Hoa10 NC T1

1
V Minh H

Thit k bi ging

a
Nng cao Tp mt

NH XUT BAN A HOC S PHAM
2

Chu trch nhim xut bn :
Gim c : inh Ngc Bo
Tng bin tp : L A
Chu trch nhim ni dung v bn quyn:
Cng ty TNHH sch gio dc Hi Anh
Bin tp v sa bi : Phm ngc bc
K thut vi tnh : Thi sn Sn lm
Trnh by ba : Thu Hng

M s : 02.02.82/158. PT 2006
Thit k bi ging ho hc 10, Nng cao Tp mt
In 1000 cun, kh 17 24 cm, ti Cng ty C phn In Phc Yn.
S ng k KHXB : 219 2006/CXB/82 25/HSP ngy 28/3/06.
In xong v np lu chiu thng 10 nm 2006.
3

Li ni u
h tr cho vic dy hc mn Ho hc 10 theo chng trnh sch gio
khoa (SGK) mi p dng t nm hc 2006 2007, chng ti bin son cun
Thit k bi ging Ho hc 10 nng cao gm hai tp. Sch gii thiu cch thit
k bi ging theo tinh thn i mi phng php dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch
cc nhn thc ca hc sinh (HS).
V ni dung : Sch bm st ni dung SGK Ho hc 10 nng cao theo
chng trnh ca B Gio dc v o to ban hnh. mi tit dy u ch r
mc tiu v kin thc, k nng, thi cho HS; cc cng vic cn chun b ca
gio vin (GV); cc phng tin tr ging cn thit nhm m bo cht lng
tng bi, tng tit ln lp. Ngoi ra, sch cn m rng, b sung thm mt s ni
dung lin quan n bi ging bng nhiu hot ng nhm cung cp thm t liu
cc thy, c gio tham kho, vn dng ty theo i tng v mc ch dy hc.
V phng php dy hc : Sch c trin khai theo hng tch cc ho
hot ng ca HS, ly c s ca mi hot ng l nhng vic lm ca HS di
s hng dn, gi m ca thy, c gio. Sch cng a ra nhiu hnh thc hot
ng hp dn, ph hp vi c trng mn hc nh : th nghim, quan st vt tht
hay m hnh, tho lun, thc hnh, nhm pht huy tnh c lp, t gic ca HS.
c bit sch ch trng ti khu thc hnh trong bi hc, ng thi ch r tng
hot ng c th ca GV v HS trong mt tin trnh dy hc, coi y l hai hot
ng cng nhau, trong c HS v GV u l ch th.
Chng ti hi vng cun sch ny s l ti liu tham kho hu ch, gp phn
h tr cc thy, c gio ang trc tip ging dy mn Ho hc 10 trong vic nng
cao cht lng bi ging ca mnh. Chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng
gp ca qu thy, c gio v bn c gn xa cun sch c hon thin hn.
TC GA

4
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 111 112

113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145

146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156

1 57 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

167 168

5
Tit 1 n tp u nm
A. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc
H thng li cc khi nim, kin thc c bn m HS c hc THCS.
n li cc dng bi tp c bn HS c hc, cc cng thc thng dng
tnh ton.
2. K nng
Rn luyn k nng lm mt s bi tp c lin quan n cu to nguyn t.
K nng lm bi ton tnh theo phng trnh c s dng n cng thc tnh
t khi ca cht kh, cng thc tnh nng mol, nng phn trm ca
dung dch...
B. Chun b ca gio vin v hc sinh
GV:
My chiu, giy trong, bt d.
H thng cu hi, bi tp...
HS: n tp li cc ni dung kin thc c bn hc THCS.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
Kin thc cn n tp
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cc ni dung
chnh cn n tp trong tit hc:
Nguyn t
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho
hc
Nguyn t ho hc
HS: Nghe v bit c nhng kin thc
c bn cn c n li trong tit hc.
6
Ho tr ca nguyn t
Phn loi cc cht v c
nh lut bo ton khi lng
Mol
T khi ca cc cht kh
Dung dch.
GV: n tp chi tit tng phn:
1. Nguyn t
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cu hi v
yu cu HS cc nhm tho lun vo
giy trong:
a) Nguyn t l g?

b) Cu to ca nguyn t?

c) c im ca cc ht cu to nn
nguyn t?
HS: Tho lun

a) Nguyn t l cc ht v cng nh b
to nn cc cht.
b) Nguyn t c to bi ht nhn
mang in tch dng v lp v c mt
hay nhiu electron mang in tch m.
+ Electron:
K hiu: e
in tch 1
Khi lng rt nh.
+ Ht nhn: gm c ht proton v
ntron
+ Ht proton:
K hiu p
in tch: 1+
Khi lng 1 u (hay 1 vC)
Trong nguyn t s ht proton = s
ht electron.
+ Ht ntron:
K hiu: n
Khng mang in.
Khi lng: 1 u (hay 1 vC).
7
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh kin
thng nht ca cc nhm.

2. Nguyn t ho hc
GV: Gi mt HS nhc li khi nim v
nguyn t ho hc, GV chiu ln mn
hnh.

HS: Nu khi nim:
Nguyn t ho hc l tp hp nhng
nguyn t c cng s ht proton trong
ht nhn.
Nhng nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t ho hc c tnh cht ho hc
ging nhau.
3. Ho tr ca mt nguyn t
GV: Nu cu hi v chiu ln mn
hnh:
Ho tr l g?

Quy tc ho tr?
GV gi HS tr li.

HS: Tr li
Ho tr: L con s hin th kh nng
lin kt ca nguyn t nguyn t ny
vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc.
Quy tc ho tr:
VD: Trong cng thc:
a
x
A
b
y
B ta c:
ax = by
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp (GV
chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 1: Tnh ho tr ca cc nguyn
t trong cc hp cht: MnO
2
, PbO,
PbO
2
, NH
3
, H
2
S, SO
2
, SO
3
(bit ho tr
ca oxi l 2, ca hiro l 1).
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
GV: Gi mt HS xc nh ho tr ca
cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht trn.

4. nh lut bo ton khi lng
GV: Nu cu hi (GV chiu ni dung
cu hi ln mn hnh):

8
Ni dung ca nh lut bo ton khi
lng?
HS: Nu ni dung ca nh lut bo
ton khi lng.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh:
VD: Ta c phng trnh phn ng
A + B C + D + E...
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta
c: m
A
+ m
B
= m
C
+ m
D
+ m
E
...

GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp p dng
(GV chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 2: Cho 1,21 gam hn hp A
gm Mg, Zn, Cu, tc dng hon ton
vi oxi d, thu c hn hp cht rn
B c khi lng 1,61 gam. Tnh th
tch dung dch HCl 1M ti thiu cn
dng ho tan B.

GV: Gi HS nu hng dn gii, GV
chiu phn gi (cc bc lm) ln
mn hnh:
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi
lng tnh khi lng oxi phn
ng.
Tm mi lin quan gia s mol oxi
phn ng v s mol ca axit HCl.
Tnh th tch dd HCl 1M cn dng.
HS: Pht biu cc kin tm ra
hng lm bi.
HS: Lm bi tp theo kin thng
nht m GV chiu trn mn hnh:
Gii: PTP:
2Mg + O
2

o
t
2MgO (1)
x 0,5x x
2Zn + O
2

o
t
2ZnO (2)
y 0,5y y
9
2Cu + O
2

o
t
CuO (3)
z 0,5z z
MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O (4)
x 2x
ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
O (5)
y 2y
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+2H
2
O (6)
z 2z
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
2
O
m (p) = m
B
m
A

= 1,61 1,21 = 0,4 gam

2
O
n (p) =
0, 4
32
= 0,0125 mol.
Gi s mol Mg, Zn, Cu c trong
1,21 gam hn hp ln lt l x, y, z.
Theo phng trnh: ta thy
n
HCl
cn dng = 4
2
O
n (p)
= 4 0,0125 = 0,05 mol
V
dd HCl
=
M
n
C
=
0, 05
1
= 0,05 (lit).
GV: C th gi HS xut cc cch
gii khc.

5. Mol
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cc cu hi
GV yu cu cc nhm tho lun:
Mol l g?

Khi lng mol l g?

HS: Tho lun nhm tr li cc cu
hi m GV a ra:
Mol l lng cht c cha 6.10
23

nguyn t hoc phn t ca cht .
Khi lng mol l khi lng tnh
bng gam ca 6.10
23
nguyn t hoc
phn t ca cht .
10
Khi nim v th tch mol ca cht
kh?

Cc biu thc th hin s chuyn i
gia khi lng, lng cht, th tch
mol ca cht kh?
Th tch mol ca cht kh l th tch
chim bi 6.10
23
phn t ca cht kh
( ktc, th tch mol ca cc cht
kh l 22,4 lit).
Cc biu thc:
+ n =
m
M
; m = n M;
+ V
kh (dktv)
= n 22,4; n
kh (ktc)
=
V
22, 4

+ n =
A
N
; A = n N;
Trong :
n l s mol (lng cht);
m l khi lng;
M l khi lng mol;
A l s phn t cht;
N l s Avogaro (N 6.10
23
);
V l th tch kh (lit).
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh kin ca cc
nhm v nhn xt.

GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 3 (GV
chiu bi tp ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 3: Hy tnh th tch ( ktc)
ca hn hp c cha 1,1g CO
2
v
1,6g O
2

HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
Trong hn hp kh c:
n
2
CO
=
m
M
=
1,1
44
= 0,025 mol
n
2
O
=
1, 6
32
= 0,05 mol
Tng s mol ca hn hp kh l:
n
hn hp
= 0,025 + 0,05 = 0,075 mol
Th tch ca hn hp kh ( ktc) l:
V
hn hp
= n 22,4 = 0,075 22,4
= 1,68 lit.
11
GV: Chiu bi lm ca mt s HS ln
mn hnh v gi cc em HS khc nhn
xt sa sai (nu c).

Hot ng 2
GV: Tm tt li cc ni dung chnh
n tp v nhc nh HS v nh n tp
cc ni dung s luyn tp tit sau:
T khi ca cht kh
S phn loi ca cc cht v c
Dung dch
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho
hc.

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Tnh ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau:
MnO
2
, PbO, PbO
2
, NH
3
, H
2
S, SO
2
, SO
3

(bit ho tr ca oxi l 2, ca hiro l 1)
Bi tp 2: Cho 1,21 gam hn hp A gm Mg, Zn, Cu, tc dng hon ton vi oxi d, thu
c hn hp cht rn B c khi lng 1,61 gam. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl
1M ti thiu cn dng ho tan B.
Bi tp 3: Hy tnh th tch ( ktc) ca hn hp c cha 1,1g CO
2
v 1,6g O
2
.
Tit 2 n tp u nm (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc
H thng li cc khi nim, kin thc c bn m HS c hc THCS.
n li cc dng bi tp c bn HS c hc, cc cng thc thng dng
tnh ton.
12
2. K nng
Rn luyn k nng lm mt s bi tp c lin quan n cu to nguyn t.
K nng lm bi ton tnh theo phng trnh c s dng n cng thc tnh
t khi ca cht kh, cng thc tnh nng mol, nng phn trm ca
dung dch...
GV:
H thng cu hi, bi tp...
HS: n tp li cc ni dung kin thc c bn hc THCS.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
6. t khi ca cc cht kh
GV: Nhc li ni dung, kin thc n
tp tit 1 v chiu ln mn hnh ni
dung cn n tp tit ny.

GV: Chiu cu hi ln mn hnh:
Em hy vit cng thc tnh t khi
ca kh A so vi kh B, cng thc tnh
t khi ca kh A so vi khng kh.
Gii thch cc k hiu c trong biu
thc.
GV gi HS vit ln bng v gii
thch (hoc GV chiu bi lm ca HS
ln mn hnh).
HS: Cng thc tnh t khi ca kh A so
vi kh B l:
d
A/B
=
A
B
M
M

Trong :
M
A
l khi lng mol ca kh A;
M
B
l khi lng mol ca kh B.
+ Cng thc tnh t khi ca kh A so
vi khng kh:
d
A/KK
=
A
KK
M
M
=
A
M
29

13
Trong : khi lng mol trung bnh
ca khng kh l 29.
+ ngha: T khi ca kh A so vi
khng kh cho bit kh A nng hn hay
nh hn khng kh bao nhiu ln.
GV: Chiu bi tp 1 ln mn hnh,
yu cu HS lm bi tp vo v.

Bi tp 1:
a) Tnh t khi ca kh CH
4
, CO
2
so vi
hiro.
b) Tnh t khi ca kh Cl
2
, SO
3
so vi
khng kh.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v:
a) T khi ca cc kh CH
4
, CO
2
so vi
hiro l:
d
4
2
CH
H
=
4
2
CH
H
M
M
=
16
2
= 8
d
2
2
CO
H
=
2
2
CO
H
M
M
=
44
2
= 22
b) T khi ca cc kh Cl
2
, SO
3
so vi
khng kh l:
d
2
Cl
KK
=
2
Cl
KK
M
M
=
71
29
= 2,45
d
3
SO
KK
=
3
SO
KK
M
M
=
80
29
= 2,76
Hot ng 2
7. Dung dch
GV: Yu cu cc nhm HS tho lun
vi cc ni dung sau (GV chiu cu
hi ln mn hnh):
a) tan ca mt cht trong nc l
g? Nhng yu t nh hng n
tan ca mt cht trong nc?

HS: Tho lun nhm:

a) tan ca mt cht trong nc:
L s gam cht c th ho tan
c trong 100g nc to thnh
dung dch bo ho ti mt nhit xc
nh.
14

b) Cc cng thc tnh nng dung
dch (m cc em bit)? Gii thch
cc k hiu c trong cng thc.
tan ca cc cht rn trong nc
ph thuc vo nhit . tan ca cc
cht kh ph thuc vo nhit , p
sut.
b) Cc cng thc tnh nng ca
dung dch:
+ Cng thc tnh nng phn trm:
C% =
ct
dd
m
m
100%
Trong :
m
ct
l khi lng cht tan (tnh bng
gam);
m
dd
l khi lng dung dch (tnh bng
gam).
+ Cng thc tnh nng mol:
C
M
=
n
V

Trong :
n l s mol cht tan;
V l th tch ca dung dch (lit).

Bi tp 2: Ho tan 16 gam NaOH vo
nc c 200 ml dung dch.
a) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch
NaOH.
b) Cn dng bao nhiu gam dung dch
axit H
2
SO
4
19,6% trung ho ht
50ml dung dch NaOH ni trn?
HS: Lm bi tp vo v:
a) S mol NaOH c trong 200 ml dung
dch l:
n
NaOH
=
m
M
=
16
40
= 0,4 mol
Nng mol ca dung dch l:
C
M
=
n
V
=
0, 4
0, 2
= 2M
b) Phng trnh phn ng trung ho:
2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
15
S mol NaOH cn dng l:
n
NaOH
= C
M
V = 2 0,05 = 0,1 mol
Theo phng trnh:
n
2 4
H SO
=
1
2
n
NaOH
=
1
2
0,1 = 0,05 mol
m
2 4
H SO
= n M = 0,05 98 = 4,9 gam
Khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
cn dng
l:
m
dd
=
ct
m
C%
100% =
4, 9
19, 6
100%
= 25 gam
mn hnh, nhn xt v chm im.

Hot ng 3
8. S phn loi cc hp cht v c
(theo tnh cht ho hc)
GV: lp 8, 9 cc em c bit
nhng loi hp cht v c no? Cho v
d minh ho.

GV: Gi HS tr li, GV chiu ln mn
hnh.
HS: Tr li cu hi:
Cc hp cht v c c phn thnh 4
loi:
a) Oxit:
Oxit baz: l nhng oxit tc dng
c vi dung dch axit to ra mui v
nc.
VD: CaO, MgO, Fe
2
O
3
...
Oxit axit: l nhng oxit tc dng vi
dung dch baz to ra mui v nc.
VD: SO
3
, SO
2
, CO
2

16
Oxit lng tnh: l nhng oxit tc
dng c vi dung dch axit v dung
dch baz to ra mui v nc.
VD: Al
2
O
3
, ZnO...
Oxit trung tnh: l nhng oxit khng
tc dng c vi dung dch axit v
dung dch baz (cn gi l oxit khng
to mui).
VD: CO, NO...
b) Axit: tc dng vi baz to ra mui
v nc.
VD: H
2
SO
4
, HCl...
c) Baz: Baz tc dng vi dung dch
axit to ra mui v nc.
VD: NaOH, Fe(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2
...
d) Mui:
VD: K
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
, ZnCl
2
...
GV: Gi cc em HS khc nhn xt, sa
sai (nu c).

Hot ng 4
9. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
GV: Yu cu HS nu cu to ca bng
tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v
ngha ca n.
(GV chiu trn mn hnh cc ni dung
trn, sau khi HS pht biu)
HS: Cu to bng tun hon:
a) nguyn t: cho bit s hiu
nguyn t, k hiu ho hc, tn nguyn
t, nguyn t khi ca nguyn t .
b) Chu k: Gm cc nguyn t m
nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp
electron v c sp xp theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. Trong
mt chu k, khi i t tri qua phi: tnh
kim loi ca nguyn t gim dn, tnh
phi kim tng dn.
17
c) Nhm: Gm cc nguyn t m
nguyn t ca chng c s electron lp
ngoi cng bng nhau v c sp xp
theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
Trong mt nhm: i t trn xung,
tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t tng
dn, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t
gim dn.
GV: Chiu bi tp 3 ln mn hnh.
Bi tp 3: Nguyn t A trong bng
tun hon c s hiu nguyn t l 12.
Hy cho bit:
a) Cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t A,
v tr ca A trong bng tun hon.

b) Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca
nguyn t A.
c) So snh tnh cht ho hc ca
nguyn t A vi cc nguyn t ng
cnh A trong bng tun hon.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.

a) Cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t A:
Ht nhn: c in tch 12+
Trong nhn c 12 ht proton v 12
ht electron.
Lp v: gm 12 electron
* V tr ca A trong bng tun hon:
S th t: 12.
Chu k: 3.
Nhm: II
b) Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca A
l: A l kim loi.
c) So snh vi cc nguyn t nm cnh
A trong bng tun hon: A l Mg.
Tnh kim loi:
Mg mnh hn Al
Mg yu hn Na
Mg mnh hn Be
Mg yu hn Ca.
GV: Chiu bi lm ca HS ln mn
hnh.

18
Hot ng 5
Cng c bi tp v nh
GV: Nhc li cc ni dung n tp.
Ra bi tp v nh.

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Natri c nguyn t khi l 23, trong ht nhn nguyn t c 11 proton; st
c nguyn t khi l 56, trong ht nhn nguyn t c 30 ntron. Hy cho
bit tng s cc ht proton, ntron, electron to nn nguyn t natri v
nguyn t st.
Bi tp 2: Hy tnh th tch ( ktc) ca:
a) Hn hp kh gm c 6,4 gam kh O
2
v 22,4 gam kh N
2
.
b) Hn hp kh gm c 0,75 mol CO
2
; 0,5 mol CO v 0,25 mol N
2
.
Bi tp 3: Hy tnh khi lng ca:
a) Hn hp cht rn gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,5 mol Cu.
b) Hn hp kh gm c 33,6 lt CO
2
; 11,2 lt CO v 5,6 lt N
2
( ktc).
19
Chng 1
Nguyn t
Bi 1 Thnh phn nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Nguyn t l phn nh nht ca nguyn t. Nguyn t c cu to rng.
HS bit c thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t.
GV: Tranh nh:
S tm tt th nghim tm ra tia m cc.
M hnh th nghim khm ph ht nhn nguyn t.
a mm m t thnh phn cu to nguyn t v cu to rng ca nguyn
t (Nu c iu kin, GV c th chun b chiu cc hnh 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 ln
mn hnh).
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh mc tiu ca
tit hc.
1. Electron

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh:
Hnh 1.1; 1.2 v thuyt trnh v th
nghim tm ra tia m cc, khi lng
v in tch ca electron...
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
a) S tm ra electron

HS: Theo di trn mn hnh v ghi bi.
20
GV: Kt lun v chiu ln mn hnh:
Ht c khi lng v cng nh, mang
in tch m l ht electron.

b) Khi lng v in tch ca electron
GV: Thuyt trnh v chiu ln mn
hnh: Bng thc nghim, ngi ta
xc nh c chnh xc khi lng v
in tch ca electron.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi
Khi lng:
m
e
= 9,1094.10
31
kg
in tch:
q
e
= 1,602.10
19
C (Culong)
in tch ca electron c quy c
l 1.
Hot ng 2
GV: Chiu m hnh th nghim khm
ph ra ht nhn nguyn t ln mn
hnh 1.3 v thuyt trnh:
Bn mt chm tia , mang in tch
dng vo mt l kim loi vng mng.
Kt qu th nghim cho thy hu ht
cc ht u xuyn thng qua l vng,
nhng c mt s rt t i lch hng
ban u hoc b bt li khi gp l vng.
Vy chng ta c th gii thch iu
ny nh th no?
2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t
GV: C th gi mt s HS trnh by
suy ngh ca mnh, sau GV nu kt
lun.
HS: C th gii thch:
Nguyn t c cu to rng.
Cc electron chuyn ng to ra v
electron bao quanh mt ht mang in
tch dng c kch thc nh b so vi
kch thc ca nguyn t, nm tm
nguyn t, l ht nhn nguyn t.
21
Hot ng 3
GV: Trnh by HS hnh dung ra th
nghim tm ra proton v ntron, sau
GV kt lun v chiu ln mn hnh.
3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t
a) S tm ra proton
b) S tm ra ntron.
HS: Ghi kt lun vo v:
Kt lun: Thnh phn cu to ca
nguyn t gm:
Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm
cc ht proton v ntron.
V electron ca nguyn t gm cc
electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht
nhn.
GV: Chiu tng phn ni dung ca
bng 1.1 ln mn hnh.
Khi lng v in tch ca cc ht to
nn nguyn t.

V nguyn t Ht nhn
c tnh ht
Electron (e) Proton (p) Ntron (n)
in tch (q) q
e
= 1,62.10
19
C
hay q
e
= 1
q
p
= 1,62.10
19
C
hay q
p
= 1+
q
n
= 0
Khi lng (m) m
e
= 9,1094.10
31
kg m
p
= 1,6726.10
27
kg m
n
= 1,6748.10
27
kg

GV: Yu cu HS nhn vo bng, so
snh khi lng ca cc ht electron
vi cc ht proton, ntron.
HS: Nhn xt:
Khi lng ca cc ht electron rt nh
so vi khi lng ca proton v ntron.
V vy, khi lng ca nguyn t tp
trung hu ht ht nhn.
22
Hot ng 4
II. Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t
GV: Gii thiu:
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc
nhau c kch thc v khi lng khc
nhau.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.

hnh.
1. Kch thc
+ Nguyn t c kch thc rt nh,
ng knh khong 10
10
m.
o kch thc nguyn t, ngi ta
dng n v nanomet (k hiu nm) hay
angstrom (k hiu ).
1nm = 10
9
m
1 = 10
10
m
1nm = 10
+ Nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc
khc nhau. Nguyn t nh nht l
nguyn t hiro, c bn knh khong
0,053nm.
+ Ht nhn c kch thc nh hn kch
thc ca nguyn t rt nhiu (ng
knh khong 10
5
nm).
+ ng knh ca electron v proton
cn nh hn nhiu (khong 10
8
nm).
Electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht
nhn trong khng gian rng ca
nguyn t (nguyn t c cu to rng).
GV: Gii thiu v chiu ln mn hnh. HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
2. Khi lng
Khi lng ca 1 nguyn t ng v
cacbon l:
19,9206.10
27
kg = 12 vC
23
GV: Vy 1 vC bng bao nhiu kg? HS:
1 vC =
27
19, 9206.10
12

1,66005.10
27
kg
GV: Ly VD v chiu ln mn hnh. HS: Theo di trn mn hnh, nghe v
ghi bi:
V d: khi lng ca 1 nguyn t
hiro l 1,6735.10
27
kg 1u.
chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 1:
a) Nguyn t magie c khi lng bao
nhiu kg?

b) 1 nguyn t lu hunh c khi
lng bng bao nhiu kg?
HS: Lm bi tp vo v:
a) Khi lng ca mt nguyn t magie
l 1 vC Khi lng ca mt nguyn
t magie (tnh bng n v kg) l:
24 1,66.10
27
kg 39,84. 10
27
kg
b) Khi lng ca mt nguyn t lu
hunh (tnh bng kg) l:
32 1,66.10
27
kg 53,12. 10
27
kg
GV: Gi HS lm bi v nhn xt, chm
im.

