip gi tin: s dng c ch hon i nhn. Bn cht l: tm chng k tip ca gi tin trong mt bng chuyn tip nhn, sau thay th gi tr nhn ca gi, ri chuyn ra cng ra ca b nh tuyn. Chc nng iu khin: gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng c nhim v phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR( Label Switching Router thit b nh tuyn tc cao trong li ca mt mng MPLS, n tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn) v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn thnh bng nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn. Vic thc hin chuyn mch ch xy ra khi tm kim v thay th nhn. Trong qu trnh chuyn mch khng cn thm bt k thng tin g. Do , khi gi
n tt nghip i hc
30
tin IP nm trong min MPLS th cc tiu mng ca gi tin s khng cn x l ti cc nt tc l cc LSR khng cn kim tra tiu IP ca gi tm trm k tip. Nhn thng l mt s v c gn cho gi tin ti b nh tuyn IP ti bin ca min MPLS. Nhn s ch ra tuyn m gi tin s i qua mng v th cc gi t in s c nh tuyn nhanh hn m khng cn x l phn a ch ch trong gi tin (cc gi tin s c chuyn mch thay v nh tuyn da trn cc nhn c gn). MPLS cn c kh nng lin kt v phn lp lu lng IP trn cc ng xc nh trc khi truyn qua mng. y chnh l chc nng iu khin k thut lu lng. k thut lu lng l mt c im ni bt ca MPLS. LSP l mt ng i gi tin qua min MPLS t im bt u gn nhn n im nhn b loi b khi gi tin. Cc LSP c thit lp trc khi truyn d liu. iu ny c thc hin bi mt giao thc bo hiu, v d giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP m rng v bng nh tuyn cng bc (CR-LSP). Cc thnh phn ca mt phng iu khin k thut lu lng c phn chia v c lp vi nhau. Chng xc nh cc chc nng c bn v khng hn ch cc thut ton v giao thc . Mt iu khin MPLS-TE (MPLS-Traffic Engineering) l mt iu khin tch hp. Cc thnh phn nh OXC, LSR s c mt mt iu khin thng nht. Mt iu khin MPLS-TE phi c bit ph hp vi OXC. OXC s dng mt iu khin ny s l mt thit b c a ch IP. Khung lm vic cho m hnh mt iu khin MPLS-TE gm: Tm kim ti nguyn bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh giao thc trong cng (IGP). Trao i thng tin v trng thi mng (cu trc, cc ti nguyn kh dng). Tnh ton ng truyn c cc quyt nh nh tuyn. Qun l tuyn: thc hin cc hot ng nh: t li ng truyn, bo dng, phn phi nhn,... Xy dng mt iu khin di dng module s tng cng hiu qu ca mng. Mt iu khin MPLS s chy bng cch s dng cc module thc hin cc hot ng trn.
n tt nghip i hc
31
1.5.2 Gii thiu v ASON Automatically-switched optical network (ASON) mng quang chuyn mch t ng l mng da trn cng ngh cho php phn pht mt cch t ng cc dch v truyn ti. Kin trc ny c cc nhm nghin cu ca ITU-T nghin cu theo phng php tch hp cc lp khc nhau trn nh lp quang. ASON m rng OTN vi mt mt phng iu khin hiu qu s tit kim chi ph v thao tc ca cc nh khai thc. ASON l mt mng truyn ti quang c nng lc kt ni ng. Mng ny bao gm SDH, bc sng v kt ni si quang trong mng hn hp (c c in v quang) v mng ton quang. c bit mt ASON c th khng ch phn pht cc kt ni thu ring m cn cc dch v truyn dn khc nh cc kt ni quang chuyn mch v c nh. ASON l mt dng chuyn mch bo v Trong mt ASON mi node mng cn c mt mt phng iu khin. Mt phng iu khin thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni v c th phc hi cc kt ni khi c li. Mt phng c th c coi nh mt chuyn mch, theo , c s h tng cp quang c thit lp s c kh nng chuyn mch. Kin trc ASON l m hnh client-server hay m hnh xp chng nh biu din trong hnh 1.16. M hnh ny gi thit c s ring r, ngha l phn bit v c lp qun l, s hu ca cc dch v lp 1 v 3.
Hnh 1. 16 Kin trc phn lp ca ASON
n tt nghip i hc
32
Cc tiu chun ASON c xy dng da trn cc tiu chun mng truyn dn quang (Optical Transport Network - OTN) v s l c s chuyn sang mng Internet quang. Theo ITU, cc tiu chun ny s to ra cc c hi kinh doanh ln cho cc nh khai thc mng v nh cung cp dch v, cho php h cung cp cc dch v bng tn t u cui n u cui, c qun l mt cch hiu qu, linh hot v vi chi ph thp. Cc tiu chun ASON cng c th c trin khai tng tnh nng ng ca cc mng quang trong tng lai cng nh cc mng SDH c thit lp. ASON gm ba mt phng tch bit trong mng o Mt truyn ti quang : cung cp cc chc nng cn thit cho vic truyn ti cc tn hiu lp client, c kh nng kt ni cho o Mt iu khin : cung cp cc chc nng cn thit cho vic thit lp cc kt ni end-to-end cho cc tn hiu clin vi cc c tnh do khch hng yu cu trong giai on thit lp o Mt qun l mng : Thc hin qun l mt truyn ti v iu khin ASON cng gm cc giao din UNI, INNI, ENNI. Giao din UNI hot ng gia lp client v quang, mang thng tin bo hiu gia mng bo hiu v ASON v user, n cho php client thc hin mt s chc nng : khi to kt ni, xa kt ni, sa kt ni, hi trng thi ca kt ni. Mt s chc nng c th c cu hnh t ng hoc nhn cng nh : ng k client, phn gii a ch, phn phi dch v ti cc node ln cn. Giao din INNI mang bn tin bo hiu gia cc b iu khin kt ni quang ASON v gii hn trong mt min (mt nh khai thc). Nhim v ca INNI l nh tuyn v bo hiu. Giao din ENNI giao tip gia cc vng qun l khc nhau, mang thng tin bo hiu gia cc vng ASON tch bit. ENNI khng cha thng tin v topo mng nh INNI v cng khng iu khin ti nguyn Ngoi ra ASON gm giao din : Giao din iu khin kt ni CCI mang thng tin iu khin gia cc phn t bo hiu ASON (OCC) v phn t mng truyn ti, giao din qun l mng NNI-A/T qun l gia TMN v mt iu khin hoc mt truyn ti
n tt nghip i hc
33
1.5.3 C ch iu khin ASON Cc c ch iu khin ASON c th h tr c cc dch v kt ni chuyn mch theo bc sng v theo bc sng ph trn cc mng truyn dn cung cp bng tn theo yu cu (Cc dch v kt ni theo bc sng s dng ton b mt bc sng, cn cc dch v dng bc sng ph th s dng mt knh trong mt bc sng.) Cc c ch iu khin ASON cng cho php hi phc mng cp quang rt nhanh chng. Trc y cc mng truyn dn thng s dng phng php bo v ch khng phi phng php khi phc m bo tin cy ca cc kt ni. Theo phng php bo v, cc kt ni c chuyn sang cc khe ring hoc khe dng chung trong trng hp c s c ca mt tuyn cp hoc mt thit b mng. Vi phng php khi phc, cc im kt cui c th truy nhp li (redial) thit lp li kt ni thng qua mt knh thay th ngay khi c tn hiu cho thy kt ni ban u b t. Khi phc l phng php c nhiu li ch cho cc nh khai thc do tn dng ti a nng lc mng li, v vi cc tiu chun mi c a ra, phng php ny cn c th c thc hin nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi cc h thng khi phc u tin hin nay. Nh cung cp hng u cho thit b ASON a ra cng ngh iu khin ASON/ GMPLS, trong cc sn phm SDH, WDM/ OTN v PTN c tch hp mt phng iu khin ASON/GMPLS. Lot sn phm ASON cung cp gii php mng truyn dn thng minh t mng ng trc n mng truy nhp. Hp nht v phn tn mt phng iu khin ASON/GMPLS lm tng tin cy mng, cng nh tn dng ti a bng thng mng truyn ti v cng trong mt thi gian gim x l ca mng. ASON mang tnh thng minh n cho mng truyn ti. Phn phi topo v ti nguyn t ng lm cho cc phn t mng t ng nhn din thit b v np driver s dng ngay, chng cn setup phc tp. Trong bt c trng hp no th mng iu khin cng phi c thit k ng tin cy, c kh nng m rng v hiu qu. Hn th na, n phi em li cho nh cung cp kh nng iu khin tt hn thit lp knh mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. V c bn mng iu khin ny cn phi thc hin: - Phc v cho nhiu cng ngh mng truyn ti (nh SDH, OTN, PXC)
n tt nghip i hc
34
- linh hot thch ng mt lot cc kch bn mng khc nhau. Mng iu khin ASON c mt s thnh phn chung nh khm ph ti nguyn, tch thng tin trng thi, thnh phn qun l lung v la chn lung. Cc modul chc nng bao gm: - Khm ph ti nguyn. - Kt thng tin trng thi. - La chn lung. - Qun l lung. 1.5.4 MPS (Multi Protocol lamda Switching) v GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching). Nhm to ra cc mi quan h ngang hng gia MPLS v mng quang. IETF xut m rng mt phng iu khin k thut lu lng ti lp quang, gi l mt phng iu khin Multiprotocol Lambda switching(MPS). Trong mng quang, cc OXC s dng ma trn chuyn mch chuyn lung d liu( gn lin vi mt lighpath) t mt u vo n mt u ra. Trong mng d liu, cc chc nng ch cht u c thc hin bi mt iu khin k thut lu lng MPLS. Tng t nh vy, mng quang cng cung cp nhng chc nng nh: nh tuyn, gim st, bo v v phc hi,... Trong , cc OXC c kh nng lp trnh, vi c cu chuyn mch c sp xp li v cc mt iu khin tng i mm do, s tr thnh phn t ch cht ca lp quang. LSR v OXC c kh nhiu im tng ng nh cng s dng mt kiu nh hng: chuyn mch thng tin t cng vo n cng ra, LSR cng ngh da trn nhn gn km theo mi gi tin, cn OXC chuyn mch da trn s th t ca cng hoc bc sng. C LSR, OXC u cn mt phng iu khin pht hin, phn phi, duy tr thng tin trng thi mng cng nh cc kt ni (LSP, lighpath) di nhiu chnh sch v k thut lu lng khc nhau. Ti trng m LSP hoc lighpath mang u trong sut dc theo ng i. Mt im tng ng khc l c kt ni LSR v OXC u l cc kt ni im-im khng trc tip, c thit lp thng qua mt ng gia hai nt LSR hoc OXC c sp t trc. Nhng im tng ng ny cho thy MPLS s l mt s la chn ng n thit k mt mt iu khin nhm hp nht quang v IP. MPS l khi nim c s dng m rng MPLS-TE trn quang. S khc nhau gia OXC v LSR l OXC khng c x l mc gi trong mt bng d liu, trong khi LSR c hot ng mc gi.
n tt nghip i hc
35
Hnh 1.17 : Mng MPS Hnh 1.17 biu din cch nhn tng qut i vi mng MPS. Mt mng MPS gm cc thit b LSR v OXC kt ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt quang. Cc giao thc trong cng (IGP), giao thc qun l lin kt (LMP), giao thc chim ti nguyn (RSVP),.... c truyn trn knh iu khin, cho php thit lp mt kt ni quang. 1.5.4.1 Cc b lin kt v cc knh iu khin m bo c tnh m rng ca mng, mt nhm gm mt hoc nhiu knh s dng kt ni mt cp OXC c iu khin bng MPLS (MPLS-OXC) hay mt cp LSR cng vi mt knh iu khin sng hng c lu hnh nh mt lin n. Knh iu khin ch mang thng tin iu khin gia cc MPLS-OXC k tip nhau v c th hot ng trn mt si quang, bc sng c th hay thm ch mt kt ni ngoi bng. Trong MPS, thay v tro i cc nhn nh trong MPLS l tro i bc sng, chuyn i gia bc sng ti u vo v bc sng ti u ra ca b chuyn mch kt ni cho quang trong mi nt. Hai vn trong thit k kin trc logic mng MPS l chn tuyn v gn bc sng tng ng. Nhiu phng php c a ra nhm ti u ho chi ph v tn dng ngun ti nguyn bc sng. Khi dng bc sng thay cho nhn trong MPS l cn mt s lng bc sng rt ln. Cng ngh DWDM hin ti cho php ghp khong 200 bc sng, thm ch vi si quang a mode v c bin i bc sng th c th 2 bc sng. V th, n rt hu hiu trong vic tp hp cc LSP vo trong mt LSP quang ln hn khc phc s hn ch ti nguyn v s
20
n tt nghip i hc
36
bng n lu lng. iu ny c th thc y pht trin mt vi loi LSR quang c dung lng rt cao. ng nh sng c phn chia ra v cn mt s ng nh sng truyn cc gi tin n LER. Khi , kh nng nh tuyn IP vn cn thit trong mng v cc gi trong cng mt ng nh sng t mt nt c th n 2 a ch ch khc nhau. 1.5.4.2 Cc cng ngh chuyn mch MPS l phin bn u tin p dng iu khin cho mng quang chuyn mch bc sng WDM, sau ny c th p dng cho nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch nh TDM v Ethernet, k c chuyn mch chm quang... IETF tng qut ho ln thnh GMPLS. S m rng MPLS thnh GMPLS l s h tr them cc cng ngh chuyn mch sau : Chuyn mch gi: Dung lng chuyn tip l gi, thnh phn mng in hnh l router IP Chuyn mch lp 2, cc thnh phn mng (cc b chuyn mch ATM,FR, Ethernet) c th da trn t bo hoc Frame chuyn d liu Chuyn mch khe thi gian: Da trn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian, d liu c ng gi theo khe thi gian, lp SONET SDH, cc thnh phn DCS v ADM l cc thnh phn tiu biu Chuyn mch : chuyn mch c thc hin bi cc OXC, d liu u vo mt bc sng, chuyn ra u ra mt bc sng khc Chuyn chuyn mch si: Tnh ht ca chuyn mch quang nm lp si. Thnh phn l cc OXC c kh nng chuyn mch si MPS tp trung vo xy dng ng dng truyn ti IP qua mng quang, c th l tm kim cc gii php chuyn ti lung luu lung IP vo cc buc sng quang. Trong khi GMPLS tp trung vo vic xy dng nn tng diu khin cho mng MPLS nhm tch hp chc nng qun l cc phng thc truyn ti khc nhau nh l IP, SDH, Ethernet trn mt nn tng qun l thng nht. Mt phng iu khin GMPLS tp trung vo chuyn mch , GMPLS gn nh nh hng n hu nh cc cng ngh chuyn mch v cc c gng hp nht mt phng iu khin ca tt c cc mng. Trong GMPLS, mt LSP c th ch c thit lp gia cc thnh phn mng, c bit hn l gia cc giao din. GMPLS c mt s tnh nng ci tin nh: m rng nhn cho c cc khe TDM, truyn hai chiu, tng cng kh nng bo hiu, kt hp cc kh nng nh tuyn.
n tt nghip i hc
37
Hnh: 1.18 Cc kh nng chuyn mch GMPLS h tr Cc LSR c th kt ni cho hoc chuyn tip khng ch da vo gi m cn da vo bc sng, khe thi gian(lp SDH), cng vt l (lp si) to thnh cc cp, trn cng l giao din chuyn mch si FSC(kh nng chuyn mch si), tip n l giao din chuyn mch bc sng LSC (cc SDM quang hoc cc OXC, kh nng chuyn mch Lambda), cc giao din chuyn mch theo thi gian TDM (cc b DXC, ADM SONET/SDH, kh nng TDM) v cui cng l giao din chuyn mch gi PSC (cc b nh tuyn, cc chuyn mch ATM, kh nng chuyn mch gi) nh trn hnh. Cc LSP ca cc giao din khc nhau c th c xp chng vo mt LSP khc. 1.5.4.3 ngn xp giao thc Ngn xp ca giao thc GLMPS c th hin trong hnh 1.19
Hnh 1.19 : Ngn xp giao thc GMPLS

n tt nghip i hc
38
Giao thc bo hiu Giao thc bo hiu l mt giao thc quan trng c s dng trong mng iu khin. S pht trin ca MPLS thnh GMPLS m rng giao thc bo hiu. Hin nay, ch c 2 giao thc c s dng rng ri l: giao thc phn b nhn nh tuyn bt buc (CR-LDP) v m rng thit k lu lng - giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn (RSVP-TE). Bt c i tng no c GMPLS nh ngha cng c th mang cc bn tin bo hiu ca nhng giao thc ny. Giao thc bo hiu c trch nhim i vi tt c cc hot ng qun l kt ni. N dng thit lp LSP, g b LSP, thay i LSP, khi phc LSP v h tr x l loi tr. Trong vn bo hiu ny, cc tng cng chnh ca GMPLS tp trung vo: trao i nhn, bao gm c mng khng phi chuyn mch gi, bo hiu thit lp cc ng d phng, thit lp cc LSP hai hng, xc tin vic gn nhn thng qua cc nhn c xut, h tr chuyn mch bng tn - tp cc bc sng gn nhau c chuyn mch vi nhau. M rng giao thc nh tuyn OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE Giao thc nh tuyn dng cho vic khm ph mt cch t ng v topo mng, thng bo ti nguyn kh dng nh bng tn, kiu bo v. Mt s tng cng chnh ca GMPLS tp trung vo: thng bo kiu bo v tuyn l 1+1, 1:1 hay khng bo v, khm ph cc tuyn khc cho cc ng d phng, nhn v thng bo cc lin kt khng c a ch ca giao din vo/ra. Giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF hay IS-IS) phi c m rng m ho v thng bo tnh trng ca cc kt ni quang. Thng tin ny c s dng trong sut qu trnh tnh ton ng truyn. Giao thc nh tuyn phi a ra nhng thng tin sau: M ho v tc bit ca lin kt.
Lin kt c phi l mt phn ca mt nhm lin kt hay khng? Mt nhm lin kt s b hng nu mt lin kt tch ra. B li s suy gim tn hiu v mt quang do nhng nguyn nhn nh suy hao hay tn sc trn mt lin kt. S suy gim ny lm nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu quang. Kh nng bo v (nu c) m cc cu hnh lin kt yu cu.
Giao thc qun l tuyn LMP
n tt nghip i hc
39
y l mt giao thc mi dng qun l v bo dng mt iu khin v mt s liu gia hai nt ln cn hay chnh l m bo s thng tin nhn GMPLS chnh xc gia cc phn t mng. LMP l giao thc da trn IP, hot ng gia cc h thng ln cn cho php cung cp tuyn v c lp li. LMP cng c s dng cho bt c phn t mng no, tuy nhin n thng c hng cho chuyn mch quang. Chc nng ca LMP l: - Qun l knh iu khin: c thit lp bi cc tham s tuyn v m bo s an ton cho c tuyn. - Kim tra vic kt ni tuyn: m bo kt ni vt l tuyn gia cc nt ln cn, s dng bn tin kim tra tuyn PING. - Mi lin h gia cc c tnh tuyn: xc nh cc c tnh tuyn ca cc nt lin k. - C lp li: c lp cc li n hoc li kp trong min quang - Quyt nh kt ni quang no s c kt cui ti nt.
1.6 Tip cn mt bng qun l