Hot ng 6
Cng c
GV: Nhc li cc ni dung chnh ca
bi v chiu ln mn hnh (hoc c th
gi HS nhc li cc ni dung chnh ca
bi v chiu ln mn hnh).
HS: Nhc li cc kin thc c bn c
trong bi.
Hot ng 7
GV: Ra bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. (SGK trang 8)
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1:
a) Nguyn t magie c khi lng bao nhiu kg?
b) 1 nguyn t lu hunh c khi lng bng bao nhiu kg?
24
Bi 2 Ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Khi nim v s n v in tch ht nhn, phn bit khi nim s n v
in tch ht nhn (Z) vi khi nim in tch ht nhn (Z+).
K hiu nguyn t.
HS hiu:
Khi nim v s khi, quan h gia s khi v nguyn t khi.
Quan h gia s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s electron trong
nguyn t.
Khi nim v nguyn t ho hc v s hiu nguyn t.
GV: My chiu, giy trong, bt d.
HS: Nm vng c im ca cc ht cu to nn nguyn t.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
kim tra bi c
GV: Kim tra l thuyt HS 1: Nu c
im (in tch, khi lng) ca cc
loi ht cu to nn nguyn t.
HS: Tr li.
(Ghi li gc bng bn phi)
Hot ng 2
I. Ht nhn nguyn t
GV: Nu cu hi v chiu ln mn
hnh:
VD 1: Ht nhn nguyn t ca nhm
c 13 ht proton. Em hy cho bit s
1. in tch ht nhn

HS: Tr li v gii thch:

25
ht electron, in tch ht nhn, s n
v in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t
nhm v gii thch.
Ht nhn ca nguyn t nhm c 13
ht proton s electron l 13 (v
nguyn t trung ho v in).
in tch ht nhn ca nhm l 13+.
S n v in tch ht nhn ca
nhm l 13.
VD 2: Nguyn t magie c 12 electron
lp v. Cho bit s proton, in tch
ht nhn, s n v in tch ht nhn
ca nguyn t magie (gii thch ngn
gn).
HS: Tr li:
Nguyn t magie c 12 electron lp
v ht nhn ca nguyn t magie c
12 ht proton.
in tch ht nhn l 12+.
S n v in tch ht nhn l 12.
mn hnh v nhn xt, chm im.

GV: Em hy rt ra nhn xt v mi
lin h gia cc i lng trn?

GV: Gi HS nu nhn xt v chiu ln
mn hnh.
HS: Suy ngh v nu nhn xt:
Trong nguyn t:
s n v in tch s proton =
= s electron
Hot ng 3
GV: Gii thiu: S khi ca ht nhn,
k hiu l A, bng tng s proton (Z)
v s ntron (N).
GV chiu ln mn hnh:
A = Z + N
Gi mt HS gii thch.
2. S khi
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu bi tp 1 ln mn hnh.
Bi tp 1:
Ht nhn nguyn t natri c 11 proton
v 12 ntron. Hy cho bit:
in tch ht nhn.
HS: Lm bi tp 1:
in tch ht nhn: 11+
S n v in tch ht nhn: 11
S electron: 11
26
S n v in tch ht nhn
S electron
S khi ca natri.
S khi:
A = N + Z = 11 + 12 = 23
GV: Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn hnh
v yu cu HS lm bi tp vo v.

Bi tp 2: Hy in tip cc s liu
cn thiu vo bng sau:
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.

Nguyn t
S n v in
tch ht nhn
S proton S ntron S electron S khi (A)
Kali
Clo
Lu hunh
Oxi
19
17

16
8

16
8
39
35
Hot ng 4
II. nguyn t ho hc

GV: Gii thiu v chiu ln mn hnh:
Nguyn t ho hc l nhng nguyn t
c cng in tch ht nhn.
1. nh ngha
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Nh vy: Nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t nht thit phi c cng s
lng cc loi ht c bn no ging
nhau?
HS: Tt c cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t ho hc u c cng s
proton v s electron.
GV: Thng bo: (chiu ln mn hnh)
"Nhng nguyn t c cng in tch
ht nhn u c tnh cht ho hc
ging nhau"
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 5

GV: Thng bo v chiu ln mn hnh:
"S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn
t ca mt nguyn t c gi l s
2. S hiu nguyn t
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
27
hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t , k
hiu l Z".
GV: Nu cc cu hi v chiu ln mn
hnh: Vy s hiu nguyn t cho ta bit
iu g?

Nu bit s khi v s hiu nguyn t,
ta c bit c s lng cc loi ht c
bn cu to nn nguyn t khng?
HS: S hiu nguyn t cho bit:
S proton trong ht nhn.
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn
t.
S electron.
Nu bit s khi (A) v s hiu nguyn
t (Z) ta bit c s proton, s ntron
v s electron ca nguyn t .
Hot ng 6

GV: Gii thiu: S n v in tch ht
nhn Z v s khi A c coi l nhng
c trng c bn ca nguyn t GV
gii thiu k hiu nguyn t (GV chiu
ln mn hnh v gii thch).
3. K hiu nguyn t
HS: Nghe v ghi bi
K hiu nguyn t:
A
Z
X
VD:
35
17
Cl.
GV: Yu cu HS gii thch k hiu ca
nguyn t clo.

GV: Yu cu cc nhm HS lm bi tp
3 (GV chiu ln mn hnh).
HS: Cc nhm HS lm bi tp.
Bi tp 3: Hy cho bit s n v in
tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v
s electron ca nguyn t c k hiu
sau:
a)
40
20
Ca ; b)
19
9
F
c)
31
15
P; d)
80
35
Br
e)
39
19
K

(GV c th hng dn HS lm bi bng
cch k bng)

28
K hiu nguyn t
S n v in
tch ht nhn
S p S n S e
40
20
Ca
19
9
F
31
15
P
80
35
Br
39
19
K
20
9
15
35
19
20
9
15
35
19
20
10
16
45
20
20
9
15
35
19

GV: Chiu bi lm ca mt s nhm
HS ln mn hnh v nhn xt.

Hot ng 7
Cng c
GV: Gi HS nhc li ni dung chnh
ca bi, GV chiu ln mn hnh.
HS: Nhc li ni dung chnh ca bi.
Hot ng 8
bi tp v nh
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 10, 11).

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Ht nhn nguyn t natri c 11 proton v 12 ntron. Hy cho bit:
a) in tch ht nhn. b) S n v in tch ht nhn.
c) S electron. c) S khi ca natri.
Bi tp 2: Hy in tip cc s liu cn thiu vo bng sau:

Nguyn t
S n v in
tch ht nhn
S proton S ntron S electron S khi (A)
Kali
Clo
Lu hunh
Oxi
19
17

16
8

16
8
39
35
Bi tp 3: Hy cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s
electron ca nguyn t c k hiu sau:
a)
40
20
Ca b)
19
9
F c)
31
15
P d)
80
35
Br e)
39
19
K
29
Bi 3 ng v. nguyn t khi
V nguyn t khi trung bnh
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
Khi nim ng v.
Cch xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh.
HS vn dng: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t ho hc mt cch
thnh tho.
GV:
Tranh v: s cu to cc ng v ca hiro.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
kim tra bi c cha bi tp v nh
GV: Kim tra l thuyt HS 1:
Hy cho bit s proton, s electron,
s ntron ca cc nguyn t sau:

1
1
H ;
2
1
H ;
3
1
H;
35
17
Cl ;
37
17
Cl
(GV yu cu HS in vo bng v
lu li gc bng phi)
HS1: Lm bi tp v ghi li gc bng
bn phi.

K hiu
nguyn t
S proton
S
electron
S ntron
1
1
H
2
1
H
3
1
H
35
17
Cl
37
17
Cl
1
1
1
17
17
1
1
1
17
17
0
1
2
18
20

30
GV: Gi HS 2 cha bi tp 3 (SGK
trang 11).

GV: Nhn xt v chm im. HS: Cha bi tp 3 (SGK trang 11).
Hot ng 2
I. ng v
GV: Yu cu HS quan st bng (m
HS 1 ghi gc bng phi) so
snh s lng cc loi ht ca
nguyn t cc ng v ca nguyn t
hiro, nguyn t clo.
HS: Nhn xt:
Nguyn t cc ng v ca nguyn t
hiro c s proton, s electron ging
nhau, nhng s ht ntron khc nhau.
S n v in tch ht nhn ging nhau,
s khi khc nhau...
GV: Cho HS quan st tranh v 1.4
(hoc quan st trn mn hnh).
GV gii thiu: l cc nguyn t
ng v ca nguyn t hiro. Vy
ng v l g?

GV: Gi HS nu khi nim, GV
chiu ln mn hnh.
Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t
ho hc l nhng nguyn t c cng
s proton nhng khc nhau v s
ntron, do s khi A ca chng
khc nhau.
HS: Nu khi nim.
GV: Gii thiu cc nguyn t ng
v ca cng mt nguyn t c tnh
cht ho hc ging nhau. Tuy nhin,
do s ntron khc nhau nn cc
ng v c mt s tnh cht vt l
khc nhau.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu ln bng bi tp 1
(yu cu cc nhm HS tho lun
nhm lm bi tp 1).

Bi tp 1: Cho cc nguyn t:
12
6
A;
13
6
B;
27
13
C;
63
29
D;
65
29
E
HS: Lm bi tp 1 (Tho lun nhm)

31
Hy cho bit s lng cc loi ht
c bn ca cc nguyn t trn v
cho bit: nhng nguyn t no l
ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ho
hc?
(GV hng dn HS lm bi tp 1
bng cch k bng)
K hiu
nguyn t
S proton S ntron
S
electron
12
6
A
6 6 6
13
6
B
6 7 6
27
13
C
13 14 13
63
29
D
29 34 29
65
29
E
29 36 29

Trong cc nguyn t trn:
Nguyn t
12
6
A;
13
6
B l ng v ca
nhau.
Nguyn t
63
29
D;
65
29
E l ng v ca
nhau.
V:
Nguyn t A, B c cng s proton
Nguyn t D, E c cng s proton.
GV: Chiu bi lm ca mt s nhm
ln mn hnh v nhn xt.

Hot ng 3
II. Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh

GV: Gii thiu v chiu ln mn hnh:
"Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn
t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t
nng gp bao nhiu ln n v
khi lng nguyn t".
Nguyn t khi l khi lng
tng i ca nguyn t.
1. Nguyn t khi
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
32
V s tr, c th coi nguyn t
khi xp x s khi ca ht nhn.
GV: Nu cu hi: Ti sao v s tr,
c th coi nguyn t khi xp x s
khi ca ht nhn?
HS: Tr li cu hi.
Hot ng 4

GV: Gii thiu: Hu ht cc nguyn
t ho hc l hn hp ca nhiu
ng v vi t l phn trm s
nguyn t xc nh trong t nhin;
v vy, nguyn t khi ca cc
nguyn t c nhiu ng v l
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hn
hp cc ng v.
2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cch tnh
nguyn t khi trung bnh:
A =
aA bB
100
+

HS: Ghi bi
GV: Gi mt HS gii thch cc k
hiu c trong cng thc
HS: Gii thch:
A l nguyn t khi trung bnh;
A, B l nguyn t khi ca ng v A, B;
a, b l t l phn trm s nguyn t ca
ng v A, B.
GV: Trong nhng tnh ton khng
cn chnh xc cao, ngi ta dng
s khi thay cho nguyn t khi.

GV: Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn
hnh, yu cu HS lm bi tp vo v.

Bi tp 2: Trong t nhin, ng c 2
ng v:
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu. Tnh nguyn

33
t khi trung bnh ca ng, bit
rng t l phn trm s nguyn t
ca
63
29
Cu l 73%.
GV: Gi mt HS ln bng lm bi
tp.
HS: Lm bi tp:
Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l:
Cu A =
63 73 65 27
100
+
63,54
chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 3: Trong t nhin clo c 2
ng v bn l:
35
17
Cl v
37
17
Cl, bit
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l
35,48. Hy tnh t l % s nguyn t
ca mi ng v.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v:
Gi t l phn trm s nguyn t ca cc
ng v
35
17
Cl v
37
17
Cl ln lt l a v b. Ta
c:
Cl A =
a 35 b 37
100
+

=
a 35 37 (100 a)
100
+
35,48
a 75,77%
V b = 24,23%
Vy t l % s nguyn t ca ng v
35
17
Cl l 75,77, ca ng v
37
17
Cl l
24,23%.
GV: Chiu bi lm ca mt s HS
ln mn hnh v nhn xt, chm
im.

Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Gi HS nhc li ni dung chnh
ca bi, GV chiu ln mn hnh.
HS: Nhc li cc ni dung chnh ca
bi.
Hot ng 6
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 14).
34
Ph lc
phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Cho cc nguyn t:

12
6
A;
13
6
B;
27
13
C;
63
29
D;
65
29
E
Hy cho bit s lng cc loi ht c bn ca cc nguyn t trn v cho
bit: nhng nguyn t no l ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ho hc?
(GV hng dn HS lm bi tp 1 bng cch k bng)
Bi tp 2: Trong t nhin, ng c 2 ng v:
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu. Tnh nguyn t khi trung
bnh ca ng, bit rng t l phn trm s nguyn t ca
63
29
Cu l 73%.
Bi tp 3: Trong t nhin: clo c 2 ng v bn l:
35
17
Cl v
37
17
Cl, bit nguyn t khi
trung bnh ca clo l 35,48. Hy tnh t l % s nguyn t ca mi ng v.
Bi 4 s chuyn ng ca electron
trong nguyn t. obitan nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn khng
theo mt qu o nht nh.
Mt xc sut tm thy electron trong khng gian nguyn t khng ng
u. Khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut tm thy electron ln
nht (khong 90%) c gi l obitan nguyn t.
Hnh dng cc obitan nguyn t.
GV:
Tranh v: m hnh hnh tinh nguyn t ca R-d-pho, Bo v Zom-m-phen.
Obitan nguyn t hiro.
Hnh nh ca cc obitan s v p.
35
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. kim tra bi c cha bi tp v nh
Nu khi nim ng v? Cho v d
minh ho.
Cch tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh.
HS: Tr li.
GV: Gi 3 HS ln bng cha bi tp 2,
4, 5 (SGK trang 14).
HS2: Cha bi tp 2 (SGK trang 14).

Nguyn
t
S
proton
S
ntron
S
electron
28
14
Sr 14 14 14
29
14
Si 14 15 14
30
14
Si 14 16 14
54
26
Fe
26 28 26
56
26
Fe
26 30 26
57
26
Fe
26 31 26
58
26
Fe
26 32 26

HS2: Cha bi tp 4 (SGK 14)
a)
H A =
100
016 , 0 2 984 , 99 1 +
= 1,00016
Cl A =
100
23 , 24 37 75 , 75 35 +
35,48
b) C th c 4 loi phn t HCl khc
nhau to nn t hai ng v ca hai
nguyn t .
36

1
1
H
35
17
Cl;
1
1
H
37
17
Cl;
2
1
H
35
17
Cl;
2
1
H
37
17
Cl
c) Phn t khi ca cc phn t trn
ln lt l: 36, 38, 37, 39.
HS3: Cha bi tp 5 (SGK trang 14)
Gi t l % s nguyn t mi ng v
l:
Cu A =
63 a 65(100 a)
100
+
= 63,546
a = 72,7%
V b = 27,3%.
GV: Gi cc em HS khc nhn xt, GV
chm im.

Hot ng 2
I. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t

GV: Gii thiu mc tiu ca tit hc v
chiu ln mn hnh.
1. M hnh hnh tinh nguyn t

GV: Chiu m hnh hnh tinh nguyn
t ca R-d-pho ln mn hnh v
thuyt trnh.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 3

GV: Thuyt trnh v s chuyn ng
ca cc electron trong nguyn t.
2. M hnh hin i v s chuyn
ng ca cc electron trong nguyn
t, obitan nguyn t
a) S chuyn ng ca electron trong
nguyn t.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh hnh 1.7: m
my electron hnh cu ca nguyn t
hiro v nhn mnh: "Electron chuyn
ng rt nhanh, khng th quan st
c ng i ca n". m my
electron l nhng v tr electron xut
hin. V electron mang in tch m
nn m my mang in tch m.
HS: Nghe ging v quan st trn mn
hnh hnh dung c s chuyn
ng ca electron trong nguyn t.
37
b) Obitan nguyn t
GV: Thng bo: Vng khng gian bao
quanh ht nhn nguyn t cha hu
nh ton b in tch ca m my,
c gi l obitan nguyn t. Tuy
nhin, mt in tch khng ng
u trong khng gian ny.
gn ht nhn, xc sut tm thy
electron nhiu hn l xa ht nhn.
V d: Trong nguyn t hiro, kh
nng c mt electron ln nht trong
khu vc cch ht nhn khong
0,053nm.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cu hi: Vy
obitan nguyn t l g?
HS: Tr li:
Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng
gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti
xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht
(khong 90%).
GV: Gii thiu:
Obitan nguyn t c k hiu l AO.

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh hnh 1.8: biu
din obitan nguyn t hiro mt cch
n gin v thuyt trnh.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 4
II. Hnh dng obitan nguyn t
GV:
Gii thch v cc mc nng lng.
Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi
ca electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta
phn loi thnh cc obitan s, obitan p,
obitan d v obitan f.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu hnh dng ca cc obitan s,
p ln mn hnh (hnh 1.9 v 1.10).

GV: Yu cu HS m t li hnh dng
ca cc obitan s, p.
HS: Tr li:
Obitan s: c dng hnh cu, tm l
ht nhn nguyn t.
Obitan p: c dng s 8 ni.
38
Obitan d v obitan f c hnh dng
phc tp.
GV: Gii thch v cc obitan p
x
;
p
y
; p
z
.

Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Nhc li cc ni dung chnh ca bi. HS: Nghe ging.
GV: Dn d HS n tp cc ni dung l
thuyt phc v cho gi luyn tp (tit
sau):
Thnh phn, cu to nguyn t, ht
nhn. c tnh ca cc loi ht cu to
nn nguyn t.
Cc khi nim: nguyn t ho hc, k
hiu nguyn t, ng v, nguyn t
khi, nguyn t khi trung bnh, obitan
nguyn t.

Hot ng 6
Dn d bi tp v nh
Bi 5 Luyn tp v:

A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
c tnh ca cc loi ht cu to nn nguyn t.
Nhng i lng c trng cho nguyn t: s hiu, s khi, nguyn t khi.
S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t: obitan nguyn t, hnh dng
obitan nguyn t.
Thnh phn cu to nguyn t,
khi lng ca nguyn t,
obitan nguyn t
39
2. Rn k nng
Vn dng kin thc v thnh phn cu to nguyn t, c im ca cc ht
cu to nn nguyn t gii cc bi tp c lin quan.
Da vo cc i lng c trng cho nguyn t gii thch cc bi tp v
ng v, nguyn t khi, nguyn t khi trung bnh.
V c hnh dng cc obitan s v p.
GV:
Bng nhm.
Phiu hc tp.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
A. kin thc cn nm vng
1. Thnh phn cu to nguyn t GV: Chiu ln mn hnh s cm
(hoc s dng bng nhm):

Bi tp 1:

HS: Tho lun theo nhm hon
thnh s .
vi ni dung sau:

Nguyn
t

40
in vo cc trng cc thnh phn
cu to nn nguyn t.
Ghi r k hiu, c tnh ca cc ht
cu to nn nguyn t.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh s ca mt
s nhm ( in y .)
HS: Hon chnh s nh sau:

GV: Yu cu HS vit cc cng thc th
hin quan h gia s proton, s ntron,
s electron...
(GV chiu ln mn hnh)
HS: n li cc cng thc:
Trong mt nguyn t:
S proton = s electron.
A = Z + N...
GV: Gi HS nhc li cc khi nim:
nguyn t khi, nguyn t ho hc,
ng v, obitan nguyn t (GV chiu
ln mn hnh).
HS: Nhc li cc khi nim.
GV: cng c cc kin thc chng ta
va n tp, cc em hy lm bi tp 2
(GV chiu ln mn hnh):

Bi tp 2: Ghp thng tin ct bn tri
vi cc thng tin ct bn phi cho
ph hp nht.
HS: Lm bi tp.

Nguyn t
V electron
ca nguyn t
Ht nhn
Electron (e)
in tch: 1
Khi lng: rt nh
Proton (p)
in tch: 1+
Khi lng: 1 u
Ntron (n)
in tch: 0
Khi lng: 1 u
41
1) Nguyn t A) Khng mang in
2) Obitan nguyn t B) Dng hnh khi cu
3) S khi C) Trung ho v in
4) Nguyn t khi trung bnh D) A = Z + N
5) Obitan s
E) A =
A %a + B %b +...
100%

6) Obitan p G) Kh nng xc sut tm thy electron ln
nht
H) Dng hnh s 8 ni.

mn hnh.
HS: Phng n ghp ng nh sau:
1C; 2G; 3D; 4E; 5B; 6H
GV: Nhc li cc ni dung l thuyt
n tp.
HS: Ghi bi.
Hot ng 2
bi tp

Bi tp 3: Tng s ht proton,
ntron, electron c trong nguyn t
X l 52, trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
16. Hy tnh s lng mi loi ht c
bn c trong nguyn t X. Hy xc
nh s hiu, s khi ca X.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
Gi s ht proton, electron, ntron c
trong nguyn t X ln lt l P, E v N.
V s proton = s electron nn
P = E.
Trong nguyn t, ht mang in l
electron v proton.
Ht khng mang in l ntron.
Ta c h:
P + E + N = 52
2P + N = 52
2P N = 16
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
P = E = 17; N = 18.
42
Nguyn t X c:
+ S hiu: Z = 17.
+ S khi:
A = Z + N = 17 + 18 = 35.
GV: Chiu bi gii ca HS ln mn
hnh, nhn xt v chm im.

chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 4: Nguyn t agon c ba
ng v khc nhau ng vi s khi
36; 38 v A. Phn trm cc ng v
tng ng ln lt l: 0,34%; 0,06%;
99,6%.

a) Tnh s khi A ca ng v th ba
(bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
agon l 39,98).

b) Vit k hiu nguyn t cc ng v
ca agon. Cho bit s ht proton,
ntron, electron c trong mi nguyn
t ng v (Bit s hiu ca agon
l 18).
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
a)
A =
36 0,34 38 0,06 A 99, 6
100
+ +

=
12, 24 2, 28 99, 6A
100
+ +
= 39,98
A 40.
b) K hiu nguyn t ca cc ng v ca
agon:

36
18
Ar ;
38
18
Ar ;
40
18
Ar ;
S lng cc loi ht:

K hiu
nguyn t
S p S n S e
36
18
Ar 18 18 18
38
18
Ar 18 20 18
40
18
Ar 18 22 18

43
mn hnh, nhn xt v chm im.

Hot ng 3
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 5 (SGK trang 22).
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1:

Bi tp 2: Ghp thng tin ct bn tri vi cc thng tin ct bn phi cho ph hp nht.
Bi tp 3: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron c trong nguyn t X l 52, trong s ht
mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 16. Hy tnh s lng mi loi
ht c bn c trong nguyn t X. Hy xc nh s hiu, s khi ca X?
Bi tp 4: Nguyn t agon c ba ng v khc nhau ng vi s khi 36; 38 v A. Phn
trm cc ng v tng ng ln lt l: 0,34%; 0,06%; 99,6%.
a) Tnh s khi A ca ng v th ba (bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca agon
l 39,98).
b) Vit k hiu nguyn t cc ng v ca agon. Cho bit s ht proton, ntron,
electron c trong mi nguyn t ng v (Bit s hiu ca agon l 18).

Nguyn t
44
Bi 6 Lp v phn lp electron
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Th no l lp v phn lp electron.
S lng cc obitan trong mt phn lp v trong mt lp.
S ging nhau, khc nhau gia cc obitan trong cng mt phn lp.
Dng k hiu phn bit cc lp, phn lp electron.
C. Tin trnh bi ging

Hot ng 1
cha bi tp v nh
GV: Gi 2 HS ln cha bi tp 1, 2, 5
(SGK trang 22).
HS1: Cha bi tp 1, 2 (SGK trang 22)
+ Bi tp 1: C
V s p = s e = 75
A = Z + N = 75 + 110 = 185
Vy nguyn t ca nguyn t X c
Z = 75; A = 185
+ Bi tp 2: B
HS2: Cha bi tp 5 (SGK trang 22)
a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca magie
l:
Mg A =
24 78, 99 25 10 26 11, 01
100
+ +

= 24,32
45
b) Trong hn hp c 50 nguyn t
24
Mg;
s nguyn t ng v
24
Mg l:
78, 99 50
10
= 395
S nguyn t ng v
26
Mg l:

11, 01 50
10
= 55
GV: Gi cc em HS khc nhn xt,
GV chm im.

Hot ng 2
I. Lp electron
GV: Gii thiu (chiu ln mn hnh)
Trong nguyn t cc electron c
sp xp thnh trong lp, cc lp c
sp xp t gn ht nhn ra ngoi.
Cc electron trn cng mt lp c
nng lng gn bng nhau.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi
GV: Nu cu hi (chiu ln mn
hnh):
Nhng electron lp ngoi lin kt
vi ht nhn c bn bng nhng
electron lp trong khng? V sao?
Nng lng ca cc electron ph
thuc ch yu vo yu t no?
HS: Tr li cu hi:
Nhng electron lp trong lin kt vi
ht nhn bn cht hn nhng electron
lp ngoi (Do khong cch gn hn, lc
ht ca ht nhn ln hn).
Nng lng ca cc electron lp trong
thp hn nng lng ca cc electron lp
ngoi.
Nng lng ca electron ch yu ph
thuc vo s th t ca lp.
GV: Gii thiu (ng thi chiu ln
mn hnh):
Th t ca cc lp electron c
ghi bng cc s nguyn:
n = 1, 2, 3,...7
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Tn lp: K L M N O P Q
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
46
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh:
Theo trnh t sp xp trn, lp
electron no c mc nng lng l
thp nht? Lin kt gia electron lp
no vi ht nhn l bn cht nht?
HS: Tr li cu hi:
Nng lng ca electron lp K (n = 1)
l thp nht Lin kt gia ht nhn v
cc electron lp ny l bn cht nht.
Hot ng 3
II. Phn lp electron
GV: Thng bo ng thi chiu ln
mn hnh:
Mi lp electron chia thnh cc
phn lp c k hiu bng cc ch
ci thng: s, p, d, f.
Cc electron trn cng mt phn
lp c nng lng bng nhau.
S phn lp trong mi lp bng s
th t ca lp .
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Nu cu hi: Em hy cho bit s
phn lp electron trong mi lp?
(GV gi HS tr li, GV tr gip HS
HS t xy dng c kch thc).
HS: S phn lp trong mi lp bng s
th t ca lp :
Lp th nht (lp K) c mt phn lp: 1s.
Lp th hai (lp L) c 2 phn lp: 2s
v 2p.
Lp th ba (lp M) c ba phn lp: 3s,
3p v 3d.
Lp th t (lp N) c 4 phn lp: 4s,
4p, 4d, 4f.
GV: B sung:
Lp th n c n phn lp electron
(tuy nhin, trn thc t, cc nguyn
t bit ch c s electron in vo
bn phn lp s, p, d v f).
Cc electron phn lp s c gi
l cc electron s, phn lp p c
gi l cc electron p.
HS: Nghe ging.
47
Hot ng 4
III. S obitan nguyn t
trong mt phn lp electron
GV: Thng bo (ng thi chiu ln
mn hnh):
Trong mt phn lp, cc obitan c
cng mc nng lng, ch khc nhau
s nh hng trong khng gian. S
v dng obitan ph thuc vo c
im ca mi phn lp electron.
HS: Nghe ging.
GV: Yu cu HS cho bit hnh dng
ca cc obitan.
HS: M t li hnh dng ca cc obitan s,
obitan p.
GV: Tip tc gii thiu v chiu ln
mn hnh:
Phn lp s: ch c 1 obitan, c i
xng cu trong khng gian.
Phn lp p: c 3 obitan: p
x
; p
y
; p
z

nh hng theo cc trc x, y, z.
Phn lp d: c 5 obitan, nh hng
khc nhau trong khng gian.
Phn lp f: c 7 obitan cng nh
hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 5
IV. s obitan nguyn t
trong mt lp electron
GV: Nu cu hi:
Em hy cho bit s obitan nguyn t
trong mi lp electron? T rt ra
quy lut (Cch xc nh s obitan
trong mi lp electron?).
HS: Tho lun nhm v tr li cu hi:
+ S obitan trong cc lp electron l:
Lp K (n = 1) c 1 obitan
Lp L (n = 2) c 4 obitan (gm 1
obitan 2s v 3 obitan 2p)
Lp M (n = 3) c 9 obitan (gm 1
obitan 3s, 3 obitan 3p v 5 obitan 3d)
48
Lp N (n = 4) c 16 obitan (gm 1
obitan 4s, 3 obitan 4p, 5 obitan 4d v 7
obitan 4f)
+ Nh vy: s obitan trong lp th n l
n
2
obitan.
GV: Yu cu HS p dng: Tnh s
obitan c trong lp M, N.
HS:
VD: Lp M (n = 3): s obitan l 3
2
= 9
obitan.
Lp N (n = 4): s obitan l 4
2
= 16
obitan.
Hot ng 6
Cng c
GV: Yu cu HS nhc li cc ni
dung chnh ca bi:
1) Trong nguyn t, cc electron
c phn b nh th no?
2) C bao nhiu obitan nguyn t
trong mt lp v trong mt phn lp
(GV nhn xt v chiu ln mn hnh
GV tng kt li)
HS: Tr li:
1) Trong nguyn t, cc electron c
sp xp thnh tng lp. Trong mi lp,
cc electron c phn chia thnh cc
phn lp.
2)
S obitan c trong mi lp l n
2

S obitan c trong mt phn lp l:...
Hot ng 7
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 24, 25).
Bi 7 Nng lng ca cc electron trong
nguyn t. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
S electron ti a trong mt phn lp v trong mt lp.
Cc nguyn l, quy tc sp xp electron trong nguyn t.
49
HS hiu:
Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t.
c im ca electron lp ngoi cng.
HS vn dng:
Da vo cc nguyn l, quy tc v s phn b electron trong nguyn t vit
cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k 1, 2, 3.
GV:
Tranh v hnh 1.11: Mi quan h v mc nng lng ca cc obitan trong
nhng phn lp khc nhau.
Bng: cu hnh electron nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u tin trong bng
tun hon.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt HS 1: "Th no
l lp v phn lp electron? S obitan
nguyn t c trong mt phn lp v
trong mt lp?".
HS1: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi cc em HS khc nhn xt, GV
chm im.

Hot ng 2
I. Nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t

GV: Thng bo (v chiu cc chnh
ln mn hnh):
Trong nguyn t, cc electron trn
mi obitan c mt mc nng lng xc
1. Mc nng lng obitan nguyn t
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
50
nh. Ngi ta gi l mc nng lng
obitan nguyn t (mc nng lng
AO).
Cc electron trn cc obitan khc
nhau ca cng mt phn lp c mc
nng lng nh nhau.
Hot ng 2

GV: Cho HS quan st hnh 1.11 (SGK
trang 26) (GV chiu ln mn hnh) v
thng bo:
Thc nghim v l thuyt cho thy:
khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, cc mc
nng lng AO tng dn theo trnh t
nh trong hnh 1.11.
2. Trt t cc mc nng lng obitan
nguyn t
Cc em hy quan st v sp xp cc
mc nng lng theo th t tng dn?
HS: Quan st v ghi li trnh t mc
nng lng AO tng dn nh sau:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p,
6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p,...
GV: Nhn vo trnh t mc nng lng
AO trn, em c nhn xt g?
HS: Nu kin ca mnh.
GV: Tm tt v kt lun (chiu ln
mn hnh):
Khi in tch ht nhn tng, c s
chn mc nng lng v d: mc 4s tr
nn thp hn 3d, mc 5s thp hn 4d...

Hot ng 3
II. Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b
electron trong nguyn t
1. Nguyn l Pauli
a) lng t
GV: Gii thiu: biu din obitan
nguyn t mt cch n gin, ngi ta
HS: Nghe ging.
51
cn dng vung nh, c gi l
lng t. Mt lng t ng vi mt
AO (GV s dng tranh hoc chiu ln
mn hnh). GV c th hng dn
cc em HS t v cc lng t tng
ng vi n = 1 v n = 2, n = 3...
HS: V cc lng t ng vi n = 1,
n = 2, n = 3...

GV: Gi mt HS c nguyn l Pau-li.
GV chiu ln mn hnh.
b) Nguyn l Pau-li
HS: c nguyn l Pau-li: Trn mt
obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai
electron v hai electron ny chuyn
ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung
quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
GV: Gii thch v chiu ln mn hnh:
Ngi ta biu th chiu t quay khc
nhau quanh trc ring ca hai electron
bng hai mi tn: mt mi tn c chiu
i ln, mt mi tn c chiu i xung.
Khi obitan ch c mt electron th
electron gi l electron c thn
(GV chiu hnh 1.13a; 1.13b)
HS: Nghe ging.
c) S electron ti a trong mt lp v
trong mt phn lp
GV: Cc em hy cho bit s electron
ti a trong mt phn lp, trong mt
lp l bao nhiu? Cho v d. (GV c
th cho cc em tho lun nhm v ghi
li ni dung tho lun)
HS: Tho lun nhm:
Trong lp n c n
2
obitan.
Trong 1 obitan c ti a hai electron
trong lp n c ti a 2 n
2
electron
V d:
Lp K (n = 1) c ti a 2 electron.
Lp L (n = 2) c ti a 2 2
2
= 8
electron.
Lp M (n = 3) c ti a 2 3
2
= 18
electron.
52
* S electron ti a trong mt phn lp:
Phn lp s c 1 obitan phn lp s
c ti a 2 electron.
Phn lp p c 3 obitan phn lp p
c ti a 3 2 = 6 electron.
Phn lp d c 5 obitan phn lp d
c ti a 10 electron.
Phn lp f c ti a 14 electron.
GV: Chiu kin ca cc nhm ln
mn hnh. Nhn xt v yu cu HS
biu din s electron ti a trong tng
phn lp bng cc lng t (sau
GV chiu hnh 1.14 ln mn hnh).
HS: Biu din s electron ti a trong
cc phn lp bng cc lng t.
a) Phn lp s:

b) Phn lp p:

c) Phn lp d:

d) Phn lp f:

GV: Gii thiu cch biu din trng
thi electron ca cc obitan, v d: 1s
2
;
2p
6
... v gii thch ngha ca cc con
s 1, 2, 6...
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Gii thiu phn lp bo ho v
phn lp cha bo ho. Sau gi HS
c li trong SGK.
HS c:
Cc phn lp c s electron ti
a gi l phn lp bo ho. V d (s
2
;
p
6
; d
10
; f
14
).

53
Cc phn lp cha c s electron
ti a gi l phn lp cha bo ho. V
d s
1
; p
3
; p
4
; p
2
; d
6
...
Hot ng 4

GV: Yu cu HS c nguyn l trong
SGK trang 28, ng thi, GV chiu ln
mn hnh.
2. Nguyn l vng bn
HS: c:
" trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t
cc electron chim ln lt nhng
obitan c mc nng lng t thp n
cao."
vi ni dung nh sau:
Vn dng nguyn l vng bn phn
b cc electron vo cc nng lng
ca nguyn t c Z = 1, Z = 2, Z = 3,
Z = 4, Z = 5.
HS: Tho lun nhm phn b cc
electron vo cc AO
+ Nguyn thiro: Z = 1
Biu din s phn b e: 1s
1

Biu din bng lng t:
...
+ Nguyn t Bo Z = 5
S phn b e: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
.
Biu din bng lng t:

Hot ng 5

GV: Yu cu HS c SGK v nu ni
dung ca quy tc Hun, sau , GV
chiu ln mn hnh.
3. Quy tc Hun (Hund)
HS: Pht biu:
Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn
lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc
obitan sao cho s electron c thn l
ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu
t quay ging nhau.
GV: Yu cu HS vit s phn b cc HS: Lm bi tp:

54
electron trn cc obitan ca cc
nguyn t cacbon (Z = 6), nit (Z = 7),
oxi (Z = 8).
S phn b electron trn cc obitan ca
cc nguyn t cacbon, nit, oxi nh
sau:
C (Z = 6):

2p
2

1s
2

N (Z = 7):

2p
3

1s
2

O (Z = 8):

2p
4

1s
2

GV: Chiu bi lm ca cc em HS ln
mn hnh v nhn xt.

Hot ng 6
Cng c
GV: Cho HS nhc li cc ni dung sau
(GV chiu ln mn hnh):
Vit cc mc nng lng AO theo
trnh t tng dn.
Ni dung ca nguyn l Pauli, nguyn
l vng bn, quy tc Hun.
HS: Tr li cc ni dung trn.

2s
2

2s
2

2s
2

55
Bi 7 Nng lng ca cc electron trong
nguyn t. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
(tip theo)
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
S electron ti a trong mt phn lp v trong mt lp.
Cc nguyn l, quy tc sp xp electron trong nguyn t.
HS hiu:
Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t.
c im ca electron lp ngoi cng.
HS vn dng:
Da vo cc nguyn l, quy tc v s phn b electron trong nguyn t vit
cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k 1, 2, 3.
GV:
Tranh v hnh 1.11: Mi quan h v mc nng lng ca cc obitan trong
nhng phn lp khc nhau.
Bng: cu hnh electron nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u tin trong bng
tun hon.
C. Tin trnh bi ging

Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt HS: "Pht biu
ni dung nguyn l Pau-li, nguyn l
vng bn, quy tc Hun".
HS: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Nhn xt v chm im.
56
Hot ng 2
III. Cu hnh electron nguyn t

GV: Yu cu cc nhm HS c SGK
mc III-1 (SGK trang 30), sau tho
lun v ghi li cc ni dung sau (GV
chiu ln mn hnh):
Cu hnh electron nguyn t l g?

Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron
nguyn t?

Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn
t?

p dng: Vit cu hnh electron
ca cc nguyn t Na (Z = 11) v Br
(Z = 35).
Vit cu hnh electron ca cc
nguyn t trn di dng lng t.
1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t

HS: Tho lun nhm:

Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu
din s phn b electron trn cc phn
lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron:
+ S th t cc electron c vit bng
cc ch s (1, 2, 3...)
+ Phn lp c k hiu bng ch ci
thng (s, p, d, f)
+ S electron c ghi bng s pha
trn, bn phi k hiu ca phn lp (s
2
,
p
3
, d
4
...)
Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn
t:
+ Xc nh s electron ca nguyn t.
+ Cc electron c phn b theo th
t tng dn cc mc nng lng AO,
theo cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b
electron trong nguyn t.
+ Vit cu hnh electron theo th t
cc phn lp trong mt lp v theo th
t ca lp electron.
Vn dng:
+ Na (Z = 11): C 11 electron cu
hnh electron ca Na nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

Br (Z = 35): C 35 electron phn b
cc electron vo cc mc nng lng
57
AO nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
5

cu hnh electron ca Br nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5

GV: T chc HS th hin kin ca
nhm mnh bng cc hnh thc:
Chiu kin ca cc nhm ln mn
hnh, cc nhm khc nhn xt, gp .
Hoc s dng bng nhm cc
nhm bt thm ln trnh by tng ni
dung.

GV: Tng kt li kin ca cc nhm
v chiu ln mn hnh nhng cn
thit.

Hot ng 3

GV: Phn cng cho cc nhm vit cu
hnh electron v cu hnh electron vit
di dng lng t ca mt s
nguyn t c Z t 1 n 20.
2. Cu hnh electron ca mt s
nguyn t
HS: Cc nhm vit cu hnh electron
ca cc nguyn t vo bng nhm.
GV: Nhn xt ni dung m cc nhm
lm (th hin trn bng nhm). Sau
, GV hon thin bng 1.2 v chiu
ln mn hnh (Hoc c th cho cc
nhm vit vo giy A
O
ni dung c
trong bng 1.2 v treo v tr nhm
ca mnh trong cc gi Ho...).

Hot ng 4

GV: Yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi
sau: Da vo th t cc lp, nng
lng ca electron trn cc lp v phn
lp, em hy cho bit :
3. c im ca lp electron lp
ngoi cng
HS: Tr li cu hi (HS c th tr li
theo kin ca mnh, trong phi th
hin c sau):
58
Electron no gn ht nhn nht, xa
ht nhn nht?
Electron no lin kt vi ht nhn
mnh nht? Yu nht?
Electron lp ngoi cng xa ht nhn
nht, cc electron lp ngoi cng lin
kt vi ht nhn nguyn t yu nht.
GV: Dn dt: Cc electron lp ngoi
cng rt quan trng v chng d tham
gia vo s hnh thnh lin kt ho hc.
Sau GV thng bo v chiu ln mn
hnh: Cc electron lp ngoi cng
quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt
nguyn t.

GV: Yu cu HS quan st bng 1.2 v
nhn xt v s lng electron lp
ngoi cng ca 20 nguyn t u.
(C th tip tc cho cc nhm tho
lun)
HS: Quan st bng 1.2 v nhn xt:
S electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t c th c 1, 2,
3... v ti a l 8 electron.
hnh:
Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt
nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn
t:
a) Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp
ngoi cng (c s electron lp ngoi
cng ti a) u rt bn vng, chng
hu nh khng tham gia vo cc phn
ng ho hc. l cc nguyn t kh
him (Tr He c s electron lp ngoi
cng l 2).
b) Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron
lp ngoi cng l cc nguyn t kim
loi (Tr H, B, He).
c) Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron
lp ngoi cng l phi kim.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
59
d) Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp
ngoi cng c th l kim loi hoc phi
kim.
chiu bi tp ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 1:
Hy cho bit cc nguyn t c Z = 7,
Z = 9, Z = 10, Z = 11, Z = 18, Z = 20
l kim loi hay kh him, gii thch?
GV c th cho HS s dng bng 1.2
hoc yu cu HS vit li cu hnh
electron ca cc nguyn t trn gii
thch (Tu theo mc ca tng i
tng HS)
HS: Lm bi tp 1:
Cc nguyn t l kim loi l cc
nguyn t c: Z = 11, Z = 20.
V:
Nguyn t Z = 11 c mt electron
lp ngoi cng (3s
1
)
Nguyn t Z = 20 c hai electron
lp ngoi cng (4s
2
)
Cc nguyn t phi kim gm Z = 7,
Z = 9.
V:
Nguyn t c Z = 7 c 5 electron lp
ngoi cng (2s
2
2p
3
).
Nguyn t c Z = 9 c 7 electron lp
ngoi cng (2s
2
2p
5
)
Cc nguyn t kh him gm: Z = 10,
Z = 18.
V:
Z = 10 c 8 electron lp ngoi cng
(2s
2
2p
6
)
Z = 18 c 8 electron lp ngoi cng
(3s
2
3p
6
)
GV: C th t chc cho cc nhm HS
lm bi tp 2 di dng cc tr chi
sau:
GV chun b cc mu ba mu xanh,
, vng, trng (mi nhm mt mu)
HS: Lm bi tp 2 theo hng dn ca
GV.
60
c ghi cu hnh electron ca mt s
nguyn t (mi nhm 10 mu ba).
Yu cu HS trong cc nhm ln lt
ln dn vo bng c quy nh l kim
loi, phi kim, kh him cho ph hp.
Hoc GV chun b bng to c ghi sn
cu hnh electron ca 20 nguyn t,
mi cu hnh cn khuyt, sau
yu cu cc nhm dng mu ba c
mu ca nhm mnh dn vo ch
khuyt cho ph hp.
GV: Cn c vo mu sc ca cc mu
ba chm im cho cc nhm.

Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Gi HS nhc li cc ni dung cn
thit c trong tit hc (GV chiu ln
mn hnh).
HS: Nhc li cc kin thc trong bi.
Hot ng 6
GV: Ra bi tp v nh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(SGK trang 32).

GV: Dn HS n tp chng 1 chun
b cho tit luyn tp chng 1.

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Hy cho bit cc nguyn t c Z = 7, Z = 9, Z = 10, Z = 11,
Z = 18, Z = 20 l kim loi hay kh him, gii thch?

61
Bi 8 Luyn tp chng 1
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
Thnh phn cu to nguyn t, c im cc ht cu to nn nguyn t.
Nhng c trng ca nguyn t ho hc.
S chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t.
Cu trc v electron nguyn t.
c im ca lp electron ngoi cng.
2. Rn k nng
Vn dng kin thc v thnh phn cu to nguyn t, c im ca cc ht
cu to nguyn t lm bi tp v cu to nguyn t.
Vn dng cc nguyn l, quy tc vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t.
Da vo c im lp electron ngoi cng phn loi cc nguyn t kim
loi hoc phi kim.
GV: my chiu, giy trong, bt d.
HS: n tp l thuyt ca chng.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
A. Nhng kin thc cn nm vng
GV: Gii thiu cc ni dung, kin thc
cn cng c gm (GV chiu ln mn
hnh):
Thnh phn cu to nguyn t.
HS: Tho lun nhm theo cc ni dung
kin thc c phn cng.
62
Cu trc v electron ca nguyn t.
Nguyn t ho hc.
Sau , GV phn cng cho cc nhm
HS tho lun hon thin cc ni
dung, kin thc nu trn (HS dng
bt d vit ln giy kh A
3
).
GV: Yu cu cc nhm HS dn ni
dung kin thc m nhm mnh c
phn cng tho lun vo bng sau:

GV: T chc cc em HS trong lp
hon thin s "Nhng kin thc cn
nm vng" sau GV chiu ln mn
hnh (GV s dng cc mu HS nhn
r cc ni dung kin thc trng tm
cn nh).
HS: ng gp kin b sung s .
Nguyn t
Kch thc khi lng nguyn t

Cu to nguyn t
...............

Cu trc v electron
ca nguyn t

Nguyn t ho hc

63
Hot ng 2
B. Bi tp
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 1 (bi tp
trc nghim) (GV chiu bi tng phn
ln mn hnh).
(C th s dng Power point hoc phn
mm Violet thc hin trong cu ca
bi tp trn cho sinh ng p n).
HS:
Lm bi tp 1.
Bi tp 1:
Cu 1: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
nguyn t Sc (Z = 21) l:
HS: Chn p n B.

A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3

B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2
C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
1
D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
1

Cu 2: S phn b cc electron vo cc
obitan nguyn t trng thi c bn ca
nguyn t nguyn t nit nh sau:
A)

B)

C)

D)

HS: Chn p n C.
Cu 3: S electron c ti a trong lp M
l:
A) 6 B) 8
C) 2 D) 18
HS: Chn p n D.

64
Cu 4: S electron ti a trong phn
lp d l:
A) 2 B) 10
C) 5 D) 8
HS: Chn p n ng B.
Cu 5: Nguyn t X l kim loi,
nguyn t Y l phi kim. Vy cu hnh
electron ca X, Y ln lt l:
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

B) [Ar] 4s
1

[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
C) [Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
5

[Ne] 3s
2

D) 1s
2

1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

HS: Chn p n B.
GV: Nhn xt, chm im.
chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 2: Nguyn t X v nguyn t
Y c cu hnh electron nh sau:
X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

Y: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Bit s khi ca X l 27, s khi ca Y
l 16. Hy cho bit s lng mi loi
ht c bn cu to nn nguyn t X, Y.
HS: Lm bi tp 2 vo v.
* Nguyn t X c 13 electron
V s electron = s proton
X c 13 ht proton trong ht nhn.
V A = Z + N 27 = 13 + N
N = 14
Vy X c 14 ht ntron trong ht nhn.
* Nguyn t Y c 8 electron
s proton: 8
s ntron: 16 8 = 8.
GV: Chm v ca mt vi HS v nhn
xt.