Mt bng qun l c s dng gn ti mt tp cc c cu v thut ton lin quan n ti tt c h thng. N tha thun vi nm vng chc nng FCAPS. FCAPS l vit tt ca Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security l nhng danh mc qun l mng ch yu. trong mt s trng hp Accounting c thay th bi Administration. N cung cp nh tuyn h tr QoS, t ng khi phc hng hc, bo mt, thanh ton... Chc nng qun l ch yu tn ti vng in IP, vng WDM quang mt cch c lp ch khng c s tch hp hai vng. Mc tiu l phi tch hp qun l ca IP vi WDM v cc lp trung gian nu c. Gii php a ra da vo m hnh xp chng. Khi nh tuyn c giao cho mt cu hnh hai lp, thc ra n thc hin mt cch tru tng trong mi trng tch hp IP/WDM s dng cc truy nhp bin, cn cc chi tit nh tuyn u c thc thi bn trong cc min IP v WDM Vi mc tiu xc nh mi h thng qun l cho mi cng ngh (IP c kh nng MPLS, WDM ) kt hp vi mt h thng qun l lin cng ngh, gii php qun l a ra d on bn trong mt min qun tr cho cc nh cung cp dch v
n tt nghip i hc
40
s hu c thit b IP v WDM hoc cc nh khai thc hin thi s dng thit b a lp
1.7 Kt lun
Truyn dn cp si quang ra i em n mt phng php truyn dn mi c bng thng rng, tc cao v cht lng truyn dn tt v t chu nh hng ca sng in t cng nh cc iu kin ca mi trng xung quanh. Ngoi ra, cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM cng ang c ng dng trn mng, c kh nng p ng c tt c cc yu cu ca ngi s dng cng nh ca cc nh cung cp. Kt hp vi giao thc IP, mt giao thc n gin v hiu qu, IP/ quang ang c pht trin bi rt nhiu t chc v d nh t chc IETF xut vic m rng MPLS cho quang gi l chuyn mch bc sng a giao thc MPS (MultiProtocol Lambda Switching). Sau ny tng qut cho tt c cc cng ngh truyn dn pht trin GMPLS. Cn ITU-T xy dng tiu chun ASON, mng quang chuyn mch t ng cho cu trc a lp Ngoi ra, cn c t chc Din n kt ni mng quang (OIF) ang s dng cc giao thc chun cho php cc thc th client (v d nh Router IP) bo hiu v thit lp kt ni qua mng truyn ti quang (OTN). Do s pht trin v cng ngh cn nhiu hn ch m k thut IP over Optical khng th thc hin ngay lp tc cc gi IP trc tip trn quang. t c k thut ny cn phi tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin. Qu trnh ny c chia ra lm 3 giai on pht trin: Giai on I: IP over ATM, Giai on II: IP over SDH, Giai on III: IP over Optical. Cc giai on v sau th cc tng ATM, SDH cng gim do t s dng v mt s hn ch vn c ca n trong khi WDM tng ln do c nhng u im u vit cho vic tch hp cc gi tin IP trn quang. Tuy nhin y ch l mt cch nhn nhn, mt quan im theo mt hng. Vi mt cng ngh ln nh IP/quang bao gm rt nhiu cng ngh con ca n vic a ra mt ci nhn tng quan l rt kh, v vy vi chng tng quan v tch hp IP/quang ny khng trch khi mt cch nhn phin din. Mc d vy, trong n, em cng c gng rt nhiu c c mt phc tho s b v ton cnh ca vn theo mt cch nhn no
n tt nghip i hc
Chng2 :iu khin v k thut lu lng
41
CHNG II: MT PHNG IU KHIN THNG NHT V K THUT LU LNG

2.1 Gii thiu
M hnh mng vin thng IP/ATM/SONET,SDH rt chng cho nn rt phc tp trong mt phng qun l, iu khin cng nh vn nng cp mng. Cn qu nhiu m hnh a ch, c ch chuyn i khung, giao thc qun l. c mt mt phng iu khin thng nht cn thit k chung mt phng iu khin cho IP v lp li quang. C ngha xy dng m hnh a ch, giao thc bo hiu, c ch ti to ng, cch thc qun l ...thng nht. Mt Router trong mng IP c th hiu c tp ca mng li quang, v c th a ra quyt nh thit lp mt ng quang, qua cc OXC trong mng li quang, ti mt mng IP khc, vi cc tham s xc nh v QoS cho LighPath . Ngc li, cc OXC trong li quang cng c th thc hin tng t. Thng th cc giao thc trong IP c nghin cu thc nghim nhiu, nn c tn dng trit . Vn ny sinh na l gia cc giao din logic cn phi c, l UNI gia IP (hay mt mng Client khc) vi li quang v NNI gia cc Optical Network vi nhau. Bn thn NNI c hai loi, l INNI cho cc tng t nh gia cc SubOptical net vi nhau, cn ENNI nh cc AS trong IP vy. Cc giao din khc nhau bi lung thng tin v nh tuyn, bo mt, c ch bo hiu, v cc dch v thc hin trn chng cng khc nhau. C hai m hnh dch v c xem xt thc hin trn giao din UNI, l m hnh tp trung v m hnh phn tn Vi m hnh phn tn thng tin trao i gia giao din b hn ch bi cc chnh sch bo mt, qun l,...do lng thng tin bo trao i qua giao din khng nhiu. m hnh ny, vic thc hin c ch nh tuyn chuyn tip thng tin l kh phc tp...Ngc li, m hnh tp trung cho php IP client hiu c li quang, ngn ng thng nht nn qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai node bin thun tin hn
n tt nghip i hc
42
2.1 : Kin trc phn mm cho iu khin mng iu khin mng IP/WDM trn hnh 2.1 ch ra kin trc phn mm cho iu khin mng, n gm cc modul ring bit. Mt giao thc qun l v iu khin chuyn mch cung cp giao din qun l gia cc thnh phn iu khin mng v chuyn mch quang. N l mt giao thc ch t, chc nng dc, kt ni cc thnh phn phn lp. Cc module nh tuyn,bo hiu, dnh trc c thc hin ngang hng Trc khi cp n mt phng iu khin chng ta s xt ti mt node quang. M hnh ti mt node quang, chng ta gi s rng mt node quang bao gm mt OXC v mt mt phng iu khin mng quang nh hnh 2.2
Hnh 2.2 : m hnh ti mt node quang
n tt nghip i hc
43
Gia hai node lng ging c mt knh iu khin cu hnh trc, c th l knh iu khin ngoi band hoc trong band, cung cp cc kt ni IP cho truyn ti cc thng tin iu khin nh nh tuyn v bo hiu. chc nng chuyn mch trong mt OXC c iu khin bi cu hnh thch hp ca c cu kt ni cho. Hay chnh l vic thit lp bng kt ni cho cha cc thng tin dng (cng vo, bc sng vo, cng ra, bc sng ra), th hin rng lung d liu n ti cng vo vi bc sng u vo s c chuyn mch ti cng u ra vi bc sng ra
2.2 Mt phng iu khin MPS/ GMPLS cho mng quang