GV: GV chiu bi luyn tp 3 ln
mn hnh v yu cu HS lm bi tp
vo v.

65

Hot ng 3
Cng c
GV: Gi cc em HS nhc li cc kin
thc c bn hc trong chng 1.
HS: Nu cc ni dung c bn hc
trong chng 1.
Hot ng 4
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK trang 34).

mn hnh v chm im.

Bi tp 3: Tng s cc ht p, n, e c
trong nguyn t X l 58 ht. Trong
s ht khng mang in t hn s ht
mang in l 18.
a) Vit cu hnh electron v cho bit
tnh cht ho hc c bn.
b) Vit k hiu ca X.
HS: Ta c: P + N + E = 58
V P = E 2P + N = 58
Mt khc: 2P N = 18
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c
P = E = 19
N = 20
X c 19 electron
cu hnh electron ca X:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

Lp ngoi cng ca X c 1 electron
X l kim loi.
b) S khi ca X l:
A = Z + N = 19 + 20 = 39
K hiu ca X:

39
19
X
66
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1.
Cu 1: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nguyn t Sc (Z = 21) l:
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3
B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2
C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
1
D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
1
Cu 2: S phn b cc electron vo cc obitan nguyn t trng thi c bn
ca nguyn t nguyn t nit nh sau:
A)

B)

C)

D)

Cu 3: S electron c ti a trong lp M l:
A) 6 B) 8 C) 2 D) 18
Cu 5: Nguyn t X l kim loi, nguyn t Y l phi kim. Vy cu hnh electron
ca X, Y ln lt l:
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
B) [Ar] 4s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5

C) [Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
D) 1s
2

[Ne] 3s
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

Bi tp 2: Nguyn t X v nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron nh sau:
X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
Y: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Bit s khi ca X l 27, s khi ca Y l 16. Hy cho bit s lng mi
loi ht c bn cu to nn nguyn t X, Y.
Bi tp 3: Tng s cc ht p, n, e c trong nguyn t X l 58 ht. Trong s ht
khng mang in t hn s ht mang in l 18.
a) Vit cu hnh electron v cho bit tnh cht ho hc c bn.
b) Vit k hiu ca X.

67
Chng 2
bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
v nh lut tun hon
Bi 9 Bng tun hon
cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS bit: Nguyn tc xy dng bng tun hon (BTH).
HS hiu:
Cu to BTH.
Mi quan h cht ch gia cu hnh electron nguyn t vi v tr ca
nguyn t trong BTH.
GV:
Hnh v nguyn t (trong SGK) c phng to HS d theo di.
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (dng di).
HS: n li cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t
trong bng tun hon
GV: Gii thiu v nh bc hc
Men--l-p.

68
GV: Yu cu HS cc nhm lm vic,
tho lun vi ni dung sau:
* Quan st bng 1.2: Cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u tin
trong BTH.
Da vo bng tun hon (trang 41),
cc em hy cho bit:
Cc nguyn t c xp vo BTH
da trn nguyn tc no? (in tch ht
nhn...)
S lp electron, s electron ho tr.
(GV gii thch v s electron ho tr
ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt hng
ngang, trong cng mt ct dc c c
im g?)

HS: Cc nhm HS tho lun v ghi li
nhn xt ca mnh vo bng nhm.
GV: Yu cu i din cc nhm trnh
by kin ca nhm mnh.
HS: Nu nhn xt:
Cc nguyn t ho hc c sp xp
vo mt bng gi l BTH, da trn cc
nguyn tc sau:
Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo
chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t.
Cc nguyn t c cng lp electron
trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt
hng.
Cc nguyn t c cng s electron
ho tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh
mt ct.
GV: Gi mt vi HS ly v d chng
minh cho cc nhn xt va nu.
HS: Ly v d minh ha.
69
Hot ng 2
II. Cu to bng tun hon

GV: Treo hnh v mt s nguyn t
phng to: v d nguyn t ca hiro,
nhm... v nu cu hi:
Thnh phn ca mt nguyn t?
1. nguyn t
HS: Quan st hnh v nguyn t v
nu nhn xt:
Trong mt nguyn t c cc thnh
phn:
S hiu nguyn t (s th t ca
ng bng s hiu nguyn t ca
nguyn t ).
K hiu ho hc.
Tn nguyn t.
Nguyn t khi trung bnh.
(Ngoi ra c th c mt s thng tin
khc nh cu hnh electron, m in,
cc s oxi ho ca mt nguyn t)
GV: Yu cu 2 HS ly v d (HS ghi
ln bng).
HS 1: Nu v d: nguyn t ca nhm
c cc thng tin sau:
S hiu nguyn t: 13
K hiu ho hc: Al
Tn nguyn t: Nhm
Nguyn t khi trung bnh: 26,98
m in: 1,61
Cu hnh electron: [Ne] 3s
2
3p
1

S oxi ho: 3.
HS2: Ly v d: nguyn t ca oxi c
cc thng tin sau:
S hiu nguyn t: 8
K hiu ho hc: O
Tn nguyn t: Oxi
Nguyn t khi trung bnh: 15,999
70
m in: 3,44
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

S oxi ho: 2.
GV: Gi HS nhn xt, gp .
Hot ng 3

GV: Gi mt HS c khi nim v chu
k (SGK trang 37).
2. Chu k
HS c: Chu k l dy cc nguyn t
m nguyn t ca chng c s lp
electron, c sp xp theo chiu in
tch ht nhn tng dn.
vi ni dung sau:
BTH cc nguyn t c bao nhiu dy
hng ngang (bao nhiu chu k) ?
S lng cc nguyn t trong mi
chu k?
Vit cu hnh electron ca mt s
nguyn t tiu biu trong chu k v
nhn xt s lp electron trong mt chu
k.
HS: Tho lun nhm v ghi nhn xt
vo bng nhm:
BTH gm 7 chu k c nh s th
t t 1 7.
S th t ca chu k tng trng vi s
lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn
t trong chu k .
GV: C th hng dn cc nhm HS
tho lun v ghi nhn xt vo bng
sau:

Chu k S lng cc nguyn t Cu hnh electron S lp electron

HS: Nhn xt v in y vo bng
nhm.

71
Chu k S lng cc nguyn t Cu hnh electron S lp electron
1 2 nguyn t
(Z = 1, Z = 2)
1s
a

a = 1 2
1
2 8 nguyn t
(Z = 3 Z = 10)
[He] 1s
a
2p
b

a = 1 2
b = 1 6
2
3 8 nguyn t
(Z = 11 Z = 18)
[Ne] 3s
a
3p
b

a = 1 2
b = 1 6
3
4 18 nguyn t
(Z = 19 Z = 36)
[Ar] 4s
a
4p
b
4d
c

a = 1 2
b = 1 6
c = 1 10
4

GV: B sung:
Phn loi chu k:
Cc chu k 1, 2, 3 l chu k nh.
Cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 l chu k ln.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 4

GV: Nu cu hi: Da vo BTH, em
hy cho bit:
Nhm nguyn t l g? S electron
ho tr ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
trong cng mt nhm c c im g?

3. Nhm nguyn t
HS: Tr li cu hi:

Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc
nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh
electron tng t nhau, do c tnh
cht ho hc gn ging nhau v c
xp thnh mt ct.
Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng
mt nhm c s electron ho tr bng
nhau v bng s th t ca nhm.
72
Cc nhm nguyn t c chia thnh
my loi?
BTH c 8 nhm A (IA

VIIIA) v 8
nhm B (IB VIIIB): mi nhm l
mt ct, ring nhm VIIIB gm 3 ct.
GV: Gii thiu:
Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m
nguyn t c electron cui cng c
in vo phn lp s.
Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m
nguyn t c electron cui cng c
in vo phn lp p.

GV: Yu cu HS quan st trong bng
tun hon v cho bit cc nguyn t s,
v nguyn t p thuc cc nhm no?
HS: Nhn xt
Cc nguyn t s thuc nhm IA, IIA.
Cc nguyn t p thuc nhm IIIA
VIIIA (tr He).
GV: B sung: Cc nhm A bao gm
cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p.

GV: Yu cu HS cho bit v tr (thuc
nhng nhm no?) ca cc nguyn t d
v nguyn t f.
HS: Nhn xt:
Cc nguyn t d gm cc nguyn t
thuc cc nhm B.
Khi cc nguyn t f gm cc
nguyn t xp thnh 2 hng cui
bng, chng gm 14 nguyn t h
Lantan v 14 nguyn t h Actini.
Cc nhm B bao gm cc nguyn t
d v f.
Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 1:
Bi tp 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t c s hiu:
Z = 17, Z = 11, Z = 18 v cho bit v
tr ca chng trong BTH.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v
+ Nguyn t: Z = 17
2
3p
5

+ Nguyn t Z = 17 c v tr:
th 17.
Chu k 3
73
Nhm VIIA
+ Nguyn t Z = 11
1

th 11.
Chu k 3
Nhm IA
+ Nguyn t Z = 18
cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2p
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

th 18.
Chu k 3
Nhm VIIIA.
Hot ng 6
Bi tp v nh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK 39).
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t c s hiu: Z = 17,
Z = 11, Z = 18 v cho bit v tr ca chng trong BTH.
Bi 10 S bin i tun hon
cu hnh electron nguyn t
cA cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
ho hc.
Mi lin quan gia cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t vi v tr
ca chng trong BTH.
74
GV:
BTH cc nguyn t ho hc.
Bng 2.1.
HS: n bi cu to BTH cc nguyn t ho hc.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt mt HS:
Nu nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn
t trong BTH. Nu cu to ca BTH.
HS: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi 2 HS ln cha bi tp 6, 8
(SGK trang 39).
HS: Cha bi tp 6.
nh ngha nhm nguyn t (theo SGK).
Cc nguyn t s thuc nhm IA, IIA
Cc nguyn t p thuc nhm IIIA
VIIIA (tr He).
Cc nguyn t d gm cc nguyn t
thuc cc nhm B.
Khi cc nguyn t f gm cc nguyn
t xp thnh 2 hng cui bng, chng
gm 14 nguyn t h Lantan v 14
nguyn t h Actini.
HS: Cha bi tp 8.
+ Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca
nguyn t selen (Z = 34)
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
4

V tr:
th 34.
Chu k: 4.
75
Nhm: VIA.
+ Kripton (Z = 36)
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6

V tr:
th 36
Chu k: 4.
Nhm: VIIIA.
Hot ng 2
I. cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t nhm A
GV: Chun b sn bng ph (bng
formica hoc giy A
O
) c k sn khung
bng sau:

Nhm
Chu k
IA IIA IIIA VIA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
1
2
3
4

GV: Sau GV chia lp thnh 4 8
nhm, pht cho mi nhm 4 ming ba
mu c ghi sn s hiu ca 1 nguyn t.

GV: Yu cu HS vit cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t , sau
da vo cu hnh electron, xc nh v
tr ca nguyn t trong BTH v dn
vo ng v tr ca n vo khung bng
trn.
HS:
Hot ng nhm theo ni dung
hng dn ca GV.
HS hon thin bng nh bng 2.1
(SGK trang 42).
GV: Yu cu HS cc nhm quan st
bng (sau khi hon thnh) v nhn
xt, ghi li.
HS: Tho lun nhm rt ra cc nhn
xt sau:
76
HS: Nhn xt:
Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong mt
nhm A c s electron lp ngoi cng
bng nhau v bng s th t ca nhm.
S ging nhau v cu hnh electron lp
ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ca s
ging nhau v tnh cht ho hc ca
cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A.
GV: C th hi HS yu cu cc em
suy lun ngc li nh sau: S th t
ca nhm (nhm A) cho chng ta bit
nhng iu g?
HS: Tr li:
S th t ca nhm (nhm A) cho bit
s electron ho tr ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t trong nhm ng thi cng
l s electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t nguyn t .
Sau mi chu k, cu hnh electron lp
ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn
t nhm A c lp li. chnh l
nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon
tnh cht cc nguyn t.
Hot ng 3
II. cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t nhm B
GV: Yu cu HS vit cu hnh
electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
c s hiu: Z = 21, Z = 22, Z = 24,
Z = 25, Z = 26, Z = 29, Z = 30.
HS: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
cc nguyn t:
+ Z = 21
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2
hay [Ar] 3d
1
4s
2
+ Z = 22
[Ar] 3d
2
4s
2

+ Z = 24
[Ar] 3d
3
4s
2

+ Z = 25
[Ar] 3d
5
4s
2

77
+ Z = 26
[Ar] 3d
6
4s
2

+ Z = 30
[Ar] 3d
10
4s
2

+ Z = 29
[Ar] 3d
10
4s
1

GV: Lu HS v cu hnh electron
ca Cr v Cu.

GV: t cu hi:
Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t nhm B c dng nh th
no?
HS: Tr li: cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t nhm B thng c
dng: (n1)d
a
ns
2

Trong a: 1 10 (tr trng hp ca
Cu, Cr).
GV: Thng bo: Cc nguyn t d hoc
f c s electron ho tr nm lp
ngoi cng hoc c phn lp st
ngoi cng. Khi phn lp st ngoi
cng bo ho th s electron ho tr
c tnh theo s electron lp ngoi
cng.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Yu cu HS xc nh s electron
ho tr ca cc nguyn t: Z = 21,
Z = 22, Z = 23, Z = 25 v cho bit cc
nguyn t trn thuc nhm no?
HS: Xc nh s electron ho tr ca cc
nguyn t trn v xc nh s th t
nhm ca cc nguyn t trn.
Hot ng 4
Cng c
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi luyn tp:
Bi tp: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t: Z = 11; Z = 18,
Z = 15, Z = 27, Z = 28 v xc nh v
tr ca chng trong BTH.
HS: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
v xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t
trong BTH.
+ Z = 11
[Ne] 3s
1

78
V tr:
th 11
Chu k 3
Nhm IA.
+ Z = 27
[Ar] 3d
7
4s
2

V tr:
th 27
Chu k 4
Nhm VIIIB.
+ Z = 28
[Ar] 3d
8
4s
2
V tr:
th 28.
Chu k 4.
Nhm VIIIB.
GV: Gi HS nhn xt, GV chm im.
Hot ng 5
bi tp v nh

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: Z = 11; Z = 18,
Z = 15, Z = 27, Z = 28 v xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH.

79
Bi 11 S bin i mt s i lng vt l
ca cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS bit: Cc khi nim: nng lng ion ha, m in.
HS hiu: Quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ho, m
in ca cc nguyn t trong BTH.
HS vn dng: Da vo quy lut bin i cc i lng vt l d on tnh
cht ca cc nguyn t khi bit v tr ca chng trong BTH.
GV: bng 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, hnh 2.1 v 2.2 (SGK).
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
Cu hnh electron nguyn t v s th
t ca nhm, chu k c mi lin quan
nh th no? V sao tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t li bin i tun hon?
HS 1: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi 3 HS ln cha bi tp 3, 4, 5
(SGK trang 44).
HS2: Cha bi tp 3:
+ Z = 8
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

S electron lp ngoi cng: 6 s
th t ca nhm: VIA
Chu k: 2
+ Z = 9
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

80
S electron lp ngoi cng: 7
V tr ca nguyn t trong BTH:
S th t: 9
Chu k 2
s th t ca nhm: VIIA
+ Z = 17
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

S electron lp ngoi cng: 7
V tr:
S th t: 17
s th t ca nhm: VIIA
Chu k: 3
+ Z = 19
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

V tr:
S th t: 19
s th t ca nhm: IA
Chu k: 4
HS 3: Cha bi tp 4
+ Z = 18:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Nguyn t (Z = 18) c 3 electron nn
chu k 3.
+ Z = 19:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

Nguyn t (Z = 19) c 4 lp electron
nn chu k 4.
HS 4: Cha bi tp 5
+ Z = 20
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

81
+ Z = 21
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2

+ Z = 24
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1

+ Z = 29
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

+ Z = 30
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2

sa sai (nu c), GV chm im.

Hot ng 2
I. Bn knh nguyn t
GV: Chiu mc tiu ca tit hc ln
mn hnh v nu cc ni dung chnh
ca bi.

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh hnh 2.1 v
yu cu cc nhm HS tho lun vi ni
dung sau: "Cc em hy quan st hnh
2.1 v cho bit:
Quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t theo chu k v nhm.
Gii thch quy lut da vo c
im cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn
t."
HS: Tho lun nhm theo ni dung m
GV hng dn
Quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn t:
Trong mt chu k, cc nguyn t c
cng s lp electron, nhng khi in
tch tng, lc ht gia ht nhn vi cc
electron lp ngoi cng tng theo, do
bn knh nguyn t ni chung gim
dn.
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t
trn xung di (in tch ht nhn
tng): S lp electron tng dn, bn
knh nguyn t cc nguyn t tng.
GV: Gi i din cc nhm nu kin
ca nhm mnh, sau GV gi mt
HS nu kt lun (GV chiu cu kt
lun ln mn hnh).
HS: Nu kt lun:
Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn.
82
Hot ng 3
II. nng lng ion ho
GV: Gii thch v nng lng ion ho
v chiu khi nim ln mn hnh:
Nng lng ion ho th nht (I
1
) ca
nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn
tch electron th nht ra khi
nguyn t trng thi c bn (nng
lng ion ho c tnh bng kJ/mol).
Nng lng ion ho th 2, th 3 c
k hiu l I
2
, I
3
l nng lng cn
tch electron th 2, 3 ra khi cc ion
tng ng. Gi tr ca chng ln hn
nng lng ion ho th nht.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh bng 2.2 v
hnh 2.2, yu cu HS nhn xt v rt ra
quy lut bin i nng lng ion ho
th nht trong mt chu k v trong mt
nhm A.
HS: Quan st bng 2.2, hnh 2.2 v rt
ra nhn xt:
Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion
ho th nht ni chung cng tng theo.
Trong cng mt nhm A, theo chiu
tng ca in tch ht nhn nng lng
ion ha ni chung gim.
GV: Gi mt HS nu nhn xt (GV
chiu ln mn hnh) v yu cu HS gii
thch.
HS: Gii thch
GV: Yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi
cng c sau (GV chiu ln mn hnh):
Nng lng ion ha I
1
ca nguyn t
nguyn t Na l 497 kJ/ mol ngha l g?
Trong mt nhm IIA, nguyn t ca
nguyn t no d tch electron th nht
nht? Kh tch nht? V sao?
HS: Tr li cu hi.
GV: Gi mt HS nu kt lun, GV
chiu kt lun ln mn hnh.
HS: Nu kt lun: Nng lng ion ho
th nht ca cc nguyn t nhm A
83
bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca
in tch ht nhn.
Hot ng 4
III. m in
GV: Nu khi nim m in v
chiu ln mn hnh: m in ca
mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng
ht electron ca nguyn t khi to
thnh lin kt ho hc.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Nu cu hi: Vy m in ca
nguyn t v tnh phi kim ca nguyn
t c lin quan nh th no?
HS: Tr li cu hi:
m in ca nguyn t nguyn t
cng ln th tnh phi kim ca nguyn t
cng mnh v ngc li.
GV: Chiu bng 2.3, hnh 2.3 ln mn
hnh. Yu cu cc nhm HS quan st
v nhn xt theo ni dung sau:
Trong mt chu k v trong mt nhm
A theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng,
m din ca nguyn t thay i nh
th no?
Quy lut bin i m in ca cc
nguyn t?
HS: Tho lun nhm v rt ra nhn xt:
Trong cng mt chu k, theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, m
in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t tng
dn.
Trong cng mt nhm A, theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, m
in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t gim
dn.
Kt lun: m in ca nguyn t
cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun
hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn.
Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Gi mt HS cht li cc ni dung
chnh ca bi.
(GV chiu ln mn hnh)
HS:
Nhc li ni dung chnh ca bi.
Hot ng 6
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK trang 49).
84
Bi 12 S bin i tnh kim loi,
tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t ho hc.
nh lut tun hon
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
Th no l tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim v quy lut bin i tnh kim loi
phi kim trong BTH.
Quy lut bin i mt s tnh cht: ho tr, tnh axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit.
Ni dung nh lut tun hon.
GV:
Bng 2.4; bng 2.5 (SGK).
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
kim tra bi c
GV: Kim tra l thuyt mt HS:
Nu quy lut bin i nng lng ion
ho, m din ca cc nguyn t
trong mt chu k v trong mt nhm.
(GV yu cu HS ghi li quy lut vo
gc bng phi)
HS: Tr li l thuyt (ghi li gc bng
phi).
GV: Gi HS nhn xt, GV chm im.
Hot ng 2
I. s bin i tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim
ca cc nguyn t
GV: Gii thiu v tnh kim loi, tnh
phi kim v chiu ln mn hnh:
1. Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
85
Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d
nhng electron tr thnh ion
dng.
Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhn
thm electron tr thnh ion m.
GV: Gi HS nu c:
Nguyn t ca nguyn t no cng d
nhng electron, tnh kim loi ca
nguyn t cng mnh.
Nguyn t ca nguyn t no cng d
nhn electron, tnh phi kim ca nguyn
t cng mnh.

GV: Gii thiu v ranh gii ca cc
nguyn t kim loi v phi kim trong

GV: Yu cu HS nh li quy lut
bin i m in, nng lng ion
ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt chu k
v trong mt nhm A (HS mt ghi
li gc bng phi) tr li cc cu
hi sau (GV chiu ln mn hnh):
2. S bin i tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim

Quy lut bin i tnh kim loi, tnh
phi kim trong mt chu k v trong mt
nhm A?
Gii thch quy lut .
Da vo tnh cht ho hc ca mt s
ni dung bit chng minh quy
lut.
tr li cc cu hi trn.
HS: Tho lun nhm v tr li cu hi:
a) Trong mi chu k, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi
ca cc nguyn t gim dn ng thi
tnh phi kim tng dn.
Gii thch:
Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca
in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ho,
m in tng dn, bn knh nguyn
t gim dn lm cho kh nng nhng
electron gim nn tnh kim loi gim,
86
kh nng nhn electron tng nn tnh
phi kim tng.
(Da vo tnh cht ca cc nguyn t
chu k 3 chng minh quy lut)
b) Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn: tnh kim loi
ca cc nguyn t tng dn, ng thi
tnh phi kim gim dn.
Gii thch:
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn: T trn xung
di th nng lng ion ho, m
in gim ng thi bn knh nguyn
t tng dn lm cho kh nng nhng
electron tng, nn tnh kim loi tng,
kh nng nhn electron gim, nn tnh
phi kim gim.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh kin ca cc
nhm v nhn xt.

GV: Nu cu hi HS rt ra nhn xt
v s bin i tun hon, tnh cht ca
cc nguyn t.
(GV chiu nhn xt m HS nu ln
mn hnh)
HS: Nu nhn xt:
Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc
nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon
theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
GV: Yu cu HS gii thch v sao tnh
cht kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc
nguyn t li bin i tun hon theo
chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
HS: Tr li cu hi:

Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc
nguyn t ph thuc ch yu vo cu
hnh electron ca nguyn t. Cu hnh
electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
bin i tun hon nn tnh kim loi,
tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t cng
bin i tun hon (theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn).
chiu bi ln mn hnh):

87
Bi tp 1: Cho cc nguyn t A, B, D
c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 8, 9, 7.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca chng.

b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong
BTH.

c) Sp xp cc nguyn t theo th t
tnh phi kim tng dn.
HS: Lm bi tp 1 vo v:

a) Cu hnh electron:
Z = 7: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

Z = 8: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Z = 9: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

b) V tr trong BTH:
Nguyn t A c s hiu Z = 7 thuc
chu k 2, nhm VA.
Nguyn t B c s hiu Z = 8 thuc
chu k 2, nhm VIA.
Nguyn t D c s hiu Z = 9 thuc
chu k 2, nhm VIIA
c) Th t tnh phi kim tng dn: A,
B, D.
Hot ng 3
II. s bin i v ho tr ca cc nguyn t
GV: Yu cu HS quan st bng 2.4 v
nhn xt v ho tr cao nht ca cc
nguyn t vi oxi, ho tr vi hiro ca
cc nguyn t (GV c th nu cu hi:
Nu quy lut bin i v ho tr ca
cc nguyn t vi oxi v ho tr vi
hiro trong mt chu k?).
HS: Quan st bng v rt ra quy lut:
Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang
phi: ho tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t
vi oxi tng ln lt t 1 7.
Ho tr vi hiro ca cc phi kim
gim t 4 1.
GV: Gi HS nu nhn xt.
GV b sung: i vi cc chu k khc,
s bin i ho tr ca cc nguyn t
cng din ra tng t.

GV: Gi mt HS nu nhn xt. HS: Nu nhn xt:
Ho tr cao nht ca mt nguyn t vi
oxi, ha tr vi hiro ca cc phi kim
bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca
in tch ht nhn.
88
Hot ng 4
III. S bin i tnh axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit
GV: Yu cu HS tho lun nhm
hon thnh bng sau:
(Bng tnh axit baz ca oxit v
hiroxit ca cc nguyn t chu k 2
v 3)

Cng thc
oxit

Tnh cht
ca oxit

Hiroxit
Tnh cht
ca
hiroxit

Cng thc
oxit

Tnh cht
ca oxit

Hiroxit
Tnh cht
ca
hiroxit

GV: Gi mt s vn HS c th
lng tng khi lm bi, v d: cch xc
nh cng thc hiroxit ca cc nguyn
t thuc nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA
hoc tnh cht ca mt s oxit,
hiroxit.
HS: Tho lun nhm v hon thnh ni
dung bng 2.5 nh sau:

89
Cng thc
oxit
Li
2
O

BeO B
2
O
3
CO
2
N
2
O
5

Tnh cht
ca oxit
Oxit
baz
Oxit lng
tnh
Oxit axit Oxit axit Oxit axit
Hiroxit LiOH Be(OH)
2
H
3
BO
3
H
2
CO
3
HNO
3

Tnh cht
ca hiroxit
Baz
kim
Hiroxit
lng tnh
Axit yu Axit yu
Axit
mnh

Cng thc
oxit
Na
2
O MgO Al
2
O
3
SiO
2
P
2
O
5
SO
3
Cl
2
O
7
Tnh cht
ca oxit
Oxit
baz
Oxit baz
Oxit
lng tnh
Oxit axit Oxit axit Oxit axit Oxit axit
Hiroxit NaOH Mg(OH)
2
Al(OH)
3
H
2
SiO
3
H
3
PO
4
H
2
SO
4
HClO
4

Tnh cht
ca hiroxit
Baz
kim
Baz yu
Hiroxit
lng tnh
Axit yu
Axit trung
bnh
Axit
mnh
Axit rt
mnh

GV: Chiu bng 2.5 in y ca
mt nhm ln mn hnh. Sau yu
cu HS nhn xt tr li cu hi sau:
Trong mt chu k v trong mt nhm
A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn, tnh axit baz ca oxit v
hiroxit thay i nh th no?
Nu nhn xt.
HS: Quan st bng 2.5 v tr li cu
hi ca GV.
Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca
cc oxit v hiroxit tng ng gim
dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng tng
dn.
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca
cc oxit v hiroxit tng dn, ng thi
tnh axit ca chng gim dn.
Nhn xt: Tnh axit, baz ca cc oxit
v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t bin i
tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch
ht nhn nguyn t.

90
Bi tp 2: Nguyn t P c s hiu
nguyn t Z = 15.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca photpho.

b) Xc nh v tr ca photpho trong
BTH v cho bit ho tr cao nht vi
oxi v ho tr vi hiro ca photpho.
c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit, cng
thc hp cht kh vi hiro.

d) So snh tnh cht phi kim ca
photpho vi cc nguyn t xung quanh
n (Lu : khng s dng BTH khi
lm bi tp trn).
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.

a) Cu hnh electron ca photpho:
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
3

b) V tr trong BTH
Chu k 3.
Nhm VA.
c) Ho tr cao nht vi oxi: 5
Ho tr vi hiro: 3
Cng thc oxit: P
2
O
5

Cng thc ca hiroxit: H
3
PO
4

Cng thc ca hp cht kh vi hiro:
PH
3

d) So snh tnh phi kim:
Tnh phi kim ca photpho mnh hn
sillic v yu hn lu hunh.
Trong nhm VA: Tnh phi kim ca
photpho mnh hn asen v yu hn
nit.
GV: Yu cu cc HS khc nhn xt.
Hot ng 5
IV. nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
GV: Yu cu HS pht biu nh lut
tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (hoc
cho cc em c SGK).
HS: Pht biu nh lut tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc.
GV: Chiu ni dung ca nh lut ln
mn hnh.

Hot ng 6
Luyn tp - Cng c
chiu ln mn hnh).

91
Bi tp 3: Cho cc nguyn t X, Y c
s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 19, 20.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca
chng.

b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong
BTH.

c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit ca
chng.

d) So snh tnh kim loi ca X, Y
(khng s dng BTH).
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.

a) Cu hnh electron:
+ Nguyn t X (Z = 19):
[Ar] 4s
1

+ Nguyn t Y (Z = 20):
[Ar] 4s
2

b) V tr trong BTH:
+ Nguyn t X:
Thuc chu k 4.
Nhm IA.
+ Nguyn t Y:
Thuc chu k 4.
Nhm IIA.
c) Cng thc oxit, hiroxit:
X
2
O; YO
XOH; Y(OH)
2

d) Tnh kim loi ca X mnh hn.
GV:
Gi mt HS lm bi tp trn bng.
Chiu bi lm ca mt s HS ln mn
hnh.
GV: Nhn xt, chm im.

Hot ng 7
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK trang 55).

92
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Cho cc nguyn t A, B, D c s hiu ln lt l 8, 9, 7.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca chng.
b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH.
c) Sp xp cc nguyn t theo th t tnh phi kim tng dn.
Bi tp 2: Nguyn t P c s hiu nguyn t Z = 15.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca photpho.
b) Xc nh v tr ca photpho trong BTH v cho bit ho tr cao nht vi
oxi v ho tr vi hiro ca photpho.
c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit, cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro.
d) So snh tnh cht phi kim ca photpho vi cc nguyn t xung quanh
n (Lu : khng s dng BTH khi lm bi tp trn).
Bi tp 3: Cho cc nguyn t X, Y c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 19, 20.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca chng.
b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH.
c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit ca chng.
d) So snh tnh kim loi ca X, Y (khng s dng BTH).

Bi 13 ngha ca bng tun hon
cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
ngha khoa hc ca BTH i vi ho hc v cc mn khoa hc khc.
HS vn dng:
T v tr trong BTH suy ra cu to nguyn t v tnh cht ca nguyn t.
Bit s hiu nguyn t suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong BTH.
Da vo cc quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v hp cht
trong BTH so snh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn
t ln cn.
93
HS: Hc k bi c.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
Pht biu ni dung nh lut tun
hon cc nguyn t ho hc
HS: HS tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi HS 2 ln bng cha bi tp 6
(SGK trang 55).
HS2: Cha bi tp
(HS cha bi tp lu li gc bng
phi).
Bi tp 6:
a) Cu hnh electron nguyn t:
+ Nguyn t A (Z = 11)
[Ne] 3s
1

+ Nguyn t B (Z = 12)
[Ne] 3s
2

+ Nguyn t C (Z = 13)
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
1

+ Nguyn t D (Z = 14)
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
2

b) V tr trong BTH:
+ Nguyn t A:
Chu k 3
Nhm IA.
94
+ Nguyn t B:
Chu k 3
Nhm IIA.
+ Nguyn t C:
Chu k 3
Nhm IIIA.
+ Nguyn t D:
Chu k 3
Nhm IVA.
c) Sp xp cc nguyn t theo chiu
tnh kim loi tng dn: D, C, B, A.
GV: Gi HS khc nhn xt, GV chm
im.

Hot ng 2
I. Quan h gia v tr v cu to
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp sau (c
th cho HS tho lun nhm):

Bi tp 1: Hy hon thnh bng sau:

V tr trong bng tun hon Cu to nguyn t

STT Chu k Nhm S proton
S
electron
S lp
electron
S electron
lp ngoi
X 17 3 VII
Y 19 4 IA
A 16
B 7

HS: Tho lun nhm hon thnh ni
dung cn thiu trong bng:

95

S
electron
S lp
electron
S electron
lp ngoi
X 17 3 VII 17 17 3 7
Y 19 4 IA 19 19 4 1
A 16 3 VIA 16 16 3 6
B 7 2 VA 7 7 2 5

GV: Yu cu cc nhm rt ra mi quan
h gia v tr v cu to (HS tho lun
nhm v in cc ni dung vo s
sau)

HS: Tho lun nhm v in y
cc ni dung cn thiu vo s :

GV: Gi mt HS nu nhn xt v mi
quan h gia v tr v cu to.
(GV chiu nhn xt ln mn hnh)
HS: Nhn xt:
Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong
BTH, c th suy ra cu to nguyn t
ca nguyn t v ngc li.
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon

Cu to nguyn t
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon
S th t ca nguyn t
S th t ca chu k
S th t ca nhm A
Cu to nguyn t

S proton, s electron
S lp electron
S electron lp ngoi cng.
96
Hot ng 3
II. Quan h gia v tr v tnh cht
GV: Nu cu hi (chiu ln mn hnh):
BTH, c th suy ra nhng tnh cht c
bn no ca n? Ly v d minh ho.
HS: Tr li cu hi:
bng tun hon, c th suy ra tnh cht
ho hc c bn ca n.
V d: Bit nguyn t A c s hiu 11
thuc chu k III, nhm IA. Cc tnh
cht ho hc c bn ca A l:
+ A c 1 electron lp ngoi (v
nhm IA) nn A l kim loi mnh.
+ Ho tr cao nht ca A vi oxi l I.
Cng thc oxit cao nht: A
2
O
Cng thc ca hiroxit tng ng l
AOH
+ Oxit v hiroxit ca A c tnh baz
mnh.
chiu ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 2: Hy in cc ni dung ph
hp vo cc trng trong bng sau:

V tr trong BTH Tnh cht c bn
Nguyn
t
STT
Chu
k
Nhm
Kim loi,
phi kim
Ho tr cao
nht vi oxi
Ho tr
vi hiro
Oxit Hiroxit
Hp cht kh
vi hiro
X 17 3 VIIA
Y 20
A 15

HS: Lm bi tp 2, hon thnh bng
nh sau:

97
Nguyn
t
STT
Chu
k
Nhm
Kim loi,
phi kim
Ho tr cao
nht vi oxi
Ho tr
vi hiro
Oxit Hiroxit
Hp cht kh
vi hiro
X 17 3 VIIA
Phi kim
mnh
7 1 X
2
O
7
HXO
4
HX
Y 20 4 IIA kim loi 2 YO Y(OH)
2

A 15 3 VA phi kim 5 3 A
2
O
5
H
3
AO
4
AH
3

mn hnh v nhn xt, chm im.

Hot ng 4
III. So snh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t
vi cc nguyn t ln cn
GV: Thng bo: Da vo quy lut bin
i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong
BTH, c th so snh tnh cht ho hc
ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t
ln cn.

GV: Yu cu HS nhc li quy lut bin
i tnh cht trong mt chu k, trong
nhm A.
HS: Nhc li quy lut bin i tnh
cht cc nguyn t trong mt chu k v
trong nhm A.
chiu ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 3: So snh tnh phi kim ca
nguyn t S (Z = 16) vi cc nguyn t
O (Z = 8), Cl (Z = 17), P (Z = 15), Se
(Z = 34) v gii thch.
HS: Da vo bng tun hon v vn
dng quy lut bin thin tnh cht cc
nguyn t so snh.
Trong chu k 3: tnh phi kim ca S
mnh hn P, yu hn Cl.
Trong nhm VIA: tnh phi kim ca S
yu hn O v mnh hn Se.
GV: Gi HS so snh v gii thch.
98
Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Yu cu HS nhc li ngha ca
HS: Tr li l thuyt.
Hot ng 6
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (SGK trang 59).

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Hy hon thnh bng sau:

S
electron
S lp
electron
S electron
lp ngoi
X 17 3 VII
Y 19 4 IA
A 16 3 6
B 7 2 5
Bi tp 2: Hy in cc ni dung ph hp vo cc trng trong bng sau:
Nguyn
t
STT
Chu
k
Nhm
Kim loi,
phi kim
Ho tr cao
nht vi oxi
Ho tr
vi hiro
Oxit Hiroxit
Hp cht kh
vi hiro
X 17 3 VIIA
Y 20 4 IIA
A 15

Bi tp 3: So snh tnh phi kim ca nguyn t S (Z = 16) vi cc nguyn t O (Z = 8), Cl (Z = 17),
P (Z = 15), Se (Z = 34) v gii thch.
99
Bi 14 Luyn tp chng 2
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
Cu to BTH.
Quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v hp cht ca chng trong
BTH (bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha, m in, tnh kim loi,
phi kim, ho tr, tnh axit, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit).
ngha ca BTH.
2. Rn k nng
Vn dng ngha ca BTH lm bi tp v mi quan h gia v tr, cu to
nguyn t v tnh cht ca n cht v hp cht.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
HS: n tp cc kin thc c bn c trong chng.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Chiu mc tiu ca bi hc ln
mn hnh, nhn mnh HS bit cc
kin thc trng tm cn nm vng
trong chng.
HS: Nghe hiu c cc kin thc
trng tm.
GV: T chc cc nhm tho lun n
li cc ni dung c bn (GV chiu ln
mn hnh cu hi gi cc nhm
tho lun).
Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t
trong BTH?
HS: Tho lun nhm v cc ni dung
m GV nu (cc nhm ghi li ni
dung vo bng nhm hoc giy trong).

1) Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t
trong BTH:
100
Cu to BTH cc nguyn t ho hc?
Nhng i lng v tnh cht bin i
tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch
ht nhn?
Pht biu ni dung nh lut tun
hon.
Cc nguyn t ho hc c sp xp
vo bng tun hon da trn cc
nguyn tc sau:
Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo
chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t.
Cc nguyn t c cng s lp
electron c xp thnh mt hng.
Cc nguyn t c cng s electron
ho tr c xp thnh mt ct.
2) Cu to bng tun hon cc nguyn
t ho hc
+ : S th t ca bng s hiu
nguyn t, bng s n v in tch ht
nhn v bng tng s electron.
+ Chu k: S th t ca chu k bng s
lp electron.
+ Nhm: S th t ca nhm bng s
electron ho tr.
Nhm A: S th t ca nhm A bng
s electron lp ngoi cng (gm cc
nguyn t s v p).
Nhm B: S th t ca nhm bng
s electron ho tr. Nhm B gm cc
nguyn t d v f.
3) Nhng i lng v tnh cht bin
i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in
tch ht nhn:
Bn knh nguyn t.
Nng lng ion ho.
m in.
Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim.
101
Tnh axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit.
Ho tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi
oxi v ho tr ca nguyn t vi hiro.
4) nh lut tun hon
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n
cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht
ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn
t bin i tun hon theo chiu
tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
GV: Chiu tng phn bi lm ca cc
nhm ln mn hnh v gi cc HS khc
nhn xt, b sung.

GV: Tng kt v thng nht kin ca
cc nhm (chiu ln mn hnh).

Hot ng 2
B. Cu hi v bi tp
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 2 trong
phiu hc tp (GV chiu bi ln
mn hnh), sau GV gi 2 HS ln
bng lm bi tp.

Bi tp 1: Oxit cao nht ca mt
nguyn t l RO
3
, trong hp cht ca
n vi hiro c 5,88% hiro v khi
lng.
a) Xc nh nguyn t .
b) Bit trong ht nhn ca R c s
proton bng s ntron, hy:
Vit cu hnh electron ca R.
Xc nh v tr ca R trong bng tun
hon
Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca R.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v
a) Cng thc oxit l RO
3
cng thc
hp cht kh vi hiro l RH
2

Ta c: %H =
2
R 2 +
100% = 5,88%
R = 32. Vy R l S (lu hunh).
b) Ta c: A = Z + N
M trong S c P = N
A = 2P P = E = 16
+ Cu hnh electron:
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
4

+ V tr ca S trong BTH:
102
Chu k 3
Nhm VIA.
+ Tnh cht: R l phi kim (v c 6
electron lp ngoi).
Bi tp 2: Hai nguyn t A, B ng k
tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca
BTH. Tng s n v in tch ht nhn
ca A v B l 23.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B.
b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong BTH.
c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit ca
A, B.
d) So snh tnh cht kim loi ca A
v B.
HS2:
a) V A v B ng k tip nhau trong
cng mt chu k nn ta c:
P
B
P
A
= 1
Mt khc P
A
+ P
B
= 23
P
A
= E
A
= 11
P
B
= E
B
= 12
Cu hnh electron ca A (Z = 11)
[Ne] 3s
1

Cu hnh electron ca B (Z = 12)
[Ne] 3s
2

b) V tr:
A thuc chu k 3, nhm IA
B thuc chu k 3, nhm IIA
c) Cng thc oxit, hiroxit:
A: A
2
O ; A(OH)
B: BO ; B(OH)
2

d) Tnh kim loi ca A mnh hn B.
GV: Gi cc HS khc nhn xt, GV
chm im.

chiu bi ln mn hnh).

Bi tp 3: Nguyn t X c cu hnh
electron nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5

a) Vit k hiu y ca X v cho
bit s lng cc ht proton, electron,
HS: Lm bi tp 3 vo v.
a) Ta c: 2P
X
N
X
= 25
m X c 35 electron
70 N
X
= 25
N
X
= 45
103
ntron c trong nguyn t X, bit rng
trong nguyn t X s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
25 ht.
b) Xc nh v tr ca X trong BTH.
c) Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca X,
vit cng thc oxit cao nht v cng
thc hp cht kh vi hiro ca X.
+ A
X
= Z + N = 35 + 45 = 80
k hiu ca X:
80
35
X
b) V tr ca X trong BTH:
Chu k: 4
Nhm VIIA.
c) X l phi kim mnh
Cng thc oxit: X
2
O
7

Cng thc hiroxit: HXO
4

Cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro:
HX.
mn hnh v chm im.

GV: Chiu bi tp 4 ln mn hnh v
hng dn HS lm bi.

Bi tp 4: Cho 10,4 gam hn hp 2
kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip v
thuc nhm II tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d to ra 6,72 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a) Xc nh 2 kim loi .
b) Tnh khi lng mi kim loi c
trong 10,1 gam hn hp.
(GV hng dn HS cch tnh nguyn t
khi trung bnh ca 2 kim loi )
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
a) Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi
l R
Phng trnh:
R + 2HCl RCl
2
+ H
2

2
H
n =
6, 72
22, 4
= 0,3 mol
theo phng trnh:
n
R
=
2
H
n = 0,3 mol
R M =
10, 4
0, 3
= 34,67
Vy 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca.
b) Gi s mol ca Mg v Ca c trong
10,4 gam hn hp ln lt l x, y ta c:
x y 0, 3
24x 40y 10, 4
+ =
+ =

104
Gii h ta c:
x = 0,1
y = 0,2
m
Mg
= 0,1 24 = 2,4 gam
m
Ca
=0,2 40 = 8 gam.
GV: Chm im bi tp ca mt vi HS
v chiu 1 bi lm tiu biu ln mn
hnh.

Hot ng 3
bi tp v nh
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 (SGK trang 62).

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t l RO
3
, trong hp cht ca n vi hiro c
5,88% hiro v khi lng.
a) Xc nh nguyn t .
b) Bit trong ht nhn ca R c s proton bng s ntron, hy:
Vit cu hnh electron ca R.
Xc nh v tr ca R trong BTH.
c) Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca R.
Bi tp 2: Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca BTH. Tng s
n v in tch ht nhn ca A v B l 23.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B.
b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong BTH.
c) Vit cng thc oxit, hiroxit ca A, B.
d) So snh tnh cht kim loi ca A v B.
Bi tp 3: Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5

105
a) Vit k hiu y ca X v cho bit s lng cc ht proton, electron,
ntron c trong nguyn t X, bit rng trong nguyn t X s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht.
b) Xc nh v tr ca X trong BTH.
c) Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca X, vit cng thc oxit cao nht v cng
thc hp cht kh vi hiro ca X.
Bi tp 4: Cho 10,4 gam hn hp 2 kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip v thuc nhm II tc
dng vi dung dch HCl d to ra 6,72 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a) Xc nh 2 kim loi .
b) Tnh khi lng mi kim loi c trong 10,1 gam hn hp.
(GV hng dn HS cch tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca 2 kim loi )
Bi 15 Bi thc hnh s 1
MT S THAO TC THUC HNH TH NGHM
HO HOC. SU BN TNH CHT CUA CC
NGUYN T TRONG CHU K V NHM
A. Mc tiu
Tp luyn k nng s dng ho cht, dng c th nghim thng thng v
tin hnh mt s th nghim n gin m bo an ton v t kt qu.
Khc su kin thc v s bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong chu k
v nhm.
GV:
Chun b cc dng c th nghim cho 8 nhm gm:
1. Dng c th nghim:
ng nghim
ng ht nh git
Kp ng nghim
n cn
106
Kp t ho cht
Phu thu tinh
Tha xc ho cht.
L thu tinh 100ml
Cc thu tinh
2. Ho cht:
Natri (Na)
Mui n (NaCl)
Dung dch phenolphtalein.
Kali (K)
Magie (Mg)
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. ni dung
1. Mt s thao tc thc hnh th
nghim ho hc
GV: Kim tra vic chun b dng c,
ho cht.

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh tng ni dung
v mt s thao tc thc hnh th nghim
ho hc v thuyt trnh.
1) Mt s thao tc thc hnh th nghim
ho hc:
a) Ly ho cht.
b) Trn ho cht.
c) un nng ho cht.
d) S dng mt s dng c th
nghim thng thng.
(Nu c iu kin, GV cho HS xem
bng: "Mt s thao tc thc hnh th
nghim.")
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.

HS: Xem bng hnh.
107
Hot ng 2
2. Thc hnh v s bin i tnh cht
ca nguyn t trong chu k v nhm
GV: Hng dn HS lm th nghim,
sau vit tng trnh theo mu sau:

Tn th nghim
Cch tin hnh
th nghim
Hin tng
Nhn xt
v rt ra kt lun

GV: Gi cc nhm nu hin tng th
nghim, kt lun.
HS:
Nu hin tng.
Kt lun.
Hot ng 3
II. Vit tng trnh
HS: Vit tng trnh v thu dn, ra
dng c, bn th nghim.

108
Chng 3
lin kt ho hc
Bi 16 khi nim v lin kt ho hc.
lin kt ion
A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu
Khi nim v lin kt ho hc. Ni dung quy tc bt t.
S hnh thnh cc ion m (anion), ion dng (cation), ion n nguyn t,
ion a nguyn t.
S hnh thnh lin kt ion.
2. HS bit:
Tinh th ion, mng tinh th ion, tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion.
GV:
M hnh mng tinh th NaCl.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc

GV: Thng bo v chiu ln mn hnh
khi nim v lin kt.
1. Khi nim v lin kt
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
109
Lin kt ho hc l s kt hp gia
cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay
tinh th bn vng hn.
GV: Gii thiu: Khi c lin kt ho
hc, cc nguyn t c xu hng t ti
cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh
him.

Hot ng 2

GV: Cho cc nhm HS c SGK v
tho lun bit c ni dung ca
quy tc bt t.
2. Quy tc bt t
HS: Tho lun nhm v ni dung quy
tc bt t:
"Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c
khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn
t khc t c cu hnh electron
vng bn ca cc kh him vi 8
electron (hoc 2 i vi heli) lp
ngoi cng."
GV: Gi i din HS ca mt s nhm
nu ni dung ca quy tc bt t.