Hin nay 2 m hnh c pht trin cho mng quang l m hnh xp chng v m hnh ngang hng. c th lin kt mng quang th phi c mt giao thc h tr c hai m hnh ny. giao thc phi c linh hot cao v cng phi da trn c hi kinh doanh ca cc nh khai thc. Nh vy, chng ta cn mt mt iu khin chung tho mn c nhng yu cu cp thit nh: h tr iu khin lu lng khc nhau (ATM, IP, SONET/SDH,...) h tr c m hnh ngang hng v m hnh xp chng, h tr nhiu nh cung cp thit b v c kh nng cung cp nhanh chng. GMPLS chnh l s la chn tt yu v n c kh nng cung cp nhanh chng v kh nng thit k lu lng. GMPLS l phng thc iu khin c pht trin trong n lc nhm lm n gin ho m hnh mng 4 lp hin nay. GMPLS loi b chc nng chng cho gia cc lp bng cch thu hp cc lp mng. N khng phi l mt giao thc n hay tp khng i cc giao thc m l phng thc kt hp nhiu k thut trn mt kin trc n v qun l chng vi mt tp n cc giao thc qun l. Chnh v th, nhiu cng ty hin nay ang trin khai mng GMPLS n gin vic qun l mng v to ra mt mt iu khin tp trung. T , cho php to ra nhiu dch v hn cho khch hng trong khi gi thnh hot ng li thp. GMPLS cng ha hn mang li cht lng dch v tt hn v thit k lu lng trn Internet, mt xu hng hin ti v cng l mc tiu chnh ca bt k nh cung cp dch v no. Lu lng IP chim u th so vi cc lu lng khc trong mng d liu tng lai, cc mng quang ang tr thnh mng truyn ti cho lu lng IP. phc v tt v ng nht cn c mt phng iu khin quang trung tm IP. Chng ta s xt ln lt cc thnh phn ca mt phng
n tt nghip i hc
44
Hnh 2.3 Cc thnh phn trong mt phng iu khin MPS/ GMPLS cho mng quang 2.2.1 Qung b thng tin trng thi lin kt v phn phi ti nguyn nh tuyn lighpath trong cc mng quang yu cu thng tin topo v ti nguyn s dng. v vy mi node quang phi qung b ti nguyn s dng v cc lin kt xung quanh cho cc node khc mi node u c topo ton mng v thng tin v ti nguyn( c th l mt cch tng qut). Trong mt phng iu khin MPS/ GMPLS giao thc nh tuyn c s dng gii quyt vn ny. C hai giao thc IGP chun ha OSPF v ISIS k tha v m rng, c xut lm giao thc nh tuyn trong mt phng iu khin MPS/GMPLS. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ny dng cho vic khm ph mt cch t ng v topo mng, thng bo ti nguyn kh dng Da trn cc cu hnh ban u, giao thc nh tuyn c th da vo cc bn tin trao i gia cc node xung quanh xc nh cc kt ni v thng tin v ti nguyn, v d nh s ca cng, cc cng/node ngang hng, s bc sng mi si quang, dung lng knh. Cc thng tin ny c gn vo cc bn tin link-state ca giao thc nh tuyn qung b v mng. Bn tin trao i in hnh cn s trao i trong band ca cc knh mang. Vi cc OXC c li in vi u cui SONET, mt trng hp cn thit c giao thc qun l tng tc gia cc node hng xm bng cc bn tin. Cc byte mo u c s dng cho cc knh thng tin. Vi cc OXC trong sut, bn tin trao i gia cc node ln cn s dng mt giao thc ring bit nh LMP(link Management Protocol)
n tt nghip i hc
45
Mng quang c mt vn ny sinh khi them cc lin kt v s qung b cc link-state. Trong mng PMLS, c mt vi lin kt gia hai LSR, mi lin kt c gn a ch duy nht da vo a ch IP ca 2 giao din cui trn router. Trong mng quang c nhiu lin kt quang sng sng, mi si quang cha hng chc thm ch hng trm knh bc sng, h tr bng thng rt ln cho mng li. Mi knh bc sng c th c coi nh mt link theo quan im nh tuyn. V vy c hng ngn link gia hai OXC, v gia hai router trong mng MPLS cn nhiu hn na. Ch c duy nht mt a ch duy nht IPv4 cho mt giao din l khng thc t, v khng gian a ch ang cn kit, thm ch vi IPv6 c khng gian a ch ln hn, vn LSA vn cn tn ti. Thng tin b sung s cc k ln, nu trao i c ht cc thng tin gia cc link gia cc cp node. Hn na c s d liu ca link-state s ln kinh khng, v vy qu trnh lu tr v x l s rt kh khn. GMPLS s dng hai k thut gii quyt vn ny: Cc lin kt khng c gn s v b cc lin kt. Mt lin kt khng c gn s khng c mt a ch IP duy nht cho n. a ch n c th c gn thng qua b chn cc b, l duy nht cho mi OXC. V vy lin kt khng c gn s c th c gn a ch ton cc thng qua cng LSR ID vi b chn cc b. K thut tp trung cc lin kt c s dng nhm gim overhead ca cc LSA v kch thc c s d liu ca n. Cc thuc tnh lin kt ca ca rt nhiu knh bc sng c kt hp, thm ch cc lin kt si quang c th cng c tp hp li, i din cho mt lin kt logic tng, v vy vic qung b cc thng tin ca cc lin kt phi hp ny c th l cc bc sng c cp pht, dung lng knh v cc thuc tnh. Cc thng tin ny c qung b mt cch nh k trong mt min qun tr IGP. Mi node c thng tin ti nguyn v topo s dng cc thng tin cn thit tnh ton tuyn trong qu trnh nh tuyn. lin kt tng c hn ch l mi link n phi bt u v kt thc cng mt cp u cui v phi c cng loi lin kt, chnh sch qun tr v c im ca k thut lu lng 2.2.2 Thut ton tnh ton tuyn CSPF Trong mt mt phng iu khin k thut lu lng MPLS, s dng thut ton CSPF (CONSTRAINED SHORTED PATH FIRST) thut ton tm ng ngn nht c rng buc. C hai im khc bit ng quan tm gia SPF thng thng do cc giao thc nh tuyn thc hin v CSPF ca MPLS -TE. Th nht, tin trnh thit lp tuyn khng c thit k tm ra ng i tt nht n mi b nh tuyn m ch n im cui ng hm.Th hai, thay v ch quan tm n
n tt nghip i hc
46
mt loi chi ph trn kt ni gia hai lng ging cn phi quan tm n: Bng thng (bandwidth), cc thuc tnh kt ni (link attributes), trng s qun tr (Administrative weight), gi ca lin kt l s kt hp theo mt cch no ca cc tham s trong tp hp{link, cost, next hop, available bandwidth} Bt buc in hnh l bng thng yu cu cho lighpath. Mc tiu ca vic tnh ton tuyn l ti thiu ha tng dung lng yu cu ca vic nh truyn lighpath Trong cc mng quang, hai khi nim mi xut hin cho thut ton ny: B lin kt v s tnh ton tuyn phc hi. Do b lin kt nn thng tin c th b mt, vic khi phc tuyn yu cu l rt kh, v vy cc b lin kt cn c thng tin cho vic tnh ton tuyn phc hi in hnh l thng tin SRLG (Shared risk link group). l mt nhm lin kt qun tr vi mt vi ti nguyn quang m c th chia s. SPF thng thng (dng trong OSPF, IS-IS) c th s dng nhiu ng i n ch c cng chi ph. iu ny thnh thong c gi l tp ng i cng chi ph (ECMP Equal-Cost MultiPath), v n rt hu dng trong giao thc nh tuyn ni (IGP Interior Gateway Protocol). Tuy nhin trong CSPF, khng c tnh mi ng i tt nht n mi ch c th. Bn phi tm mt ng i n mt ch. 2.2.3 Gn bc sng Trong cc mng quang cc OXC trong sut ch c th kt ni cho mt knh bc sng(bc sng u vo v u ra ging nhau) gi l rng buc tnh lin tc bc sng. OXC khng trong sut li d dng kt ni mt bc sng u vo v mt bc sng u ra khc nhau do 3R, nh tuyn li, nh thi li v nh dng li. gi l chuyn i bc sng Hin c ba k thut chuyn mch quang trong mng IP l OCS chuyn mch knh quang, OPS chuyn mch gi quang, OBS chuyn mch burst quang, ng vi mt loi chuyn mch s c mt k thut nh tuyn v chn bc sng. Trong OCS lighpath dng ch knh bc sng Cho mt tp yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang trc ht chng ta cn tm mt ng i tt nht gia hai node u cui(routing). Sau ta cn xc nh chn bc sng no thit lp lighpath(WA). C hai kiu tnh v ng
n tt nghip i hc
47
a. Bi ton tnh Bi ton ny cho trc topo vy l (cc node mng v cc lin kt vt l) . cho trc cc yu cu kt ni hoc ma trn lu lng tnh t xc nh cc yu cu kt ni. Bi ton ny thch hp cho trng thi lu lng c bit trc v c tnh n nh. ng dn v bc sng c xc nh cho tng kt ni, khng ph thuc vo s thay i thng tin trng thi ang din ra trn mng. khi ng dn v bc sng c xc nh, cc b OXC ti cc node mng c lp trnh thit lp cc lighpath c ch nh trc. Cn t mc tiu ti thu ha bc sng cn s dng hoc ti a s kt ni c th thit lp ng vi s lng bc sng v tp kt ni cho trc. bi ton ny tr li cho cu hi liu topo vt l hin ti c th p ng c yu cu lu lng khng, nu khng ta phi them vo mng cc kt ni mi Trong mng WDM nh tuyn theo bc sng, rang buc v tnh lin tc bc sng c th loi b nu ta s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng chuyn d liu n trn mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh mt bc sng khc ti mt n ode trung gian trc khi chuyn tip n cc lin kt k tip. Cc mng nh tuyn theo bc sng nh vy c gi l wavelength-convertible . Mt lighpath trong mng ny c th s dng cc bc sng khc nhau dc theo ng i. S chuyn i bc sng lm ci thin hiu sut ca mng bng vic gii quyt vn xung t bc sng gia cc lighpath. Thng thng vi mt gii thut nh tuyn cho sn, s chuyn i bc sng cung cp mt gii hn di v xc sut tc nghn c th t c ng vi mt gii thut gn bc sng b. Bi ton ng Xem xt lu lng mng l ng, cc yu cu kt ni xut hin mt cch ngu nhin ty theo nhu cu lin lc gia cc node mng. cc kt ni ny c yu cu tn ti trong khong thi gian ngu nhin. Thit lp v gii phng lighpath ng. vic thit lp ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng thi im xy ra yu cu kt ni .mi khi c kt ni xut hin, cc thut ton ng s xem xt ti nguyn mng c p ng yu cu kt ni khng . nu c th thc hin nh tuyn v gn bc sng ti cc node trung gian cn thit thit lp lighpath. Cn nu mt yu cu kt ni khng c p ng v thiu ti nguyn th xem nh tc nghn . mc tiu tn dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng cc i ha xc sut thit lp thnh cng lighpath hay ti thiu ha s yu cu tc nghn
n tt nghip i hc
48
Da vo kh nng trao i bc sng trong mng vt l, thut ton c th c thit lp t c nhng mc tiu nht nh v d ti u s bc truyn trong mng hon ton trao i bc sng, ti u s chuyn i bc sng vi tp bc sng cho trc. tit kim thi gian tnh ton cho mi cp node c th xy dng cy nh tuyn hng node ngun. ng chnh c th khng c kt ni trong mt mi trng ng v mt s l do nh khng c sn bc sng. khc phc iu ny, cc ng thay th c th cng c tnh ton v tn ti cng ng chnh. Khi mt yu cu ng quang c nhn, thut ton c gng nh phn bc sng cho ng chnh. Vi cc giao thc phn tn, thng tin trng thi lin kt c th c cp nht v qung b trong thi gian hi t, nh tuyn thch nghi c s dng. Khi mt lin kt c xc nh, bc tip theo l nh phn knh bc sng ti ng lin kt C nm phng php c s d la chn bc sng. Hai phng php n gin nht l la chn bc sng ngu nhin, v la chn bc sng theo th t. Phng php ngu nhin chn ngu nhin t tp bc sng sn c, phng php theo th t chn ch s bc sng nh nht t tp bc sng, trong ch s bc sng c thit lp theo mt tiu chun no l mt s nguyn. Ngoi ra cn c phng php chn bc sng ti t nht, bc sng s dng nhiu nht, v da vo tc kt ni d liu ph hp vi yu cu ng quang 2.2.4 Cc yu cu chc nng bo hiu GMPLS Trong GMPLS, hai node u cui (LSR) ca mt LSP nn c nng lc tng ng nhau(v d cng OXC). Bo hiu GMPLS m rng thm h tr c nhng lin kt chuyn mch khng phi gi hoc t bo Trong GMPLS cc yu cu nhn t lung up v lung down c loi m ha LSP, loi chuyn mch lin kt c yu cu, v s ID ca ti trng. loi m ha LSP cho bit m ha ca LSP v d lambda (lighpath), hoc gi (LSP truyn thng). Ch s ca ti trng cho bit lp client s s dng trong LSP ny 2.2.4.1 Giao thc bo hiu Chng ta bit th tc bo hiu thit lp 1 lighpath trong mng quang. Tuy nhin thc t giao thc bo hiu c nhiu chc nng v kh nng hn. Trong mt phng iu khin MPLS c hai giao thc bo hiu chnh: giao thc phn phi nhn LDP v giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn (RSVP). C hai giao thc u phi m rng h tr k thut iu khin lu lng.
n tt nghip i hc
49
Cch thc hot ng ca giao thc RSVP: khi mt nt no gi d liu, n gi mt bn tin qua cc nt trung gian ti nt nhn, bn tin ny cha c im lu lng s gi, c im ca cc nt mng trn ng i. Nt nhn sau khi nhn c thng ip, cn c vo c im lu lng v c im ng i, s gi li mt thng ip ng k ti nguyn ti cc nt trung gian trn ng i . Nu vic ng k thnh cng, nt gi bt u truyn d liu. Nu khng, thng ip i n nt gi s bo li. RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cung cp th tc thit lp v iu khin qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn, hay ni cch khc RSVP cho php cc chng trnh ng dng thng bo cho mng nhng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v; v mng s hi p chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn yu cu . Cc bn tin RSVP c cc b nh tuyn hay cc b chuyn mch trn lin kt gia hai u cui gi v nhn trao i vi nhau p ng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v ca ng dng. RSVP c 2 bn tin c bn: bn tin Path v bn tin Resv. Bn tin Path mang thng tin v c t lung lu lng v cc thng tin nh: a ch IP ca nt gi, a ch IP nt nhn, ch s cng UDP. V khi nhn c bn tin Path, nt mng ch s gi li bn tin Resv. Bn tin Resv s gi km theo phn m t yu cu ch nh kiu dch v tch hp l kim sot ti hay m bo dch v; ngoi ra cn c du hiu nhn dng lung m mi b nh tuyn dng nhn din mi phin chim gi ti nguyn. Khi nhn c bn tin Resv, mi b nh tuyn trung gian s tin hnh qu trnh iu khin chp nhn (admission control). Nu yu cu khng c chp nhn, do khng ti nguyn mng th b nh tuyn s bo li v pha u thu. Nu yu cu c chp nhn th b nh tuyn s gi bn tin Resv n b nh tuyn gi bn tin Path cho n. Ngoi ra, RSVP l giao thc mm, c ngha l cc bn tin Path v Resv s c gi li sau khong thi gian nht nh duy tr lu di s chim gi ti nguyn. Nu sau khong thi gian ny khng c bn tin no gi i, s d tr ti nguyn s b xa b. Mt khc, lu lng RSVP c th i qua b nh tuyn khng h tr RSVP. Ti nhng b nh tuyn ny dch v c phc v theo m hnh n lc ti a. RSVP ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai vic chuyn ti nhiu dch v nh: m thanh, hnh nh v d liu trong cng mt h tng mng. Cc ng
n tt nghip i hc
50
dng c th la chn nhiu mc cht lng dch v khc nhau cho lung lu lng ca mnh. Giao thc phn phi nhn nh tuyn da trn rng buc CR-LDP c s dng iu khin cng bc LDP. Giao thc ny l phn m rng ca LDP cho qu trnh nh tuyn cng bc ca LSP. Cng ging nh LDP, n s dng cc phin TCP gia cc LSR ng cp gi cc bn tin phn phi nhn. hiu r hn v nh tuyn cng bc da trn rng buc, ta xt vic nh tuyn vi mt mng IP truyn thng. Mt mng c th c xem nh l mt tp hp cc h thng t tr AS, trong vic nh tuyn mi AS tun theo giao thc nh tuyn trong min. Vic nh tuyn gia cc AS li tun theo nh tuyn lin min. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong min c th l RIP, OSPF, IS-IS cn giao thc nh tuyn lin min ang c s dng l BGP. Trong phm vi mt h thng t tr, c ch xc nh tuyn trong cc giao thc nh tuyn trong min thng tun theo thut ton ti u. V d trong giao thc nh tuyn RIP th l s ti u v s nt mng trn tuyn ng m gi tin i t ngun ti ch. i vi nh tuyn cng bc, ta c th xem mt mng nh l mt tp hp cc nt mng v mt tp hp cc kt ni ga cc nt mng . Mi knh s c cc c im ring. kt ni gia hai nt bt k th cn phi tho mn mt s yu cu ( rng buc ) v coi cc rng buc ny nh l cc c im ca cc knh. Ch c nt u tin trong cp ng vai tr khi to ng kt ni mi bit c im ny. Nhim v ca nh tuyn cng bc l tnh ton xc nh ng kt ni t nt ny n nt kia sao cho tho mn mt s iu kin rng buc c t ra vi lin kt , cc iu kin rng buc c th l mt trong nhiu cc tiu ch. V d nh:S nt t nht, ng i ngn nht, bng thng rng nht, dung lng ng truyn, thi gian thcTuy nhin vic ti u ho theo cc tiu ch khc nhau khng th c p ng mt cch ng thi. Mt thut ton ch ti u theo mt tiu ch no ch khng th p ng mt thi im nhiu tiu ch v hai yu cu hai tiu ch c th xung t nhau, chng hn: ng i ngn nht s nt t nht cha chc bng thng rng nht. Do vy thut ton nh tuyn rng buc cng khng th p ng ti u theo tiu ch. N ch thc hin ti u theo mt tiu ch no ng thi tho mn mt s iu kin rng buc c t ra. Khi xc nh c mt ng kt ni th nh tuyn cng bc s thc hin thit lp, duy tr v chuyn trng thi kt ni dc theo cc knh ph hp nht trn tuyn ng. Ngoi cc iu kin rng buc c t ra i vi knh, cn c cc iu kin c t ra i vi vic qun tr. Chng hn nh qun tr mun ngn khng
n tt nghip i hc
51
cho mt lu lng no i qua mt s knh nht nh trong mng c xc nh bi mt s c im no . Do , thut ton nh tuyn m nh qun tr phi thc hin l tm cc knh xc nh m n cho qua lu lng trn, ng thi tho mn mt s iu kin rng buc khc na. nh tuyn cng bc cn c th l s kt hp ca c hai iu kin rng buc l qun l v c im knh mt cch ng thi ch khng phi ch tng iu kin ring r. V d, nh tuyn cng bc phi tm ra mt ng va phi c rng bng tn nht nh, va phi loi tr ra mt s knh c c im nht nh. im khc bit chnh gia nh tuyn IP truyn thng vi nh tuyn cng bc l: thut ton nh tuyn IP truyn thng ch tm ra mt ng ti u ng vi duy nht mt tiu ch c t ra, trong khi thut ton nh tuyn cng bc va tm ra mt tuyn ng ti u theo mt tiu ch no ng thi phi tho mn mt s iu kin rng buc nht nh.Chnh v iu ny m thut ton nh tuyn cng bc trong mng MPLS c th p ng c yu cu trong khi cc mng s dng cc thut ton tm ng khc khng th c c, k c giao thc nh tuyn IP. i vi phng php nh tuyn cng bc th vic tnh ton xc nh ng phi tnh n cc thng tin v c im tng ng ca tng knh trong mng. i vi cc phng php IP n gin khng h tr kh nng ny. V d giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng da vo trng thi knh ( nh OSPF)ch truyn duy nht cc thng tin bn, ri ca tng knh v di ca tng knh, cc giao thc nh tuyn vector khonh cch nh RIP th ch truyn o cc thng tin a ch nt tip theo v khong cch. Do nh tuyn cng bc yu cu ng i phi c tnh ton v xc nh t pha ngun. Cc ngun khc nhau c cc rng buc khc nhau i vi mt tuyn ng trn cng mt ch. Cc iu kin rng buc ng vi b nh tuyn ca mt ngun c th ch c bit n bi b nh tuyn m thi, khng mt b nh tuyn no khc trn mng c bit v cc iu kin ny. Ngc li trong b nh tuyn IP th ng i c xc nh v tnh ton bi tt c cc b nh tuyn phn tn ton mng. 2.2.4.2. S m rng cc giao thc bo hiu cho quang Trong mt tuyn bo hiu, vn quan trng l a ch thnh phn t mng. ch ra mt tuyn bo hiu v gi bn tin bo hiu n node ch v node trung gian ng , phn t mng phi c. Chc nng khi phc quang b gii hn trong
n tt nghip i hc
52
kt ni im-im hoc trong mng ring. Nguyn tc chnh ca bo v quang trong mng a bc sng l cung cp kt ni im-im tin cy dng lin kt cc nt. Bo v quang c p dng ti ba phn lp ca mng quang l: Bo v ng quang: cung cp kh nng chng chi s c ti lp on truyn dn theo c ch bo v 1+1 hoc 1:1. Bo v knh quang: cung cp bo v 1:1 cho cc knh quang da trn c s lp knh quang. Bo v on ghp knh quang: OADM cung cp kh nng phn b knh bc sng ng v chuyn mch bo v knh quang chng li sai hng li Tuy nhin, nh cung cp dch v yu cu mng phi c tnh sn dng cao h tr cc yu cu ca khch hng. c c tnh sn dng cao nht, mng phi thc hin cc k thut phc hi c lp IP v lp quang. Cc k thut phc hi ny c thit k bo v mng khi tt c cc li nh t cp, hng card router, ngun,... GMPLS thc hin k thut phc hi a lp linh ng hn. Ngoi vic phc hi cc s c quang, lp quang cn tham gia vo phc hi cc li router. Khi c mt li IP xy ra, vi kh nng phc hi v bo v ca GMPLS, nh cung cp dch v c th gim chi ph trong mt s kha cnh nh: dung lng d phng, cng nh tuyn, thi gian thc hin,.... Trong GMPLS, hai node u cui (LSR) ca mt LSP nn c nng lc tng ng nhau(v d cng OXC). Bo hiu GMPLS m rng thm h tr c nhng lin kt chuyn mch khng phi gi hoc t bo Trong GMPLS cc yu cu nhn t lung up v lung down c loi m ha LSP, loi chuyn mch lin kt c yu cu, v s ID ca ti trng. loi m ha LSP cho bit m ha ca LSP v d lambda(lighpath), hoc gi (LSP truyn thng). Ch s ca ti trng cho bit lp client s s dng trong LSP ny a. Qu trnh MPLS h tr RSVP RSVP c s dng trong mng MPLS h tr cht lng dch v QoS v iu khin lu lng. MPLS s dng RSVP cho php cc LSR da vo vic phn loi gi tin theo nhn ch khng phi theo mo u IP nhn bit cc gi tin thuc cc lung ca cng dnh ring. V vy, cn phi c s kt hp phn phi gia cc lung v cc nhn cho cc lung c cc cng dnh ring RSVP. Ta c th xem mt tp cc gi tin to bi cng dnh ring RSVP nh l mt trng hp ring ca FEC.
n tt nghip i hc
53
Chng ta nh ngha mt i tng RSVP mi l i tng Lable c mang trong bn tin RSVP RESV. Khi mt LSR mun gi bn tin RESV cho mt lung RSVP mi, LSR cp pht mt nhn t trong tp nhn ri, ti mt li vo trong LFIB ca n vi nhn li vo c t cho nhn cp pht v gi bn tin RESV c cha nhn ny. Khi nhn c bn tin RESV cha i tng cn gn nhn, mt LSR thit lp LFIB ca n vi nhn ny l nhn li ra. Sau , n cp pht mt nhn s dng nh l nhn li vo v chn n vo bn tin RESV trc khi n gi i . Khi cc bn tin RESV truyn n cc LSR ngc, LSP c thit lp dc theo tuyn ng. Khi cc nhn c cung cp trong cc bn tin RESV, mi LSR c th d dng kt hp cc ti nguyn QoS ph hp vi LSR. Vic thit lp cho mt lung dnh ring RSVP l ch c b nh tuyn u tin trong LSP lin quan ti vic xem xt cc gi tin thuc lung dnh ring no. iu ny cho php RSVP c p dng trong mi trng MPLS theo cch m n khng th thc hin c trong mng IP truyn thng. Tuy nhin cng c th t cu hnh ca b nh tuyn chn cc gi da trn mt s tiu chun v d nh tuyn c th xem xt cc tin t ng vi cng mt ch v t chng vo LSP. V vy, thay v c mt LSP cho mi lung ng dng ring, mt LSP c th cung cp QoS cho nhiu lung lu lng. Do vy, c tnh ny c th p dng cho kh nng cung cp bng thng m bo yu cu cho mt ng thu bao thay v phi s dng nhiu ng thu bao ring c c cng gii thng nh trn. y mt lu lng ln cn c gi dc theo cc LSP vi bng thng ti lu lng. h tr mt s cch s dng tng cng ca RSVP, MPLS nh ngha mt i tng RSVP mi c th mang trong bn tin PATH l i tng cn gn nhn. b. Kh nng m rng ca RSVP
n tt nghip i hc
54
Hnh 2.4 : v d v mng WDM vi RSVP quang Mt trong nhng iu chc chn v RSVP l n c th chu tn tht v kh nng m rng mt mc no y. Trong thc t, c tnh ny khng chnh xc hon ton. RSVP khi u c thit k h tr d tr ti nguyn cho cc lung ng dng ring v y l nhim v vi nhng thch thc v kh nng m rng vn c. Ni chung thut ng ny c s dng ch gii hn s dng ti nguyn tng nhanh nh th no khi mng tng trng. V d, trong mng IP quy m ln chng ta c th quan tm n vic liu mt bng nh tuyn s chim b nh ca b nh tuyn ln n mc no, kh nng b x l v bng thng lin kt. D tr ti nguyn cho cc lung ng dng ring r rng l nh hng xu n kh nng m rng. Chng ta c th cho rng mi ngi s dng s d tr ti nguyn ti mt vi tc trung bnh, v th s ti nguyn d tr c to ra qua mng ln c kh nng tng nhanh bng s ngi s dng ca mng. iu ny s dn n chi ph ln nu mi b nh tuyn phi lu tr trng thi v tin trnh mt vi bn tin cho mi ti nguyn d tr cho lung ng dng ring. Tm li, s chnh xc hn nu ni rng mc d tr ti nguyn cho cc lung ng dng l km hn so vi RSVP. S khc nhau ny c bit quan trng khi chng ta xem xt rng RSVP khng nhng i hi cho vic d tr ti nguyn cho cc lung ng dng ring m cn d tr ti nguyn cho lu lng tng hp
n tt nghip i hc
55
c. CR-LDP v m rng cho quang Giao thc phn phi nhn c s dng trong qu trnh gn nhn cho cc gi tin. CR-LDP s dng nh tuyn cng bc xt trn. Giao thc ny l mt tp hp th tc trao i cc bn tin cho php cc LSR s dng gi tr nhn thuc FEC nht nh truyn gi tin. Mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia cc LSR ng cp m bo cc bn tin LDP c truyn theo ng th t. Cc bn tin LDP c th xut pht t bt k mt LSR (iu khin ng chuyn mch LSP c lp ) hay t LSR bin li ra (iu khin LSP theo lnh ) v chuyn t LSR pha trc n LSR pha sau cn k Bt c i tng no c GMPLS nh ngha cng c th mang cc bn tin bo hiu ca nhng giao thc RSVP v CR-LDP. Giao thc bo hiu c trch nhim i vi tt c cc hot ng qun l kt ni. N dng thit lp LSP, g b LSP, thay i LSP, khi phc LSP v h tr x l loi tr. Trong vn bo hiu ny, cc tng cng chnh ca GMPLS tp trung vo: trao i nhn, bao gm c mng khng phi chuyn mch gi, bo hiu thit lp cc ng d phng, thit lp cc LSP hai hng, xc tin vic gn nhn thng qua cc nhn c xut, h tr chuyn mch bng tn - tp cc bc sng gn nhau c chuyn mch vi nhau. Ti lp vt l, bo hiu quy ti s truyn mt tn hiu quang qua mt si, ti lp iu khin mng, bo hiu lin quan ti mt chui qu trnh phn tn v d thit lp mt knh qua mng
2.3 S m rng k thut lu lng