Hot ng 3
II. lin kt ion

GV: Nu cu hi dn dt (GV chiu h
thng cu hi ln mn hnh v gi HS
tr li).
Tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim l g ?
1. S hnh thnh ion
a) Ion
HS: Tr li cc cu hi ca GV:
Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d
nhng electron tr thnh ion
dng.
Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhn
thm electron tr thnh ion m.
110
GV: Cht li (hoc gi HS gii thch):
"Trong nguyn t, s proton bng s
electron nn nguyn t trung ho v
in"
Nu nguyn t mt bt electron, n
s tr thnh phn t mang in tch
dng hoc m. Vy ion l g?

ca Na, Mg, Al v cho bit cc nguyn
t Na, Mg, Al c th nhng bao nhiu
electron?
GV hng dn HS vit qu trnh
hnh thnh cc ion Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+

(GV chiu v d ln mn hnh)
HS: Vit cu hnh electron:
Na: [Ne] 3s
1

Mg: [Ne] 3s
2

Al: [Ne] 3s
2
3p
1

Nguyn t Na d nhng 1 electron
lp ngoi cng tr thnh ion mang
mt n v in tch dng.
Na Na
+
+ 1e
Nguyn t Mg, Al d nhng 2, 3
electron lp ngoi cng tr thnh
ion mang 2, 3 n v in tch dng.
V d:
Mg Mg
2+
+2e
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
GV: Cht li (chiu ln mn hnh)
"Ion mang in tch dng c gi l
ion dng hay cation".

ca flo, clo, oxi, lu hunh. Cho bit
xu hng thu (nhng, nhn electron)
v vit qu trnh hnh thnh cc ion F
,
Cl
, O
2
, S
2
.
HS: Vit cu hnh electron v nhn xt.
Flo: [He] 2s
2
2p
5

Nguyn t flo d thu thm mt
electron tr thnh ion mang mt n
v in tch m.
F + 1e F

Cc nguyn t clo, oxi, lu hunh c
th thu thm 1, 2 electron tr thnh
cc ion m.
111
O + 2e O
2
S + 2e S
2

GV: Gii thiu: (chiu ln mn hnh)
ion mang in tch m c gi l ion
m hay anion.

GV: C th cho HS luyn tp theo hnh
thc sau:
Pht cho mi nhm mt s ba c ghi
chi tit cn thiu trong cu hnh
electron ca mt s nguyn t hoc cc
ion...
Yu cu HS gn ming ba vo bng
nhm cho ph hp.
V d: Bng nhm c th nh sau
HS: Lm bi tp theo nhm: dn cc
ming ba ca nhm mnh (mi nhm
mt mu khc nhau) vo v tr cn
trng cho ph hp.

Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Ion Cu hnh electron
K [Ar]... ... 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
...

Cl [Ne]... Cl
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
...
Ca [Ar]... ... 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
...
Al [Ne] 3s
2
... ... 1s
2
2s
2
...

HS: Hon thnh ni dung ca bng nh
sau:

Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Ion Cu hnh electron
K [Ar]4s
1
K
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Cl [Ne]3s
2
3p
5
Cl
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Ca [Ar]4s
2
Ca
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Al [Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
Al
3+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

112
GV: Gii thiu v ion n v ion a
nguyn t (GV chiu ln mn hnh) v
yu cu HS ly v d.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
b) Ion n v a nguyn t
Ion n nguyn t l ion c to
nn t mt nguyn t. V d: Mg
2+
;
Al
3+
; S
2
; Cl
...
Ion a nguyn t l ion c to nn
t nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi nhau
thnh mt nhm nguyn t mang in
tch dng hay m.
V d:
2 3
4 3 4 4
(NH ), (NO ), (SO ), (PO )
+
.
GV: Nu cu hi cng c cho ni
dung ca Hot ng 3:
Ion l g?
Th no l cation? Anion?
Th no l ion n, ion a nguyn t?

Hot ng 4
2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion
a) S to thnh lin kt ion ca phn t
hai nguyn t
GV: M t s hnh thnh lin kt ion
trong phn t NaCl v chiu hnh nh
ln mn hnh.
S v s hnh thnh lin kt ion
trong phn t NaCl:

Na + Cl Na
+
+ Cl

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Hai ion c to thnh mang in
tch ngc du ht nhau bng lc ht
tnh in, to nn phn t NaCl:
Na
+
+ Cl
NaCl

113
b) S to thnh lin kt ion trong phn
t nhiu nguyn t
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh s s hnh
thnh lin kt ion trong phn t CaCl
2

v gii thch.

Cl + Ca + Cl Cl
+ Ca
2+
+ Cl

[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
[Ar] 4s
2
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
CaCl
2

GV: Nu cu hi: "Vy lin kt ion l
g ?"
HS: Tr li: Lin kt ion l lin kt
c to thnh do lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion mang in tch tri du
lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia kim
loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh khi nim lin
kt ion.

Hot ng 5
III. tinh th v mng tinh th ion
GV: Cho cc nhm HS c SGK v
cho bit:
1) Khi nim v tinh th ?
2) Mng tinh th ion ?
3) Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion ?
HS: c SGK, tho lun nhm v tr
li cc cu hi trn.
Hot ng 6
Cng c
GV:
Yu cu HS lm bi tp 1 vo v:
(GV chiu bi ln mn hnh):

Bi tp 1: Cation R
2+
, X
c cu hnh
electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p
6
.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca nguyn t R, X.
HS: Ghi bi vo v:
Cu hnh electron:
R: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

114
b) V tr ca R, X trong bng tun
hon?
c) R, X l kim loi hay phi kim?
X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

V tr:
R:
Chu k 3.
Nhm IIA.
X:
Chu k 2
Nhm VIIA.
c) Tnh cht:
R l kim loi
X l phi kim.
Hot ng 7

Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Cation R
2+
, X
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p

6
.
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t R, X.
b) V tr ca R, X trong bng tun hon?
c) R, X l kim loi hay phi kim?

Bi 17 lin kt cng ho tr
A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu
Lin kt cng ho tr l g. Nguyn nhn ca s hnh thnh lin kt cng
ho tr.
c im ca lin kt cng ho tr.
115
2. HS vn dng
Gii thch lin kt cng ho tr trong mt s phn t.
GV:
Hnh 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 (SGK trang 74, 75).
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt 2 HS:
1) Lin kt ho hc l g? Ni dung
ca quy tc bt t ?
2) Lin kt ion c hnh thnh nh
th no ? Bn cht ca lin kt ion ?
HS 1, 2: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi hai HS ln bng cha bi tp
4, 8 (phn a) (SGK trang 70).
HS 3: Cha bi 4.
Cu hnh electron:
Li
+
: 1s
2

Be
2+
: 1s
2

F
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

O
2
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

HS 4: Cha bi 8
a) Cu hnh electron ca R:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

R thuc chu k 3, nhm IA
R l natri (Na)
R l kim loi.
116
Hot ng 2
I. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr
bng cp electron chung
1. S hnh thnh phn t n cht
a) S hnh thnh phn t H
2

GV: Hi HS v lp v ca nguyn t
hiro? Sau gii thch v s hnh
thnh phn t hiro v chiu ln mn
hnh: H
i
+ H
i
H:H
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Gii thiu v cng thc electron,
cng thc, cu to, lin kt n...
(chiu ln mn hnh)

b) S hnh thnh phn t N
2
, Cl
2

vit cng thc cu to, cng thc
electron ca phn t Cl
2
, N
2
theo cc
bc sau:
Vit cu hnh electron ca N (Z = 7),
Cl (Z = 17).
Nhn xt v s electron lp ngoi
cng v so snh vi s electron ngoi
cng ca nguyn t kh him gn nht:
Ne (Z = 10); Ar (Z = 18).
Vit cng thc electron, cng thc
cu to ca N
2
; Cl
2
.
GV nhn xt v chm im.
m GV hng dn:
+ S hnh thnh phn t N
2

Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

Cu hnh electron ca Ne (1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
)
t c cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t kh him gn nht (Ne), mi
nguyn t nit phi gp chung 3 electron.
Cng thc electron:
: N N:
Cng thc cu to: NN
Hai nguyn t nit lin kt vi nhau
bng 3 cp electron (lin kt ba). Lin
kt ny bn nhit thng, v vy
kh nit bn, km hot ng ho hc.
+ S hnh thnh phn t Cl
2
:
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

117
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh
him gn nht (Ar): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
2p
6

t c cu hnh electron ca Ar,
mi nguyn t clo phi gp chung 1
electron.
Cng thc electron:
Cl Cl
.. ..
: : :
.. ..

Cng thc cu to: ClCl
GV: Cht li cc kin ca cc nhm
ri chiu ln mn hnh: Lin kt c
hnh thnh trong phn t H
2
, N
2
, Cl
2

va trnh by l lin kt cng ho tr.

GV: Nu cu hi:
Th no l lin kt cng ho tr?
Lin kt cng ho tr khc vi lin
kt ion im no?
HS: Tr li:
Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c
hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t bng mt
hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.
GV: B sung kin thc: Lin kt hnh
thnh trong phn t H
2
; N
2
; Cl
2
l lin
kt cng ho tr khng phn cc. l
nhng phn t khng phn cc.

GV: Yu cu HS gii thch v sao lin
kt trong cc phn t N
2
; H
2
; Cl
2
l
lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.
HS: Gii thch: V cc phn t N
2
; H
2
;
Cl
2
to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng
mt nguyn t (c m in nh
nhau), nn cc cp electron chung
khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t
no, do lin kt trong cc phn t
khng b phn cc.
Hot ng 3
2. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht
a) S hnh thnh phn t HCl
GV: Yu cu cc nhm HS nghin
cu, tho lun v cho bit phn t HCl
m GV gi :
118
c hnh thnh nh th no. GV c
th gi cc bc tin hnh (chiu
ln mn hnh):
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t H, Cl.
Phn t HCl c hnh thnh nh
th no?
Biu din lin kt trong phn t
HCl.
So snh m din ca H (2,2) vi
m in ca clo (3,16) v cho bit:
cp electron chung lch v pha no?
Kt lun v lin kt trong phn t
HCl.
Nguyn t hiro c 1 electron, nguyn
t clo c 7 electron lp ngoi cng. V
vy mi nguyn t H, Cl gp chung 1
electron to thnh 1 cp electron chung.
H Cl H Cl +
.. ..
.
. : : :
.. ..

Hay H Cl
Cp electron chung lch v pha clo
(nguyn t c m in ln hn)
lin kt gia H v Cl l lin kt cng
ho tr c cc, hay lin kt cng ho tr
phn cc.
GV: Yu cu HS gii thch s hnh
thnh cp electron chung gia nguyn
t H v S trong phn t H
2
S, gia
nguyn t C vi cc nguyn t H
trong phn t CH
4
.
HS: Gii thch.
b) S hnh thnh phn t CO
2
(c cu
to thng)
GV: Gi mt HS trnh by v s hnh
thnh phn t CO
2
, vit cng thc
electron, cng thc cu to ca phn
t CO
2
v cho bit v c im lin
kt.
HS: Tr li:
Cu hnh electron ca C (Z = 6):
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
Cu hnh electron ca O (Z = 8):
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
Cng thc electron:
O C O
.. ..
: :: :: :
Cng thc cu to:
O = C = O
m in ca oxi (3,44) ln hn
m in ca cacbon (2,55) nn cp
119
electron dng chung lch v pha oxi.
Lin kt gia nguyn t cacbon v oxi l
phn cc, nhng phn t CO
2
c cu to
i xng nn phn t khng phn cc.
c) Lin kt cho nhn
GV: Gii thiu v s hnh thnh lin
kt cho nhn trong phn t SO
2
(chiu
ln mn hnh) cng thc electron v
cng thc cu to.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.

O O
. . .
. . .
: :
.. ..

Cng thc cu to:
S
..

O O

Hot ng 4

GV: Gii thiu cc tnh cht cc cht
c lin kt cng ho tr.
3) Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt
cng ho tr
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 5
II. lin kt cng ho tr v s xen ph
cc obitan nguyn t
GV: Gii thiu v chiu ln mn hnh
s xen ph ca 2 obitan 1s ca 2
nguyn t hiro v s xen ph 2 obitan
p to thnh lin kt ClCl trong phn
t Cl
2
.
1. S xen ph ca cc obitan nguyn
t khi hnh thnh cc phn t n
cht
a) S hnh thnh phn t H
2

b) S hnh thnh phn t Cl
2

HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
S
..
..
120
Hot ng 6

GV: Gii thiu (chiu ln mn hnh):
a) S xen ph obitan 1s ca hiro vi
obitan 3p ca nguyn t clo to nhiu
lin kt HCl.
b) S xen ph 2 obitan 1s ca hai
nguyn t hiro vi 2 obitan 2p ca cc
nguyn t S to hai lin kt SH.
2. S xen ph ca cc obitan nguyn
t khi hnh thnh cc phn t hp
cht
a) S hnh thnh phn t HCl
b) S hnh thnh phn t H
2
S
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 7
Cng c
GV: Cho HS lm bi tp 5 (SGK 75). HS: Lm bi tp 5.
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (SGK trang
75).

Bi 18 S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t.
S hnh thnh lin kt n,
lin kt i v lin kt ba
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Khi nim v s li ho cc obitan nguyn t.
Mt s kiu lai ho in hnh. Vn dng kiu lai ho gii thch dng
hnh hc ca phn t.
Lin kt , lin kt c hnh thnh nh th no.
Th no l lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba?
121
B. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
Lin kt cng ho tr l g?
Lin kt cng ho tr c c im no
khc vi lin kt ion?
HS1: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi hai HS cha bi tp 5, 6 (SGK
trang 75).

Cng thc
phn t
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
H
2
H : H H H
HCl H Cl
..
: :
..
H Cl
H
2
O H O H
..
: :
..
H O H
Cl
2
Cl Cl
.. ..
: : :
.. ..
Cl Cl
NH
3
H N H
..
: :
..

H
|
H N H
H
CH
4
H
H C H
..
: :
..

H
H
|
|
H C H
H

a) Cu hnh electron:
122
X (Z = 9): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

Y (Z = 19): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

Z (Z = 8): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
b) Y l kim loi mnh (1 electron lp
ngoi cng);
X, Z l phi kim mnh (6, 7 electron lp
ngoi cng)
V vy lin kt gia X v Y, gia Y v
Z l lin kt ion; lin kt gia X v Z l
lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
GV: Gi HS khc nhn xt, GV chm
im.

Hot ng 2
I. khi nim v s lai ho
GV: Trnh by nguyn nhn xut hin
khi nim lai ho. GV chiu ln mn
hnh:
Cng thc cu to ca metan
Cu hnh electron nguyn t ( trng
thi kch thch)
Cu to ca phn t CH
4
(hnh 3.9).
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Gii thch v dn dt n thuyt
lai ho (gi HS c khi nim lai ho).
HS c: "S lai ho obitan nguyn t l
s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong
mt nguyn t c tng y obitan
lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng
khc nhau trong khng gian".
GV: Nu cu hi: "c im ca lai
ho l g?".
HS: Tr li :
c im ca cc obitan lai ho:
C kch thc v hnh dng hon
ton ging nhau, ch khc nhau v nh
hng trong khng gian.
C bao nhiu obitan nguyn t tham
gia t hp s to nn by nhiu obitan
lai ho.
123
GV: Cht li v nguyn nhn ca s lai
ho, c im ca cc obitan lai ho v
chiu ln mn hnh.

Hot ng 3
II. cc kiu lai ho thng gp
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh hnh 3.7 v
m t s hnh thnh phn t BeH
2

gii thiu kiu lai ho sp.
1. Lai ho sp
GV: Nu cu hi: "Nu c im ca
kiu lai ho sp?"
HS: Tr li:
L s t hp ca mt obitan s v mt
obitan p ca mt nguyn t to thnh 2
obitan lai ho sp.
Hai AO lai ho sp ging ht nhau
nm thng hng vi nhau nhng ngc
chiu (lai ho ng thng).
GV: B sung: cc phn t cng c
hin tng lai ho sp: C
2
H
2
; BaCl
2
...

2. Lai ho sp
2

GV: Chiu ln mn hnh 3.8 v gii
thiu kiu lai ho sp
2
v m t s hnh
thnh phn t BF
3
, C
2
H
4
, AlCl
3
...
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.

3. Lai ha sp
3

GV: Gii thiu kiu lai ho sp
3
(chiu
ln mn hnh hnh 3.9).
M t phn t CH
4
.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: B sung: Ngoi phn t CH
4
,
trong mt s phn t nh H
2
O, NH
3
...
cng c mt lai ho sp
3
.

GV: Lu vi HS: "Cc obitan ch lai
ho c vi nhau khi nng lng ca
chng xp x bng nhau."

Hot ng 4
III. Nhn xt chung v thuyt lai ho
GV: Gii thch HS bit ngha ca
thuyt lai ho.
HS: Nghe ging.
124
Hot ng 5
IV. S xen ph trc v xen ph bn
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh: hnh nh v
s xen ph trc v xen ph bn (hnh
3.10) v gii thiu lin kt , lin kt .
1. S xen ph trc
S xen ph trc to nn mt lin kt .
2. S xen ph bn
S xen ph bn to nn lin kt .
Hot ng 6
V. s to thnh lin kt n, lin kt i
v lin ktlin kt ba
GV: Gii thiu v lin kt n, lin kt
i v lin kt ba v bn ca tng
loi lin kt (chiu ln mn hnh mt
v d: Hnh 3.11).
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
1. Lin kt n
Lin kt n lun l lin kt , c
to thnh t s xen ph trc v thng
bn vng nht.
2. Lin kt i
Lin kt i thng gm mt lin kt
v mt lin kt . Cc lin kt km
bn hn so vi lin kt .
3. Lin kt ba
Lin kt ba gm nhiu lin kt v 2
lin kt .
Lin kt gia hai nguyn t c th
hin bi 1 lin kt v mt hay hai
lin kt c gi l lin kt bi.
Hot ng 7
Cng c
GV: Cng c bi hc bng h thng cu hi sau:
Khi nim v s lai ho?
Cc kiu lai ho thng gp?
S hnh thnh lin kt v lin kt ?
c im ca lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba?
Hot ng 8
125
Bi 19 Luyn tp v lin kt ion.
lin kt cng ho tr.
lai ho cc obitan nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt ho hc.
S hnh thnh lin kt ion v bn cht ca lin kt ion.
S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr v bn cht ca lin kt cng ho tr.
S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t.
2. Rn k nng
Da vo bn cht ca lin kt, phn bit c lin kt ion v lin kt cng
ho tr.
Gii thch c dng hnh hc ca mt s phn t nh s lai ho cc obitan
nguyn t.
HS: n li k l thuyt.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. lin kt ho hc
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh h thng cu
hi v gi tng HS tr li:
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt ho
hc l g?
HS:
Ln lt tr li cc cu hi ca GV.
126
C my kiu lin kt ho hc ?
Th no l lin kt ion? iu kin
2 nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng
lin kt ion l g? Ly v d.
Th no l lin kt cng ho tr?
iu kin 2 nguyn t lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt cng ho tr l
g? Ly v d.
Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr
ging nhau v khc nhau nh th
no ?
(GV chiu ln lt cc cu tr li ln
mn hnh)
Hot ng 2
II. S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t
GV: T chc cc nhm HS tho
lun tr li cc cu hi sau:
* Cc kiu lai ho thng gp:
Th no l lai ho sp
2
? Lai ho sp
3
?
iu kin cc obitan nguyn t c
th lai ho vi nhau l g ?
Th no l xen ph trc? Xen
ph bn ? Th no l lin kt , lin
kt ?...
HS: Tho lun nhm, tr li cc cu
hi vo bng nhm.
GV: Chiu kin thng nht ca
cc nhm ln mn hnh v nhn xt.

Hot ng 3
B. bi tp
GV: Chiu bi luyn tp 1, 2 ln mn
hnh v yu cu HS lm bi tp vo v.

Bi tp 1: Vit cng thc electron v
cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau:
NH
3
, H
2
S, HNO
3
, C
2
H
6
...
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
127

Cng thc phn t Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
NH
3
H N H
..
: :
..

H
|
H N H
H
H
2
S H S H
..
: :
..
H S H
HNO
3

O
HON
O
C
2
H
6
H H
H C C H
.. ..
: : :
.. ..

H H
H H
| |
| |
H C C H
H H

Bi tp 2: Hy cho bit lin kt trong
cc phn t sau thuc loi lin kt g?
Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong
cc phn t : NaBr, KCl, HBr, Cl
2
...
1) Lin kt trong phn t NaBr, KCl l
lin kt ion.
+ Phn t NaBr:
S hnh thnh ion:
Na Na
+
+ 1e
Br + 1 e Br

Hai ion tri du ht nhau:
Na
+
+ Br
NaBr
Phn t NaBr to thnh nh lc ht
tnh in gia 2 ion Na
+
v Br
.
+ Phn t KCl:
S hnh thnh ion:
K K
+
+ 1e
Cl + 1e Cl

Hai ion tri du ht nhau:
K
+
+ Cl
KCl
128
Phn t KCl to thnh nh lc ht tnh
in gia 2 ion K
+
v Cl
.
2) Lin kt trong phn t Cl
2
l lin kt
cng ho tr khng phn cc.
+ Phn t Cl
2
:
Mi nguyn t clo c mt obitan 3p
cha electron c thn.
Hai obitan 3p ny ca hai nguyn t
clo xen ph trc vi nhau to thnh
lin kt .
Phn t Cl
2
to thnh nh mt lin
kt n.
3) Lin kt trong phn t HBr l lin
kt cng ho tr c phn cc.
Mt obitan 1s ca nguyn t hiro
xen ph trc vi 1 obitan 4p cha 1
electron c thn ca nguyn t brom
to nn mt lin kt .
Phn t HBr to thnh nh mt lin
kt n.
GV: Chiu bi lm ca HS ln mn
hnh v nhn xt, chm im.

Hot ng 4
Bi tp v nh: bi tp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK trang 82).
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau: NH
3
, H
2
S,
HNO
3
, C
2
H
6
...
Bi tp 2: Hy cho bit lin kt trong cc phn t sau thuc loi lin kt g? Gii thch s
hnh thnh lin kt trong cc phn t : NaBr, KCl, HBr, Cl
2
...

129
Bi 20 Tinh th nguyn t.
tinh th phn t
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
Th no l tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t.
Tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th nguyn t, phn t.
B. Chun b ca gV v hs
GV:
Tranh v mng tinh th iot, nc .
M hnh mng tinh th kim cng, iot.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. tinh th nguyn t
GV: Cho HS quan st m hnh mng
tinh th kim cng v yu cu HS tr
li cc cu hi sau: Mng tinh th kim
cng c c im g?
1. Th d
HS: Quan st m hnh mng tinh th
kim cng v nhn xt v c im
cu trc mng tinh th kim cng.
2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th
nguyn t
GV: Gii thiu tnh cht chung ca tinh
th nguyn t:
Tinh th to bi cc nguyn t nm
cc nt mng, lin kt vi nhau bng
lin kt cng ho tr.
Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt bn,
nn cc tinh th nguyn t (Si, Ge...)
u c cng ln, nhit nng chy
v nhit si cao.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.

130
Hot ng 2
II. tinh th phn t

1. Mt s mng tinh th phn t
GV: Cho HS quan st m hnh mng
tinh th phn t iot, m hnh mng tinh
th phn t nc ,... (hnh 3.13,
3.14). Sau yu cu HS nhn xt
tr li cc cu hi sau:
Mng tinh th phn t iot c c
im g ?
Mng tinh th phn t nc c
c im g ?
Nc , iot c nhng tnh cht vt l
c bn g?
HS: Quan st hnh 3.13 v hnh 3.14 v
tr li cc cu hi ca GV.

2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th phn t
GV: Gi mt vi HS nu tnh cht
chung ca tinh th phn t.
HS: Tr li cu hi: Lc tng tc gia
cc phn t rt yu nn cc cht c cu
to tinh th phn t thng mm, nhit
nng chy thp, d bay hi.
Hot ng 3
Cng c
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 1, 2 (SGK
trang 85).
HS: Lm bi tp 1, 2
Bi tp 1: C
Bi tp 2: B
Hot ng 4

131
Bi 21 Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
m in nh hng th no n cc kiu lin kt ho hc.
Phn loi lin kt ho hc theo m in.
B. Chun b
GV:
Bng m in ca cc nguyn t nhm A (bng 2.3).
HS: n li khi nim v m in.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. hiu ca m in v lin kt ho hc

GV: Yu cu HS vit cng thc cu
to, cng thc electron ca H
2
, Cl
2
, F
2
,
N
2
.
Nhn xt v lin kt gia cc nguyn
t trong cc phn t ?
Tnh hiu m in ca cc nguyn
t tham gia lin kt?
1. Hiu ca m in v lin kt
cng ho tr khng cc
HS: Vit cng thc electron v cng
thc cu to:
+ H
2

H : H ; H H
+ Cl
2

Cl : Cl ; Cl Cl
+ F
2

F : F ; F F
+ N
2

N N ; N N
132
Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong
cc trng hp trn l lin kt cng
ho tr khng cc.
(Cp electron dng chung khng lch
v pha nguyn t no)
Hiu m in ca hai nguyn t
tham gia lin kt bng khng.
GV: B sung: Ngi ta quy c rng:
khi hiu m in ca hai nguyn t
tham gia lin kt nm trong khong t
0 n nh hn 0,4 th lin kt cng ho
tr c gi l khng cc.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
Hot ng 2
GV: Yu cu HS:
Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu
to ca HCl, NH
3
.
Lin kt gia cc nguyn t thuc
loi lin kt g ?
Tnh hiu m in gia cc
nguyn t tham gia lin kt.
Rt ra nhn xt.
2. Hiu m in v lin kt cng
ha tr c cc
HS: Vit cng thc cu to, cng thc
electron
+ HCl:
H:Cl ; H Cl
+ NH
3

|
H N H; H N H
..
: :
..

H
cc phn t trn thuc loi lin kt
cng ho tr c cc, cp electron dng
chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t
tham gia lin kt.
Hiu m in l ca Cl v H l
0,96.
Hiu m in ca N v H l 0,84.
133
GV: B sung : Lin kt cng ho tr c
cc c to thnh gia cc nguyn t
c hiu m in nm trong khong
t 0,4 n nh hn 1,7.
Hiu m in cng ln th phn
cc cng mnh.

Hot ng 3

GV: Nu cu hi:
phn t NaCl, MgO thuc loi no ?
Tnh hiu m in gia cc nguyn
t tham gia lin kt?
Rt ra nhn xt.
3. Hiu m in v lin kt ion
HS: Lin kt gia Na v Cl, gia O v
Mg l lin kt ion. Hiu m in
gia O v Mg l: 3,44 1,31 = 2,13
Hiu m in gia Cl v Na l:
3,16 0,93 = 2,23.
Nhn xt:
Khi hiu m in gia hai nguyn
t tham gia lin kt 1,7 th lin kt
gia hai nguyn t l lin kt ion.
GV: B sung: Nguyn t c m in
ln kh nng nhn hon ton
electron ca nguyn t lin kt vi n
tr thnh ion m, cn nguyn t mt
electron s tr thnh ion dng.

Hot ng 4
II. kt lun
GV: Yu cu HS c kt lun trong
SGK trang 87 (hoc yu cu HS rt ra
nhn xt).
HS: Rt ra nhn xt:
Da vo hiu m in gia hai
nguyn t tham gia lin kt c th d
on c kiu lin kt gia chng:
Nu hiu m in nm trong
khong t 0 n <0,4 th lin kt gia
134
hai nguyn t l lin kt cng ho tr
khng cc.
Nu hiu m in nm trong
khong t 0,4 n <1,7 th lin kt gia
hai nguyn t l lin kt cng ho tr
phn cc.
Nu hiu m in 1,7 th lin
kt gia hai nguyn t l lin kt ion.
Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Cho HS lm bi tp 4 (SGK trang
87).
HS: Lm bi tp 4 (SGK trang 87) vo
v bi tp:
Lin kt trong phn t NaCl, MgCl
2

l lin kt ion.
Lin kt trong phn t HCl l lin kt
cng ho tr phn cc.
Hot ng 6

Bi 22 Ho tr v s oxi ho
A. Mc tiu
HS bit: Ho tr l g, s oxi ho l g.
HS vn dng: Da vo quy tc xc nh s oxi ho, xc nh ho tr
trong hp cht ion v cng ha tr.
B. Chun b
Khng.
135
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Gi HS cha bi tp s 1, 3, 5
(SGK trang 87).
HS1: Cha bi tp 1.
Chn cu B.
HS 2: Cha bi tp.
Cng thc electron:
F:F ; H:F ; N:::N
Lin kt trong phn t F
2
; N
2
l lin
kt cng ho tr khng cc.
Lin kt trong phn t HF l lin kt
cng ho tr phn cc.
HS3: Cha bi tp 5.
Lin kt trong phn t O
2
; N
2
khng
cc.
Lin kt trong phn t HBr, NH
3
c
cc.
Hot ng 2
I. ho tr
GV: Gii thiu: Ho tr ca mt
nguyn t trong hp cht ion gi l
in ho tr v bng in tch ca ion .
1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion
HS: Ghi bi.
GV: Gi HS ly v d. HS: Ly v d: Trong phn t NaCl:
Natri c in ho tr l 1+
Clo c in ho tr l 1
GV: Gii thiu cch ghi in ho tr
ca nguyn t: Ghi tr s in tch
trc, du ca in tch sau (GV gii
thch v tr s in ho tr).

136
Hot ng 3
GV: Gii thiu: Ho tr ca mt
nguyn t trong hp cht cng ho tr
gi l cng ho tr v bng s lin kt
cng ho tr m nguyn t ca nguyn
t to ra c vi cc nguyn t
khc trong phn t.
2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr
HS: Nghe ging.
GV: Gi mt HS ly v d (i vi
NH
3
, H
2
O, H
2
S, CH
4
).
HS: Th d:
+ Trong cng thc cu to:
|
H N H
H
Nguyn t nit c 3 lin kt cng ho
tr nguyn t nit c cng ho tr l 3.
Mi nguyn t hiro c mt lin kt
cng ho tr nguyn t hiro c
cng ho tr l 1.
+ Trong cng thc cu to ca phn t
nc (H
2
O):
H O H
Oxi c cng ho tr l 2
Hiro c cng ho tr l 1.
Hot ng 4
II. s oxi ho
GV: Gii thiu khi nim s oxi ho,
sau gi mt HS c SGK.
HS: c khi nim : s oxi ho.
GV: Gii thiu cc quy tc xc nh s
oxi ho.
HS: Ghi bi: S oxi ho c xc nh
theo cc quy tc sau:
+ Quy tc 1: S oxi ho trong cc n
cht bng khng.
+ Quy tc 2: Trong mt phn t, tng
s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng
khng.
137
+ Quy tc 3: S oxi ho ca cc ion
n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion
.
Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch
ca ion.
+ Quy tc 4: Trong hu ht cc hp
cht, s oxi ho ca hiro bng +1 (tr
NaH, CaH
2
...), s oxi ho ca oxi bng
2 (tr OF
2
v H
2
O
2
...).
Bi tp 1:
Tnh s oxi ho ca lu hunh trong
SO
2
, H
2
S, K
2
SO
4
v anion
2
4
SO .

HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
t x l s oxi ho ca lu hunh
trong cc hp cht (ion) trn, ta c:
+ Trong SO
2

x 1 + 2(2) = 0 x = +4
+ Trong H
2
S
2(+1) + x = 0 x = 2.
+ Trong K
2
SO
4

2(+1) + x + 4(2) = 0 x = +6
+ Trong
2
4
SO
x + 4(2) = 2 x = +6.
Bi tp 2:
Xc nh s oxi ho ca lu hunh,
nit, clo, mangan trong cc cht v ion
sau: K
2
MnO
4
; HClO
4
; KClO
3
;
2
3
SO ;
+
4
NH ;
3
NO .
HS: Lm bi tp 2 vo v
Gi s oxi ho ca mangan, clo, lu
hunh, nit trong cc cht v ion l x,
ta c:
+ Trong K
2
MnO
4
:
2(+1) + x + 4(2) = 0 x = +6
+ Trong HClO
4
:
(+1) + x + 4(2) = 0 x = +7
138
+ Trong KClO
3
:
(+1) + x + 3(2) = 0 x = +5
+ Trong S
2
3
O :
x + 3(2) = 2 x = + 4
+ Trong
+
4
NH :
x + 4(+1) = +1 x = 3
+ Trong
3
NO :
x + 3(2) = 1 x = +5
GV: Gi HS ln cha bi tp, t chc
cho cc HS khc nhn xt, GV chm
im.

Hot ng 5
Cng c
GV: Gi mt HS nhc li cc khi
nim v in ho tr, cng ho tr, s
oxi ho v cc quy tc xc nh s
oxi ho.
HS: Nhc li cc ni dung ca bi.
Hot ng 5
GV: Bi tp v nh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 90).
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Tnh s oxi ho ca lu hunh trong SO
2
, H
2
S, K
2
SO
4
v anion
2
4
SO .
Bi tp 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca lu hunh, nit, clo, mangan trong cc cht v ion
sau: K
2
MnO
4
; HClO
4
; KClO
3
;
2
3
SO

;
4
NH
+
;
3
NO
.

139
Bi 23 Lin kt kim loi
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu:
Th no l tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t.
Tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th nguyn t, phn t.
B. Chun b
GV:
Tranh v mng tinh th iot, nc .
M hnh mng tinh th kim cng, iot.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt mt HS: Nu
khi nim s oxi ho, nu cc quy tc
xc nh s oxi ho.
HS 1: Tr li l thuyt.
GV: Gi hai hc sinh cha bi tp 6
(SGK trang 90).
HS 2: Cha bi tp 6 (a, b).
a) S oxi ho ca lu hunh trong cc
cht : H
2
S, S, H
2
SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, SO
2
, SO
3

ln lt l: 2, 0, +4, +6, +4, +6.
b) S oxi ho ca clo trong cc hp
cht HCl, HClO, NaClO
3
, HClO
4
ln
lt l: 1, +1, +5, +7.
HS3: Cha bi tp 6 (c, d)
c) S oxi ho ca mangan ln lt l:
0, +2, +4, +7.
d) S oxi ho ca Mn, S, N, Cl ln lt
l: +7, +6, 3, +7.
chm im.

140
Hot ng 2
I. khI nim v lin kt kim loi
GV: Cho HS nghin cu SGK v nu
khi nim lin kt kim loi.
HS: c SGK trang 91 v nu khi
nim lin kt kim loi :
Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c
hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion
kim loi trong mng tinh th do s
tham gia ca cc electron t do.
Hot ng 3
II. Mng tinh th kim loi
GV: Treo tranh: m hnh mng tinh th
ph bin ca kim loi v cho HS nhn
xt, tr li cu hi : Cc kim loi tn
ti di cc dng tinh th ph bin
no?.
1. Mt s kiu mng tinh th
HS: Quan st tranh (hoc hnh 3.15) v
tr li cu hi:
Cc kim loi tn ti di ba dng
tinh th ph bin sau:
Lp phng tm khi: Cc nguyn t
v ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v
tm ca hnh lp phng.
Lp phng tm din: Cc nguyn t,
ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm
cc mt ca hnh lp phng.
Lc phng: Cc nguyn t, ion kim
loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt
ca hnh lc gic ng v 3 nguyn t,
ion nm pha trong ca hnh lc gic.
GV: Cho HS quan st bng 3.1, sau
gi HS nu kiu cu trc mng tinh th
ca mt s kim loi thng dng.
HS: Quan st bng 3.1 v nhn xt :
St, natri, kali, crom,... thuc dng
tinh th lp phng tm khi.
ng, niken, bc, vng,... thuc dng
lp phng tm din.
Km, cadimi, magie, coban,... thuc
dng tinh th lc phng.
GV: Gii thiu v khi nim c
kht.
HS: Nghe ging.
141
2. Tnh cht ca tinh th kim loi
GV: Gi mt HS nu cc tnh cht vt
l c bn ca kim loi v gii thch.
HS: Tinh th kim loi thng c nhng
tnh cht c bn sau: c nh kim, dn
in tt v c tnh do.
Tinh th kim loi c cc tnh cht c
bn v trong tinh th kim loi c
nhng electron t do, di chuyn c
trong mng.
Hot ng 4
bi tp v nh
Bi tp: 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK trang 92).
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
H thng ho nhng kin thc c hc trong chng v:
Bn cht ca lin kt ho hc.
Phn bit c cc kiu lin kt ho hc.
c im v cu trc v tnh cht chung ca kiu mng tinh th nguyn t,
tinh th phn t v tinh th kim loi.
Phn bit c ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion v hp cht cng
ho tr.
2. Rn k nng
Vn dng khi nim v m in nh gi c im ca lin kt.
Da vo c im ca cc loi lin kt gii thch v d on tnh cht
ca mt s cht c cu trc tinh th nguyn t, phn t.
Vn dng cc quy tc xc nh s oxi ho xc nh s oxi ho ca cc
nguyn t trong hp cht ion.
142
Xc nh ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion v cng ho tr.
Vn dng cc gi tr m in gii thch, d on tnh cht ca mt
s cht.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. so snh lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr
v lin kt kim loi
1. So snh lin kt ion v lin kt
cng ho tr
GV: Chun b bng ph theo mu
di.
T chc cho HS tho lun nhm
in ni dung cn thit vo bng.
HS: Tho lun nhm hon thnh ni
dung bng sau:

Loi lin kt

Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng ho tr
khng cc
Lin kt cng ho tr
c cc
Th d
Bn cht ca lin kt
iu kin xut hin
lin kt

GV: Treo bng cc nhm v gi mt
vi HS so snh s ging v khc nhau
ca cc loi lin kt.
HS: Hon thnh ni dung ca bng nh
sau:

143
Loi lin kt

Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng ho tr
khng cc
Lin kt cng ho tr
c cc
Th d Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
CaCl
2
: C
..
..
: C
..
..
: H: C
..
..
:
Bn cht ca lin kt L lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion mang
in tch tri du.
L s dng chung cc
electron.
L s dng chung cc
electron.
iu kin xut hin
lin kt
Xy ra gia nhng
nguyn t khc hn
nhau v bn cht ho
hc (Thng l gia
kim loi in hnh v
phi kim in hnh).
Xy ra gia cc
nguyn t ging nhau.
Xy ra gia nhng
nguyn t c tnh cht
ho hc gn ging
nhau.

GV: Gi HS pht biu cch xc nh
loi lin kt no chim u th da vo
gi tr hiu m in.
HS: Pht biu:
Hiu m in Loi lin kt
0,0 <0,4 Lin kt cng ho tr khng
cc
0,4 <1,7 Lin kt cng ho tr c cc
1,7 Lin kt ion

2. So snh lin kt kim loi vi lin kt
cng ho tr v lin kt ion
GV: Gi mt HS so snh s ging
nhau v khc nhau gia lin kt kim
loi vi lin kt cng ho tr v lin
kt ion.
HS: Pht biu kin.
Hot ng 2
II. tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t,
tinh th phn t v tinh th kim loi
GV: T chc cho HS ng gp kin
hon thnh bng sau (hoc HS tho
lun nhm):

144
Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th phn t Tinh th kim loi
Phn t cu to
Lin kt gia cc
phn t cu to

Tnh cht ca
mng tinh th

HS: ng gp kin hon thnh
bng nh sau:

Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th phn t Tinh th kim loi
Phn t cu to Tinh th ion
c hnh thnh
t cc ion mang
in tch tri
du l cc
anion v cation
Hnh thnh t cc
nguyn t
Hnh thnh t
cc phn t
Hnh thnh t cc
ion, nguyn t
kim loi v cc
electron t do
Lin kt gia
cc phn t cu
to
Lc lin kt c
bn cht tnh
in
Lc lin kt c bn
cht cng ho tr
Lc lin kt l lc
tng tc phn
t
Lc lin kt c
bn cht tnh in
Tnh cht ca
mng tinh th
Bn
Kh nng chy
Kh bay hi
Nhit nng chy
v nhit si cao
t bn
cng nh
Nhit nng
chy v nhit
si thp
C nh kim
Dn nhit, dn
in tt
Do
Hot ng 3
III. Ho tr v s oxi ho
GV: Gi HS nu cc ni dung sau:
Khi nim v in ho tr.
Khi nim v cng ho tr, cch xc
nh cng ho tr.
HS: Ln lt pht biu theo cc ni
dung trn.
145
Khi nim v s oxi ho, cch xc
nh s oxi ho.
Hot ng 4
B. bi tp
GV: Yu cu HS lm bi tp 1 v bi
tp 2.

Bi tp 1:
Ion M
+3
c cu hnh electron :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
Ion X
-2
c cu hnh electron :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
M, X v xc nh v tr ca M, X trong
bng tun hon.
+ Cu hnh electron ca M:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

V tr:
13
Chu k 3
Nhm IIIA.
+ Cu hnh electron ca X:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

V tr:
16.
Chu k 3
Nhm VIA.
GV: Gi mt HS cha bi 1 trn bng
sau gi cc HS khc nhn xt.

Bi tp 2: Cho cc cht sau: H
2
S, NH
3
,
CH
4
, N
2
.
a) Hy cho bit lin kt gia cc
nguyn t trong cc phn t trn thuc
loi no?
b) Vit cng thc electron v cng thc
cu to ca cc hp cht c lin kt
cng ho tr.
c) Vit s to thnh lin kt ion (i
vi cc hp cht c lin kt ion).
HS: Lm bi tp 2
a) Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc: N
2

Lin kt cng ho tr c cc: CH
4
;
NH
3
; H
2
S
Lin kt ion: Na
2
O.
b)
146
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
CH
4
H
..
H: C: H
..

H
H
|
|
H C H
H
NH
3

..
H: N: H
..

H
|
H N H
H
H
2
S
..
H: S: H
..
H S H
N
2
N N N N

c) S hnh thnh lin kt ion:
Na O Na Na
+
+ O
2
+ Na
+

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

Cc ion Na
+
v O
-2
mang in tch tri
du ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in to
thnh phn t Na
2
O
2Na
+
+ O
-2
Na
2
O
GV: Nhn xt bi lm ca HS v chm
im.

Hot ng 5
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK trang 95, 96).
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1:
Ion M
+3
c cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
Ion X
2
c cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M, X v xc nh v tr ca M, X trong bng tun
hon.
Bi tp 2: Cho cc cht sau: H
2
S, NH
3
, CH
4
, N
2
.
a) Hy cho bit lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong cc phn t trn thuc loi no?
b) Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr.
c) Vit s to thnh lin kt ion (i vi cc hp cht c lin kt ion).
147
Chng 4
Phn ng ho hc
Bi 25 Phn ng oxi ho kh
A. Mc tiu
HS bit: Lp phng trnh phn ng oxi ho kh bng phng php thng
bng electron.
HS hiu: Cch xc nh cht oxi ho, cht kh, s oxi ho, s kh.
Th no l phn ng oxi ho kh. Phn bit phn ng oxi ho kh vi
cc phn ng khng phi l oxi ho kh.
B. Chun b
HS: n li cc kin thc v:
Phn ng oxi ho kh trong chng trnh lp 8 THCS.
n li kin thc v lin kt ion, hp cht ion.
Quy tc tnh s oxi ho.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. phn ng oxi ho kh
GV: Gii thiu : hiu c bn
cht ca phn ng oxi ho kh,
chng ta xt mt s phn ng c th.

1. Phn ng ca natri vi oxi
GV: Yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng v xc nh loi phn ng, s
oxi ho, s kh, cht kh, cht oxi ho.
HS: Vit phng trnh phn ng v xc
nh:

148
s oxi ho

4Na + O
2
2Na
2
O
s kh

Natri l cht kh.
Oxi l cht oxi ho.
GV: Chiu phng trnh phn ng ln
mn hnh.

ca natri, oxi v nu tnh cht c bn
ca natri, oxi (GV chiu ln mn hnh
qu trnh cho, nhn electron gia
nguyn t natri v oxi v s hnh thnh
phn t Na
2
O).
HS: Khi tham gia phn ng ho hc,
nguyn t natri d nhng 1 electron,
nguyn t oxi nhn electron
+ Nguyn t natri nhng electron :
Na Na
+
+ 1e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

+ Nguyn t oxi nhn electron :
O + 2e O
2

1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

+ S to phn t Na
2
O:
2Na
+
+ O
2
Na
2
O
T s trn, GV yu cu HS cho bit
cht kh, cht oxi ho, s kh, s oxi
ho trong phn ng trn.

HS: Nhn xt :
Nguyn t natri nhng electron, l
cht kh. S nhng electron ca natri
c gi l s oxi ho nguyn t natri.
Nguyn t oxi nhn electron l cht
oxi ho. S nhn electron ca oxi c
gi l s kh nguyn t oxi.
GV: Chiu cc nhn xt ca HS ln
mn hnh.

GV: Yu cu HS nhn xt s oxi ho HS: Nhn xt:
149
ca natri, oxi trong phn ng, t rt
ra nhn xt cht kh, cht oxi ho c
s oxi ho thay i nh th no?
S oxi ho ca nguyn t natri tng t
0 ln +1. Natri l cht kh. S lm tng
s oxi ho ca Na l s oxi ho nguyn
t natri.
S oxi ho ca nguyn t oxi gim t 0
xung 2. Oxi l cht oxi ha. S lm
gim s oxi ho ca oxi l s kh
nguyn t oxi.
GV: Rt ra kt lun (chiu ln mn
hnh):
Trong phn ng oxi ho kh c s
cho, nhn electron hay c s thay i
s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn t.
HS: Ghi kt lun vo v.
2. Phn ng ca st vi dung dch
mui ng sunfat
GV: Yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng v nhn xt v s cho nhn
electron, nhn xt v s thay i s oxi
ho v rt ra kt lun v cht kh, cht
oxi ho, s kh, s oxi ho
HS:
Vit phng trnh phn ng v nhn
xt:
2e

+ +
+ +
0 2 2 0
4 4
Fe CuSO FeSO Cu
Nhn xt: Nguyn t st nhng
electron, l cht kh. S nhng
electron ca nguyn t st c gi l
s oxi ho nguyn t st.
Ion ng nhn electron, l cht oxi
ho. S nhn electron ca ion ng
c gi l s kh ion ng.
S thay i s oxi ho...
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh cc khi nim
v cht kh, cht oxi ho sau khi HS
pht biu.

3. Phn ng ca hiro vi clo
GV: Tin hnh cc bc lm tng t
nh 1, 2.
HS: Vit phng trnh phn ng v
nhn xt.
150
4. nh ngha
GV: Yu cu HS pht biu khi nim
v cht kh, cht oxi ho, s kh, s
oxi ho, khi nim phn ng oxi ho
kh (GV chiu ln mn hnh).
HS: Nu nh ngha.
Hot ng 2
II. lp phng trnh ho hc
ca phn ng oxi ho kh
GV: Gii thiu cch cn bng phn
ng oxi ho kh bng phng php
thng bng electron. Phng php ny
da theo nguyn tc: Tng s
electron do cht kh nhng phi ng
bng tng s electron m cht oxi ho
nhn.
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
GV: Chiu ln lt cc bc lp
phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng oxi
ho kh ln mn hnh. Ly v d v
yu cu HS lm tng bc.
HS: Ghi bi + nghe ging v cc bc
lp phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng
oxi ho kh.
V d: CO + Fe
2
O
3

O
t
Fe + CO
2

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho ca
nhng nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i.
+3
2
3
Fe O +
+2
CO
+4
2
C O +
0
Fe
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ho v qu
trnh kh
2 4
C C 2e
+ +
+ (qu trnh oxi ho)
+
+
3 0
Fe 3e Fe (qu trnh kh)
Bc 3: Tm h s thch hp sao cho
tng s electron do cht kh nhng
bng tng s electron m cht oxi ho
nhn.
3
2 4
C C 2e
+ +
+
2
+
+
3 0
Fe 3e Fe
151
Bc 4: t h s ca cht oxi ho v
cht kh vo s phn ng. Hon
thnh phng trnh ho hc.
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
O
t
3CO
2
+ 2Fe
GV: Yu cu HS lm phng trnh 2:
Lp phng trnh ho hc ca phn
ng oxi ho kh sau:
Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO +H
2
O
HS: Lm bi tp vo v:
Bc 1:
0
Al +H
+5
N O
3

3
Al
+
(NO
3
)
3
+
2
N
+
O + H
2
O
Bc 2:
0
Al
3
Al
+
+ 3e (qu trnh oxi ho)
+5
N + 3e
2
N
+
(qu trnh kh)
Bc 3:
1
0
Al
3
Al
+
+ 3e
1
+5
N + 3e
2
N
+

Bc 4:
0
Al +4H
+5
N O
3
3
Al
+
(NO
3
)
3
+
2
N
+
O+2H
2
O
GV: Gii thch v cc phn ng trong
c mt s phn t l cht to mi
trng.