2.3.1 Gii thiu K thut lu lng ca IP over WDM l k thut lu lng (TE ) hng ti s dng cc ti nguyn ca IP/WDM (v d nh cc router IP v cc b m quang, cc b chuyn mch WDM, bc sng v si quang), truyn dn cc lung, gi IP mt cch c hiu qu. K thut lu lng IP/ WDM bao gm k thut lu lng IP/ MPLS v k thut lu lng WDM. K thut lu lng ca MPLS gii quyt vn cp lung v gn nhn, k thut lu lng WDM lin quan n iu khin tc nghn v phc hi ng quang 2.3.2. M hnh ha k thut lu lng ca IP over WDM C hai m hnh k thut lu lng c cp l k thut lu lng chng lp v k thut lu lng tch hp.
n tt nghip i hc
56
Hnh 2.5 : k thut lu lng chng lp K thut lu lng chng lp c mt module cho mi lp IP v WDM, n vn hnh c lp vi cc mng khc. Cc k thut lu lng pht trin cho mng IP hoc WDM c th c p dng cho tng lp . mng chng ln(clientserver) l mt s tng thch t nhin vi cc khi nim ca k thut lu lng chng lp Nguyn l ca k thut lu lng tch hp l s ti u ha c thc hin c mng IP v WDM ng thi. iu ny c ngha l gii php quang tng th c yu cu trong khng gian a chiu. iu khin lu lng tch hp c ng dng cho mng m cc thit b tch hp c IP v WDM. Khi c thit b tch hp, mt mt phng tch hp d dng thc hin mt cch t nhin. Qun l lu lng IP v iu khin v qun l ti nguyn WDM c xem xt cng vi nhau
n tt nghip i hc
57
Hnh 2.6 k thut lu lng tch hp Mi quan h gia ti u hiu sut v cp pht ti nguyn l khc nhau hai ch iu khin lu lng tch hp v iu khin lu lng chng lp. vi iu khin lu lng chng lp, ti u hiu sut nh cn bng ti v nh tuyn lu lng c th thc hin ti lp IP, hon ton tch bit vi chc nng cp pht ti nguyn c thc hin bi lp WDM. Bi v iu ny m ti u hiu sut ti lp IP c th s dng cu hnh li tng t nh k thut truyn thng m khng lin quan ti cu hnh li, tc l ti u hiu sut c thc hin trong mt tp c nh ca ti nguyn. Khi cu hnh li c trin khai, cp pht ngun ng cho topo o lin quan. Khi vic ti u ha hiu sut ti lp IP c s la chn th n cn xem xt trng thi ti nguyn ta lp WDM, ni m cp pht cc ti nguyn vt l. Mt khc, ti u ha hiu sut v cp pht ti nguyn c tch hp v kt hp k thut lu lng. nu ti u ha hiu sut lin quan n nhiu tp hp ti nguyn mng, cp pht ti nguyn s c hon thnh t ng vi s ti. Cc ch k thut lu lng c th c thc hin tp trung hoc phn tn. V vy c 4 ch c th la chn c cho di bng
n tt nghip i hc
58
M hnh chng lp Thc hin tp trung Thc hin phn tn hin tp trung
M hnh tch hp hin tp trung
M hnh chng lp thc M hnh tch hp thc M hnh chng lp thc M hnh tch hp thc hin tp trung hin phn tn
Ch chng lp, c th thc hin tp trung hoc phn cp, s c mt lp k thut lu lng IP, mt lp k thut lu lng WDM, c hai TE giao tip vi nhau thng qua UNI bin ca WDM hoc giao din gia h thng qun l mng NMS ca IP vi ca WDM. Trong ch chng ln thc hin tp trung, qun l NC&M ca lp IP trung tm v lp WDM tp hp thng tin trng thi ca chnh lp mnh ring. Tuy nhin iu ny c th khng cn bng v to ra nt c chai ti cc phn qun l ca c IP, WDM. Vi ch tch hp tng thch mt cch t nhin vi s thc thi phn tn. Khi ny mi site c kh iu khin tc nghn hiu qu v quyt nh cp pht ti nguyn da trn duy tr thng tin trng thi mng IP/WDM. Thc hin phn tn k thut lu lng lm tng linh hot v kh dng nhng ng b phc tp Tm li, kiu chng ln c th khng hiu qu v hiu sut khi kch c mng tng v c server NMS ca IP v WDM tr thnh nt c chai. Cch tch hp phc tp trong thc thi. Chn kiu no thc hin ty thuc vo c im ca lu lng m mng p dng. Tuy nhin khung chc nng k thut lu lng bao gm c hai ch . Cc thnh phn trong khung lm vic tng qut cho k thut lu lng p dng cho mng IP/WDM 2.3.3. Khung chc nng ca k thut lu lng Cc nn tng k thut cho php khung lm vic ca k thut lu lng l vic cung cp cc lighpath v tuyn o theo yu cu. thuc tnh duy nht trong mng WDM l kh nng cu hnh li cc lighpath v topo o. trong topo si vt l, mng WDM vt l c th h tr mt s topo o nh dng bng lighpath nh hnh 2.7
n tt nghip i hc
59
Hnh 2.7 Khung chc nng ca k thut lu lng IP/WDM
Thnh phn chc nng chnh trong mt k thut lu lng c s chuyn i khung lm vic cu hnh li gm: Gim st lu lng: thnh phn ny p ng s tp trung lu lng tnh t cc router, switch hoc cc lin kt. h tr khung lm vic k thut lu lng mng IP/ WDM phi gim st lu lng IP Phn tch lu lng: thnh phn ny ng dng tp trung lu lng tnh cho quyt nh cng. trong trng hp c s thay i, cn update b phn tch K hoch cho bng thng: thnh phn ny c s dng d on yu cu bng thng trong tng lai gn da trn cc php o qu kh v hin ti v c im ca lu lng Gim st hiu sut tn hiu : thnh phn ny c th p ng cho s quan st QoS tn hiu quang cho cc knh bc sng. QoS tn hiu l s kt hp phc tp ca cc h s ng nh tuyn bc sng v qun l li. Qun l li khng tp trung trong mt khung lm vic TE. V vy QoS tn hiu ch c th c s dng cu hnh li cc lighpath
n tt nghip i hc
60
Trigger cu hnh li k thut lu lng: thit b ny bao gm tp hp cc chnh sch c th quyt nh khi no nn c s cu hnh li mt mc mng. iu ny da trn iu kin lu lng, k hoch bng thng v cc vn vn hnh khc v d loi tr nh hng ca cc h s chuyn giao v dnh thi gian thch ng cho hi t mng Thit k topo lighpath: thnh phn ny tnh ton topo da trn o c v d on lu lng. iu ny c th xem nh mt th c ti u( cc router c kt ni bng lighpath trong lp WDM) cho i tng c bit v d nh thng lng ln nht Lc ny s c mt ma trn yu cu th hin cc rng buc (v d nh ma trn ti lu lng ng dng trn mng). trong l tng th cc vn ca NP. Tm kim mt th ti u c th l mt s tnh ton rt nhiu, tn km. T vic cu, mt th ti u c th cha t ti s ti u nu s tnh ton cha hon thnh Chuyn i topo: thnh phn ny gm thut ton lp lch thay i trng thi mng t topo c thnh topo mi. Thm ch ti nguyn lp WDM y h tr s chuyn i no. Vn cn mt s vn khc lin quan n s chuyn i, v d s cu hnh li WDM vi cc knh c dung lng ln, thay i s cp pht ti nguyn trong trng hp tnh ht khng mn c nh hng ng k ti mt s lng lu lng ngi dng. Mt th tc chuyn i bao gm mt chui cc thit lp v gii phng cc lighpath WDM ring bit. Lung lu lng phi tng thch vi s thay i lighpath trong c qu trnh thay i tng bc Cu hnh li lihgpath: b phn ny c s dng cu hnh cc lighpath ring bit, gii phng v thit lp. N yu cu cc modul sau: - Thut ton nh tuyn lighpath: cn tnh ton lighpath. Khi cc tuyn lighpath khng c trng, thnh phn ny tnh ton mt cch t m tuyn. Nu c mt giao thc nh tuyn, gi s l OSPF m rng cho quang tuyn c nh tuyn cng cn c mt trong bng nh tuyn - k thut thit lp, gii phng tuyn: cn mt giao thc bo hiu - Qun l giao din p ng cho giao din cng cc thng tin update lin quan. Cu hnh li lighpath c th gn li cc giao din client WDM cho mt lighpath khc, n s nh hng ti giao din WDM v mng IP.
n tt nghip i hc
61
2.3. 3.1 C s d liu v thng tin trng thi mng IP/WDM Mt c s d liu v thng tin trng thi mng c yu cu qun l v iu khin mng IP/WDM. Da trn ch k thut lu lng cch thc thc hin n, c s d liu v thng tin trng thi mng (bao gm c TE) c to v duy tr theo cch ring . V d k thut lu lng tch hp c s d liu c bo tr ti mi site v ng b ton th c m bo nu giao thc phn phi s dng. Trong k thut lu lng chng ln, c s d liu IP c lu tr mt cch tring bit vi c s d liu ca WDM Thng tin trng thi mng dng cho k thut lu lng gm hai mt: ti nguyn v cch s dng chng. Th hin ca ti nguyn trong nh tuyn gi truyn thng c th ch n gin l thng tin topo. Tuy nhin, trong k thut lu lng cn c thm nhiu thng tin hn, v d tng bng thng v thng tin s dng hin ti trn mi link. Hai mc nh tuyn tn ti trong mng IP/WDM xp chng. Mt l nh tuyn cc lighpath thng qua mng vt l, hai l nh tuyn d liu thng qua cc lighpath ny. K thut lu lng c th thc hin c hai mc ny. K thut lu lng WDM khng ch quan tm cc trng thi s dng ca ti nguyn mng m cn quan tm ti cc c im quang ca cc kt ni quang v cht lng tn hiu. Trong khi k thut lu lng chng ln c th nghim, cc chc nng khch quan ti cc lp khc nhau thm ch c th khc nhau. Trong trng hp k thut lu lng tch hp, iu khin lu lng v cp pht ti nguyn c xem xt cng vi nhau v vy cc vn ti u phi c xem xt kt hp Mc du cc ch k thut lu lng khc nhau yu cu cc thit k v thc thi c s d liu thng tin trng thi mng khc nhau. Rt nhiu cc c im chung c chia s trong c hai trng hp cp sau. Trong phng php chng lp, c s d liu thng tin trng thi mng ca lp IP bao gm cc thng tin sau: Topo o IP: l mt th c hng, trc dc l cc router IP v cc cnh di din cho cc lighpath. th s xc nh nhng yu cu ca giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt chun. N cn bao gm tc d liu, v nh dng tn hiu m mi giao din IP cn c h tr. N rt c ch cho cc cu hnh ng Trng thi lin kt IP: bao gm dung lng lin kt, v t l s dng n, v cc tham s nh s gi b drop ti mt giao din c yu cu trong k thut lu lng
n tt nghip i hc
62
Ti lp WDM, i tng c qun l l mng vt l, ti trng c xem l cc lighpath. K thut lu lng thc hin ti lp ny c m nhn thng qua vic a vo topo o IP trong mng vt l. Cc thao tc qun l mng gm c nh tuyn v gn bc sng. Nu i hi c s lin tc trong khong rng th mt bc sng n phi c gn. Nu mt thnh phn mng WDM c kh nng chuyn i bc sng, cc bc si khc nhau c th s dng cc bc sng khc nhau. V vy c s d liu thng tin trng thi mng ti lp WDM gm cc thnh phn sau Topo vt l l mt th c hng, trn , nh biu th cc thnh phn mng WDM v cc cnh biu th cho si quang Cc thuc tnh ca NE biu th kh nng chuyn mch, kh dng ca cng. Mt NE c th thc hin chuyn mch si (kt ni tt c cc bc sng trn mt si u vo ti mt si u ra s dng cng mt bc sng) hoc chuyn mch bc sng( kt ni mt bc sng ring bit trn si hng vo v cng mt bc trong mt hoc nhiu s hng ra) . Hn na, mt tn hiu c th chuyn i thnh mt tn s khc thng qua b chuyn i bc sng. Mt NE c gii hn s ng cng add/drop, v vy c th c s bt ng gia tn hiu chn v drop ti c cu chuyn mch Trng thi si bao gm s bc sng, hng , loi bo v lin kt v cht lng tn hiu quang nh tng cng sut bc sng cho si, ng k bc sng, cng sut bc sng ring bit, SNR cho tng bc sng Trng thi lighpath cha ID ca ti nguyn thnh phn mng, ID ca cng add, ID ca cng drop, ID ca bc sng( cho mi si) v hng ca n, ID ca si, tc bit, SNR quang t u cui n u cui, ID ca SRLG , v cc t y chn gm u tin lighpath, mc chim trc lighpath Trong k thut lu lng tch hp, topo bc sng v topo si c kt hp, s ti u thc hin trn nh tuyn bc sng. V vy, s xung t gia c s d iu lp IP v c s d liu lp WDM trong kiu chng lp cp trn s c kt hp lm mt trong c s d liu thng tin trng thi mng IP/WDM 2.3.3.2 Qun l giao din t IP n WDM Cch thc iu khin giao din gia IP v WDM hiu qu l gii hn k thut lu lng thch hp trong mng IP/WDM. Hin ti mt giao din IP n c th cp i vi ch mt lighpath, lighpath s tng ng vi mt mng IP/WDM
n tt nghip i hc
63
khng c nhiu c tnh hn cc mng truyn ti IP qua bt k mch o no. K thut lu lng hoc iu khin v qun l mng l chung, n c th m rng tng thch vi bt k s pht trin k thut no t cc k thut ang tn ti Nu xt phn mm, IP/WDM i hi mt phn mm tng ng qun l giao din phn cng t IP n WDM v bin dch a ch gia IP v WDM. Trong m hnh chng lp, biu phn gii a ch cn c duy tr v nh x gia hai lp. Ch rng lp WDM c th cng s dng a ch IP thay cho a ch vt l nhng biu phn gii a ch th vn cn bi hai lp s dng hai khng gian a ch khc nhau v nh tuyn khc nhau. Mt u im ca kiu tch hp chng ln l k tha cc k thut iu khin ang tn ti cho mng IP v mng WDM. Trong phng php tch hp, mi giao din NE ca IP/WDM c a ch IP v vy ch c mt biu a ch c s dng 2.3.3.3 V d v cc Trigger cu hnh li Cu hnh li c th c thc hin trigger ha mt vi h s: K thut lu lng Li Bo v, phc hi Duy tr mng Trigger li c th pht hin li, phn tch nguyn nhn su xa v qun l li. Mt li c pht hin v nguyn nhn c xc nh. Thnh phn mng c th c c lp v cc kt ni chu nh hng s c nh tuyn i. Trigger bo v v phc hi c th c s dng h tr cho phc hi ng. Nu mt tuyn ban u down, thut ton phc hi s tnh ton tuyn d phng. K thut cu hnh li cung cp chc nng thit lp v gii phng v d giao thc bo hiu. Phn phi giao thc bo hiu ng vai tr quan trng trong bo v phc hi. Duy tr mng lien quan n lp lch vn hnh v thay th C ba thnh phn chnh trong k thut cu hnh li: thit k topo, di chuyn topo v cu hnh li lighpath. B phn cu hnh li lighpath bao gm ba module: qun l giao din, thut ton nh tuyn lighpath v giao thc bo hiu.
n tt nghip i hc
64
2.3.3.4 o v gim st lu lng o lu lng mng nm trong k thut thu thp v gim st IP l mt khung lm vic ca k thut lu lng . chnh xc ca php o trc tip nh hng ti hiu sut lm vic do php o cung cp u vo ca c cu m t iu kin mng ng. Trong mt qu trnh vng kn, lin tc, o lu lng mng c th thc hin bi thut ton cu hnh li trn trigger dnh gi hiu qu ca cu hnh li Da vo tnh khch quan ca k thut lu lng, o lu lng v thu thp cc con s ti trng phi c th la chn linh hot gia tp hp cc mu v cc php o gim st lu lng v thu thp cc con s l nhim v khng d do khi lng ln ca lu lng. Nu xem xt khng cn thn, hiu sut mng c th gim ng k. Hn na, nh gi ma trn lu lng c th cc ti trng lin kt khng tn ti cng vi cc router. Trng hp cc ti trng lin kt c th tn ti, nhng vn khng thng tin nh gi ma trn mt cch hp l. K thut lu lng nn thc hin theo cc hng dn sau S dng cc s o chun o cc tham s theo mt hng S dng k thut ring cho cc php o chnh xc o mt cch lin tc Cung cp hiu sut d liu tnh trong khong thi gian di Cung cp truy cp thi gian thc cho hiu sut d liu Cung cp php o end-to-end 2.3.3.5 Gim st hiu sut tn hiu quang Khung lm vic chi tit ca k thut lu lng thit k nn mng v topo thng qua yu cu thc hin cc rng buc v ti nguyn mng, kh nng sng st v QoS ca tn hiu. Mt s phm vi, cc c tnh lp quang c nh hng quyt nh mc mng. v d QoS ca tn hiu c th gii hn s lng knh bc sng c h tr qua mt si lin kt v hn na th tc d liu c h tr trn tng knh bc sng. Hn na QoS ca tn hiu quang x l cc h s ng khng nh trong cc tn hiu in thng thng. khng xt n c im lp WDM th ta phi hy vng khng c mt rng buc ti nguyn no lp WDM. Mt topo IP o da trn yu cu v lu lng c sinh ra, gi s rng topo ny lun h tr s dng mch nh sang. Tinh t hn, khi cc qu trnh tnh ton cc lighpath c
n tt nghip i hc
65
x l ng thi vi s ti u . Trong mt khung lm vic IP/ WDM tch hp cc c tnh quang ny cn c lin kt tng thch vi cc giao thc iu khin IP. Mt mng WDM c th c h thng qun l li ring, nhng vn nn tch hp vi giao thc IP. Nh th mng IP/WDM tch hp vn x l cc c im chnh mt cch linh hot v tng thch Gim st hiu sut trong mng ton quang l mt qu trnh phc tp, tn km i hi chia nh tn hiu quang bng cc thit b chuyn dng hoc ti NE. Tuy nhin, sau khi chia nh tn hiu quang ban u gn nh l suy bin v vy khong cch s b gii hn rt nhiu nu khng ti to tn hiu ban u. Ti to tn hiu quang v d s dng trasponder quang cn mi l v tn km. Trn thc t, ti thi im hin ti, gim st hiu sut tn hiu trong mng ton quang l mt vn m. Trong mng quang c bin i O-E-O, QoS ca tn hiu nh, v mt vn ti mi node l ti to 3R
2.4 Kt lun
Qu trnh iu khin thng nht xuyn sut cc lp s liu v quang s n gin qu trnh qun l mng c nhiu lp v ci thin hiu qu s dng ti nguyn thng qua k thut lu lng gia cc lp. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP gip cho vic nhn bit Topo mng cn cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng cho thit lp t ng cc lighpath. Ngoi ra s dng cc giao thc ny cho iu khin lp quang s gip cho cc nh sn xut thit b m bo tnh tng tch nh c cc tiu chun rt ph bin. Thng thng, lp truyn ti (lp quang) v lp s liu (lp 2, in hnh l lp IP) tch bit hn nhau v hot ng c lp nhau. GMPLS tp hp cc tiu chun vi mt giao thc bo hiu chung cho php phi hp hot ng, trao i thng tin gia lp truyn ti v lp s liu. N m rng kh nng nh tuyn lp s liu n mng quang. GMPLS c th cho php mng truyn ti v mng s liu hot ng nh mt mng thng nht. GMPLS l phng thc iu khin c pht trin trong n lc nhm lm n gin ho m hnh mng 4 lp hin nay. GMPLS loi b chc nng chng cho gia cc lp bng cch thu hp cc lp mng. N khng phi l mt giao thc n hay tp khng i cc giao thc m l phng thc kt hp nhiu k thut trn mt kin trc n v qun l chng vi mt tp n cc giao thc qun l. Chnh v th, nhiu cng ty hin nay ang trin khai mng GMPLS n gin vic qun l mng v to ra mt mt iu khin tp trung. T , cho php to ra
n tt nghip i hc
66
nhiu dch v hn cho khch hng trong khi gi thnh hot ng li thp. GMPLS cng ha hn mang li cht lng dch v tt hn v thit k lu lng trn Internet, mt xu hng hin ti v cng l mc tiu chnh ca bt k nh cung cp dch v no. Ngoi ra, hin nay c 2 m hnh c pht trin cho mng quang l m hnh xp chng v m hnh ngang hng. c th lin kt mng quang th phi c mt giao thc h tr c hai m hnh ny. giao thc phi c linh hot cao v cng phi da trn c hi kinh doanh ca cc nh khai thc. Nh vy, chng ta cn mt mt iu khin chung tho mn c nhng yu cu cp thit nh: h tr iu khin lu lng khc nhau (ATM, IP, SONET/SDH,...) h tr c m hnh ngang hng v m hnh xp chng, h tr nhiu nh cung cp thit b v c kh nng cung cp nhanh chng. GMPLS chnh l s la chn tt yu v n c kh nng cung cp nhanh chng v kh nng thit k lu lng.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
67
CHNG III: MT S VN KHC LIN QUAN N IP/QUANG