Bi tp 1:
Lp cc phng trnh ho hc ca
phn ng oxi ho kh sau:
a) FeSO
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
b) Fe + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O

c) KMnO
4
+ HCl MnCl
2
+H
2
O
+ KCl + Cl
2

HS:
Lm bi tp vo v.
a)
2
Fe
+
SO
4
+ K
7
Mn
+
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4

3
2
Fe
+
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+
2
Mn
+
SO
4
+ H
2
O

5 2
2
Fe
+
2
3
Fe
+
+ 2e (qu trnh oxi ho)
2
7
Mn
+
+ 5e
2
Mn
+
(qu trnh kh)
152
10
2
Fe
+
SO
4
+ 2K
7
Mn
+
O
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4

5
3
2
Fe
+
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2
2
Mn
+
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
b)
0
Fe + H
5
N
+
O
3

3
Fe
+
(NO
3
)
3
+
4
N
+
O
2
+ H
2
O
1
0
Fe
3
Fe
+
+ 3e
3
5
N
+
+ 1e
4
N
+

0
Fe + 6H
5
N
+
O
3

3
Fe
+
(NO
3
)
3
+ 3
4
N
+
O
2
+ 3H
2
O
c) K
7
Mn
+
O
4
+ H
1
Cl

2
Mn
+
Cl
2
+ H
2
O
+ KCl +
0
2 Cl
5 2
1
Cl
2e
0
2 Cl
2
7
Mn
+
+ 5e
2
Mn
+

2K
7
Mn
+
O
4
+ 16H
1
Cl
2
2
Mn
+
Cl
2

+ 8H
2
O + 2KCl + 5
0
2 Cl
Hot ng 3
III. ngha ca phn ng oxi ho kh
GV: Yu cu HS c phn ngha ca
phn ng oxi ho kh trong SGK
(trang 102).
HS: c v tm tt ni dung chnh.
Hot ng 4
Cng c
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh bi tp 2 v
GV gi 2 HS ln cha bi tp.

153
Bi tp 2: Lp cc phng trnh ho
hc ca cc phn ng oxi ho kh
theo cc s di y v xc nh vai
tr ca tng cht trong phn ng.
a) H
2
S + O
2

O
t
SO
2
+ H
2
O
b) FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
FeCl
3

c) N
2
+ H
2

o
t , xt
NH
3

d) MnO
2
+ HCl
O
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
a)
+
+ +
o
2 0 4 2 2
t
2 2
2 2
H S O S O H O
+
+
2 4
0
2
2
S S 6e
2
3
O 4e 2O

2H
2
2
S
+ 3
0
2 O
O
t

+ 4 2
2 2 S O + 2H
2
2
O

b)
2
Fe
+
Cl
2
+
0
2 Cl
3
Fe
+

1
3 Cl

2
2
Fe
+

3
Fe
+
+ 1e
1 2
0
2 Cl + 2e 2
1
3 Cl

2
2
Fe
+
Cl
2
+
0
2 Cl
O
t
2
3
Fe
+ 1
3 Cl

c)
0
2 N +
0
2 H
o
t , xt

3
N
1
3
H
+

1
0
2 N + 6e 2
3
N

3
0
2 H 2H
+
+2e
0
2 N + 3
0
2 H
o
t , xt
2
3
N
1
3
H
+

d)
+ +
+ +
o
4 1 2 0
t
2 2 2
MnO HCl MnCl Cl
+ H
2
O
2
+
1 0
2 2Cl Cl 2e
1
4 2
Mn 2e Mn
+ +
+
Mn
+4
+ 2e

Mn
+2

MnO
2
+ 4HCl
O
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2

+ 2H
2
O
chm im:

Hot ng 5
Bi tp v nh: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK trang 103, 104).
154
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Lp cc phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng oxi ho kh sau:
a) FeSO
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
b) Fe + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
c) KMnO
4
+ HCl MnCl
2
+ H
2
O + KCl + Cl
2

Bi tp 2: Lp cc phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng oxi ho kh theo cc s
di y v xc nh vai tr ca tng cht trong phn ng.
a) H
2
S + O
2

O
t
SO
2
+ H
2
O
b) FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
FeCl
3

c) N
2
+ H
2

o
t ,xt
NH
3

d) MnO
2
+ HCl
O
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+H
2
O
Bi 26 Phn loi phn ng
trong ho hc v c
A. Mc tiu
HS bit:
Phn loi phn ng trong ho hc da vo nhng kin thc c sn v da
vo s oxi ho.
Nhit ca phn ng, phn ng thu v to nhit.
HS vn dng:
Da vo quy tc tnh s oxi ho v da vo s oxi ho phn loi phn
ng.
Biu din phng trnh nhit ho hc.
GV:
My chiu, giy trong, bt d
Bng ph.
HS: n li cc kin thc v cc loi phn ng c hc THCS.
155
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
GV: Kim tra l thuyt HS 1: Nu
nh ngha phn ng oxi ho kh ?
nh ngha cht kh, cht oxi ho,
s kh, s oxi ho ? Cho v d minh
ho.
HS1: Tr li l thuyt.

GV: Gi 2 HS ln cha bi tp 6. HS2: Cha bi tp 6 (a, b, c)
a)
+ +
+
4 7
2 3 4
Na S O KMnO + H
2
O

+ +
+
6 4
2 4 2
Na S O MnO + KOH
Qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh:
+ +
+ +
+
+
4 6
7 4
3 S S 2e
2 Mn 3e Mn

Na
2
SO
3
l cht kh
KMnO
4
l cht oxi ho
H
2
O l mi trng.
+4
2 3
3Na S O + 2KMnO
4
+ H
2
O

+6
2 4
3Na S O +
+4
2
2MnO + 2KOH
b)
+ +
+ +
2 6
2
4 2 7 2 4
FeSO K Cr O H SO
+3
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) + K
2
SO
4
+
+3
2
4 3
Cr (SO ) + H
2
O
2 3
6 3
6 Fe Fe 1e
2Cr 6e 2Cr
+ +
+ +
+
+

FeSO
4
l cht kh
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
l cht oxi ho
H
2
SO
4
l mi trng.
156
6
2 6
4 2 2 7 2 4
FeSO K Cr O 7H SO
+ +
+ +
3 3
2 4 3 2 4 2 4 3 2
3Fe (SO ) K SO Cr (SO ) 7H O
+ +
+ + +
c)
+ + +
+ + +
0 5 2 4
3 3 2 2 2
Cu HNO Cu(NO ) NO H O

+
+ +
+
+
0 2
5 4
Cu Cu 2e
2 N 1e N

Cu: cht kh.
HNO
3
l cht oxi ho v l mi trng.
+ + +
+ + +
0 5 2 4
3 3 2 2 2
Cu 4HNO Cu(NO ) 2NO H O
HS2: Cha bi tp s 6 (d, e, g, h)
d)
+ + +
+ + +
0 5 2 2
3 3 2 2 2
Cu HNO Cu(NO ) NO H O
3
+
+
0 2
Cu Cu 2e
2
+ +
+
5 2
N 3e N
Cu : Cht kh
HNO
3
: Cht oxi ho v mi trng.
Hon thnh phng trnh :
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
e)
8
3
3 Fe
+
O
4
+ H
5
N
+
O
3

3
Fe
+
(NO
3
)
3

+
2
N
+
O + 4H
2
O
3 3
+
8
3
Fe 3
3
Fe
+
+ 1e

5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+

157
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
+ 14H
2
O
Cht kh: Fe
3
O
4

Cht oxi ho v mi trng: HNO
3

g)
+
+
0 6
2
Fe H S O
4n

+
3
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
+
+4
2
S O + H
2
O
2
+ +
+
0 3
Fe Fe 3e
3
6 4
S 2e S
+ +
+
Cht kh: Fe
Cht oxi ho v mi trng: H
2
SO
4
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4n
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2

+ 6H
2
O
h)
0
2 Cl + NaOH Na
1
Cl
+ Na
1
Cl
+
O
+ H
2
O
1
0
Cl
1
Cl
+

+ 1e
1
0
Cl + 1e
1
Cl

Cl
2
l cht kh ng thi l cht oxi ho
NaOH l mi trng.
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
GV: T chc cc HS khc nhn
xt, chm im.

Hot ng 2
I. phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho v phn ng
khng c s thay i s oxi ho
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh bi tp 1
v yu cu cc nhm tho lun
hon thnh bi tp.
HS: Tho lun nhm v lm bi tp 1.
158
Bi tp 1: Cho cc s phn ng:
a) Al + AgNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ Ag
b) KNO
3

O
t
KNO
2
+ O
2

c) CaCO
3

O
t
CaO + CO
2

d) Fe + Cl
2

O
t
FeCl
3

e) Na
2
O + H
2
O NaOH
f) Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ NaCl
g) MgSO
4
+ NaOH Mg(OH)
2

+ Na
2
SO
4

h) Zn + HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

1) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc
nguyn t trong cc phn ng trn
v cho bit: Phn ng no c s thay
i s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t?
Phn ng no khng c s thay i
s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t?
2) Cho bit mi phn ng ho hc
trn thuc loi phn ng no?
3) Hon thnh cc phng trnh
phn ng trn.
4) Nhn xt.
HS:
1) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn
t:
a)
0
Cl +
1 5 2 3 5 2 0
3 3 3
AgNO Al(NO ) Ag
+ + + +
+
b)
O
0 1 5 2 1 3 2
t
3 2 2
KNO KNO O
+ + + +
+
c)
O
2 4 2 2 2 4 2
t
3 2
Ca C O Ca O C O
+ + + +
+
d)
O
0 0 3 1
t
2
Fe Cl FeCl
+
+
e)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
Na O H O Na OH
+ + + +
+
f)
1 6 2 2 1 2 6 2 1 1
2 4 2 4
Na S O Ba Cl Ba S O Na Cl
+ + + + + +
+ +
g)
2 6 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
4 2
Mg S O Na OH Mg(OH )
+ + + + + +
+
+
1 6 2
2 4
Na S O
+ +
h)
0 0 1 1 2 1
2 2
Zn HCl ZnCl H
+ +
+ +
* Trong cc phn ng trn:
Phn ng a, b, d, h c s thay i s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t.
Phn ng c, e, f, g khng c s thay i
s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t.
2) Cho bit mi phn ng ho hc trn
thuc loi phn ng no?
Phn ng a, h thuc loi phn ng th.
Phn ng b, c l phn ng phn hu.
Phn ng d, e l phn ng ho hp.
Phn ng f, g l phn ng trao i.
3) Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn
ng:
a)
0 1 3 0
3 3 3
Al AgNO Al(NO ) 3Ag
+ +
+ +
159

0 3
Al Al 3e
+
+
3
1 0
Ag 1e Ag
+
+
Phn ng sau khi hon thnh:
0 1 3 0
3 3 3
Al 3AgNO Al(NO ) 3Ag
+ +
+ +
b)
O
0 5 2 3
t
3 2 2
KNO KNO O
+ +
+
2
5 3
N 2e N
+ +
+
1
0 2
2
2O O 4e
+
O
0 5 2 3
t
3 2 2
2KNO 2KNO O
+ +
+
d)
O
0 0 3 1
t
2 3
Fe Cl FeCl
+
+

2
0 3
Fe Fe 3e
+
+
3
0 1
2
Cl 2e 2Cl
+
O
0 0 3 1
t
2 3
2Fe 3Cl 2FeCl
+
+

h)
0 0 1 2
2 2
Zn HCl ZnCl H
+ +
+ +
1
0 2
Zn Zn 2e
+
+
1
0 1
2
2H 2e H
+
+
0 0 1 2
2 2
Zn 2HCl ZnCl H
+ +
+ +
* Cc phn ng khng c s thay i s
oxi ho:
c) CaCO
3

O
t
CaO + CO
2

160
e) Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH
g) MgSO
4
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

GV: Hng dn HS rt ra nhn
xt (GV chiu ln mn hnh).
HS:
4) Nhn xt
Da vo s thay i s oxi ho, c th
chia phn ng ho hc thnh 2 loi:
Phn ng ho hc c s thay i s oxi
ho (phn ng oxi ho kh).
Phn ng th, mt s phn ng phn hu,
mt s phn ng ho hp thuc loi phn
ng ny.
Phn ng ho hc khng c s thay i
s oxi ho (phn ng khng phi l phn
ng oxi ho kh).
Phn ng trao i, mt s phn ng ho
hp v mt s phn ng phn hu thuc
loi ny.
Hot ng 3
II. phn ng to nhit v phn ng thu nhit
GV: T chc cho HS c SGK v pht
biu v cc ni dung sau (GV chiu
ln mn hnh):
nh ngha phn ng to nhit.
nh ngha phn ng thu nhit
GV gi HS pht biu.
HS: c SGK v nu nh ngha phn
ng to nhit, phn ng thu nhit.
2. Phng trnh nhit ho hc
GV: Gii thiu v chiu ln mn hnh
cc ni dung sau:
ch lng nhit km theo mi
phn ng ho hc, ngi ta dng i
lng nhit phn ng, k hiu H.
+ Phn ng to nhit c H < 0
+ Phn ng thu nhit c H > 0
HS: Nghe v ghi bi.
161
Phng trnh phn ng c ghi thm
gi tr H v trng thi ca cc cht
c gi l phng trnh nhit ho
hc.
Hot ng 4
Cng c
GV: Chiu ln mn hnh bi tp 2

Bi tp 2: Trong cc phn ng sau,
phn ng no l phn ng oxi ho
kh? Hy hon thnh cc phng
trnh phn ng .
a) MnO
2
+ HCl MnCl
2
+ H
2
O + Cl
2

b) H
2
S + SO
2
S + H
2
O
c) FeCO
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3

+ NO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
d) FeCO
3
+ HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Xc nh vai tr ca tng cht trong
phn ng.
GV: Gi mt HS ln cha trn bng
hoc chiu bi lm ca mt s HS ln
mn hnh.
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
+ Cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ho
kh gm: a, b, c.
+ Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng:
a)
0 4 1 2
2 2 2 2
MnO 4HCl MnCl 2H O Cl
+ +
+ + +
1
+ +
+
4 2
Mn 2e Mn
1
0 1
2
2Cl Cl 2e
+
Trong : MnO
2
l cht oxi ho.
HCl l cht kh v mi trng.
b)
2 4 0
2 2 2
2H S S O 3S 2H O
+
+ +
2
2 0
S S 2e
+
1
4 0
2
S O 4e S
+
+
SO
2
l cht oxi ho.
H
2
S l cht kh
c)
2 5 3 4
3 3 3 3 2
FeCO 4HNO Fe(NO ) NO
+ + + +
+ +
+
2 2
CO 2H O +
1
+ +
+
2 3
Fe Fe 1e
1
5 4
N 1e N
+ +
+
162
HNO
3
l cht oxi ho v mi trng.
FeCO
3
l cht kh.
GV chm im.

Hot ng 5
Ph lc
Phiu hc tp
Bi tp 1: Cho cc phn ng:
a) Al + AgNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ Ag
b) KNO
3

O
t
KNO
2
+ O
2

c) CaCO
3

O
t
CaO + CO
2

d) Fe + Cl
2

O
t
FeCl
3

e) Na
2
O + H
2
O NaOH
f) Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ NaCl
g) MgSO
4
+ NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

h) Zn + HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

1) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn ng trn v cho bit:
Phn ng no c s thay i s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t? Phn ng no
khng c s thay i s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t?
2) Cho bit mi phn ng ho hc trn thuc loi phn ng no?
3) Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng trn.
4) Nhn xt.
Bi tp 2: Trong cc phn ng sau, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ho kh? Hy hon
thnh cc phng trnh phn ng .
a) MnO
2
+ HCl MnCl
2
+ H
2
O + Cl
2

b) H
2
S + SO
2
S + H
2
O
c) FeCO
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
d) FeCO
3
+ HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Xc nh vai tr ca tng cht trong phn ng.
163
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc
Phn loi phn ng ho hc.
Nhit ca phn ng ho hc, phn ng to nhit, phn ng thu nhit.
Phn ng oxi ho kh, cht oxi ho, cht kh, s oxi ho, s kh.
2. Rn k nng
Lp phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ho kh theo phng php thng bng
electron.
B. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
A. Kin thc cn nm vng
GV: Yu cu HS nhc li cc ni dung
c bn sau:
1) nh ngha phn ng oxi ho kh?
Khi nim v cht kh, cht oxi ho.
2) Phn loi phn ng ho hc?

GV: Gi hc sinh nhc li ln lt cc
ni dung trn hoc cho HS tho lun
nhm.
HS: Tho lun nhm v ghi li ni
dung kin thc cn nm vng.
Hot ng 2
B. bi tp
GV: Yu cu HS lm cc bi tp 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 9 (SGK trang 113).
HS: Lm bi tp vo v.
GV: Gi 2 HS tr li bi tp 1, 2 (SGK
trang 112).
Sau HS ln bng ln lt lm cc
bi tp 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 (SGK trang 113).
HS: Lm bi 1 (SGK trang 112) : chn
p n C.
Bi 2 : chn p n C.
164
Bi 4: Th d v phn ng phn hu to
ra:
a) Hai n cht:
+
+
1 2 0 0
in phn
2
2 2
2H O 2H O
b) Hai hp cht :
+ + + +
+
o
2 4 2 2 2 4 2
t
2 2 Ca C O Ca O C O
c) Mt n cht v mt hp cht :
+ + +
+
o
1 5 2 1 1 0
t
2 2 2KCl O 2KCl 3O
Trong cc phn ng trn: phn ng a, c
l phn ng oxi ho kh, v c s
thay i s oxi ho.
Phn ng b khng phi l phn ng oxi
ho kh v khng c s thay i s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t.
Bi 5: Th d v phn ng ho hp ca:
a) Hai n cht:
2 Fe + 3Cl
2

O
t
2FeCl
3

b) Hai hp cht :
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3

Phn ng a, c l phn ng oxi ho
kh.
Phn ng b khng phi l phn ng oxi
ho kh.

Bi 6: Th d v phn ng to ra mui t:
a) Hai n cht:
2Na + S
O
t
Na
2
S
b) Hai hp cht :
MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O
165
2Al + 6HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

Phn ng a, c l phn ng oxi ho
kh v c s thay i s oxi ho.
Phn ng b khng l phn ng oxi ho
kh v khng c s thay i s oxi ho
ca cc nguyn t.
Bi 9:
a)
0 1 1 1 1
2 4 2
Na Cl O K I H SO I Na Cl
+ +
+ + +
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O.
1
0 1
2
2 I I 2e
+
1
1 1
Cl 2e Cl
+
+
Phng trnh sau khi hon thnh:
NaClO + 2KI + H
2
SO
4
I
2
+ NaCl
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O.
b)
3
2
Cr
+
O
3
+ K
5
N
+
O
3
+ KOH
K
2
6
Cr
+
O
4
+ K
3
N
+
O
2
+ H
2
O
2
3
Cr
+
2
6
Cr
+
+ 6e
3
5
N
+
+ 2e
3
N
+

Phng trnh sau khi hon thnh:
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3KNO
3
+ 4KOH 2K
2
CrO
4

+ 3KNO
2
+ 2H
2
O
c) 8Al + 3Fe
3
O
4
4Al
2
O
3
+ 9Fe
d) 4FeS
2
+11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2

e) 4Mg + 10HNO
3
4Mg(NO
3
)
2

+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
GV: T chc HS trong lp nhn xt
bi lm ca HS, GV chm im.

Hot ng 3
GV: Bi tp v nh: 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 (SGK trang 113).
166
Bi 28 Bi thc hnh s 2
Phn ng oxi ho, kh
A. Mc tiu
Tip tc tp luyn k nng thc hnh th nghim, quan st, nhn xt v gii
thch cc hin tng xy ra khi lm th nghim.
Vn dng kin thc hc c gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong
cc phn ng oxi ho kh.
GV:
1. Dng c th nghim:
ng nghim Caspun s hoc hm s
Kp ly ho cht ng ht nh git
Tha xc ho cht n cn.
2. Ho cht:
Zn vin (ht) Dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
long
Dung dch CuSO
4
Dung dch KMnO
4
long
Fe (inh loi 1,5cm) Bng (dy) Mg
Dung dch FeSO
4
L cha kh CO
2
.
C. Tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1
I. ni dung th nghim v cch tin hnh
GV: Gii thiu ni dung cc th
nghim cn lm v cch tin hnh.
Hng dn hc sinh quan st v ghi
tng trnh theo mu sau:
HS: Nghe v ghi bi, chun b thc
hnh.

167
TT Tn th nghim Cch tin hnh
Hin tng + phng
trnh phn ng
1 Phn ng gia kim loi v dung dch axit
2 Phn ng gia kim loi v dung dch mui
3 Phn ng oxi ho kh gia Mg v CO
2

4 Phn ng oxi ho kh trong mi trng axit
Hot ng 2
Hc sinh lm thc hnh theo nhm
Hot ng 3
Vit tng trnh v thu dn phng thc hnh

168
Mc lc
Li ni u ........................................................................................................... 3
Tit 1. n tp u nm .............................................................................................. 5
Tit 2. n tp u nm (tip) ................................................................................... 11
Chng 1. NGUYN TU
Bi 1. Thnh phn nguyn t................................................................................... 19
Bi 2. Ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn t ho hc ........................................................ 24
Bi 3. ng v. Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh.................................... 29
Bi 4. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t................... 34
Bi 5. Luyn tp v: Thnh phn cu to nguyn t, khi lng ca nguyn t,
obitan nguyn t ........................................................................................... 38
Bi 6. Lp v phn lp electron ............................................................................... 44
Bi 7. Nng lng ca cc electron trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ..... 48
Bi 7. Nng lng ca cc electron trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
(tip theo)...................................................................................................... 55
Bi 8. Luyn tp chng 1....................................................................................... 61
Chng 2. BANG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HOC
V NH LUT TUN HON
Bi 9. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc......................................................... 67
Bi 10. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc .. 73
Bi 11. S bin i mt s i lng vt l ca cc nguyn t ho hc....................... 79
Bi 12. S bin i tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t ho hc.
nh lut tun hon ....................................................................................... 84
Bi 13. Y ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc...................................... 92
Bi 14. Luyn tp chng 2....................................................................................... 99
Bi 15. Bi thc hnh s 1: Mt s thao tc thc hnh th nghim ho hc.
S bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong chu k v nhm..................... 105
Chng 3. LN KT HO HOC
Bi 16. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc. Lin kt ion .................................................. 108
Bi 17. Lin kt cng ho tr .................................................................................... 114
Bi 18. S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t. S hnh thnh lin kt n, lin kt i
v lin kt ba............................................................................................... 120
Bi 19. Luyn tp v lin kt ion. Lin kt cng ho tr. Lai ho cc obitan nguyn t ... 125
Bi 20. Tinh th nguyn t. Tinh th phn t ........................................................... 129
Bi 21. Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc............................................................ 131
Bi 22. Ho tr v s oxi ho.................................................................................... 134
Bi 23. Lin kt kim loi .......................................................................................... 139
Bi 24. Luyn tp chng 3..................................................................................... 141
Chng 4. PHAN NG HO HOC
Bi 25. Phn ng oxi ho kh............................................................................... 147
Bi 26. Phn loi phn ng trong ho hc v c...................................................... 154
Bi 27. Luyn tp chng 4..................................................................................... 163
Bi 28. Bi thc hnh s 2: Phn ng oxi ho, kh.................................................. 166

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