3.1 Gii thiu
Trong cc mng tch hp IP trn quang, mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc lung quang (lighpath) tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lung quang nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b. Tuy nhin ngoi ra cn rt nhiu vn lin quan n hng ti mt mng thng nht, tch hp, c t s chng cho, ti u ha hot ng, gim s lp nhng vn s dng c mt s chc nng c gi tr, nh k thut lu lng v khi phc ca cc lp trung gian. Nhng chc nng ny cn phi c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc xung lp quang hoc tt nht trn mt lp con ring. Ngoi vn v mt phng iu khin thng nht v k thut lu lng chng ta s xem xt mt s vn mang tnh cht ri rc nhng rt quan trng di gc so snh v a ra nhn xt mang tnh ch quan
3.2 vn truyn ti
H thng truyn dn v chuyn mch trong m hnh mng vin thng hin nay thc s chng cho, mi cng ngh mnh mt kiu, v d SONET/SDH v ATM u a ra kh nng h tr IP, khng thc s cn thit d rng mi cng ngh ny, cho php ti u vic truyn dn lu lng trong mt phm vi tc nht nh. Cng ngh chng cho khc nhau dn n qu trnh roaming gia cc mng l rt kh khn. Vi kin trc truyn ti IP/ ATM/ SONET/WDM c u im l s dng ATM, n c kh nng truyn nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau trong cng ng truyn vi yu cu cht lng dch v khc nhau, ng thi c tnh mm do khi cung cp dch v mng(s dng t bo c di c nh). Tuy nhin gii php ny qun l v iu khin phc tp v s chng cho . Vi kin trc IP/ATM/ WDM s dng truyn ti trn c s t bo c u im l Cng ngh truyn dn tr nn n gin khi cc t bo ATM c ngu nhin ho v truyn trc tip trn cc phng tin vt l.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
68
Phn tiu nh hn rt nhiu ( khong 16 ln so vi truyn dn trn c s SDH). V ATM l phng thc truyn dn khng ng b nn n khng i hi bt k mt c cu ng b no c lp t trong mng. Tuy nhin, vi m hnh ny cng c nhiu nhc im ln: Tuy vy trong t bo ATM cng vn c phn tiu t bo, ging nh cc byte qun l trong truyn dn SDH, nhng cng ngh truyn dn ny ch c th thc hin cho cc t bo ATM. Vic tch, xen cc lung nhnh khng linh hot. V cc nhc im ca truyn dn ATM rt kh khc phc, trong khi SDH li c nh ngha nh mt phng thc truyn dn cho cc mng quang. V th, SDH vn c s dng rng ri v cc mng hin nay u s dng m hnh IP/ATM/SDH/WDM vi kin trc IP/SDH/WDM S dng giao thc lp 2 l PPP hoc HDLC ng gi d liu di dng IP ri dc chuyn vo trong ti tin SDH. u im ca n l D liu iu khin gim i v cc gi IP chuyn trc tip v khung SONET/SDH khng cn qua lp trung gian l ATM nn gim u t v n gin thit b. Kin trc ny c dng nhiu trong mng trc WAN. C th nng cp SDH truyn thng bng SDH th h sau bng cch ch thay i phn t mng bin. SONET/SDH c cu trc tch ghp tn hiu quang tiu chun, nh tn hiu tc thp c th ghp, tch thnh tn hiu c tc cao. SONET/SDH cung cp khung truyn chun. SONET/SDH c kh nng bo v, khi phc, nh tn hiu c truyn trong sut ti lp cao hn (Nh lp IP). Khai thc, qun l, bo dng OAM&P l tnh nng ni bt ca mng SONET/SDH truyn cnh bo, iu khin, cc thng tin v cht lng c mc h thng v mc mng. Tuy nhin nhc im ca kin trc ny l da trn cng ngh TDM cu trc khe thi gian c nh v di khung truyn c nh nn ph hp cho lu lng thoi. Thc t n c thit k ti u ho truyn ti cc lu lng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
69
dch v thoi. Khi truyn ti cc lu lng da trn dch v IP, cc mng s dng cng ngh SDH truyn thng gp phi mt s hn ch sau: S dng cng ngh TDM vi cc lin kt cng: cc tuyn kt ni gia hai im kt ni c xc lp c nh, c bng tn khng i, thm ch khng c lu lng i qua hai im ny th bng thng ny cng khng th c ti s dng truyn ti lu lng ca kt ni khc dn ti khng s dng hiu qu bng thng ca mng. Cch xc lp kt ni cng nh vy lm gii hn bng thng ti a khi truyn d liu i qua hai im kt ni, y l mt hn ch c bn ca mng SDH truyn thng khi truyn ti dch v IP, do cc dc v ny thng c s bng n v nhu cu lu lng mt cch ngu nhin. Cc lu lng truyn d liu qung b: trong cc Ring SDH, vic truyn ti cc d liu qung b ch c th thc hin c khi pha pht v tt c cc im thu u c xc lp kt ni logic. Cc gi tin qung b c sao chp li thnh nhiu bn v gi n tng im ch dn ti vic phi truyn nhiu ln cng mt gi tin trn vng ring. iu ny gy ln ph ln i vi bng thg ca mng. Lng ph bng thng cho vic bo v mng: Thng thng i vi cc mng SDH 50%, bng thng ca mng c dnh cho vic d phng cho mng. Mc d vic d phng ny l ht sc cn thit nhng cc cng ngh SDH truyn thng khng cung cp kh nng cho php nh cung cp dch v la chn bng thng s dng cho vic d phng cc s c. SONET/SDH mang s lng thng tin mo u ng k, thng tin mo u ny c m ho nhiu mc. Mo u on POH c truyn t u cui ti u cui. Mo u ng LOH c s dng cho tn hiu gia cc thit b u cui nh cc b tch ghp knh OC-n (STM-n). Mo u phn on SOH c s dng thng tin gia cc phn t mng ln cn nh cc b lp. Ngoi ra gii php SDH da trn mt lp i ch MAC nn kh trin khai ng dng Multicast. Vi kin trc IP/RPR/WDM c u im - Thch hp cho vic tryn ti lu lng dng d liu vi cu trc Ring. - Cho php xy dng mng ring cu hnh ln (ti a c th n 200 nde)
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
70
- Hiu sut s dng dung lng bng thng ln do thc hin nguyn tc ghp knh thng k v dng chung bng thng tng. - H tr trin khai cc dch v multicast / broadcast. - Qun l n gin (mng c cu hnh mt cch t ng). - Cho php cung cp kt ni vi nhiu mc SLA (Service Level Agreement) khc nhau. - Phng thc cung cp kt ni nhanh v n gin - Cng ngh c chun ho Cng ngh RPR ph hp vi vic xy dng mng cung cp kt ni vi nhiu cp tho thun dch v kt ni khc nhau trn mt giao din duy nht. Nc la chn do tnh n gin, kh nng m rng, rt ph hp vi cc mng ring tng lai c thit k ti u cho d liu. Tuy nhin n cng c mt s nhc im - Gi thnh thit b thi im hin ti cn kh t - RPR ch thc hin chc nng bo v phc hi trong cu hnh ring n l. Vi cu hnh ring lin kt, khi c s c ti node lin kt cc ring vi nhau RPR khng thc hin c chc nng phc hi lu lng ca cc kt ni thng qua node mang lin kt ring. - Cng ngh mi c chun ho do vy kh nng kt ni tng thch kt ni thit b ca cc hng khc nhau l cha cao. Kin trc IP/GbE/WDM s dng nh dng khung ging Ethernet 10Mbit/s v Ethernet nhanh 100Mbit/s. nh dng khung nht qun gia Ethernet 10Mbit/s, 100Mbit/s v Gigabit Ethernet lm cho chuyn mch v pht chuyn khung gia Ethernet tc khc nhau n gin hn. Do , khng cn phi thay i cc trng trong khung. Mng Gigabit Ethernet s c h tr bi mng truyn ti quang/WDM. Tuy nhin, ch nn s dng trong mng WAN bi v chuyn mch GbE c mt vi yu im nu s dng trong mng ng trc. Cu hnh ny gi l GbE nh tuyn. Vi kin trc IP/WDM s dng IP/MPLS trc tip trn WDM. y l gii php hiu qu nht trong ba gii php. Tuy nhin n yu cu lp IP phi kim tra ng bo v v khi phc. N cng cn dng khung n gin x l li ng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
71
truyn. C nhiu dng khung IP over WDM. Mt s cng ty pht trin tiu chun khung mi nh Slim SONET/SDH. Dng khung ny c chc nng tng t nh SONET/SDH nhng vi k thut mi hn khi thay th mo u v tng thch kch thc khung vi kch thc gi. Mt v d khc l thc hin dng khung Gigabit Ethernet. 10 Gigabit Ethernet c thit k c bit cho h thng ghp bc sng quang mt cao DWDM. S dng dng khung Ethernet, kt ni Ethernet khng cn thit phi ghp tn hiu sang dng giao thc khc (Nh ATM) truyn dn.
3.3 Bo v v phc hi
3.3.1 Gii thiu Kh nng sng st ca mng l vn then cht ca mng quang khi xt bng thng ln ca lighpath. Lp IP cng cung cp phc hi li nhng thi gian phc hi tnh bng chc giy thm ch bng pht khng thch hp cho lu lng quan trng. Phc hi trong MPLS gim ng k thi gian nhng vn cha nhanh bng phc hi lp quang. Mi lighpath c th gm nhiu LSP nn tit kim rt nhiu thng tin mo u phc v cho phc hi. Mt khc mt s lp client v d nh SONET cng cung cp s phc hi c cht lng cao yu cu lp quang khng cn cung cp s phc hi trnh chng cho. V vy qun l v phi hp hot ng phc hi gia cc lp l rt cn thit. c th phn thnh bo v lin kt v bo v tuyn hoc phc hi c th c thc thi theo hai m hnh cung cp, khng cung cp. phc hi cung cp hay l s bo v, i ph vi s khi phc li xc nh trc do ti nguyn bo v c dnh trc v c th c s dng li cho lu lng c u tin thp nu s tha thun trc thnh cng. Phc hi khng cung cp tha thun vi cc tuyn thit lp ng thay th ti nguyn cho lu lng chu nh hng ca li. phc hi Kin trc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM l mt kin trc in hnh ca mng a lp. Vn bo v v phc hi c th t c ti cc mc khc nhau. Trong kin trc mng ny, tt c 4 lp u c c ch duy tr mng ring. Chun SDH cung cp mt lot nhng c ch bo v v phc hi mng cho c lp lung v on ghp knh v chng hon ton ph hp vi kiu mng ring hoc mesh. Cn chun ATM cng chun ho k thut duy tr mng lp lung o. Kh nng duy tr ca cc lp mng khc nhau trong kin trc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM c cho trong bng 3.1
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
72
Lp IP ATM Tuyn SDH SDH MS WDM Och WDM OMS
Bo v X X X X X X X X X
Phc hi
Bng 3.1 : Tnh nng bo v & hi phc ca cc lp mng trong kin trc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM Mng SDH v mng WDM tng t nh nhau v do c c tnh trong c ch duy tr mng cng tng t nh nhau. Ch c hai s khc bit chnh. Th nht, l c tnh ht bng tn ca SDH mn hn cn dung lng truyn ti ca WDM ln hn. Tnh ht bng tn y lin quan n s phn cp bng tn truyn dn ca mt cng ngh truyn dn xc nh. Trong SDH, tnh ht bng tn th hin phn cp tc truyn dn STM-1, STM-4, STM-16,... im khc bit th hai l vic trao i khe thi gian trong b ghp knh xen/r v b kt ni cho SDH cng ging nh vic bin i bc sng trong mng WDM ch c iu l chi ph thc thi hon ton khc nhau. 3.3.2 Bo v v phc hi trong mng IP over ATM Trong ATM, thi gian phc hi c th di hn lp SDH v WDM nhng pht hin li ATM l rt nhanh. Vic thc thi cc chc nng bo v v phc hi cn quan tm n mt vi kha cnh. Khi chc nng ny c phn b lp thp c ngha l thc hin bo v ng thi tt c lu lng v do chi ph thc thi thp. Ngc li, khi chc nng ny c phn b cho lp cao hn th c th la chn kh nng bo v cho lu lng u tin. Do vy, cn c mt gii php thng nht v c ch c la chn l c ch bo v nhanh trong lp mng thp kt hp vi qu trnh phc hi mng chm trong lp mng cao. Kin trc IP/ATM/SDH/WDM thng c pht trin trong mng trc, trong IP tr thnh giao thc lp khch hng chnh v WDM cung cp bng tn kh dng cho truyn dn v gim chi ph. Trong kin trc ny, lp SDH pht
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
73
trin hon thin nn ngi ta c xu hng dng lp SDH cung cp chc nng bo v cho mng thay v tip tc hon thin tnh nng ny trong lp WDM mc d c 2 lp c chc nng nh nhau. Trong khi , phc hi IP li l mt gii php pht trin rt mnh. Trong kin trc IP over ATM, c th tm tt chc nng bo v v phc hi nh sau: Lp Kiu Thi gian ngng IP Khng bo v ATM Bo v VP/VC SNCP Bo v MS WDM Bo v OCH Bo v OMS C C Khng Khng chun ho Khng chun ho STM-1 STM-1 STM-x STM-x Khng Khng Khng chun ho Khng chun ho Nhn cng C T ng Nhn cng Bo v Tnh ht Lu lng ph
(*)
Phc hi
T ng
SDH
nxSTM-x
Bng 3.2: Tnh nng bo v & hi phc trong kin trc IP over ATM (*): lu lng u tin thp c mang trn cc knh bo v 1:1 khi knh khng dng cho lu lng lm vic. Bt c khi no knh bo v c yu cu th lu lng ph b loi b. Tnh nng bo v v phc hi trong cc lp rt ln. c s bo v a lp th phi c s lin kt gia cc lp. Khi khng c s lin kt ny th ch c s la chn duy nht l s dng thi gian tm ngng (hold-off time). Khi , MSP trong SDH v bo v trong WDM s loi tr ln nhau. Khi ATM s dng cng vi khung SDH (khung SDH s dng trong thit b tch hp) th trong lp SDH ch c bo v MS. Cn nu da trn c s t bo ATM th lp SDH khng c.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
74
Phc hi c th thc hin ti cc lp IP, SDH hoc quang. Lp IP cung cp c ch phc hi rt mnh da trn chc nng nh tuyn li gi trong trng hp sai hng v tch hp cc giao thc nh tuyn. Phc hi bng cch cp bng nh tuyn thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. ng vi cc tiu chun POS, cc gi IP c thch ng truyn ti trong lp SDH nh giao thc PPP v khung HDLC. Bo v c th thc hin ti lp SDH hoc lp quang. Cc chun SDH to nn mt lot cc c ch bo v v phc hi. Tuy nhin, ch c c ch bo v mi p dng cho trong kin trc ny. Lp SDH c th phn theo chc nng lm hai lp: lp tuyn v lp on (bao gm lp on ghp knh v lp on lp). y c 2 s la chn: Mng SDH thc s vi c hai tnh nng lp on v lp tuyn. Mng SDH ch vi giao din b nh tuyn v do ch c tnh nng lp on c s dng. Trong trng hp u tin, SDH cng c th thc hin nh tuyn qua thit b ADM hoc DXC. Trng hp ny c th p dng khi mng SDH c xem nh lp ch cho mng khch hng khc v IP ch l mt trong s chng. Trng hp th hai, vai tr ca SDH l ch cung cp truyn dn im im cc gi IP gia cc b nh tuyn. Do vy cn n tnh nng lp on v thit b SDH c tch hp trong cc giao din b nh tuyn. Trng hp ny in hnh cho mng trc c ti u truyn ti IP. y, SDH c tch hp trong giao din ca b nh tuyn theo cu hnh MSP tuyn tnh 1+1 (bo v on ghp knh). y l mt c ch bo v nhanh c th bo v tn hiu STM-n vi thi gian chuyn mch nh hn 50ms. Vi c ch bo v v phc hi nh vy c th thy l c s chng cho rt nhiu, lng ph bng thng cng nh thi gian. Tuy nhin c c tin cy cao hin ti cu trc ny vn c s dng ch yu 3.3.3 Bo v v phc hi trong mng IP/SDH/WDM Lp WDM c th cung cp chc nng bo v nhanh cho c lp OMS v Och trong khi phc hi ch c thc hin trong lp Och.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
75
Lp IP SDH Path SDH MS WDM Och WDM OMS
Bo v
Phc hi X
X X X X
Bng 3.3 : Tnh nng bo v & hi phc ca cc lp mng trong kin trc IP/SDH/WDM Xu hng l n gin ho lp SDH vi chc nng phc hi ch yu trong lp IP v bo v Och trong lp quang. Bo v Och c th cung cp kh nng phc hi nhanh chng trong trng hp mt li n xut hin trong lp quang, bao gm c b thch ng bc sng, trong khi ti nh tuyn IP cho php duy tr i vi nhng kiu sai hng khc. Bo v MSP 1+1 trong lp SDH khng c s dng r rt v hu nh n c cng c tnh nh bo v Och. Tuy nhin, thi gian pht hin v chuyn mch ca SDH v bo v quang cng tng t nh nhau nn hai c ch chuyn mch ny s cnh tranh nhau nu chng cng pht hin ra sai hng. Hnh 3.1 a ra m hnh mt mng n gin, trong chuyn mch quang thc hin trong mi OADM cn phc hi IP thc hin chng li sai li ti giao din cc b nh tuyn. c th l mt sai li ca mt trong nhng lin kt ni i hoc mt a li trong mng WDM.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
76
Hnh 3.1 : V d v kh nng duy tr a lp trong kin trc IP/SDH/WDM Mng SONET/SDH thng s dng cu hnh mng vng (Ring).Mt s cu hnh bo v c th s dng l - Cu hnh 1+1 c ngha l s liu c truyn trn hai ng trong hai hng ngc nhau, tn hiu c cht lng tt hn s c chn ch. - Cu hnh 1:1 c ngha l ng d phng tch bit i vi ng hot ng. - Cu hnh n:1 c ngha l n ng hot ng s dng chung mt ng d phng.
3.3.4 Bo v v phc hi trong IP/RPR/WDM Vi hai mc x l Pht hin v iu khin tc nghn v chuyn mch bo v thng minh, tnh duy tr mng trong kin trc IP/RPR/ WDM tng ln. RPR cung cp c ch bo v ring gi l IPS. IPS cung cp tnh nng bo v tng t APS (Automatic Protection Switching) trong SDH nhng trong IPS khng c bng tn bo v d phng. Ngoi ra, IPS c vi c tnh nhm ti u ho khc nh khng da vo cc byte mo u nh SONET/SDH, c s phn cp bo v trong bt k trng hp no, cung cp thi gian phc hi 50ms, khng cn bng tn bo v ring. IPS hot ng hon ton c lp vi giao thc nh tuyn lp IP (ngoi tr giao thc IS-IS bao gi trc tip lp trn). Bi vy, chuyn mch bo v IPS khng cn tr s hi t nh tuyn IP. IPS cng c lp vi c ch cc lp thp hn. IPS t ng phc hi nhng sai li ca nt hoc si quang hoc nhng suy gim tn hiu. D sao, vn c s tng tc khi DPT chy trn nn SONET/SDH hoc WDM v khi chuyn mch bo v c cung cp trong cc lp ny. IPS bo v cc vng RPR khi cc sai li lin kt, sai hng nt v sai hng lp 3. Lp IP RPR WDM Och WDM OMS X X X X Bo v Phc hi X
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
77
Bng 3.4 : Tnh nng bo v & hi phc ca cc lp mng trong kin trc IP/RPR/WDM Hin nay RPR l vn kh phc tp v cha c chun ho y , nhiu nh sn xut c sn phm RPR 802.17 nhng kh nng tng thch gia sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau l khng chc chn. 3.3.5 Bo v v phc hi trong kin trc IP/GbE/WDM truyn IP/GbE/WDM c th thc hin truyn qua khung SDH hoc trc tip. Trong kin trc IP/GbE/WDM, nh trn ni ch GbE kiu khung cho cc kt ni im-im gia cc b nh tuyn IP l ph hp cho mng ng trc. Cn kiu GbE chuyn mch c mt s nhc im khi ng dng trong mng ny. Do , ch lp gi IP m nhim vic nh tuyn mc gi cn lp quang thc hin nh tuyn bc sng. Lp GbE khng thc hin bt k mt c ch duy tr mng no. Bo v v phc hi ch c cc lp mng WDM v IP.
Lp IP GbE WDM Och WDM OMS
Bo v
Phc hi X
X X
Bng 3.5: Kh nng duy tr ca cc lp mng trong kin trc IP/GbE/WDM Nh vy, gii php hp l nht l kt hp bo v OCh vi khi phc IP. Bo v Och cung cp kh nng khi phc nhanh trong trng hp c n li trong lp quang, bao gm cc li ca b chuyn tip bc sng (transponder), trong khi ti nh tuyn trong lp IP cho php chng li nhng li c nguyn nhn khc nh li cng b nh tuyn hoc a li. S khc bit ng k v tc gia 2 c ch ny trnh c bt k s tng tc khng mong mun no gia chng. Khi nt WDM sai hng v li khng c phn d phng cho nt Ethernet th dch v s b mt. khng gy gin on cho dch v th nt Ethernet cn c kt ni ng thi vi mt nt WDM khc. Nu sai hng thit b trong nt WDM th s dng bo v Och.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
78
3.3.6 Bo v v phc hi trong kin trc IP/RPR/WDM t n bng thng cn bng v chia s ti nguyn trong kin trc mng vng tc cao bao ph mt khu vc thnh ph rng ln l mt mong i v cng l thch thc k thut. Fairness l mt u im thit k ca RPR so vi k thut truyn gi trong MAN nh Gigabit Ethernet lm vic trong mi trng nh th. Fairness iu khin truy nhp ca cc node n bng thng sn sng trn vng mt cch cng bng trnh tnh trng mt node tham lam chim bng thng, to ra tr v tc nghn. Gii thut fairness (RPR-fa) ch p dng cho gi u tin thp, gi u tin cao khng theo RPR-fa v c th truyn chng no b m cn trng. RPR-fa thc hin nhng chc nng sau trong lp MAC: - Xc nh khi no ngng tc ngn b vt qua v khi no tc nghn gim. - Xc nh fair rate qung b bn tin iu khin fairness. - Truyn thng tin v fair rate n cc node pht lu lng qua im tc nghn cc node iu chnh tc pht lu lng c php ca chng. 3.3.7 Kt lun Mt kh nng c bit ng ch trong c cu bo v v phc hi l cung cp ti s phn lp trong cc kin trc IP/quang. Mt mng IP/Quang c th truyn dn trc tip IP/MPLS trn quang hay IP/ATM/SONET/vWDM bo v, phc hi c th cung cp trong tng lp ring l trong ch ngang hang gia cc lp. Bo v, phc hi lp thp thng s dng cc ch c bn nh chuyn mch t ng trong SONET, trong khi bo v phc hi lp cao thng hng ti mc dch v
Hnh 3.2 Phc hi trong IP/ quang

n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
79
Hnh 3.2 miu t mt vi kiu phc hi trong IP/quang. u tin mi lin kt si c bo v bi mt si d phng trong vng ring s dng chuyn mch t ng. Kiu bo v ny ch cn c cu qun l v iu khin mng n gin m li c kh nng cung cp phc hi nhanh. Tuy nhin phng php ny cha s dng ht kh nng. Mt kiu khc l bo v phc hi ng, hiu qu bng tn nhng thi gian phc hi chm. Phc hi ng a ra tnh ht tt v d knh bc song. Trong mng IP/MPLS bo v ng c th c thit k cho cc knh o. V nguyn l, bo v, phc hi c ba loi Bo v v phc hi lin kt: Mt ng lin kt d phng ring c thit lp trong qu trnh to lighpath hoc LSP cho cc lien kt s cp. Trong trng hp lin kt b li, node gn k theo ng ln pht hin ra v chuyn mch sang tuyn d phng nu c mt ng bo v hoc n s tnh ton ng mt tuyn thay th lin kt hng Bo v phc hi ng quang LSP: Khi mt lien kt li c pht hin, node lin k thong bo cho cc node vo v ra ca cc ng quang LSP. Cc node li vo, li ra s dng ng d phng end to end cung cp hoc tnh ton mt ng d phng end-to-end mi da vo kh nng ca mng. Khi thit lp mt ng d phng, node vo v ra chuyn t tuyn s cp b li sang tuyn d phng Bo v phc hi ring tng phn: Cung cp s phc hi cho mt on ca ng hay mt vi lin kt. N gia phc hi lin kt v phc hi ng Bo v ng c th s dng cc tuyn chuyn dng hoc dng chung. C 1+1 v 1:1 u c nhng tuyn d phng chuyn dng trong khi 1:N v M:N tn dng cc ng bo v chia s. Trong bo v 1+1, mt tn hiu c truyn ng thi trn c hai ng mt cch ring bit v mt b chn s dng ti node nhn chn tn hiu tt hn. Phc hi lp thp tp trung vo kh nng sng st ca mng trong khi phc hi lp cao hn nh MPLS tp trung vo lu lng. Khi MPLS chuyn cc gi ti mt LSP da vo nhn, bt buc phi c kh nng cung cp v phc hi lu lng. MPLS h tr bo hiu nhanh v a ra cc ch u tin bo v phc hi khc nhau vi tng k thut khc nhau phc v tt cho cc ng dng yu cu tin cy cao. Phc hi IP/MPLS i hi c bn bc pht hin li, c lp li, thng bo li v phc hi
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
80
3.4 Chuyn mch

3.4.1 Gii thiu v chuyn mch trong mng WDM C hai loi IP/WDM nh sau: WDM cu hnh li s dng trong mng WDM chuyn mch knh, lighpath c hnh thnh bng cch thit lp cc knh c th cu hnh li p ng s thay i lu lng v k hoch mng. Loi WDM chuyn mch s dng trong mng WDM chuyn mch gi, cc header hoc nhn quang c gn vo d liu, truyn cng ti trng x l ti mi node. Da trn t l thi gian x l tiu gi v chi ph truyn dn gi c th s dng chuyn mch burst, chuyn mch nhn, hoc chuyn mch gi. IP/WDM cu hnh li IP/ WDM chuyn mch Cng ngh Chuyn mch Chuyn mch Chuyn mch Chuyn mch chuyn mch knh Burst nhn gi iu khin Ngoi band lu lng Tnh ht ca Ln lu lng n v chuyn Knh bc Burst d liu mch sng, si Forward liu d Thit mch lp Knh o Lung Knh o gi Next hop Ngoi band Trung bnh Trong v Trong band ngoi band Trung bnh Nh
WDM cu hnh li l cng ngh nhiu trin vng nht cho mng truyn ti backbone, ni lu lng t c tnh bng n. Vn chnh l tp hp lu lng, WDM chuyn mch vn c bit dng cho mng metro v mng truy nhp. N hng ti lu lng c tnh ht t hoc trung bnh, s yu cu kin trc m ng linh hot v cn hiu v phn chia cc chc nng iu khin mng. C th h tr 3 kiu chuyn mch. Chuyn mch nhn, chuyn mch burst, chuyn mch gi. H thng chuyn mch quang l mt h thng chuyn mch cho php cc tn hiu bn trong cc si cp quang hay cc mch quang tch hp c chuyn mch c la chn t mt mch ny ti mt mch khc. Qu trnh chuyn mch gi quang tng t nh mng IP truyn thng t vic iu khin trong band n m hnh lu v chuyn tip. tuy nhin chuyn mch gi quang thun ty khng c cc
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
81
b m quang. Cc ng tr quang c th xem nh b m quang . chng ta ch ti cc mng WDM cu hnh li v mng chuyn mch nhn quang C bn chuyn mch cp trn, hai chuyn mch WDM cnh v hai chuyn mch WDM li. Trong khi mt bng iu khin c sau node iu khin. mi chuyn mch WDM c mt node iu khin c kt ni vt l s dng cc lin kt Ethernet point to point Chuyn mch knh l k thut chuyn mch m cc thng tin c trao i di dng thi gian thc, l mt phng php s dng thit lp mch cho thng tin gia 2 im. S liu c truyn trn cng mt tuyn Chuyn mch gi thc hin truyn cc gi s liu c lp. Mi gi i t mt cng ti mt cng khc theo mt ng no . Cc gi khng th gi ti nt k tip khi cha thc hin thnh cng ti nt trc . Mi nt cn c cc b m tm thi lu cc gi. Mi nt trong chuyn mch gi yu cu mt h thng qun l thng bo iu kin truyn thng tin ti nt ln cn trong trng hp s liu truyn b li. Trong cc mng chuyn mch burst quang, cc chm d liu bao gm nhiu gi c chuyn mch thng qua mng ton quang. Mt bn tin iu khin c truyn i trc chm thit lp cu hnh chuyn mch trn tuyn truyn ca chm. Cc chm d liu truyn sau tiu m khng cn i bn tin xc nhn kt ni hon thnh. Khi cng ngh chuyn mch quang ci thin, chng ta c th thc hin mng chuyn mch quang da trn gi, khi cc gi c nh tuyn v chuyn mch c lp qua mng trong min quang m khng cn bin i in ti mi node. Chuyn mch gi quang iu khin chum lu lng tt hn chuyn mch knh 3.4.2. Chuyn mch knh quang Chuyn mch knh quang c thc hin trong mng quang nh tuyn bc sng thc hin thit lp cc bc sng ton quang gia hai nt mng. S thit lp cc lung quang bao gm mt s bc thc hin. Nhng bc ny bao gm tm ra cu hnh v ti nguyn, nh tuyn, gn bc sng bo hiu v t trc ti nguyn.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
82
Tm ra cu hnh v ti nguyn bao gm phn b v duy tr thng tin trng thi mng. Thng tin s bao gm cu hnh mng vt l v trng thi lin kt ca mng. Trong mng nh tuyn bc sng WDM, nhng thng tin my bao gm cc bc sng c th s dng trn mt tuyn a ra trong mng. Mt giao thc ph bin dnh cho duy tr thng tin trng thi tuyn trong mng internet l giao thc ng ngn nht theo th t m (OSPF - Open Shortest Path First). Vn tm cc tuyn v gn bc sng cho lung quang c gi l bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng (RWA- Routing and Wavelength Assignment). Cc yu cu kt ni c hai dng, dng tnh v dng ng. K thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng trong cc mng quang c pht trin nhanh, n p ng cc yu cu v bng tn ca ngi s dng mng. Trong mng nh tuyn cc nt truy nhp thng tin vi nhau qua cc knh ton quang, cc knh ny c xem nh cc lung quang. Chng ta gi s rng mi chuyn mch quang c ni ti mt nt truy nhp. Vi lu lng tnh ton b tp cc kt ni c bit trc v bi ton khi thit lp lung quang cho cc kt ni ny cu thnh ton b trong khi cc ti nguyn mng ti thiu ho s bc sng hoc s cc si trong mng. Vi la chn nh vy, n c th thit lp nhiu kt ni ny cho s cc bc sng c nh a ra. Trong trng hp lu lng ng, mt lung quang c thit lp cho mi yu cu kt ni n v lung quang c gii phng sau khi mt thi gian hn nh. i tng trong trng hp lu lng ng l thit lp lung quang v gn bc sng theo cch ti thiu tng s kt ni tc nghn hoc ti a s cc kt ni c thit lp trong mng ti bt c thi im no. 3.4.3. Chuyn mch burst quang Trong cc mng chuyn mch burst quang, cc chm d liu bao gm nhiu gi c chuyn mch thng qua mng ton quang. Mt bn tin iu khin c truyn i trc chm thit lp cu hnh chuyn mch trn tuyn truyn ca chm. Cc chm d liu truyn sau tiu m khng cn i bn tin xc nhn kt ni hon thnh.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
83
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc mng OBS Mi si quang c th h tr cc knh a bc sng s dng ghp knh WDM. Mt chuyn mch chm quang truyn ti mt chm t mt cng u vo ti cng u ra ti ch ca n. Cc si lin kt c th mang nhiu bc sng, mi bc sng c th c xem nh mt knh mang thng tin (truyn cc chm thng tin). Gi iu khin c th c truyn trong bng trn cng knh d liu hoc trn mt knh iu khin ring. Mt chm c th mang mt hay nhiu gi IP. Chuyn mch burst quang l s kt hp cc li th ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. N cho php truyn ti lu lng trc tip qua mng WDM m khng cn b m quang, s dng cc s nh trc mt hng, truyn tc thi. Burst d liu i sau gi iu khin tng ng. D liu v cc thng tin iu khin c truyn i thng qua cc knh c bc sng khc nhau trong h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng. Khi cc burst v mo u c phn tch v truyn theo cc knh khc nhau,cn c cc giao thc trnh mt cc burst . Thc cht OBS xem lp quang nh phng tin truyn thng trong sut cho cc ng dng Cc c trng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
84
tch bit gia knh iu khin v knh d liu(truyn cc bc sng khc nhau) Ti nguyn c cp pht mt chiu, node ngun khng cn i thng tin phn hi t node ch trc khi n bt u truyn burst Kch thc ca burst c th thay i theo yu cu Khng cn b m quang trong cc node trung gian. Kh nng tn dng bng thng, kh nng thch ng cao nh chuyn mch gi
Bc sng iu khin c s dng truyn cc khe iu khin. Trong mt vng Ring N nt c N khe iu khin, mi khe cho mt node c nhm li thnh khung Ti li vo nt bin cc gi n c kt hp t cc u cui client thnh cc chm. Cc chm c truyn ton quang trn cc b nh tuyn li OBS. Li ra nt bin trn chm thu v s tch thnh cc gi v chuyn tip cc gi ti cc client ch Trong mng chuyn mch chm quang. u vo nt bin thc hin kt hp thnh chm, nh tuyn, gn bc sng v lp lch cho cc chm ti nt bin. Nt li thc hin bo hiu, lp lch cc chm trn cc lin kt li v gii quyt tranh chp. u ra nt bin ch yu l tch cc gi t cc chm v chuyn cc gi ti lp mng cao hn. B nh tuyn li bao gm mt b ni cho OXC v mt khi iu khin chuyn mch (Switching Control Unit - SCU). Khi iu khin chuyn mch to v duy tr bng chuyn tip v thc hin cu hnh OXC. Khi SCU nhn c mt gi tiu chm n xc nh ch ca chm v ch th cho b nh tuyn x l bo hiu tm ra cng ra mong mun. Nu cng ra kh dng khi chm s liu n, SCU cu hnh cho OXC cho s liu i qua. Nu cng ra khng kh dng th OXC s c cu hnh ph thuc trn mc tranh chp b sung trong mng. Tm li SCU thc hin phin dch tiu , lp lch, pht hin tranh chp, quyt nh, tra cu bng nh tuyn, iu khin ma trn chuyn mch, ghi li tiu chm v iu khin chuyn i bc sng. Trong trng hp mt chm s liu n OXC trc gi iu khin ca n, chm khi s b mt. B nh tuyn bin thc hin cc chc nng sp xp cc gi, m cc gi, kt hp cc gi thnh chm, tch cc gi nguyn thu ca n. Kin trc nh tuyn bin bao gm mt khi nh tuyn (Routing Module - RM), mt b kt hp chm
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
85
mt b lp lch. Khi nh tuyn la chn cng ra thch hp cho mi gi v gi mi gi n khi kt hp chm tng ng. Mi khi kt hp chm thc hin kt hp cc gi vi cc tiu cho b nh tuyn li c th. Trong khi kt hp chm, c mt hng i gi ring cho tng lp lu lng. B lp lch to ra mt chm theo k thut kt hp chm v truyn chm ra cng ra mong mun. Ti b nh tuyn u ra, chm c tch ra thanh cc gi v chuyn ln lp mng cao hn.
Hnh 3.4 IP over OBS s dng MPLS
MPLS ng vai tr quan trng trong k thut lu lng v c trong mng OBS. Mi kt ni cho quang s c thong tin trao i nhn v cc tuyn tnh ton tnh ton trc trong c s thong tin nhn LIB. LIB c th thit lp bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn, giao thc phn phi nhn nh tuyn cng bc CR-LDP phn phi nhn. Bt k khi no router vo c chum d liu cn pht th n s tham chiu LIB xc nh nhn ph hp. Nhn ny c trong gi iu khin i trc chum d liu. Nhn iu khin cha thong tin v giao din ra, u tin, thong tin QoS. Khi gi iu khin i ti mt node trung gian bt k th s c cc hot ng sau: Thit lp kt ni cho chuyn mch chum d liu tng ng vi gi iu khin trong phm vi ton quang. S dng thong tin v chiu di v offset ca chum d liu xc nh. Gi iu khin sau c trao i nhn, gn them thmg tin
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
86
v bc song v c chuyn tip trn trn knh iu khin ring ca si quang do LIB ch nh 3.4.4. Chuyn mch gi quang Hnh 3.5 l mt v d ca nt chuyn mch gi quang c bn. Mt nt bao gm mt chuyn mch quang c kh nng cu hnh da trn gi. Khi chuyn mch ti cu hnh da trn thng tin tiu ca mt gi. Tiu gi c x l bng in n hoc c th mang trong bng cng gi hoc trn mt knh iu khin ring. Phi mt mt thi gian tiu v chuyn mch thit lp, cc gi c th b tr bng cch truyn qua ng tr si quang V nguyn tc chuyn mch gi ton quang t chc da trn gi tiu v iu khin c thc hin trong min quang, tuy nhin phi trong nhiu nm na mi thc hin c. Trong thi im hin nay chuyn mch gi quang s dng iu khin in t x l tiu gi l thc t hn. Trong chuyn mch gi quang tiu c c v so snh vi mt bng nh tuyn. Gi sau s c nh tuyn ti cng ra tng ng. iu quan trng l ti tin c truyn trong sut qua chuyn mch.
Hnh 3.5 Kin trc mt chuyn mch gi quang
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
87
K thut ny cho php xy dng mng truyn dn quang linh hot v m bo cho nhng tn hiu ln, nng cao tnh thng minh cho lp quang trong khi vn n gin c nhiu cu trc mng. Mc tiu ca mng truyn ti quang l hng ti mng ton quang, chuyn mch tin ti chuyn mch gi quang. Chuyn mch gi quang thc hin truyn cc gi s liu c lp. Mi gi i t cng vo n cng ra theo mt ng no . Mi node cn c cc b m tm thi lu tm thi cc gi. Mi node yu cu mt h thng qun l thng bo iu kin truyn thng tin ti node ln cn trong trng hp s liu truyn b li. Mt node bao c mt khi chuyn mch cu hnh li da trn thng tin tiu ca mt gi. Tiu gi c x l bng in hoc mang trong band ca gi hoc knh iu khin ring. Tiu hoc nhn c c v so snh vi bng nh tuyn Chuyn mch ny c tng lai iu khin trong min quang 3.4.5 Chuyn mch nhn quang Chuyn mch nhn quang cng tng t nh chuyn mch burst quang ngoi tr vic n theo sau li vo MPLS, v d s dng cc nhn cc b v chuyn tip d liu thng qua cc tuyn chuyn mch nhn
Hnh 3.6: IP over OLSR

n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
88
Hnh 3.6 ta xt k thut chuyn mch nhn c cung cp bi cc OLSR, da vo mng chuyn mch gi. OLSR c th c trin khai trong mt nhm mng li u im v tit kim bng thng v giao din. Li OLSR ch lp hai, v khng cn thc hin chc nng mt phng d liu. IP over OLSR c dng mt mng chng lp, gi IP c ng gi thnh cc gi quang ti cnh OLSR. Tuy nhin OLSR linh hot hn OXC do mi gi quang c kim tra ti mi node trung gian. Hn na tuyn chuyn mch nhn trong phn lp chuyn tip l cc tuyn o, n s dng k thut iu khin trng thi mm duy tr trng thi ca chng. Trn hnh, cc gi IP c tp hp ti cnh ca mng OLSR. Trong mng OLSR, gi quang c chuyn tip da trn nhn. Trong mt phng iu khin mt OLSR c th c thc thi s dng OBS hoc OLS. y chng ta s xt cch s dng OLS. Ni dung nhn ca OLS tng t nh MPLS. thit lp cc tuyn o v phn phi nhn, OLS c th dnh trc knh bc sng truyn ti thng tin iu khin. Cc nhm OLSR c th c iu khin bi giao thc OSPF vi m rng cho quang. Do OLSR s dng a ch IP nn mng IP v mng OLSR c th h tr mt mt phng iu khin thng nht v d MPLS, giao thc bo hiu chung v d RSVP, hoc LDP-CR Vic thit lp mng truyn ti quang ng s cho php cung cp nhanh cc tuyn dung lng cao, do vy trong tng lai bc pht trin cng ngh cho php cung cp s lng ln cc knh quang. Nu c nh vy trong tng lai ch cn chuyn mch knh quang l tho mn nhu cu bng tn. Tuy nu ngun lu lng l chm, dung lng knh c s dng c th s xy ra xung t trn phm vi mng.
3.5 Truyn thng nhm trong IP/WDM

3.5.1 IP multical Truyn thng nhm c yu cu trong vi ng dng v d hi tho truyn hnh, khi cc gi c phn phi n nhm cc host c bit. Mt dng c s dng trong multical backbone l MBone. Trong mng IP truyn thng, h tr truyn thng nhm (multical) v khng ch gim ti trong x l host v sever ma cn tit kim bng thng. Phm vi multicast c gii hn v n s dng trng thi gian sng (Time To Live - TTL) trong phn tiu ca gi tin IP. Quy tc chuyn tip c bn cho cc giao din c ci t ngng TTL l mt gi tin khng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
89
c chuyn tip qua cc giao din tr khi thi gian sng TTL ca n ln hn ngng.
Hnh 3.7 Truyn thng nhm, Multical 3.5.1.1 C ch hot ng Khi mng IP h tr multicast c xy dng, cc trm bo hiu ti router bit chng mun tham gia vo mt nhm multicast qua giao thc qun l nhm (Internet Group Management Protocol - IGMP). IGMP c dng cc trm c lp ng k t ng vo mt nhm multicast. Cc trm tham gia lm thnh vin nhm phi gi bn tin IGMP ti router multicast ca chng. Cc router lng nghe cc bn tin IGMP v gi nh k cc truy vn pht hin nhm no hot ng hay khng trn mng con. IGMP l mt phn khng th thiu ca IP multicast. Giao thc ny c tt c cc trm thc hin nu mun nhn lu lng multicast. IGMP l mt phn ca lp IP, n s dng gi IP (bao gm 20 byte mo u IP v 8 byte bn tin IGMP) truyn thng tin v cc nhm multicast. Cc bn tin IGMP c c t trong IP datagram. Trong IP multicast v nhiu giao thc multicast khc, bn gi khng h bit trm no tham gia nhm. Thc t, c khi nhm khng c thnh vin nhng d liu vn c chuyn n . Tho thun ny dng ngn tnh trng trn bn gi . N u bn gi phi gi mt danh sch v thnh vin nhm th my gi c th b suy gim kh nng khin n khng th truyn d liu multicast nh thng thng . i u ny c bit quyt nh trong nhng trng hp lin quan n truyn dn d liu thi gian thc.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
90
Mt s phc tp khc ny sinh t thc t: thnh vin nhm multicast nn l ng. iu ny gip cho ngi s dng d dng hn trong vic tham gia v ri nhm khi h mun , tuy nhin n gy ra nhng vn trong vic gim st cc thnh vin tch cc . Cc router phi chu trch nhim cp nht cc thnh vin nhm lin quan ln nhau m chng phc v . Tnh cht ng ca thnh vin nhm p cc router thm d nh k cc mng con ca chng tm ra mng no cha cc thnh vin cua nhom . Sau khi ng nhp nhm, ta xem xt n mi trng chuyn mch lp 2 cho multicast, cc c ch phn phi gi tin da theo cy v chuyn tip gi tin multicast. Hot ng mc nh ca chuyn mch lp 2 l gi tt c cc lu lng multicast ra cc cng ti LAN ch trn switch. Hot ng ny lm gim hiu sut ca switch khi mc ch l gii hn lu lng ti cc cng cn nhn d liu. C ba phng php qun l hiu nng IP multicast ti mi trng chuyn mch lp 2 l CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), IGMP snoooping v RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol). Trong CGMP v IGMP snooping c dng trn cc mng con bao gm nhng ngi dng cui v cc my trm nhn, RGMP c dng trn cc phn on nh tuyn ch cha cc router (backbone). 3.5.1.2 Chuyn tip bn tin multicast Trong qu trnh chuyn tip multicast , ngu n ang gi lu lng ti mt nhm my tu c c trng bi a ch nh m. Router phi xc nh c hng no l hng lung ln (v pha ngun ) v hng no l hng lu ng xu ng. N u co nhi u ng cho lu ng xu ng , router s nhn ban gi tin v chuy n n xu ng nhng ng truy n lu ng xu ng thich hp (khng nh t thi t l t t ca cc ng ). Vic chuyn tip lu lng multicast i thay v t ngun , m t cc my nhn (ic h) c gi l chuyn tip ngc Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF). Chuy n ti p ng c (Reverse Path Forwarding - RPF) gip cc router c kh nng chuy n ti p chnh xc lu lng multicast xu ng cy phn phi . RPF s dng bn tin nh tuy n unicast c xac nh cc lng ging lu ng ln v lu ng xu ng. Mt router ch chuy n ti p gi tin khi n nhn c trn giao din lung ln. RPF s ki m tra m bo r ng cy phn phi khng b vng lp (loop-free).
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
91
Khi mt gi tin multicast n , router s thc hin kim tra RPF trn gi tin . N u ki m tra RPF thnh cng , th gi tin c chuy n ti p . Ng c li , n b loi. Th tc kim tra RPF hot ng nh sau: 1. Router tm a ch ngun trong bng nh tuyn unicast xc nh liu gi tin n c trn giao din trn ng truyn ngc tr v ngun khng. 2. Nu gi tin trn giao din dn tr v ngun, th s kim tra RPF thnh cng v gi tin c chuy n ti p . 3. N u vic ki m tra RPF bc 2 sai, gi tin b loi.
3.5.1.3 Giao thc nh tuyn multical Cc yu c u cho mt giao thc nh tuy n multicast khc xa so vi giao thc nh tuy n unicast . Cc router multicast khng chi c n phi p ng nhng thay i v tp mng m cn phi p ng nhng thay i v thnh vin nhm . Thm na, chng cn phi thc hin ng thi im, trnh lng ph bng thng khi gi i d liu ti nhng thnh vin t b hoc li khi truyn ti nhng thnh vin mi. Mt giao thc nh tuyn phi tho mn mt s yu cu tri ngc nhau: Trc tin, phi ti thiu ho khng gian bng nh tuyn; iu ny nh hng n RAM ca router v cc trm cng nh bng thng mng, v bng nh tuyn cng ln, mo u trong vic trao i cc bng nh tuyn cng ln. Th 2, giao thc nh tuyn phi s dng ti thiu iu khin cc bn tin ti thiu mo u trong cc hot ng ca h thng. Th 3, giao thc phi mm do. iu ny lin quan ti vic ngn chn s mt nh tuyn gi tin hay trnh hon ton nhng vn nghim trng nh cc vng lp nh tuyn v s dao ng khi thng tin nh tuyn thay i. Cui cng, giao thc nh tuyn c th c thit k s dng ng i ti u. y l im khc nhau gia cc giao thc. Cc nh qun l mng khc nhau, cc tnh hung khc nhau s dng cc tiu ch khc nhau xc
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
92
nh th no l ti u. V d nh: tr nh nht, kt ni an ton nht hay chi ph gi thnh nh nht. Giao thc nh tuyn multical c th phn thnh 3 loi chnh sau: a. Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch (DVMRP) Giao thc vect khong cch DVMRP c thi t k h tr chuy n ti p cc gi multicast qua lin mng . DVMRP to ra cc cy phn ph i multicast g c l ngu n s dng thut ton multicasting ng ngc (Reverse-Path). N xut pht t giao thc Routing Information Protocol (RIP) v s dng cng ngh Truncated Reverse-Path Broadcasting (TRPB). S khc bit ch yu gia RIP v DVMRP l RIP tinh toan bc truy n ti p theo v phia ich trong khi o DVMRP tinh toan bc truy n v phia ngu n trc o . DVMRP s dng thut ton Reverse-Path (RPM). Cc router DVMRP c th h tr c giao din vt l trc tip vi mng con c kt n i v giao din ng h m ti cc c o multicast khc (nh trong mng MBone ). Mi giao din bao gm mt n v nh r chi ph cho cc cng v mt ngng TTL gii hn phm vi truy n multicast . Mi giao din ng hm cng phi c c u hin h thm vi hai thng s : a ch IP cua giao din ng hm ca router ni ht v a ch IP ca giao din ca router xa. b. Multicast Extensions to Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) S c lp ca DVMRP vi giao thc nh tuy n unicast di lm cho vic thc thi DVMRP trong mt vng Internet hay Intranet s dng thut ton nh tuy n khc nh OSPF l khng thc t . MOSPF (m ng dn ngn nht trc ) b sung multicasting h tr cho OSPF bng vic cho php cc router s dng cc c s d liu trng thi kt ni ca minh xy dng ln cac cy phn ph i multicast cho s chuy n ti p lu l ng multicast . Chu n MOSPF cho php cc router MOSPF lm vic vi cc router OSPF khng phai multicast chuy n ti p lu l ng IP unicast. c. Protocol Independant Multicast (PIM) PIM co tn xu t phat t thc t la no khng phu thu c giao thc inh tuy n unicast nao . Cc giao thc PIM khng nh ngha cc bn tin cp nht nh tuyn theo cach OSPF (Open Shortest Path First ), RIP, v c c giao thc inh tuy n unicast thc hi n.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
93
Giao thc PIM thc t la hai giao thc PIM -Dense Mode (PIM-DM) v PIM-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM). PIM-DM va PIM -SM co cac ban tin i u khi n lin quan, chng thc s l hai giao thc hon ton c l p . PIM-DM va PIM -SM u c thi t k xy dng va duy tri cac cy phn ph i multicast . Protocol-Independent Multicast_Dense Mode PIM-DM s du ng multicasting ng c , v cng ging nh DVMRP , cc nhnh khng cn na c l c bo bi cac ban tin Prune . V n l giao thc c lp nn PIM -DM phai t thi t l p cac trang h i thoa i router router trn inh cua giao thc inh tuy n unicast dng cho lin ma ng . Protocol-Independent Multicast_Sparse Mode PIM-SM c pht trin nh m t giao thc cung c p s truy n tin hi u qua gia cac thanh vin cua cac nhm c phn b tha tht . Ki u nhom ny rt ph bin trong WAN 3.5.1.4 phn phi gi tin v nh tuyn multical Cc router multicast c kh nng to lp cc cy phn phi kim sot ng dn m bo lu lng IP multicast c th ti c tt c cc trm nhn. cy phn phi s t ng cp nht. Khi tt c cc thnh vin trn mt nhnh ngng yu cu lu lng multicast t mt nhm, cc router b ct khi cy. C hai loi l: cy da trn ngun (source-base trees) v cy chia s (share trees). Cy phn phi l cy da trn ngun vi gc ca cy t ti ngun v cc nhnh to thnh 1 cy. Do cy ny dng ng ngn nht qua mng nn n cng c gi l cy ng ngn nht (shortest path tree - SPT). Cy chia s dng mt gc chung, gi l im hi t (RP). buc phi gi lu lng ti gc sau gc s chuyn lu lng ti tt c cc my nhn theo cy. duy tr cy phn phi n gin nht dng trn lt. Khi router s dng thut ton trn n nhn mt gi tin c gi ti nhm multicast , n s kim tra xem liu nhn c gi ny ln no cha . N u l ln u tin , n s chuyn tip ti tt c cc giao din tr giao din gi tin n . N u router tng nhn c gi tin ny trc , gi tin s b loi b trnh cc vng lp nh tuyn. Cc router thc hin thut ton trn khng phi lp bng nh tuyn m ch cn gim st cc gi tin nhn c gn nht. V flooding to ra rt nhiu gi tin ging nhau v s dng tt c cc ng truyn sn c, mi router phi duy tr mt bng ring cho mi gi tin nhn c mi y nht.nn s dng b nh ca cc router khng c hiu qu
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
94
Ngoi s dng thut ton trn lt ra cn c th s dng Spanning-tree ngn chn s lp vng trong mt mng chuyn mch d tha bng cch kho lu thng trn cc ng lin kt d tha. Nu ng lin kt chnh c s c, th spanning tree cho php cc ng dn ph hot ng. Giao thc spanning-tree hot ng trong sut i vi trm cui. Router chy cc giao thc nh tuy n multicast s dng giao thc IGMP gim st thnh vin nhm multicast k t n i trc ti p vi cc mng con . Cc router duy tr mt c s d liu nhm ni b , c s d liu ny lit k cc nhm k t n i trc ti p v xc nh trch nhim ca router trong vic phn phi cc gi multicast ti cc nhm ny. Thu thp trng thi ng truyn v thu thp hi vin nhm. Cn thu thp thng tin trng thi ng truyn t tt c cc router trong min tm kim v tnh ton mt cy thch hp cho mi nhm multicast. Cn bit v hi vin nhm tm kim mt cy thch hp hay thit lp mt cy mi cho mt nhm multicast Khi c mt nhm mi xut hin, nu mt trnh qun l cy khng th tm thy mt cy ang tn ti ph hp, n cn tnh ton mt cy mi cho nhm thng qua module nh tuyn multicast. Tnh ton mt cy ti u cho mt nhm multicast l NP cng, s dng mt vi thut ton thch hp, RP tng ng hay nt li c th c la chn mt cch thch hp t c cn bng ti. Chng ta s dng nhng cy sng hng thay v nhng cy n hng m bt k khi no mt cy bao ph cc thnh vin ca mt nhm, n c th c s dng phn pht cc gi cho nhm , m khng b kim tra hng truyn dn
3.5.2 IP multicat trong GMPLS Nh bit GMPLS c th iu khin lung d liu mt cch chnh xc thng qua thit lp LSP. LSP c th xem nh chuyn mch lp hai. Trong cc LSP IP multical s xem LSP l nhng lin kt o v thit lp vi hng xm lin k nh IP unicast. Hn na multicast yu cu thi gian thit lp di, bng thng ln. IP multical c th thc y kh nng v k thut lu lng ca GMPLS Sau khi mt cy multicast mi c tnh ton, cy MPLS tng ng cn c thit lp. Khi mt cy (multicast kt hp) c thit lp trong cc mng MPLS, chng ta c th gi n nh l mt cy MPLS. C hai gii php thit lp cy MPLS sng hng: mt loi tp trung v mt loi phn b. Trong gii php tp trung, trnh qun l cy pht ra tt c cc
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
95
nhn MPLS cho cy sng hng v sau phn b chng (bao gm c cc trng thi chuyn tip nhn) ti trc tip cc router tng ng. Ngoi ra, trnh qun l cy phi gi tt c cc nhn c phn cng cho cc cy multicast sng hng kt hp hin ti. Sau khi mt cy multicast c tnh ton, trnh qun l cy cn pht cc nhn cho tt c cc giao din lin quan Phng php phn b m rng c ch thit lp cy MPLS n hng c bt u t gc hay c bt u t l. tng ny rt n gin: cy sng hng c th c xem l s kt hp ca cc cy n hng. Mi cy n hng c mt router l ca ca cy sng hng nh l gc ca n. Do hu ht cy sng hng lun sn c nn n khng gp kh khn g to ra cc i tng cy n hng. Do , trnh qun l cy c th gi cc i tng cy n hng n ti cc router gc tng ng. Sau , mi router gc s dng phng thc thit lp cy MPLS n hng c bt ngun t gc. Tng t nh phng php tp trung, mi router bin c nh hnh nh l LSR vo/ra. T cc lun c trn, chng ta thy rng gii php tp trung tr thnh gnh nng cho trnh qun l cy cn gii php phn b li gy ra lng mo u ln hn.
Hnh 3.8 IP multical vi cc LSP
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
96
Hnh 3.8 l v d v IP multical vi LSP. Sau khi tc nghn c pht hin trong mng, cc LSP c thit lp trnh cc im nng, cy multical c tnh ton da trn updae topo
3.5.3 IP over WDM multicast IP over WDM cu hnh li v IP over WDM chuyn mch l hai kin trc quan trng WDM cu hnh li xem xt lp IP qua lighpath mt phng d liu, WDM chuyn mch trong mt phng d liu, m hnh xp chng trong trng hp OBS hoc OLS, m hnh mng ngang hng trng hp OPS. Trong mt phng d liu ca m hnh xp chng mng WDM c 1 topo lighpath o ngoi topo si vt l. IP multicast tnh ton thng qua topo lighpath o . Hn na LSP c th c thit lp knh chia s bi cc lighpath. Cc LSP ny mang lu lng nhm v chia s thi gian knh bc sng. lp vt l, lighpath point-to multipoint c th c thit lp. IP multicast c th xem l mt ng dng ca kin trc IP/ WDM a lp
Hnh 3.9 Multical cho mng IP/WDM vi mt phng d liu chng lp Thnh vin nhm multicast c th l da trn ngi gi hoc da trn ngi nhn, v d vic thit lp kt ni hnh thnh mt nhm multicast c th do ngi nhn hoc ngi gi thc hin.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
97
Trong trng hp da trn ngi gi (sender-based case), th bn ngun phi chu trch nhim thu nhp cc thnh vin mi. Bn ngun duy tr mt danh sch nhng ngi nhn trong nhm. Mt my mun gia nhp nhm multicast gi cc yu cu gia nhp trc tip ti ngun m ngun ny s quyt nh c chp nhn thnh vin mi hay khng. Phng php tip cn da trn ngi gi hot ng ti cho cc nhm nh, nhng kh phn cp thnh cc nhm ln hoc nhm ng v mi thnh vin mi phi thng bo vi ngi gi c b sung vo danh sch nhn. Trong trng hp da trn ngi nhn (receiver-based case), nhng ngi nhn tham gia mt nhm phin multicast c th v lu lng c phn pht ti tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm nh h tng ca mng . Bn gi khng cn phi duy tr danh sch nhng ngi nhn v khng phi kim sot cc thnh vin . a s cac yu c u tham gia s c cc router chp nhn trc khi yu cu n ngun.
3.6 TCP over Optical Network

3.6.1 TCP trong mng IP truyn thng TCP la m t thanh ph n cua t ng chuy n tai (transport layer ) trong b giao
thc TCP /IP cua Internet . N nm trn giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) trong ngn x p giao thc ca cung c p dich vu truy n d li u tin c y qua cac k t n i . TCP sau o dung IP gi thng tin qua ma ng . L th thay , IP la giao thc ma ng phi k t n i khng bao am truy n d li u m t cach tin c y . Cc ban tin va d li u TCP (gi l segment , s c m t sau ) c bao bo c trong cac datagram IP va c chuy n qua ma ng . IP khng phai la giao thc hng kt ni . TCP l mt giao thc nh hng kt ni. N gii quyt nhiu vn tin cy cung cp mt dng byte ng tin cy, gm cc chc nng sau

m bo d liu n ch ng th t Sa li d liu mc ti thiu Loi b d liu trng lp Gi li cc gi tin b tht lc, gi li Kim sot tc nghn d liu bng cch iu khin lung
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
98
Hnh 3.10 Mng IP truyn thng vi cc b m cho TCP S dng cc b m trong truyn dn cc segment c thc hin gim s lng truyn thng, TCP c gng s dng ti thiu cc segment do v s s dng ti a di ca c th ca segment. trn hnh 3.9, trong mng xy ra tc nghn nh s dng b m lu gi tin nn sau thi gian timeout cha nhn c gi tin ACK giao thc TCP tin hnh gi li gi tin 3.6.2 TCP trong mng IP/WDM Trong mng IP/ quang c mt s c im ring m gy kh khn cho thut ton TCP. l s tn ti ca cc tuyn sng sng v nh tuyn hin, vic khng c b m quang Trong phng php nh tuyn hin khng mt node no c la chn chng k tip, thay vo mt b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn c la chn trc thng l LSR li vo hoc li ra, s xc nh danh sch l LSP i qua. ng dn c th khng ti u. Sng do cc tuyn c tuyn c th chn trc nn nh tuyn hin cho php n gin ha cc x l v qun tr. Dc ng i cc ti nguyn c th t trc m bo QoS cho lu lng d liu, lm cho k thut lu lng c thc hin d dng hn. Cc ng i trong nh tuyn hin c m ha trong bn tin yu cu nhn v c th thit lp bng vic s dng cc bn tin LDP
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
99
Trn thc t cc tuyn sng sng (khng ch l cc si sng sng m l cc knh bc sng sng sng) hoc l cc tuyn c gi bng nhau gia hai node. ti u vic nh tuyn, cn phi cn bng lu lng gia cc tuyn . GMPLS gii thiu mt k thut nh tuyn thng qua cc thit lpLSP, nh tuyn hin. Cc LSP theo mt hng duy nht nh sn v vic ti u nh tuyn thng qua cc tuyn c gi bng nhau . mt s m rng ph v s cn bng lu lng l nguyn nhn cc gi tin phn phi, v cc gi ACK i thoe mt tuyn khc. iu ny s lm cho tr vic hi p trong TCP. Biu nh tuyn ng cng c th gy nn cc on TCP n sai th t khng c b m quang: cho ti by gi, cha c b nh quang, v vy mt ni dung xut hin ti giao din ca mt OPR l ch c mt gi i qua ti mt thi im cn li s b drop. Mng gi khng c b m trong chuyn mch gi quang l mt thch thc cho thut ton iu khin tc nghn ca TCP truyn thng QoS cho tn hiu quang . Bt k mt suy hao tn hiu do truyn dn no trn mt knh c cht lng km hoc c nhiu tc nghn s gy gim tc gi gi ton cc. gim tc nghn, th mng truyn dn ton quang khng c chuyn i O-E-O ti cc node li, v vy d liu hoc tn hiu trong cc knh bc sng c th b ngt qung m khng c bt k
Hnh 3.11 TCP trong mng IP/ WDM

n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
100
Hnh 3.11 th hin TCP qua mng quang, gm c mng GbE/ WDM, OXC v mng OPR. Trong cc mng si n mode, topo si l topo IP, v vy TCP qua mng quang tng t nh TCP qua mng IP truyn thng Mng IP over WDM c th da trn WDM cu hnh li, hoc WDM chuyn mch m cc thit h tr cc c ch tng tc mng. trong mng m mt phng d liu chng lp, v d nh IP over OXC, mt topo IP s dng cc lighpath o thit lp trc khi lung lu lng TCP truyn qua. Trong trng hp nh vy, WDM khc bit vi cc cng ngh lp 2 khc nh ATM. WDM ch c th gii quyt cc vn lp lin kt c bit. trong mng ngang hng nh IP over OPR c mt topo tch hp n, s n nh cho knh bc sng trong cc lin kt si Trong mng chuyn mch gi ton quang khng tn ti b nh quang v vy thut ton iu khin tc nghn dnh cho TCP cn phi c sa i. Tuy nhin, k hoch mng v mng chuyn mch gi khng b m c gi l phng php tt nht trch tt nghn trong. iu ny c ngha l nu tc nghn xy ra, cc phn khc ca mng hu nh c s dng khng ng mc. GPLMS c th gii quyt vn ny bng cch thit lp cc LSP hin
3.7 Nhng vn tn ti
Bn cnh nhng u im, li ch do GMPLS mang li so vi cc phng thc iu khin hin ti nh: thit k lu lng, phi hp bo v v khi phc, cung cp cc dch v nhanh chng, linh hot, t ng, mm do, ng nht,.... n cng bc l mt s vn 3.7.1 Qun l phc hi Kh nng sng st ca mng l vn then cht ca mng quang khi xem xt bng thng ln ca lighpath. Lp IP cng cung cp phc hi li nhng thi gian phc hi tnh bng chc giy thm ch bng pht khng thch hp cho lu lng quan trng. Phc hi trong MPLS gim ng k thi gian nhng vn cha nhanh bng phc hi lp quang. Mi lighpath c th gm nhiu LSP nn tit kim rt nhiu thng tin mo u phc v cho phc hi. Mt khc mt s lp client v d nh SONET cng cung cp s phc hi c cht lng cao yu cu lp quang khng cn cung cp s phc hi trnh chng cho. V vy qun l v phi hp hot ng phc hi gia cc lp l rt cn thit. c th phn thnh bo v lin kt v bo v tuyn hoc phc hi c th c thc thi theo hai m hnh cung cp, khng cung cp. phc hi cung cp hay l s bo v, i ph vi s khi phc
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
101
li xc nh trc do ti nguyn bo v c dnh trc v c th c s dng li cho lu lng c u tin thp nu s tha thun trc thnh cng. Phc hi khng cung cp tha thun vi cc tuyn thit lp ng thay th ti nguyn cho lu lng chu nh hng ca li.
3.7.2 Vn chun ha Trc tin, IP truyn ti trn mng quang phi c chun ho tc l cn xc nh cc yu cu cho giao din IP quang, trao i thng tin trn giao din n y v k thut lu lng. Mt khu vc cn chun ho l phn iu khin da trn MPLS cho mng quang gm nhiu mng con ni kt, vn ny bao gm thit lp ng v khi phc nhanh xuyn sut cc mng quang con cng nh giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu. Mt s vn ang c thc hin l c ch nh a ch ton cu cho cc im lung quang, s lan truyn thng tin xuyn qua cc mng con, thit lp lung u cui s dng cc bo hiu chun, cc h tr chnh sch (tnh cc, bo mt...) v h tr cho thit lp mng con ring bit v cc thut ton khi phc trong mt mng con. Vn ni cm hin nay l thit lp lung quang t ng s dng bo hiu, khi phc topo t ng, cc thut ton ti u dung lng bo v cc lung thit lp dc theo mi on v khi phc lung u cui s dng bo v dng chung. V vn nhn bit topo cc b c mt danh sch cc yu cu v iu khin. Nhng vn ny t c gii quyt v bao gm xc nh thng tin no phi c trao i, thng tin no l cn thit, cc tham s tuyn, cng no cn c nh ngha v giao thc no cho nhn bit t ng topo cc b. Cc nh k thut lm vic theo nhm, mi nhm gii quyt mt lnh vc. Nhm gii quyt lnh vc IP/WDM thuc IETF nghin cu cc vn sau: MPLS/MPlS (Chuyn mch bc sng a giao thc)/ GMPLS (Generalized MPLS). Chc nng lp 2 v lp 3 trong mng quang. Cc tiu chun kt ni mng NNI quang (Network to Network Interface). Nhm gii quyt lnh vc IP/WDM thuc ITU-T nghin cu cc vn : c im lp 1 trong m hnh OSI, Kin trc v cc giao thc mng quang th h sau (OTN), Kin trc ca mng quang chuyn mch t ng. Vi cc u im ca mng quang, ngy 20/04/1998, Cisco Systems v Ciena Corporation a ra din n kt ni mng quang (Optical
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
102
Internetworking Forum - OIF). y l din n m, quan tm n vic thc y nhanh vic trin khai mng Internet quang. OIF l ni gp g ca cc nh sn xut thit b, ngi s dng, ngi cung cp dch v cng nhau a ra cc gii php v cc vn khc m bo s cng hot ng ca cc mng quang. Hin ti, c nm nhm lm vic trong OIF: Kin trc (Architecture), truyn dn (Carrier), khai thc, bo dng (OAM&P), lp vt l v kt ni (Physical and link layer), bo hiu (Signalling). OIF ang trin khai cc cng vic thuc lnh vc: Giao din quang vi ngi s dng (Optical UNI User to Network Interface), Giao din quang gia cc mng (Optical NNI Network to Network Interface). Trong cc t chc chun ho, th OIF a ra sm nht v giao din UNI. IETF cng c nhm c bit v IP Over Optic ang pht trin chun v kin trc mng. C hai nhm ny cng tch cc hp tc a ra chi tit v bo hiu IP/Optic. nghin cu IETF di ci tn GMPLS (chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut). Mt vi xu hng ni ln trong qu trnh chun ho. Thit lp lung quang s ti s dng cu trc cng ngh lu lng MPLS v s s dng giao thc CR LDP/RSVP cho bo hiu thit lp v hu b lung quang. Nhn bit topo t ng ang chuyn hng sang giao thc qun l tuyn LMP v thng tin trng thi v thuc tnh ca tuyn/cng. Ngoi ra cc giao thc nh tuyn mi m rng kh nng TE cho nhn bit topo ang c pht trin. Gn y OSPF ang c xem xt cho mc ch ny. Cc giao thc ny vi m rng TE c th c s dng qung co thng tin ph v trng thi tuyn bao gm kh nng ca ti nguyn v phn tp ca tuyn vt l. Giao thc LMP nhn bit cc nt bn cnh c th c s dng gia hai chuyn mch quang cnh nhau. iu ny cho php nhn bit t ng OX C, ID cng tng ng, tc v kiu ca tuyn v trng thi ca knh /cng. LMP s s dng cc byte mo u ca SONET/SDH thc hin. Cui cng, cc giao thc bo hiu da trn c CR-LDP v RSVP c ngh. Cc ngh ny cho php nh x phn cp mng vt l vo cu trc nhn v nh ra cc TLV cho cc tham s TE ca lung quang. Hin nay cng ang c m rng RSVP/CR-LDP trang b khi phc ng tng phn cng nh to ra tng tc c iu khin gia Router IP v chuyn mch quang.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
103
3.7.3. Bo mt nh tuyn IP truyn thng kim tra ni dung header ca gi nhn xc nh trm k tip. Bc ny mt thi gian nhng cho php thit lp c firewall, v cc thng tin cn thit trong tiu gi nh a ch ch, a ch ngun l khng i trong c qu trnh. Ngc li, cc nhn MPLS/GMPLS c s dng thc y qu trnh pht chuyn v ch c gi tr trong ni b, chng hn, nhn c hiu v s dng ch trong cc thit b GMPLS. Nhng nhn ny khng th c dng iu khin truy nhp hoc cho mc ch bo mt mng. Ch c mt cch thit lp bo mt mng GMPLS l bt buc bo mt truy nhp trong thi gian thit lp kt ni, nh cc mng hng kt ni khc. Cc vn bo mt tng quan bao gm: Nhn thc cc thng tin trao i gia cc thc th, v v bo hiu, nh tuyn, qun l lin kt thng qua mt phng iu khin. m bo ton vn thng tin c trao i thng qua cc giao din. Bo v khi s xm phm v cc cch thc khc t cc i tng bn ngoi Bi v cc kt ni quang c th mang khi lng lu lng ln v cc k thut chung c yu cu bo mt chng li s xm phm bt hp php cc mng quang tng i tn km. Hn na phng din bo mt lin quan n mt phng iu khin, mt phng d liu cng cn c bo v khi s tn cng t bn ngoi Mt kha cnh quan trng trong mng quang l s tch bit ca mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin tch bit nhau. S tch bit ny ch ra rng trng thi ca cc knh mang mng lu lng ngi dng khng th c suy ra trng thi ca cc knh iu khin. Cng tng t nh vy trng thi ca knh iu khin khng th suy ra trng thi ca knh d liu. kh nng bo mt c ch y nn c tnh vo giao thc iu khin thch hp trong mng IP/quang Vn khc trong mng IP/quang cn quan tm thc t l cc phn t mng quang c bn c th khng tn ti trong cc node IP client, c bit trong m hnh chng ln. iu ny c ngha rng cc cng c IP truyn thng nh router khng th c s dng cc node IP client loi tr tr tn cng trong min quang Trong mt min tin cy, c mt nh qun tr ring cc phng thc bo mt nn c thit lp ngn chn s xm phm tri php. Cn nhn mnh rng trong mt min tin cy node b ph hoi c th gi bn tin iu khin tha hip vi ton mng Truyn thng ni chung thng yu cu hai k thut bo mt chnh: Nhn thc, xc thc ngun gc v ton vn d liu v vy s xm phm tri php c th b loi tr hoc gam. K thut nhn thc m bo d liu c kim tra ngun gc, ton vn c th ngn chn t s tng nhanh ca kiu tn cng t chi
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
104
dch v denial of service lin quan n mt s cc kt ni tha c yu cu to ra qua giao din UNI. Vn quan trng khc ca bo mt l cn loi tr cc gi c iu khin li. kh nng ny c th tng cng vic chng li mt s dng ca tn cng denial of service. C th thc hin kt hp vi cc k thut nhn thc. S tin cy ca cc bn tin bo hiu l mt iu cn thit nht l trong trng hp bn tin trao i gia cc thc th cn tnh thn trng hay l cc thng tin c nhn, v d cc phin thanh ton, cn a cc giy chng nhn. Trng hp yu cu cc kt ni quang t cc mng client, cng phi lc v s dng cc chnh sch thch hp bo v nhng s xm phm v s dng ti nguyn vt qu. Hn na, c th cn s tin cn trong SRLG trong mt s trng hp. Mng quang c th cng l mt i tng thc hin cc kiu tn cng denial of service mt cch tinh vi. V d yu cu mt kt ni quang s dng nh tuyn hin m dn n blocking mc cao ngay sau yu cu. iu ny c th th hin yu cu c s kt hp ton ca hoc cp pht ti nguyn. Mt dng khc lin quan n kiu tn cng denial of servicec th xy ra khi cc tuyn quang khng chc c thc c yu cu nh cc tuyn m ti nguyn d tr khng cung cp . Vi nhng yu cu cho cc tuyn khng thc ny, c th s dng cc cng trn cc phn t chuyn mch quang dn n denial of service n ngay sau cc yu cu kt ni 3.7.4 Vn phi hp hot ng S thnh cng ca GMPLS ph thuc vo kh nng thng tin vi nhiu c s h tng mng hin nay nh ATM, FR. Phi hp hot ng vi mng ATM v FR s cho php truyn ti cc thng tin mt s liu v iu khin c trao i gia hai mng ging nhau (v d hai mng ATM) thng qua mt mng khc nh GMPLS. Vic thc hin chc nng phi hp hot ng gia nhng mng ny gp mt s vn : Phi hp mt iu khin l rt phc tp v mi mng s dng mt tp cc giao thc khc nhau (v d giao thc nh tuyn, giao din mng n mng ring PNNI trong mng ATM so vi giao din OSPF-TE trong mng GMPLS). Chuyn mch GMPLS c th da trn gi, TDM, bc sng, si, bng tn. iu ny to ra s phi hp v mt s liu gia mng GMPLS v mng ATM hoc FR.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
105
V l thuyt, khi b s c, mng GMPLS cn nhiu thi gian hn mng IP truyn thng cn bng tr li do phi a ra cc tham s lu lng, kt hp cc lin kt s liu, nh tuyn da trn cc rng buc thc hin, LSP, H thng qun l mng: tham s quan trng nht trong vic qun l mt mng IP truyn thng l a ch ch. Trong khi , i vi mt mng GMPLS cn phi lu vt ca hng nghn, hng triu LSP cho trng thi hot ng ca chng, cc ng nh tuyn, thit k lu lng.... iu ny dn n h thng qun l mng GMPLS phc tp hn nhiu so vi mng IP truyn thng. Nh vy, GMPLS c pht trin trong mi tng quan vi mng s liu da trn nn IP, xut pht t nhng khi nim v giao thc IP, l mt b phn khng th thiu ca mng truyn ti th h sau. N to thnh cu ni gia lp IP v lp quang. Vi vai tr lm cu ni ng gia mng truyn ti truyn thng vi cc lp IP, GMPLS s m ra trin vng mi cho php trin khai dch v nhanh chng, hot ng hiu qu cng nh l c hi tng doanh thu. 3.7.5 Kt lun IP over WDM l mng quang s dng cng ngh WDM c th cung cp bng thng rt ln. Hn na, cc ng dng, iu khin trong mng IP over WDM l IP rt linh hot v c bit n t lu. IP over WDM c rt nhiu trin vng v s c s dng rng ri trong thi gian gn y. Tim nng truyn dn ca cp quang l rt ln, c th ni l v hn so vi nhu cu s dng hin nay. Cng ngh ny cho php t n 150Tb bng thng trn mt si quang n mode, khng b nhiu in t, c tnh bo mt. s dng c tim nng to ln ny, m hnh mng hin ti cn n cc lp "giao din" kt ni d liu IP ti lp quang. M hnh in hnh hin nay l IP/ATM/SONET,SDH/Optical...M hnh chng cho ny c rt nhiu vn cn gii quyt: phc tp trong giao tip, khng ng nht trong mt phng iu khin tn km trong vic nng cp bo tr, vn hnh v sa li. Ngi ta v ang tin n m hnh mng mi, lu lng IP c truyn trc tip qua lp quang, vi mt mt phng iu khin thng nht. Khi nim Optical Layer hnh thnh vi ngha l thc hin tt c cc chc nng m L2 v L1 ca m hnh OSI vn lm. V chi tit, vic thc hin c th rt khc nhau, do mi trng truyn dn Optical khc hon ton vi mi trng in (v d cc phng thc chuyn mch L2, phng thc thit lp LP ng/tnh...)
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc
106
GMPLS s c trin khai rng ri trong vng vi nm ti bi l do: Mt s cng ngh tr ct hin thi nh ATM hay SDH cng phi mt thi gian khong 5 nm c c ch ng vng chc trong mng ca nh khai thc. Cng ngh GMPLS cng s i theo con ng . Hin ti nhiu t chc cng nghip nh IETF v OIF phi hp vi nhau di s h tr mnh m t cc nh cung cp dch v truyn ti v Internet n lc a GMPLS thnh mt mng iu khin chun . GMPLS hin ang c pht trin nh mt chun m cho php nh cung cp dch v pht trin v trin khai dch v mi mt cch nhanh chng. Nh , trnh c vn khng tng hp thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau trn cng mt phn on mng. Tuy nhin, vn cn rt nhiu vic cn lm chun ho GMPLS. Hin nay mt s hng cho ra i cc thit b hay giao din s dng h thng truyn dn quang nhng vn s dng SDH l ch yu. IP/WDM i hi thi gian v tt c cc thit b nh tuyn chuyn mch L2 u hot ng trn nn tn hiu Optical. Mc ch r rng ca mng IP/WDM l tch bit ng iu khin v ng truyn s liu, ng iu khin c s dng khi to ng dn, cc gi tin c chuyn ti cc node mng k tip theo nhn trong bng chuyn tip. Phn loi cc gi tin da theo cc chnh sch, cc gi tin c tp hp vo nhm chuyn tip tng ng da vo nhn. Sp xp cc gi tin vo FEC c thc hin ti bin, v d da theo nhm ca dch v hoc a ch ch trong mo u gi tin. IP/WDM cung cp kh nng iu khin lu lng, nh c th s dng cn bng ti bng cch gim st lu lng v iu khin lung trc tip hoc theo tin trnh nh trc. Trong mng IP hin ti, k thut iu khin lu lng rt kh khn nu khng mun ni l khng th thc hin c bi v nh tuyn li khng hiu qu bng iu chnh nh tuyn gin tip v n c th l nguyn nhn gy tc nghn ti mt ni khc trong mng. MPLS cung cp nh tuyn ngun v vy n c tnh hi t cao v c kh nng chuyn tip theo nhm. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c mt s cng c khc nh to knh an ton(ng hm), ngn nga, trnh vng lp (loop), hp nht cc lung iu khin lu lng.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng3 : Mt s vn khc

Tich Hop IP Tren Mang Quang

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tich Hop IP Tren Mang Quang

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n tt nghip i hc

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TCH HP IP/QUANG

Total Length Flags Fragment Offset

Identification TTL Protocol

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

1.2 ng lc thc y tch hp IP/quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1.2 : Xu hng tch hp IP/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hinh 1.3 : Truyn ti gi IP qua bc sng

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

M hnh tch hp IP/optical

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1. 5: M hnh ngang hng

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

M hnh xp chng Khng Khng C C Khng Tt hn Khng C

M hnh ngang hng C C Khng Tt hn Tt hn Khng Tt hn C C Nhiu hn

1.4 Kin trc truyn ti IP/quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Ngn xp c ngm nh s dng cho truyn ti IP qua ATM nh hnh

IP LLC/SNAP AAL5 ATM SDH WDM Fiber

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1.7 : Ngn xp giao thc IP/SDH/WDM

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1.12: Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP/WDM

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1.13: kin trc IP/WDM im im

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

1.5 Gii php tch hp v iu khin ASON/GMPLS

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1. 16 Kin trc phn lp ca ASON

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Hnh 1.19 : Ngn xp giao thc GMPLS

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

Giao thc qun l tuyn LMP

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

1.6 Tip cn mt bng qun l

Chng1: Tng quan v tch hp Ip/ quang

s hu c thit b IP v WDM hoc cc nh khai thc hin thi s dng thit b a lp

Chng2 :iu khin v k thut lu lng